Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental law – Economic aspects – Hungary'
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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental law – Economic aspects – Hungary"
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Nagy, Gyula. "Environmental Justice and its geographical aspects in Hungary." Tér és Társadalom 35, no. 4 (December 6, 2021): 76–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17649/tet.35.4.3373.
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In recent decades, environmental justice has become a defining concept in socio-spatial inequality research, political debates, and activism. Environmental justice research, which is essentially based on theories of social and spatial justice and providesa normative framework for thinking, focuses on the unequal distribution of environmental harms and risks and their social consequences. Environmental justice research aims to explore the economic, social, health, and legal differences that individuals and groups face in their environment as a result of environmental processes, decision making, power relations, and law enforcement practices. This is largely related to the subjective perception of individuals and the perception of injustices by different actors. In the vast majority of environmental justice studies, spatiality provides a framework for interpreting and understanding environmentally unjust situations and processes. Environmental justice is therefore not only a natural, but also a socially dependent phenomenon, in which the key element is nevertheless the non-human factor (e.g. environmental events such as floods), which affects individuals and groups indifferent ways. As a result, an environmentally unjust state and situation may occur. The evolved injustices also interact with inherited spatial inequalities, existing socioeconomic systems, and the institutional structures that originally shape them. This paper summarizes the theoretical framework of environmental justice in geography and spatial sciences. The study adapts the theory of justice to post-socialist and Hungarian specificities and forms of environmental injustice, and examines decision-making processes and the perception of risks. In Hungary social problems and differences have been increasing in recent decades, and marginalisation and polarisation processes have added new spatial patterns to existing inequalities, directly and indirectly affecting environmental processes as well. Attempts at eliminating environmental injustices have resulted in new injustices, or deepened existing ones, due to the lack of a complex socio-environmental spatial approach of interventions. The solution to these injustices presupposes the effective and meaningful involvement of the affected people in policy-making and implementation processes, regardless of gender, age, origin, identity, or income. Otherwise, the unjust situation will persist and crisis areas affected by environmental injustices may develop.
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Kiss, Benedek, Jose Dinis Silvestre, Rita Andrade Santos, and Zsuzsa Szalay. "Environmental and Economic Optimisation of Buildings in Portugal and Hungary." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 7, 2021): 13531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413531.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a scientific method for evaluating the environmental impact of products. Standards provide a general framework for conducting an LCA study and calculation rules specifically for buildings. The challenge is to design energy-efficient buildings that have a low environmental impact, reasonable costs, and high thermal comfort as these are usually conflicting aspects. Efficient mathematical optimisation algorithms can be applied to such engineering problems. In this paper, a framework for automated optimisation is described, and it is applied to a multi-story residential building case study in two locations, Portugal and Hungary. The objectives are to minimise the life cycle environmental impacts and costs. The results indicate that optimum solutions are found at a higher cost but lower global warming potential for Portugal than for Hungary. Optimum solutions have walls with a thermal transmittance in the intervals of 0.29–0.39 and 0.06–0.19 W/m2K for Portugal and Hungary, respectively. Multi-objective optimisation algorithms can be successfully applied to find solutions with low environmental impact and an eco-efficient thermal envelope.
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Pál, Viktor, and Leonardo Valenzuela Perez. "Environmental Protection under Authoritarian Regimes in Cold War Chile and Hungary." Global Environment 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 310–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140204.
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Authoritarian regimes are often seen to be hostile toward the environment, albeit there is a growing body of literature suggesting a more nuanced image when it comes to authoritarian governments and the environment. However, several aspects of human-nature relationship need further clarification in non-democratic systems, both on the political left and right. In this article we aim to address that challenge by analysing Cold War economic and environmental goals and responses of the right-wing military junta in Chile under Pinochet and the Hungarian state-socialist, USSR-satellite regime under Kádár. By analysing two radically different political and economic approaches to economic catchup, while mitigating environmental costs on the way, this study aims to understand better the ecological motivations in authoritarian regimes operating diverse political and economic agendas.
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Horbachenko, O. V. "CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS OF UKRAINE AND HUNGARY UNDER A THEORETICAL AND LEGAL PRISM." Legal Bulletin 64, no. 3 (May 12, 2022): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31732/2708-339x-2022-03-29-36.
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The modern globalized world needs the creation of a new type of international relations. The state cannot exist by itself, for its successful development it is necessary to actively cooperate with the international community. These are permanent good-neighborly relations, cooperation with leading democratic countries, and participation and active activity in universal and regional international organizations. This is required from the state, the medium type, and the existence of external threats, such as armed aggression, information wars, economic blockades by other states. The latest type of international relations, considering such factors as globalization, the transformation of modern society from post- industrial to information society, brings significant changes to the interaction of various types of external state activity. In the theory of the state and law, the functions of the state are classified according to the following criteria: according to the quintessence and tasks, according to the direction of the functions, according to the methods and means of their implementation, according to the spheres of state activity, according to the social weight of the functions, according to their time frames, etc. Recognizing that each of these scientific classifications has the right to exist, we support the opinion of those scientists who refer to such a classification the division of state functions by spheres of activity of the latter into internal and external functions of the state. Take for example the defense function of the state, which directly depends on its integration into the collective security system. Functions of the state are formalized tasks of activity for a specific period, of a specific state in the sphere of regulation of social relations, in particular, of an external nature, using methods not prohibited by national and international law in order to achieve the most advantageous positions of influence. The following sub-functions of the syncretic external function of the modern state are distinguished: foreign policy (diplomatic); defense of the state against external military aggression; foreign economic; establishment of international humanitarian relations; environmental or ecological (participation in international environmental protection); countering international terrorism and international organized crime. Within the scope of this article, we consider Ukrainian foreign policy (diplomatic), foreign economic and establishment of international humanitarian ties.
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Soreg, Krisztina, and Guillermo Bermudez-Gonzalez. "Measuring the Socioeconomic Development of Selected Balkan Countries and Hungary: A Comparative Analysis for Sustainable Growth." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020736.
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The present research aimed to provide an extensive comparative analysis regarding the socioeconomic development paths of three selected Balkan countries—Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania—as well as Hungary, which was originally classified as a member of the Visegrad Four group in Central and Eastern Europe. In our paper, the Balkan states were analyzed along with Hungary, as it might be observed that since the 2008–2009 economic crisis, the latter’s economy has been increasingly diverging from that of the Visegrad club in several aspects. After having undergone a protracted transition crisis escalated by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the micro-region has exhibited a truly contradictious development trajectory including periods of relatively faster economic-growth-based catching up and significant fallback stages driven by numerous endogenous or exogenous shocks. The study assumed that the region’s most crucial vulnerability is the relatively high dependence on Foreign Direct Investment that contributes to the fluctuating nature of economic growth, and also, it might be viewed as an obstacle to long-term sustainable development. In the frames of the research, the authors present an alternative comparative method for specifying the actual level of economic development of the defined country group from economic, political and social perspectives, relying on the most recent data published by international organizations, NGOs and thinktanks. As a result, an aggregate ranking was established for the four countries based on 21 individual indices, taking into consideration their dependent market economy attributes and, also, unique patterns of economic growth. Furthermore, the study also provides a dynamic evaluation of the trends concerning the narrow approach of using ten indices for a protracted period, investigating whether Hungary has been converging, diverging or stagnating with respect to the three Visegrad and Balkan economies. To what extent are Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary and Romania still affected by the historical burden of the former regime, and what perspectives might they have for realizing convergence in the near future to the more developed economies?
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Gyarmati, Ágnes. "Agri-environmental subsidies and the National Rural Development Plan." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 20 (May 23, 2006): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/20/3155.
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The financing of agri-environmental target programs which is a prominent area in the EU became possible during the implementation and successful operation of the National Agricultural Environment Protection Program (NAPP) launched in 2002. Through this program we gained experience in the field agri-environmental measures which are financed from the Guidance Section of European Agricultural and Guarantee Fund in the European Union. The agri-environmental measures which are included in the National Rural Development Plan (NRDP) were implemented in Hungary in the fall of 2004 when the farmers handed in their application after the publishing of the related law. The NAPP financing is still active, but not significant since most farmers have chosen NRDP measures.We are examining the experience of the above programs after studying some theoretical aspects of the agricultural economics and the EU laws. We try to analyse the most important experiences of NAPP including the legal background, news opportunities yielded by target programs, the financing, organisation, and institutional background. We will present the results taking into consideration the data of the winning applicants.
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Tóth, Géza, and Áron Kincses. "(In)Visible Tourism According to Online Cash Registers in Hungary, 2018–2020." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 3038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14053038.
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The aim of this paper is to share innovations and some key lessons learned in the use of non-traditional data sources to improve data quality and enable more accurate and efficient data use in the field of tourism. Research on visitor traffic is based on classical statistical measures, but it may be worth expanding it with alternative data sources, such as databases based on online cash register (OCR) data. These data can be particularly useful for analysing tourism-related consumption habits in a given area. The study introduces the “invisible”, tourism-related, non-accommodation spending characteristics of transit traffic in Hungary, the possibilities of its analysis and spatial aspects, using online cash register data (includes all retail sales in Hungary, except for motorcycle purchases), and additionally, we identify the most affected municipalities which are invisible for traditional data sources. The results show that invisible tourism, linked to transit traffic, has significant economic potential. The analysis of this new type of database will provide a more accurate and faster picture of consumption associated with hidden tourism, which can be an important input for economic and marketing development.
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Baranyai, Dávid, and Tibor Sipos. "Black-Spot Analysis in Hungary Based on Kernel Density Estimation." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 8335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148335.
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Between 2010 and 2020 in the European Union, 30% of road accidents resulted in the death of a pedestrian or a cyclist. Accidents of unprotected pedestrians and cyclists are the reason why it is essential to introduce road safety measures. In our paper, we identify and rank black spots using an innovative reactive approach based on statistics. We elaborate on the mathematical methodological considerations through the processing of real-life empirical data in a Matlab environment. The applied black-spot analysis is based on a Kernel density estimate method, and the importance of the kernel functions and bandwidth are elaborated. Besides, special attention is devoted to the distorting effect of annual average daily traffic. The result of our research is a new methodology by which the real locations of the examined black spots can be determined. Furthermore, the boundaries of the critical sections and the extent of the formation of black spots can be determined by the introduced mathematical methods. With our innovative model, the black spots can be ranked, and the locations having the highest potential for improvement can be identified. Accordingly, optimal measures can be determined considering social-economic and sustainability aspects.
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Nosratabadi, Saeed, Gergo Pinter, Amir Mosavi, and Sandor Semperger. "Sustainable Banking; Evaluation of the European Business Models." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062314.
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Sustainability has become one of the challenges of today’s banks. Since sustainable business models are responsible for the environment and society along with generating economic benefits, they are an attractive approach to sustainability. Sustainable business models also offer banks competitive advantages such as increasing brand reputation and cost reduction. However, no framework is presented to evaluate the sustainability of banking business models. To bridge this theoretical gap, the current study using A Delphi-Analytic Hierarchy Process method, firstly, developed a sustainable business model to evaluate the sustainability of the business model of banks. In the second step, the sustainability performance of sixteen banks from eight European countries including Norway, The UK, Poland, Hungary, Germany, France, Spain, and Italy, assessed. The proposed business model components of this study were ranked in terms of their impact on achieving sustainability goals. Consequently, the proposed model components of this study, based on their impact on sustainability, are respectively value proposition, core competencies, financial aspects, business processes, target customers, resources, technology, customer interface, and partner network. The results of the comparison of the banks studied by each country disclosed that the sustainability of the Norwegian and German banks’ business models is higher than in other counties. The studied banks of Hungary and Spain came in second, the banks of The UK, Poland, and France ranked third, and finally, the Italian banks ranked fourth in the sustainability of their business models.
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Németh, Károly, Ilmars Gravis, and Boglárka Németh. "Dilemma of Geoconservation of Monogenetic Volcanic Sites under Fast Urbanization and Infrastructure Developments with Special Relevance to the Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 6549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126549.
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Geoheritage is an important aspect in developing workable strategies for natural hazard resilience. This is reflected in the UNESCO IGCP Project (# 692. Geoheritage for Geohazard Resilience) that continues to successfully develop global awareness of the multifaced aspects of geoheritage research. Geohazards form a great variety of natural phenomena that should be properly identified, and their importance communicated to all levels of society. This is especially the case in urban areas such as Auckland. The largest socio-economic urban center in New Zealand, Auckland faces potential volcanic hazards as it sits on an active Quaternary monogenetic volcanic field. Individual volcanic geosites of young eruptive products are considered to form the foundation of community outreach demonstrating causes and consequences of volcanism associated volcanism. However, in recent decades, rapid urban development has increased demand for raw materials and encroached on natural sites which would be ideal for such outreach. The dramatic loss of volcanic geoheritage of Auckland is alarming. Here we demonstrate that abandoned quarry sites (e.g., Wiri Mountain) could be used as key locations to serve these goals. We contrast the reality that Auckland sites are underutilized and fast diminishing, with positive examples known from similar but older volcanic regions, such as the Mio/Pliocene Bakony–Balaton UNESCO Global Geopark in Hungary.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental law – Economic aspects – Hungary"
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Bial, Joseph J. 1969. "Theoretical and empirical examination of decentralized environmental regulation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191225.
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This dissertation closely examines the merits, weaknesses, and potential of decentralized environmental regulation. I examine three areas of particular concern in the structure of environmental regulation. In the first chapter, I examine how information problems resulting from incorrectly specified atmospheric models are likely to affect economic efficiency in a permit market. While permit markets have been heralded as a promising solution for controlling environmentally damaging emissions, there is no formal research linking the atmospheric model, which directly affects permit prices, with economic outcomes. In the chapter, I develop a generalized theoretical model that demonstrates the problems that are likely to arise when there is uncertainty in the underlying atmospheric parameter estimates. As it turns out, permit markets operating with incorrectly specified atmospheric models may result in large losses in economic efficiency, even if the permit market is operating ideally in an economic sense. The second chapter analyzes a much broader issue, that of state versus federal environmental regulation. The chapter focuses on the methods used by states attempting to control interstate water pollution in the Ohio Valley in the early 1900s. The time period was chosen to predate federal intervention into environmental regulation and, hence, allows for a clean test of how states might be expected to address difficult pollution problems under a system of state regulation. Using a simple game theoretic model, the paper explores interstate water pollution control compacts and their uses in addressing interstate water pollution. I find that states were able to overcome significant bargaining difficulties in formulating the compacts, which ultimately led to effective control of interstate water pollution. The final chapter focuses on voluntary overcompliance by firms facing environmental standards. The paper models environmental regulation according to the EPA's Best Available Control Technology (BACT). The model predicts voluntary overcompliance by firms as they attempt to raise the (endogenous) environmental standard and, in the process, raise their rivals' costs. The paper also demonstrates the merits of nonuniform environmental standards. In attempting to elicit efficient levels of R&D investment, the regulatory authority may discourage socially wasteful overinvestment in pollution technology through the use of nonuniform standards.
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Yeukai, Chandaengerwa. "Trade promotion vs the environment: Inevitable conflict." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study unveiled the trade-environment debate which has been revolving in the World Trade Organization for quite a long time now. While economic integration and trade liberalization offer the promise of growth and prosperity, environmentalists fear that free trade will lead to increased pollution and resource depletion. On the other hand, free traders worry that over-reaching environmental policies will obstruct efforts to open markets and integrate economies around the world. Trade liberalization has the potential to affect the environment both positively and negatively. Trade and environment tensions have therefore emerged as a major issue in the debate over globalisation. This paper examined the contours of these tensions and argued that trade policy and environmental programs can be better integrated and made more mutually supportive.
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Zhou, Jia Lei. "EU water law : the right balance between environmental and economic considerations?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637070.
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Duruigbo, Emeka Alexander. "Environmental aspects of international oil trade and shipping, business ethics and economic cooperation as compliance tools in international law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0001/MQ34443.pdf.
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Wu, Jun Ye. "A study of contemporary issues of conflict between trade liberalization and protection of the environment with a specific reference to the position of developing and least developed contries." Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637068.
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Yuen, Wai-ip Edmond, and 袁偉業. "Polluter pays principle laws in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253623.
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Tlhapane, Keatlaretse Kefilwe. "A case study exploring the level of awareness of NCP Chlorchem's staff of environmental costs associated with hazardous waste." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015639.
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[Integrative executive summary] NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd manufactures and distributes Chlor alkali products such as chlorine, hydrochloric acid, caustic soda flakes, etc. and in the process generates both hazardous and general waste. Following changes in South African waste management legislation in 2011, the organisation’s waste service provider had to increase the costs associated with the handling of site’s hazardous waste. Top management of NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd requested a meeting with the waste service provider in order to establish the reasons behind the price increase. In that meeting, which the researcher attended, the waste service provider explained the changes in waste legislation and how it was going to impact on their business. Top management understood the reasons behind the price increase; however, they requested the waste service provider to review the price increase. The waste service provider gave the top management of NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd assurance that they were going to discuss the price reduction request with their own senior management and would provide feedback. The researcher did not participate in the feedback meetings; however, to this day, NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd still uses the services of the same waste service provider. The effect the escalating annual waste handling costs has had on NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd’s management team led to the study. Environmental impacts have costs that directly impact on company’s bottom line, such as the costs associated with the generation of waste. Although environmental costs are only one of the many costs incurred by businesses, they deserve management’s attention. According to Jasch (2003), there is an apparent lack of awareness and understanding of the magnitude of the environmental costs generated by organisations, and many opportunities for cost savings through good environmental management are lost. However, using a relatively new tool in environmental management, that is, environmental management accounting (EMA), management would ensure that relevant and significant environmental costs are considered when making business decisions (Jasch, 2003). The main purpose of the thesis is to explore the level of awareness of environmental costs associated with hazardous waste within NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd. In order to carry out the study, literature about environmental and cost accounting as well as literature on waste management was reviewed. Questionnaires were distributed to staff members, and meetings were held with different senior personnel. This case study seeks to answer the following questions: What is NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd’s staff members’ level of understanding of waste management? What is the level of awareness of NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd’s staff of environmental costs with regard to the generation, handling, transportation and disposal of hazardous waste? How can the current traditional accounting within the organisation be integrated with environmental management accounting? The findings of the first research objective revealed that staff members knew the site’s waste streams as per the South African legal definition of waste and as identified in the site’s environmental management system documentation. The conceptual approach to waste management is underpinned by the waste hierarchy. The respondents support the waste hierarchy in its approach to waste management, which is prevention of waste, reduction, reuse, recycle and safe disposal of waste as the last resort. Lack of awareness of environmental management, among other things, was cited as the cause of waste. In addition to that, the respondents believe the waste hierarchy can be achieved by employing recycling facilities, following procedures and by carrying out environmental awareness campaigns. Improving process design and control and including changes in raw material was cited, among other things, as the respondents’ perception on how waste can be reduced. The findings of the respondents’ understanding of waste hierarchy revealed that staff members understood waste management. The respondents cited the impacts of waste on the business as financial impact on the business, impact on their bonuses, and possible loss of business. In relation to the second research objective, it was found that staff members knew the hazardous waste streams and identified amongst other waste, sludge and chlorine emissions as NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd’s hazardous waste. However, with regard to environmental management accounting data, an average of 55.1% of respondents were not familiar with the physical and monetary components of EMA. An average of 19.6% of respondents who were aware of EMA might have been senior personnel. It could further be established that those who were familiar with EMA information were actually working with the data, either for reporting purposes, or for employing waste minimisation strategies, as well as awareness purposes, to their juniors. On average, 80% of the respondents perceived the production department as the area within site that has the EMA information.
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Weschenfelder, Paulo Natalício. "O direito constitucional de todos ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado e sua força normativa para a construção de uma cultura de equilíbrio ambiental no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2010. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/560.
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Trata-se de estudo da força normativa do direito constitucional de todos ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado para a construção de uma cultura de equilíbrio ambiental no Brasil, integrante da linha de pesquisa Direito Ambiental e Novos Direitos, área de concentração Direito Ambiental e Sociedade, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, nível de Mestrado acadêmico, da Universidade de Caxias do Sul (Brasil). O meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, que é direito transindividual, é bem de uso comum do povo e essencial à sadia qualidade de vida, incumbindo ao Poder Público e da coletividade o dever de defendê-lo e preservá-lo para as presentes e futuras gerações. O novo paradigma constitucional do direito de propriedade privada condiciona o exercício do domínio à função social e à função ambiental da propriedade. Por isso, o Estado não mais defende qualquer propriedade, mas aquela que cumpre a sua função social e ambiental. A democracia participativa ambiental, por meio de seus vários instrumentos, garante às cidadãs e aos cidadãos a participação ativa na construção de uma cultura de equilíbrio ambiental no Brasil. A educação ambiental tem especial importância para criar em todos os partícipes da vida nacional a consciência da vontade de Constituição. A informação ambiental completa a educação ambiental. Tendo presente os pressupostos da força normativa da Constituição (Konrad Hesse), o estudo constata que, quanto ao conteúdo, a Constituição é atual, e quanto à práxis, o direito constitucional de todos ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado está tendo força normativa para a construção de uma cultura de equilíbrio ambiental no Brasil.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-03T18:03:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Paulo Natalicio Weschenfelder.pdf: 1244233 bytes, checksum: bb6b7d4352b1bbe5ba0e65055e354b37 (MD5)
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This is a study of the normative force of everyone´s constitutional right to an ecologically balanced environment in order to build a culture of environmental balance in Brazil, belonging to Environmental Law and New Rights research line, main field Enviromental and Social Law, of Post-Graduate Program in Law, for Master degree obtention, University of Caxias do Sul (Brazil). The ecologically balanced environment, which is a transindividual right, is a people´s common use and essential to a healthy quality of life, commissioning the Government and the collectivity to defend it and preserve it for the current and future generations. The new constitutional right to private property paradigm affects the exercise on the field of the social function and environmental function of the property. Therefore, the State no longer maintains any property, but one that fulfills its social and environmental function. Environmental participatory democracy, through its various instruments, guarantees to citizens the right to participate actively in building a culture of environmental balance in Brazil. Environmental education has particular importance for all participants in the national life consciousness of the will of the Constitution. Environmental information completes environmental education. Bearing in mind the assumptions of the normative force of the Constitution (Konrad Hesse), the study notes that, in substance, the Constitution is modern, and what about práxis, the everyone´s constitutional right to an ecologically balanced environment is having normative force for building a culture of environmental balance in Brazil.
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Silveira, Thaís Alves da. "Atividades de dragagem no Porto do Rio Grande/RS : proteção ambiental no âmbito da política deliberativa." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2016. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1642.
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As dragagens no Porto do Rio Grande / RS são consideradas potencialmente poluidoras e geram uma crescente instabilidade nos ecossistemas, costeiro e marinho da região, devido à complexidade para efetivar o seu procedimento. Por outro lado, desempenham importante papel para a expansão do setor portuário, o qual contribui intensamente com o crescimento econômico do país. Apesar da existência de uma ampla legislação que versa sobre a proteção ao meio ambiente nas áreas portuárias, ainda são visualizados inúmeros problemas ambientais nessa seara. Diante o fato, esta dissertação responde ao seguinte problema: A aplicação da política deliberativa é a melhor proposta para amenizar as problemáticas ambientais decorrentes das atividades de dragagem no Porto do Rio Grande/RS? O método hipotético-dedutivo foi o abordado. A ênfase foi à analítica, através de levantamento documental com base em fontes legislativas e documentos em geral. O foco principal através da pesquisa bibliográfica foi de selecionar publicações sobre o tema, tais como: livros, artigos científicos e um aprofundamento maior nos autores já utilizados na pesquisa. Como resultado, percebeu-se a necessidade do despertar de uma cidadania ativa em prol da proteção ambiental como a melhor forma para reverter os modelos impostos pelo sistema capitalista, o qual fracassou em sua promessa de vincular crescimento econômico e a proteção da natureza. Portanto, a criação das normas deve ser objeto de deliberação para que seu alcance não abarque apenas os interesses de uma minoria que detêm o poder.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-02-16T17:30:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Thais Alves da Silveira.pdf: 1991006 bytes, checksum: 17919b09c347d1053ba01d5781079510 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T17:30:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Thais Alves da Silveira.pdf: 1991006 bytes, checksum: 17919b09c347d1053ba01d5781079510 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-16
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES.
The dredging of Rio Grande/RS Port is considered potentially polluting and generate an increased instability on coastal and marine ecosystems in the region due to the complexity to perform its procedure. On the other hand, it plays an important role in the expansion of the sector, which strongly contributes to the economic growth of the country. Despite the existence of a wide legislation, that deals with the protection of the environment in port areas, there are still displayed numerous problems about that topic. For that reason, this dissertation aimed at answering the following problem: Is the application of deliberative politics the best approach to mitigate the environmental problems arising from dredging activities in the Port of Rio Grande / RS? The hypothetical-deductive method was approached. The emphasis was analytical, through documentary review based on legislative sources and documents in general. The main focus through the literature research was to select publications on the subject, such as books, papers with a greater deepening in the most important authors used in this research. As a result, it was cognized that the awakening of an active citizenship in favor of environmental protection is required as the best way to reverse the models imposed by the capitalist system, which failed in its promise to link economic growth and the protection of nature. Therefore, the creation of the standards should be the deliberation subject so that its scope encompasses not only the stakes of a minority in power.
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Silveira, Gilberto Borges da. "Pagamento por serviços ambientais para conservação de áreas protegidas particulares." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1170.
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O interesse sobre Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) deve-se à possibilidade de conciliar os interesses econômicos da propriedade rural com a conservação ambiental, conforme previsto em recentes legislações. Desde a instituição do Código Florestal pela Lei n.º 4.771/1965, o Brasil adota a Reserva Legal e a Área de Preservação Permanente (APP) como mecanismos de manutenção de áreas protegidas particulares. Pela Constituição Brasileira de 1988, a exploração de propriedades rurais está condicionada à responsabilidade socioambiental, que visa garantir a preservação dos recursos naturais para a manutenção das condições ambientais de interesse de toda a sociedade. Buscando conciliar o interesse particular dos produtores aos interesses sociais da qualidade ambiental, o Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PSA), contemplado nas recentes legislações federais e estaduais, visa integrar interesses econômicos e ambientais. A Lei n.º 12.651/2012, que alterou o Código Florestal, previu instrumentos econômicos para gerar incentivos e ampliar a atratividade em manter áreas protegidas em propriedades particulares, mediante valoração dos recursos naturais. No Paraná, foi sancionada a Lei n.º 17.134/2012, que instituiu o Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais. Essas leis ainda carecem de regulamentos e mecanismos operacionais para sua efetiva implementação, sendo propósito deste trabalho verificar as possibilidades e limitações do PSA na conservação de áreas protegidas particulares, mediante revisão bibliográfica sobre PSA e análise de políticas ambientais de proteção de áreas adotadas no Paraná, complementadas por entrevistas com técnicos que trabalharam com essas políticas. O objetivo do trabalho é sugerir mecanismos para que esses instrumentos de política pública efetivamente incentivem os produtores a manterem áreas protegidas e sejam capazes de despertar o interesse de agentes usuários nos serviços ambientais, mediante estabelecimento de condutas e regulamentos legais.Environmental Service Payment (Pagamento por Serviço Ambiental - PSA) is addressed to meet the need of conciliating rural property economic interests and environment conservation, according to the new environment laws. Since Law n. 4771/1965 established the Forestry Code, Brazil uses the natural resources’ Legal Reserves and Permanent Preservation Areas (Área de Preservação Permanente- APP) as mechanisms to help maintaining private protected areas preserved. As provided in the Brazilian Constitution of 1988, rural property exploration is subjected to socio-environmental liabilities in order to assure the preservation of natural resources and maintain ideal environmental conditions in behalf of the society interests. The Environmental Service Payment, in force both at Federal and State levels, seeks the conciliation between the producer private interest and the environment quality social interests. Law n. 12651/2012, which changed the Forestry Code, provides economic tools addressed to encourage rural property owners to maintain protected areas within their private properties through increasing the natural resources value. In the State of Paraná, Law n. 17134/2012 established the Environmental Service Payment. The aforementioned laws need rules, regulations and operation tools to be effectively implemented. The present work aims at checking the Environmental Service Payment possibilities and limitations concerning private protected area conservation in the State of Paraná through carrying out a bibliographic review and analyzing the environment protection policies, besides interviewing technicians who work with such policies. Our work objective is also to suggest mechanisms able to effectively encourage rural producers to maintain and protect natural areas, as well as to arouse the environmental user interest by establishing legal behaviors and rules.
Books on the topic "Environmental law – Economic aspects – Hungary"
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Ballantine, Dewey, and Theodore Goddard (Firm), eds. Legal aspects of doing business in Hungary. London: Longman, 1994.
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E, Boyle Alan, and Oxford Law Colloquium (1st : 1991), eds. Environmental regulation and economic growth. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
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Klaus, Bosselmann, and Richardson Benjamin J, eds. Environmental justice and market mechanisms: Key challenges for environmental law and policy. Hague: Kluwer Law, 1999.
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Law and Economics of the Environment (1995 Oslo, Norway). Law and economics of the environment. Oslo: Juridisk Forlag, 1996.
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Revesz, Richard L. Environmental law and policy. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.
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Revesz, Richard L. Environmental law and policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.
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Revesz, Richard L. Environmental law and policy. St. Paul, MN: Foundation Press, 2015.
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Population, law, and the environment. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1994.
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1943-, Skogh Göran, ed. The economic analysis of environmental policy and law: An introduction. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2003.
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Zleptnig, Stefan. Non-economic objectives in WTO law. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Environmental law – Economic aspects – Hungary"
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Montiel Vargas, Ana. "B Lab and the Process of Certificating B Corps." In The International Handbook of Social Enterprise Law, 281–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14216-1_13.
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AbstractThe objective of this study is to analyze certain aspects of certified B Corporations (known as B Corps), a type of company that orients its activity toward the achievement of objectives that transcend economic ones. These companies are part of the “B movement,” promoted by B Lab, which is a non-profit organization that certifies the social and environmental impact of these entities with its own measurement system. This study introduces this business phenomenon and explores the origin, evolution, and expansion of B Corps in different countries worldwide. Additionally, it examines the process of obtaining certification as a B Corp by measuring the impact on different stakeholders: the government, workers, community, environment, and clients. Finally, different aspects of notable interest in the legal terms of this private certification are highlighted.
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Pambudi, Andi Setyo, and Trikurnianti Kusumanto. "Water Resources Governance in Indonesia Towards Environmental Sustainability Along with Social and Economic Development." In Environment & Policy, 289–311. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15904-6_16.
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AbstractIndonesia’s water resources governance aims at delivering the basic needs of a growing population whilst being constrained by ecosystems’ carrying capacity. The main causes of regulatory overlaps and prevalent “silo mentality” in water governance are sought by analysing laws, regulations, and policies. Over time, water resources governance has aimed to address food, water, and energy needs through infrastructural approaches, forest and land rehabilitation, and community participation. It is anchored in the river basin territory and watershed concepts. Public decision-making, however, puts anthropogenic considerations at its core rather than hydrological aspects, leading to misfits between institutions and ecosystem functioning. Ineffective legal instruments and policies are essentially due to institutional constraints. A synthesis of the three major water regulations—Government Regulation 37/2012 concerning Watershed Management, Law 17/2019 concerning Water Resources, and Government Regulation 26/2008 concerning National Spatial Plan—reveals little ownership of watershed management with regional/local governments since responsibilities are delegated by the central government to a technical agency; limited focus on green water (social and ecological) governance approaches compared with blue water (hard infrastructural) ones; and weak law enforcement and formulation of strategies for maintaining ecosystem functioning. Our recommendations include an ecoregional water governance with a thoroughly designed performance and target indicators; continuation of development plans built on previous plans and outcomes; continuity in water resources monitoring and evaluation; society-wide participation; and synchronisation of regulatory processes of all administrative levels led by the President in collaboration with Parliament using “carrot and stick” modes.
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Normand, Jonathan, and Veronica Devenin. "Real-World Lessons on Stakeholder Capitalism: How B Lab and B Corp Movement Catalyze Change in Society." In The International Handbook of Social Enterprise Law, 355–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14216-1_17.
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AbstractB Lab started in 2006, developing standards, a legal framework and certification to take into account all stakeholders for businesses that wanted to be not only the best in the world but also the best for the world. The objective was finding a way to harness capitalism’s positive elements while also protecting individuals and society from its negative aspects and, at the same time, helping scale businesses while remaining true to their social or environmental mission and creating a credible system of social and environmental transparency and accountability to engage consumers. Fifteen years later, B Lab and the B Corp movement are considered relevant actors in the purpose ecosystem, which are actively creating favorable framings, systems, policy change, and infrastructures to support the development of purpose-driven businesses. B Lab considers that businesses can act as a starting point to catalyze systemic change, given their direct relationship with multiple stakeholders within the economic system and society at large in order. This chapter presents B Lab’s theory of change and how it is developing its corresponding global strategies in practice.
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Zelger, Bernadette. "Environmental and Sustainability Aspects in EU Competition Law: Towards a “More Economic & Ecological Approach” Under Article 101 TFEU?" In European Yearbook of International Economic Law. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/8165_2022_97.
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Szívós, Alexander. "SUSTAINABILITY IN FINANCE." In Regional Law Review, 256–64. Institute of Comparative Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56461/iup_rlrc.2022.3.ch16.
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Sustainability has received more and more attention over the past years and its environmental, social and governance (hereinafter ESG) factors even more so. The theme has long passed the stage of being just about the environment or the climate. The term ESG has a very wide scope. It encompasses an extensive range of considerations, including tax. Major international organizations have recognized the role that taxation could play in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Contributing their fair share to public revenue has become a reputational risk, especially to multinational businesses. Through the lens of ESG factors, aggressive tax optimization and harmful tax strategies are against the sustainable future. In order to give a more realistic view of how the interaction of ESG and taxation can promote economic sustainability, this paper explores the following issues. The fundamentals of ESG in finance underline the emerging role of transparency in taxation by analysing the adopted measures in the reporting frameworks around the globe. The article examines the Balkan region by highlighting and comparing the completed ESG specialised tax measures in Serbia, Croatia and Hungary.
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Mak, Vanessa. "Realizing the EU Social Market Economy through Law." In Legal Pluralism in European Contract Law, 231–46. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854487.003.0010.
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This concluding chapter asserts that a case can be made for a strong legal pluralist theory of lawmaking in European private law. It takes a discursive approach, focusing on some aspects that require further consideration. The chapter considers how, and to what extent, the regulation of offline transactions is affected by the perceived shift towards legal pluralism. In addition, the chapter assesses which risks are posed to the instrumental-normative framework by political, economic, and social divides in the EU. Finally, the chapter closes with a reflection on the connections that could be made between certain fields such as citizens' rights as workers or in relation to environmental protection, opening up vistas for further research on lawmaking in European private law.
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Kaj, Hobér. "10 Part IV: Miscellaneous Provisions." In The Energy Charter Treaty. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199660995.003.0010.
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This chapter studies Part IV of the Energy Charter Treaty, which is entitled ‘Miscellaneous Provisions’. Article 18, dealing with sovereignty over natural resources, is the first article in Part IV of the ECT. This is significant, because the placement of Article 18 outside of Part III of the ECT means that the provisions in Article 18 cannot be made the subject of the dispute settlement mechanism in Article 26 of the ECT, which requires that there be an alleged breach of an obligation under Part III of the ECT. Meanwhile, Article 19 deals with environmental aspects and Article 20 with transparency. Article 21, concerning taxation, has a complex structure such that interpretation based on the Vienna Convention may be required. Article 22 deals with a Contracting Party's obligations in relation to the conduct of state enterprises (paragraphs 1 and 2); the conduct of entities which it has entrusted with governmental authority (paragraph 3); and the conduct of entities which have been granted exclusive or special privileges (paragraph 4). Article 23 addresses the responsibility of Contracting Parties for acts of all organs of government, be they at the national, regional, or local level. Article 24 sets forth a number of general exceptions to the obligations set out in the ECT. Lastly, Article 25 sets forth a separate exception related to most-favoured-nation treatment for members of an economic integration agreement (EIA).
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Redgwell, Catherine. "Building Resilience from the Top Down? The Role of International Law and Institutions." In Resilience in Energy, Infrastructure, and Natural Resources Law, 32—C3.N91. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864574.003.0003.
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Abstract This chapter assesses the resilience-building capacity of international law and institutions in the context of energy and related fields. It considers two aspects of building resilience from the top down. First, it argues that the extent to which binding international norms and principles can dynamically change and evolve, especially when confronted by disrupting events, is a measure of their resilience. The focus is principally on treaty law, given the important normative role treaties perform in the energy and related fields. Their flexibility and capacity to adapt over time in response to economic, technical, and environmental changes can be demonstrated in a variety of ways, ranging from treaty amendment to more nimble methods for incorporation of external norms and evolutive interpretation of treaty provisions. Secondly and relatedly is the role of international institutions in this process. Building sustainable institutional structures plays a key role in disaster risk reduction and response. Some areas of international law such as international disaster law, and some institutions such as the International Energy Agency, may be viewed as hard-wired to respond to catastrophic change and emergencies, with treaty bodies and institutions playing a catalytic role in responding to disruption. However, there is no ‘one stop shop’ with respect to disaster management and response in international law and no general multinational treaty on disaster law. Nonetheless, prevention and disaster response are already part of the fabric of substantive international law in some contexts such as oil pollution casualties and nuclear incidents.
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Rupnik, Jacques. "The East–West Divide Revisited 30 Years On." In Europe's Transformations, 85–100. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895820.003.0006.
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Thirty years after the end of the Cold War and the division of the continent, are we witnessing a renewed east–west divide in Europe? Fifteen years following the enlargement of the European Union to countries of central and eastern Europe, are we witnessing mere political differences or is there an emerging divergence between the ‘old’ and ‘new’ EU member states on issues as fundamental as democracy and the rule of law? The triggering of Article 7 of the Lisbon Treaty against Poland and Hungary suggests the latter. This is the interpretation favoured in the media or in declarations of political figures on both sides of a newly restored dividing line. In the west, it tends to be perceived as a challenge to the European project and sometimes even as a justification for reservations regarding the very idea of the EU’s eastward expansion. In the Visegrád Group, there are claims of being treated as second-class members of the EU and resentment of alleged double standards and interference from Brussels, sometimes compared to pre-1989 control from Moscow. How can this triple divide on democracy, migration, and societal issues—three aspects of European liberalism—be accounted for after a quarter-century of unprecedented economic, political, and institutional convergence? One place to start is the misunderstandings concerning the process and meaning given to the post-1989 EU integration process (‘enlargement to the east’ or ‘European unification’). Different security concerns and threat perceptions (east versus south) also remain an obstacle in shaping a Common Foreign and Security Policy. There are deeper historical and cultural differences, the understanding of which is important to avoid recent divisions becoming fault lines. Finally these trends should be understood not as irreconcilable differences, but as a specific and acute version of a transeuropean crisis of democracy.
Conference papers on the topic "Environmental law – Economic aspects – Hungary"
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Komanovics, Adrienne. "HUNGARY AND THE LUXEMBOURG COURT: THE CJEU’S ROLE IN THE RULE OF LAW BATTLEFIELD." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22413.
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After the introduction of the then Article F.1 TEU by the Amsterdam Treaty, later supplemented by the Nice Treaty, Hungary has earned the dubious reputation to be the first Member State against which an Article 7 TEU procedure has been triggered. While the predominantly political process is apparently stalled for the time being, the Court had to deal with various aspects of the deteriorating rule of law situation. Although forming part of an undeniably fragmented approach, the Court’s judgments nevertheless clearly attest the retrogressive developments in Hungary since 2010. The analysis of the Court’s jurisprudence is based on the qualitative measurement of the rule of law indicators drawn up by the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe. The identification of the cases pertinent to our investigation presents a challenge by itself as there is no label attached to a case dossier titled “rule of law”. In addition, several relevant cases deal with issues which prima facie do not have a bearing on this topic. Thus, e.g. the case relating to the radical lowering of the retirement age for Hungarian judges apparently revolves around age discrimination in the workplace while in fact these measures were politically motivated and had an adverse effect on judicial independence. The subject-matter of the cases identified so far range from the independence of the judiciary and regulatory bodies to the functioning of NGOs and higher education institutions; from the criminalisation of assistance for asylum seekers to the judicial challenge of the conditionality regulation. Most cases are infringement proceedings initiated by the European Commission but the Court was also turned upon through preliminary reference or actions for annulment. By analysing the submissions of the parties, the opinions of the Advocate General as well as the Court’s assessment thereof, the paper aims to evaluate the role of the Court: its potential and the limitations. While not denying the Court’s contribution to the provision of consistent responses against the systemic threats against EU values, there are various institutional and procedural constraints hampering the Court’s ability to secure compliance in the subject area.
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Anh, Nguyen Thi Kim. "Problems of Correlation of Environmental and Economic Aspects When Using the Mekong River by Coastal States." In XIV European-Asian Congress "The value of law" (EAC-LAW 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201205.047.
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Erdei, Renáta J., and Anita R. Fedor R. Fedor. "The Phenomenon and the Characteristics of Precariate in Hungary: Labormarket situation, Precariate, Subjective health." In CARPE Conference 2019: Horizon Europe and beyond. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carpe2019.2019.10284.
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Anita R. Fedor- Renáta J. Erdei Abstract The focus of our research is labor market integration and the related issues like learning motivation, value choices, health status, family formation and work attitudes. The research took place in the North Great Plain Region – Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, Nyíregyháza, Nyíregyháza region, Debrecen, Cigánd district (exception), we used the Debrecen and the national database of the Graduate Tracking System. Target groups: 18-70 year-old age group, women and women raising young children, 15-29 year-old young age group, high school students (graduate ones) fresh university graduates. The theorethical frameworks of the precariate research is characterized by a multi-disciplinar approach, as this topic has sociological, economic, psychological, pedagogical, legal and health aspects. Our aim is to show whether There is relevance between the phenomenon of precariate and labor market disadvantage and how individual insecurity factors affect a person’s presence in the labor market. How the uncertainties in the workplace appear in different regions and social groups by expanding the theoretical framework.According to Standing precariate is typical to low gualified people. But I would like to see if it also typical to highly qualifiled young graduates with favourable conditions.It is possible or worth looking for a way out of the precarious lifestyle (often caused by objective reasons) by combining and using management and education.Are there definite features in the subjective state of health of groups with classic precariate characteristics? Results The research results demonstrate that the precarious characteristics can be extended, they are multi-dimensional.The personal and regional risk factors of labor market exclusion can develop both in different regions and social groups. Precarized groups cannot be connected exclusively to disadvantaged social groups, my research has shown that precarious characteristics may also appear, and the process of precarization may also start among highly qualified people. Precariate is a kind of subjective and collective crisis. Its depth largely depends on the economic environment, the economic and social policy, and the strategy and cultural conditions of the region. The results show, that the subjective health of classical precar groups is worse than the others.
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Guerreiro, Miguel. "CNG for Commercial, Law Enforcement and Recreational Boats." In ASME/USCG 2017 4th Workshop on Marine Technology and Standards. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mts2017-0402.
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CNG has significant environmental and economic advantages as a marine fuel in commercial applications as well as law enforcement and recreational use. This paper covers the current technical and business aspects of the current deployment of CNG marine systems for boat propulsion, on-board power generation, fueling operation and the practical considerations that make it all possible today for the different use of boats. The technology and its benefits are reviewed and measurements from existing CNG hybrid boats currently in operation are analyzed. Paper published with permission.
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Petrašević, Tunjica, and Paula Poretti. "THE ‘POLLUTER PAYS’ PRINCIPLE: THE CROATIAN EXPERIENCE." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22408.
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The ‘polluter pays’ principle (PPP) is one of the four tenets of the European Union’s (EU) environmental policy. Where the PPP is successfully applied, the polluter bears the cost of pollution, including the cost of prevention, control, and removal of pollution, as well as the cost it causes for the society and the respective population. The PPP is to discourage polluters from environmental pollution by holding them liable for the pollution by means of having the polluters, and not the taxpayers, bear the remediation cost. This paper juxtaposes the application of the PPP in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and Croatian jurisprudence. Following an overview of the PPP in EU law, the paper briefly reviews two CJEU cases (Van de Walle and Erika) that concern the question of whether liability for incidental pollution is attachable to both the manufacturer of dangerous material and the polluter. Next, the paper examines the application of the PPP in the Croatian judiciary, where – contrary to the EU environmental policy – the remediation cost being borne by the taxpayers is seemingly the norm (especially where the polluter cannot bear the remediation cost due to insolvency).
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DuBoff, Scott M. "Alternative Financing for Enhanced Environmental Protection: The Intersection of Waste-to-Energy Technology and Solid Waste Flow Control Authority." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2343.
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When local governments evaluate the environmental benefits and costs of alternatives for managing non-recyclable municipal solid waste, the relative costs of modern waste-to-energy (WTE) technology can be a significant stumbling block despite WTE technology’s environmental benefits. Although the preceding point is an important economic reality that has constrained WTE development in the United States, fortunately there is a highly effective means — the use of municipal solid waste “flow control” (or “facility designation”) authority — to overcome WTE’s perceived cost disadvantage. The relationship between flow control and WTE development, including significant encouragement for use of flow control as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court’s recent decision in United Haulers Association v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority, 127 S.Ct. 1786 (2007), is the focus of this paper, which will address the following topics: Policy Basis for Flow Control — Absent government intervention, management of municipal solid waste will seek the lowest cost (i.e., short-term cost) and frequently less environmentally protective alternatives. Flow control can counter the tendency to choose alternatives with lower short-term costs and at the same time facilitate implementation of the environmentally-preferable waste management alternatives a local government selects, such as WTE technology and other aspects of “integrated waste management.” Flow Control and the Courts — While the authority of a given local government to use flow control is grounded in state law, flow control also implicates matters that arise under federal law, such as Commerce Clause issues, given the possibility that solid waste regulation in one state can affect commercial interests in solid waste management in another state. Although concerns regarding claims of impact on interstate commerce prompted a negative Supreme Court response to flow control in C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown, 511 U.S. 383 (1994), the Court’s decision 13 years later in the Oneida-Herkimer case was in many ways just the opposite. WTE’s Correlation with Flow Control and Practical Guideposts — WTE development can be significantly advanced by the use of flow control. That conclusion is borne out by empirical data. The concluding portion of this paper addresses that topic as well as corollary issues, such as public-private collaboration for WTE development and other practical guideposts for implementing flow control ordinances.
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Seghedin, Neculai eugen, Dragosflorin Chitariu, Adriana Munteanu, and Anamaria Bocanet. "INFORMATICS SYSTEM FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION IN THE TECHNOLOGICAL FIXTURES DOMAIN." In eLSE 2020. University Publishing House, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-20-078.
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Fixtures are used for orientation-positioning and clamping of parts during machining in production systems. This systems are composed of machine-tool, cutting tool, part and fixture, It is unanimously accepted that the most versatile component is the fixture. Thus, the creative act manifests itself most fully in the case of devices. As a consequence, it is necessary that the process of creation is followed by a process of protection of creation, from the point of view of the intellectual property law. In this paper an informatics system for selection of the modalities of intellectual protection for the novelties that are obtained in the field of technological fixtures. Firstly, the elements that characterize the fixture from the technical, economic, ergonomic, aesthetic and environmental point of view are identified. Then, for each feature, the ways of protecting the intellectual property for new achievements in the fixture domain are highlighted. Regarding the elements that characterize the fixture, those which are related to the supports, clamping / centering- clamping mechanisms, actuation, etc. are highlighted. Regarding the supports, the following aspects are highlighted: material, thermal / thermo-chemical treatment, shape, dimensions, placement, degree of universality, degree of standardization, etc. Tightening mechanisms are characterized by: the range of the clamping stroke, the magnitude of the clamping force, degree of universality, mechanical efficiency, etc. The drive system is characterized by nature (manual or mechanized) or type (mechanical, electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic, hydraulic, pneumatic, pneumatic, vacuum, etc.). The modalities of protection of the intellectual property are listed, after which the informatics system is presented; the proposed system allows the selection of the proper methods of protecting the intellectual property considering the novelty character of the elements that can appear at various levels in the designing of the technological fixture.