Journal articles on the topic 'Environmental Land Management (ELM) Scheme'
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1
Andries, Ana, Richard J. Murphy, Stephen Morse, and Jim Lynch. "Earth Observation for Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification within Environmental Land Management Policy." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 14, 2021): 9105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169105.
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The main aim of the new agricultural scheme, Environmental Land Management, in England is to reward landowners based on their provision of ‘public goods’ while achieving the goals of the 25 Year Environment Plan and commitment to net zero emission by 2050. Earth Observation (EO) satellites appear to offer an unprecedented opportunity in the process of monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of this scheme. In this study, we worked with ecologists to determine the habitat–species relationships for five wildlife species in the Surrey Hills ‘Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty’ (AONB), and this information was used to examine the extent to which EO satellite imagery, particularly very high resolution (VHR) imagery, could be used for habitat assessment, via visual interpretation and automated methods. We show that EO satellite products at 10 m resolution and other geospatial datasets enabled the identification and location of broadly suitable habitat for these species and the use of VHR imagery (at 1–4 m spatial resolution) allowed valuable insights for remote assessment of habitat qualities and quantity. Hence, at a fine scale, we obtained additional habitats such as scrub, hedges, field margins, woodland and tree characteristics, and agricultural practices that offer an effective source of information for sustainable land management. The opportunities and limitations of this study are discussed, and we conclude that there is considerable scope for it to offer valuable information for land management decision-making and as support and evidence for MRV for incentive schemes.
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Pelorosso, Raffaele, Ciro Apollonio, Duccio Rocchini, and Andrea Petroselli. "Effects of Land Use-Land Cover Thematic Resolution on Environmental Evaluations." Remote Sensing 13, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071232.
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Land use/land cover (LULC) maps are a key input in environmental evaluations for the sustainable planning and management of socio-ecological systems. While the impact of map spatial resolution on environmental assessments has been evaluated by several studies, the effect of thematic resolution (the level of detail of LU/LC typologies) is discordant and still poorly investigated. In this paper, four scenarios of thematic resolutions, corresponding to the four levels of the CORINE classification scheme, have been compared in a real case study of landscape connectivity assessment, a major aspect for the biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provision. The PANDORA model has been employed to investigate the effects of LULC thematic resolution on Bio-Energy Landscape Connectivity (BELC) at the scale of the whole system, landscape units, and single land cover patches, also in terms of ecosystem services. The results show different types of impacts on landscape connectivity due to the changed spatial pattern of the LULC classes across the four thematic resolution scenarios. Moreover, the main priority areas for conservation objectives and future sustainable urban expansion have been identified. Finally, several indications are given for supporting practitioners and researchers faced with thematic resolution issues in environmental assessment and land use planning.
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Gill, Nicholas. "Environmental (re)education and local environmental knowledge: statutory ground-based monitoring and pastoral culture in central Australia." Rangeland Journal 25, no. 1 (2003): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj03002.
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Ground-based monitoring of rangeland condition is common in Australian pastoral administration systems. In the Northern Territory (NT), such monitoring is officially seen as a key plank of sustainable pastoral land use. In the NT and elsewhere, these monitoring schemes have sought to increase participation by pastoralists. Involvement of pastoralists in monitoring is theoretically an educative process that will cause pastoralists to more critically examine their management practices. Critical perspectives on the relationship between rangelands science/extension and pastoralist knowledge systems and concerns, however, suggest that pastoralists' reception of such monitoring schemes will be influenced by a range of social contexts, including the character of pastoralist environmental knowledge. Fieldwork with pastoralists in Central Australia shows that the process by which pastoral environmental knowledge develops has rich experiential, historical and social dimensions. These contexts play a role in framing pastoral environmental knowledge and in shaping pastoralists' interpretations of environmental events and information from other parties. Pastoralists will assess information from monitoring in light of these contexts. The nature of the ground-based monitoring scheme is such that the very environmental knowledge that it seeks to reform may in fact be confirmed or otherwise interact with pastoral knowledge in unanticipated ways. Lack of systematic evaluation of the scheme and of pastoral environmental knowledge, however, precludes definitive judgements at this stage. The apparently central role of monitoring in NT pastoral land administration, however, suggests that the assumptions underlying the scheme and its implementation be reassessed.
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Herzon, Irina, Marjaana Toivonen, Juha Helenius, and Chloe Swiderski. "Realized environmental values of Environmental Fallow policy measure." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 28 (January 31, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75452.
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A novel agri-environment scheme for Environmental Fallow (EF) was introduced in Finland to replace a former obligatory CAP set-aside. Though potentially highly valuable, the ability of the current scheme for delivering the stated objectives of water protection, biodiversity, and soil state is yet to be confirmed. The presentation evaluates the role of the scheme for protection of surface waters and biodiversity based on data from the farmer interviews, field data on vegetation, and land-use register for the regions of Uusimaa, Pohjois-Pohjanmaa and Pirkanmaa. In 2010, over 7% of the agricultural utilized area was enrolled under the scheme with four types of fields: long-term grasslands, and fields sown with meadow plants, game crops or landscape flowers. The scheme has been highly popular among farmers but requires agronomic development of the options to reduce establishment failure, and optimise management for the best environmental output with the least agronomic problems. The potential of the scheme to protect surface waters is marginal since only 10% of EFs is situated near the water courses. The option of fallowing by establishing grassland, or by enrolling existing low productive grassland, was the most popular type of EF. The most biologically valuable meadow type remains rare, and the desired vegetation composition is non stable. The vegetation composition of the EF is more diverse than that under the former set-aside and also differs from that of other non-cropped biotopes such as margins and semi-natural grasslands. Plant species diversity correlated negatively with the reported fertility level of the parcels and therefore establishing grassland and meadow fallows on the least productive parcels is ecologically justified. However, possible targeting of the options according to the landscape setting should be investigated. At the current level, the scheme has succeeded to reverse the fallowing area to its state during the EU set-aside period. However, potential long-term efficiency of the current scheme is likely to be compromised by its untargeted and unbinding nature, and existing agronomic challenges in “sowing for nature”. Without a minimum required area, the scheme totally depends on the current and forecasted profit margin.
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Swetnam, Ruth D., Les G. Firbank, Noranne E. Ellis, and Mark O. Hill. "A Geographic Information System for Predicting Weed Changes on Set-Aside Arable Land." Weed Technology 12, no. 1 (March 1998): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00042573.
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The Arable Area Payments Scheme of the European Union has been in operation since 1992, paying farmers to set aside a portion of their arable land from production for 1 to 5 yr. Management of the land is prescribed, both in terms of timing and type. The scheme is potentially beneficial to the environment, as set-aside land can be used to improve bird, mammal, and insect habitats. However, environmental and agronomic objectives frequently conflict, particularly in the area of weed management. To predict weed growth and succession, a tool was required to model vegetation at set-aside sites using the key environmental factors, location, and soil that could account for differences in the weed species likely to be invasive. To this end, a Geographical Information System has been developed that links modeled species distributions to a model of successional change. The system has a simple menu structure allowing speedy manipulation of the data and models to predict the effects of management on the weed communities at known geographical locations.
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Jin, Shuqin, Bettina Bluemling, and Arthur P. J. Mol. "Mitigating land pollution through pesticide packages – The case of a collection scheme in Rural China." Science of The Total Environment 622-623 (May 2018): 502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.330.
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Davies, Jocelyn, David Campbell, Matthew Campbell, Josie Douglas, Hannah Hueneke, Michael LaFlamme, Diane Pearson, Karissa Preuss, Jane Walker, and Fiona Walsh. "Attention to four key principles can promote health outcomes from desert Aboriginal land management." Rangeland Journal 33, no. 4 (2011): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj11031.
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We identify four principles that can promote the prospects of health outcomes for desert Aboriginal people from livelihoods engaged with land management. The principles were derived inductively using a grounded theory approach, drawing on primary research that used qualitative and participatory methods, and from relevant literature and theoretical frameworks. International and Australian literature offers evidence that supports desert Aboriginal people’s view that their health depends on their relationship with their land. Engagement with land management can lead desert Aboriginal people to feel that their own actions are consistent with their own sense of the right and proper way for them to behave towards land, family and community. This increased ‘sense of control’ impacts positively on health by moderating the impact of sustained stress from health risk factors in the environment and lifestyle. The four principles focus on underlying characteristics of Aboriginal land management that are important to promoting this increased ‘sense of control’: (1) Aboriginal land management governance recognises and respects Aboriginal custom and tradition, and is adaptive; (2) learning is embraced as a life-long process; (3) relationships are recognised as very important; and (4) partnerships give priority to doing things that all parties agree are important. These principles are presented as hypotheses that warrant further development and testing. While they do not account specifically for the impact of lifestyle and environmental factors on health, we expect that the increased sense of control that desert Aboriginal people are likely to develop when involved in Aboriginal land management that applies these principles will moderate the impact of such factors on their health. The principles offer a starting point for further development of criteria and standards for good practice in Aboriginal land management, potentially including an environmental certification scheme that integrates social and environmental outcomes.
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Jiang, Wenyuan, Zhenxiang Zeng, Zhengyun Zhang, and Yichen Zhao. "Regulation and Optimization of Urban Water and Land Resources Utilization for Low Carbon Development: A Case Study of Tianjin, China." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (February 26, 2022): 2760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052760.
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The consumption of energy and resources produces carbon emissions and exacerbates global warming. As the basic resources for urban development, the development and utilization of water and land resources consume a large amount of energy, which results in carbon emissions. This paper presents a study aimed at analyzing the interaction of urban water–land–energy and its carbon emission effects and finding ways to achieve the win-win situation of carbon emission reduction and economic development. We used an SD-MOP model combined with system dynamics (SD) and multi-objective programming (MOP) to describe the feedback relationship between urban water and land resources utilization and carbon emissions, designed a comprehensive scheme for carbon emission reduction goal and optimized it in order to achieve the low carbon development goal. Tianjin, one of the four province-level municipalities, was investigated as a case study for this research. The simulation results indicate that Tianjin’s carbon emissions from water and land utilization will peak around 2025 when applying the comprehensive regulation scheme. After optimization, the optimal regulation scheme would achieve considerable social, economic and environmental benefits. We suggest the implementation of measures including the optimization of the industrial, energy and land use structure; the improvement of energy efficiency; increasing residents’ low carbon awareness; and strengthening industrial and domestic water savings to realize the low carbon development of the city. The findings of this study will be useful for the management of urban water and land utilization.
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Renwick, Alan, Robyn Dynes, Paul Johnstone, Warren King, Lania Holt, and Jemma Penelope. "Challenges and Opportunities for Land Use Transformation: Insights from the Central Plains Water Scheme in New Zealand." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 4912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184912.
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Agricultural systems in New Zealand, as elsewhere in the world, are subject to increasing environmental (and associated social) pressures, for example, around water quality and greenhouse gas emissions. Whilst novel, knowledge-based, alternative land use systems, exist that could relieve these pressures, the challenge facing New Zealand is how to achieve a timely transition to these systems at any meaningful scale. This paper considers the factors that are important to land managers in determining whether or not to change their land use system when the development of an irrigation scheme provides an opportunity for transformative change. A multicriteria decision-making framework using the analytical hierarchy process is used to assess the factors influencing decision makers who are shareholders in the Central Plains Water Scheme in the South Island of New Zealand. As expected, financial factors generally were weighted above other factors in terms of importance. Social, environmental and market factors were rated similarly, whilst regulatory and knowledge factors appeared generally less important. In addition to profitability, the study identified the desire of land managers to simplify complex agricultural systems, their need for scale, their concerns over knowledge competition, their willingness to collaborate and the challenge brought about by ‘cultural path dependency’ as being important. This suggests that if novel systems can be developed that better meet these needs and concerns as well as addressing the wider environmental and social challenges, then there may be a greater chance of engendering a land use transition.
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Enríquez-de-Salamanca, Álvaro, Rosa M. Martín-Aranda, and Ruben Diaz-Sierra. "Towards an Integrated Environmental Compensation Scheme in Spain: Linking Biodiversity and Carbon Offsets." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 19, no. 02 (April 16, 2017): 1750006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333217500065.
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Biodiversity offsets and carbon markets are both environmental compensation schemes, which have much in common despite their different origins and development. They need active markets to succeed with actual offer and demand, which are currently practically non-existent in Spain. The inclusion of land use and forestry activities in greenhouse gas accounting could encourage carbon sinks, stimulating the development of carbon markets. Conservation banking was incorporated into Spanish legislation in the 2013 Environmental Assessment Act, as a tool for biodiversity offsets, but the current situation is hindering its development. Combining carbon and biodiversity offsets in a global compensation scheme would provide great opportunities: ecologically, creating and protecting habitats and species; socially, creating employment and deriving financial resources to rural areas; climatically, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration levels; and politically, contributing to the compliance of GHG emission targets. Conservation banking is an appropriate candidate for this integration in Spain, as long as it is regulated flexibly, and different bank models are allowed that are able to integrate forest and agriculture production, conservation and compensation.
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Fish, Robert, Susanne Seymour, and Charles Watkins. "Conserving English Landscapes: Land Managers and Agri-Environmental Policy." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 35, no. 1 (January 2003): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3531.
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There is increasing public policy interest in the management of rural landscapes for conservation, both in terms of natural and cultural heritage. Agri-environmental policies are an important part of an emerging vision for a sustainable countryside, with increasing support for the existing Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) and Countryside Stewardship (CS) schemes. This paper provides insight into the nature of land-manager attitudes towards the conservation of rural landscapes and how these relate to differing modes and levels of engagement with these two schemes. It is based on the results of a recently completed project exploring the attitudes and practices of 100 land managers towards features of landscape and historic interest. Agri-environmental research has often sought to ‘typologise’ attitudes and practices around discrete land-manager types; an approach that may downgrade commonalities between land managers, the potential interplay of elements defining these types, and the possibility that land-manager identities may not be uniform. In this paper, in contrast, we emphasise the significance of these three analytical issues surrounding land-manager attitudes and practices. We explore land managers' interest and investment in conservation and go on to explain how these concerns were often closely related to the wildlife, historic and aesthetic goals of the schemes. The analysis then considers in detail how a concern for conservation often came to interplay with economic concerns to produce different attitudes and practices. We term these ‘styles of participation and nonparticipation’ to emphasise that such modes of uptake are not necessarily associated with specific land-manager types. Land managers developed these attitudes and practices with respect to different parts of their farms, types of landscape feature, and scheme in question. We conclude by emphasising the importance of contextualised analyses of land-manager values, knowledges, and practices for exploring the nature and possibilities of a ‘sustainable countryside', and the role of agri-environmental policy within this policy vision of rural areas.
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Cai, Guoyin, Huiqun Ren, Liuzhong Yang, Ning Zhang, Mingyi Du, and Changshan Wu. "Detailed Urban Land Use Land Cover Classification at the Metropolitan Scale Using a Three-Layer Classification Scheme." Sensors 19, no. 14 (July 15, 2019): 3120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143120.
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Urban Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) information is essential for urban and environmental management. It is, however, very difficult to automatically extract detailed urban LULC information from remote sensing imagery, especially for a large urban area. Medium resolution imagery, such as Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data, cannot uncover detailed LULC information. Further, very high resolution (VHR) satellite imagery, such as IKONOS and QuickBird data, can only be applied to a small area, largely due to the data unavailability and high computation cost. As a result, little research has been conducted to extract detailed urban LULC information for a large urban area. This study, therefore, developed a three-layer classification scheme for deriving detailedurban LULC information by integrating newly launched Chinese GF-1 (medium resolution) and GF-2 (very high resolution) satellite imagery and synthetically incorporating geometry, texture, and spectral information through multi-resolution image segmentation and object-based image classification (OBIA). Homogeneous urban LULC types such as water bodies or large areas of vegetation could be derived from GF-1 imagery with 16 m and 8 m spatial resolutions, while heterogeneous urban LULC types such as industrial buildings, residential buildings, and roads could be extracted from GF-2 imagery with 3.2 m and 0.8 m spatial resolutions. The multi-resolution segmentation method and a random forest algorithm were employed to perform image segmentation and object-based image classification, respectively. An analysis of the results suggests an overall accuracy of 0.89 and 0.87 were achieved for the second and third level urban LULC classification maps, respectively. Therefore, the three-layer classification scheme has the potential to derive high accuracy urban LULC information through integrating medium and high-resolution remote sensing imagery.
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Sebnie, Workat, Enyew Adgo, and Hailu Kendie. "Characterization and Classification of Soils of Zamra Irrigation Scheme, Northeastern Ethiopia." Air, Soil and Water Research 14 (January 2021): 117862212110265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786221211026577.
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Understanding soil types of a given area is an important prerequisite to design optimum management strategies such as irrigation water management. The study was thus conducted on characterization and classification of Zamra irrigation scheme in Abergelle district of Amhara Region, which has an area of 196.16 ha. For this study, 53 auger observations, four profile pits, extensive visual observations, reconnaissance survey, and descriptions of soil profiles and laboratory analysis were used to study the morphological and physicochemical properties of the soils of the scheme. Twelve disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from all profiles of each genetic horizon for laboratory analysis. The soils of the study area were identified based on Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations/World Reference Base for Soil Resources (FAO/WRB) 2015. The results revealed that the textural classes of all profiles of the study site ranged from sandy clay loam to sandy loam. The chemical properties of the soil in terms of total nitrogen, organic matter, and available phosphorus were in the very low and low categories as per the criteria developed by Tekalign and Olsen, respectively, whereas exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), cation exchange capacity, and extractable micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) were medium to high. Based on morphological, physical, and chemical analyses, the soils were classified as Leptic Regosols (Eutric, Loamic; 21.99% of the area), Vertic Cambisols (Hypereutric; 17.87%), Haplic Regosols (Eutric; 36.69%), and Rhodic Nitisols (Eutric; 23.44%). Therefore, management techniques that enhance soil fertility (including crop rotations, manuring, fallow periods, proper management of crop residues, and leguminous cover crops) and water-saving technologies suitable to the terrain of the area are the best options to enhance land productivity in the area.
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Samoilenko, Viktor, and Ivan Dibrova. "Geoecological Situation in Land Use." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 75, no. 2 (September 3, 2019): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.75.2.22253.
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The principles for the construction of the scale of geoecological situation in land use were substantiated. This situation is based on the parameter of landscape anthropization extent. The parameter was called a geosituation index. Such index is the area proportion for geoecological positive (or geo-positive) and geoecological negative (or geo-negative) land use and/or land cover (LULC) systems. The first systems are still called in essence nature-accentuated, near-to-nature or simply natural systems. Percents of geo-positive LULC systems' area are also used as a separate parameter additional to the geosituation index. The scale of geosituation concerning land use in model landscapes or other territorial units was developed. Such scale for the first time has the logic-parametric consistency with previously developed scheme of the landscape anthropization extent. The geosituation is classified in the scale by categories. They vary from excessively favorable to catastrophic category. The developed geosituation scale was implemented for the selected megaregion. It includes Ukrainian physic-geographic zones of mixed and broad-leaved forests and forest-steppe and their regions, areas and districts. The digital choropleths were modeled for the geosituation in land use in the areas and districts. The all obtained results indicated the validity and further implementation suitability of proposed geosituation indexes and their scale. The developed approaches can be applied in the territorial schemes and projects of modern environmental management. Keywords: land use, anthropization, landscape, geoecological situation, near-to-nature systems
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Triantakonstantis, Dimitris, Spyridon Detsikas, Victor Kavvadias, Zoi Papadopoulou, Panagiotis Sparangis, Nikolaos Katsenios, Dimitrios Vlachakis, and Aspasia Efthimiadou. "Land Suitability Assessment for Olive Mill Wastewater Disposal by Integrating Multicriteria Decision Support Tools." EMBnet.journal 26, no. 1 (August 3, 2021): e947. http://dx.doi.org/10.14806/ej.26.1.947.
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Many on-site waste disposal systems fail regularly due to problems concerning suitable location and management. A potential environmental threat is inevitably propagated through on-site, off-site, downstream, soil surface and ground water pollution. Soil is a key component of land suitability for waste disposal. This paper presents a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) – based integrated multicriteria decision support system for evaluating the land suitability for olive mill wastewater (OMWW) disposal in the Mediterranean region. Two-scaled classification schemes are developed, the global scheme for Central and South Greece (scale: 1:30.000) and the local scheme for the study area in Xiromero, Aetolia-Acarnania Prefecture, Western Greece, scale 1:10.000. Constrains and factors are included into the spatial decision-making framework, where geostatistical and fuzzy set theory techniques, as well as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) are appropriately integrated. Physical, chemical, and socioeconomic variables adapted to the Mediterranean soil conditions are incorporated as driving forces for the land suitability assessment and the produced maps reveal valuable results for final end-users, such as municipal authorities, agriculturalists, farmers and other national and local stakeholders.
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Zhang, C., H. Tian, S. Pan, G. Lockaby, and A. Chappelka. "Multi-factor controls on terrestrial carbon dynamics in urbanised areas." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 11 (November 11, 2013): 17597–631. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-17597-2013.
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Abstract. As urban land cover and populations continue rapidly increasing across the globe, much concern has been raised that urbanization may significantly alter terrestrial carbon dynamics that affects atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate. Urbanization involves complex changes in land structure and multiple environmental factors. Relative contribution of these and their interactive effects need be quantified to better understand urbanization effects on regional C dynamics as well as assess the effectiveness of C sequestration policies focusing on urban green space development. In this study, we analyzed the factors that may control the urbanization effect on ecosystem C dynamics, and proposed a numeric experimental scheme, i.e. scenarios design, to conduct factorial analysis on the effects of different factors. Then as a case study, a dynamic land ecosystem model (DLEM) was applied to quantify the urbanization effect on the C dynamics of the Southern US (SUS) from 1945–2007, and to analyze the relative contributions from each environmental factor and their interactive effects. We found the effect of urban land conversion dominated the C dynamics in the SUS, resulting in about 0.37 Pg C lost from 1945–2007. However, urban ecosystem management and urban-induced environmental changes enhanced C sequestration by 0.12 Pg and 0.03 Pg, respectively. Their C sequestration effects, which amounted to 40% of the magnitude of land conversion effect, partially compensated for the C loss during urbanization. Numeric experiments and factorial analyses indicated complex interactive effects among different factors and between various land covers and environmental controls, findings need to be further confirmed by field studies. The proposed numeric experimental scheme provides a quantitative approach for understanding the complex mechanisms controlling C dynamics, and defining best development practices in urbanised areas.
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Ma, Yuxiang, Min Zhou, Chaonan Ma, Mengcheng Wang, and Jiating Tu. "Hybrid Economic-Environment-Ecology Land Planning Model under Uncertainty—A Case Study in Mekong Delta." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (October 3, 2021): 10978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910978.
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The research on land natural resources as the leading factor in the Mekong Delta (MD) is insufficient. Facing the fragile and sensitive ecological environment of MD, how to allocate limited land resources to different land use types to obtain more economic benefits is a challenge that local land managers need to face. Three uncertainties in land use system, interval uncertainty, fuzzy uncertainty, and random uncertainty, are fully considered and an interval probabilistic fuzzy land use allocation (IPF-LUA) model is proposed and applied to multiple planning periods for MD. IPF-LUA considers not only the crucial socio-economic factors (food security, output of wood products, etc.) but also the ecological/environmental constraints in agricultural production (COD discharge, BOD5 discharge, antibiotic consumption, etc.). Therefore, it can effectively reflect the interaction among different aspects of MD land use system. The degree of environmental subordination is between 0.51 and 0.73, the net benefit of land system is between USD 23.31 × 109 and USD 24.24 × 109 in period 1, and USD 25.44 × 109 to 25.68 × 109 in period 2. The results show that the IPF-LUA model can help the decision-makers weigh the economic and ecological benefits under different objectives and work out an optimized land use allocation scheme.
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Yehorova, T. "Mapping of the agrolandscapes in the system of balanced environmental management on the agricultural activity land." Balanced nature using, no. 4 (October 28, 2021): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.4.2021.253090.
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There are show regularites of the complex influence of agricultural activity on the ecological problems of natural resources of Ukraine. The relationship between agro-landscape mapping and the choice of areas of sustainable environmental management is indiating. Integrated landscape planning in the countries of the European Union is principle different from the rational use of nature in the field of crop production in Ukraine. The aim of the research is to highlight key practical issues of agrolandscape mapping as a basis for their environmental assessment and forecasting of sustainable environmental management measures to prevent land erosion and groundwater pollution. We determined the main stages of mapping of agrolandscapes, of their complex ecological ranking and assessment. The taxonomy scheme of naturalanthropogenic factors of formation of agroecological features the lands of the Pravobereshnogo Lisosteppu of Ukraine is developed. We described structures of wide-speap landscapes of agricultural lands, natural and residential areas. We are proposing the system of quantitative-qualitative indication parameters of agrolandscapes as a basis of comprehensive assessment the levels of danger of degradation of land and groundwater pollution. Expert assessments of these environmental problems are calculated for conditions of the 13 agrolandscapes, 7 natural and 3 anthropogenic landscapes. It is establishing that the ecological danger of the land erosion can reach the highest estimates both within the agrolandscapes of arable lands (17–18 balls) and forests landscapes (19 balls). High riskes of groundwater pollution is characteristic of the landscapes residential (18–20 balls) and natural of river’s floodplains (18–21 balls). We are differenting the considered landscapes into 4 categories according to the levels of dangers of two ecological problems. There are proposed diverse territorian models of balanced environmental management which accord peculiarites of dangers those ecological problems. We are presente the fragment of the small-scale map of the directions of balanced environmental management in central part the Pravobereshnogo Lisostepu of Ukraine.
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Andries, Ana, Stephen Morse, Richard J. Murphy, Jim Lynch, Bernardo Mota, and Emma R. Woolliams. "Can Current Earth Observation Technologies Provide Useful Information on Soil Organic Carbon Stocks for Environmental Land Management Policy?" Sustainability 13, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 12074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112074.
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Earth Observation (EO) techniques could offer a more cost-effective and rapid approach for reliable monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of soil organic carbon (SOC). Here, we analyse the available published literature to assess whether it may be possible to estimate SOC using data from sensors mounted on satellites and airborne systems. This is complemented with research using a series of semi-structured interviews with experts in soil health and policy areas to understand the level of accuracy that is acceptable for MRV approaches for SOC. We also perform a cost-accuracy analysis of the approaches, including the use of EO techniques, for SOC assessment in the context of the new UK Environmental Land Management scheme. We summarise the state-of-the-art EO techniques for SOC assessment and identify 3 themes and 25 key suggestions and concerns for the MRV of SOC from the expert interviews. Notably, over three-quarters of the respondents considered that a ‘validation accuracy’ of 90% or better would be required from EO-based techniques to be acceptable as an effective system for the monitoring and reporting of SOC stocks. The cost-accuracy analysis revealed that a combination of EO technology and in situ sampling has the potential to offer a reliable, cost-effective approach to estimating SOC at a local scale (4 ha), although several challenges remain. We conclude by proposing an MRV framework for SOC that collates and integrates seven criteria for multiple data sources at the appropriate scales.
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McNitt, Jan, and Ron Kepford. "Developing a new regulatory paradigm to address the impacts of diffuse pollution attributable to agriculture." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0559.
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To control pollution attributable to livestock operations, the statutory and regulatory scheme of the US Clean Water Act focuses on implementing structural controls to contain animal waste. While the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is empowered only to regulate point sources, existing authority may be extended to regulate diffuse runoff associated with certain livestock facilities. Current water pollution abatement programs, however, have not responded to the differences inherent in diffuse pollution and the land management strategies necessary to control and abate its impacts. The Planned Intervention Micro-watershed Approach (PIMA) recognizes this distinction, offering a method of refining land management strategies while keeping existing point source pollution regulation and enforcement mechanisms in place. Within a limited time frame, producers have flexibility to develop and implement cost-effective management practices that achieve environmental goals. Planned intervention is integrated with a micro-watershed approach to watershed management which uses small, hydrologically discrete areas to target diffuse pollution sources and direct intervention efforts. This approach utilizes local stakeholder input and participation to create a bottom-up, community-based institutional framework for addressing diffuse pollution from agricultural sources that satisfies water quality objectives.
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Furlan, Raffaello, and Asmaa AL-Mohannadi. "An Urban Regeneration Planning Scheme for the Souq Waqif Heritage Site of Doha." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 24, 2020): 7927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12197927.
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Over the past decade, transit-oriented development (TOD) has been advocated as an applicable urban regeneration planning model to promote the sustainability of cities along with city dwellers’ standards of urban living. On a regional scale, under the directives of the Qatar National Vision 2030 (QNV-2030), the Qatar National Development Framework (QNDF-2032), and the strategies for planned mega events, such as the FIFA World Cup 2022, the State of Qatar launched the construction of the Doha Metro, which consists of four lines. This transport system, linking the center of Doha to several transit villages around approximately 100 metro stations, aims at reducing the number of vehicles on the road networks while providing an integrated transportation and land use strategy through the urban regeneration of transit-oriented developments (TODs), providing both social and environmental economic benefits. Among the most significant transit sites within the Doha Metro lines is the Souq Waqif station. This station is a historical–heritage spot that represents a potential socio-cultural site for the creation of a distinctive urban environment. This research study investigates an approach suitable for an urban regeneration planning scheme for the Souq Waqif TOD, aiming at (i) preserving and consolidating the deeply rooted cultural heritage of the historical site and (ii) enhancing the city dwellers’ and/or the community’s standards of urban living. This study aims to explore the applicability of a TOD planning scheme for the new metro station through urban regeneration and land infill in the existing built environment of the Souq. This study contends that the efficient integration of land use with transport systems contributes to shaping an environment with enhanced standards of living for users while supporting social, economic, and environmental factors. The present research design comprises qualitative data based on theoretical studies and site-based analysis to assess (i) the principles of TODs and (ii) the extent to which their application can be employed for the Souq Waqif to become a sustainable TOD.
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Rodorff, Verena, Marianna Siegmund-Schultze, Maike Guschal, Sonja Hölzl, and Johann Köppel. "Good Governance: A Framework for Implementing Sustainable Land Management, Applied to an Agricultural Case in Northeast-Brazil." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 9, 2019): 4303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164303.
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Land management needs to cope with persistent environmental and societal changes. This requires functional governance systems. The purpose of this research is to develop a good governance framework for the implementation of sustainable land management. Good governance theory is extensive, although its operationalization remains difficult. We derived a set of good governance attributes from the literature: (i) the functionality of the regulatory framework, (ii) the legitimacy and accountability of the actors, (iii) the fairness and transparency of the decision-making processes, and (iv) quality control and adaptiveness. These constitute a framework which, supported by guiding questions, facilitates the evaluation of governance attributes to assess sustainable land management practices. We applied the scheme to a case study in Northeast Brazil regarding sustainable land management where biological pest control is considered to be a biodiversity-related ecosystem service. Since its adoption often falls short of expectations, we scrutinized its governance system. First, experts answered our guiding questions, and second, we involved local stakeholders in the discussion of good governance attributes through the participatory approach of constellation analysis. Trust in agricultural consultants and issues of the practical application of pest control turned out to be crucial. The workshop participants requested a model farm to build more trust and experience. There was considerable demand for policy at the national planning level to formulate and monitor the content of the agricultural advisory program. Our conceptualized framework of good governance questions provides systematization for planning and steering the implementation of sustainable land management practices.
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TSARENKO, Aksana A., Irina V. SCHMIDT, and Vladimir A. TARBAEV. "Actual Aspects of Cadaster Relations in the Monitoring System of Land and Rural Areas." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 8, no. 1 (May 27, 2017): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v8.1(17).12.
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The article is devoted to topical issues of land cadastral relations in the organization of the system of lands and rural areas monitoring. It presents a new model developed by the authors of the management system of lands and rural areas monitoring in the sphere of cadastral relations.
The study is based on the methods of scientific research: systemic, geoinformational and statistical method. The modern complex approach to managing monitoring measures, suggested by the authors, will favor the right development of the conception of conducting monitoring. Strategic monitoring model makes it possible to organize work at a high technological level and moreover to achieve key results avoiding many problems and mistakes. The model is expressed through an organizational and strategic scheme-model that promotes effective work management and reliable data collection. The article also examines the issues influencing the development of the whole conception of the state and political system in the field of land cadastre relations.
Solutions to the problems of technological and methodological support of the formation of modern interactive databases and the application of GIS technology, developed by the authors, give an opportunity to conduct deep integrated strategic monitoring of lands and rural areas in the sphere of cadastral relations.
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Anggraini, Melaty, Hikmatul Akbar, and Novelina Tampubolon. "Ecofeminist Review of Women's Participation in Ecotourism Development Through Social Forest Scheme in the Province of Bangka Belitung." WIMAYA 3, no. 02 (December 26, 2022): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/wimaya.v3i02.71.
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The region of Bangka Belitung Province, in its economic distribution, focuses heavily on the mining and plantation sectors on community forest land belonging to social forestry, which causes much damage to the coastal forest ecosystem due to mining production and has an effect on the decline of the community's economic system due to the unproductive mining land in the area. Even with the dominance of the mining area, women have a very subordinate position. The community's economic welfare is highly dependent on the participation of men. For this reason, the Bangka Belitung regional government has implemented the Social Forestry Program through the Ecotourism scheme to improve some of these problems, prioritizing the concept of gender mainstreaming and involving the role of women in ecotourism management and sustainable economic development. This paper will further analyze the benefits of social forestry schemes for the improvement of environmental ecosystems in the Bangka Belitung region and see the importance of women's participation in supporting efforts to maintain the sustainability of forest resources as well as achieving gender equality in aspects of forest management as well as improving the economy of communities around Bangka Belitung forests from an ecofeminist perspective. . This study uses previous research literature studies to strengthen the author's argument in analyzing the issues raised, the author uses the theory of ecofeminism. The resulting conclusion is that women are not only complementary or complementary but also play an essential role as decision-makers and drivers of community economic empowerment. Around the forest, by utilizing the status of social forestry land in the structure of ecotourism utilization and can achieve gender equality in its management.
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Crofoot, A. "Impact of Government and regulatory policy on hill country farming." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 16 (January 1, 2016): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.16.2016.3256.
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New Zealand has a long history of Government policy affecting agriculture. Some policy interventions, such as Producer Boards were long-lived, others like Land Development Encouragement Loans and the Supplementary Minimum Price scheme ramped up quickly and were then dismantled. Currently, the National Policy for Freshwater Management and the Emissions Trading Scheme are having mixed effects on hill country farmers. While regulation is often seen by farmers as a negative, environmental regulation has the potential to be used for market advantage. Farmers need to engage in policy and regulation development as they can help avoid unintended consequences. If they do not then they are ceding control of important aspects of their business to others. This paper explores some of the impacts of past and present policy on hill country farming from a farmer's perspective, and based on 9 years of regular involvement in development and implementation of policy at a local, regional and national level. Keywords: policy, National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management, Emissions Trading Scheme, farmer engagement
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Sgroi, Filippo. "Landscape management and economic evaluation of the ecosystem services of the vineyards." AIMS Environmental Science 8, no. 4 (2021): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2021025.
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<abstract> <p>The contribution aims to highlight the relationship between the business economy applied to viticulture and the ecosystem. The concepts of ecosystem services and viticultural biodiversity are seen in order to provide a new perspective for the development of a more sustainable business management. The work contributes to enriching the economic literature by introducing the relationship between ecosystem and business. The new perspective helps to place the company within the wider ecological-social system, favoring a more consistent interpretation of the relationship of exchange (impact and dependence) of resources with nature. The work proposes a methodology for calculating the ecosystem service rendered by the vineyards cultivated in the Sicilian hills. The conceptual scheme and the methodology adopted highlight the value of the ecosystem service. Certainly, for the future, it is necessary to create business models where ecosystem services find a remuneration as the entrepreneur is led to adopt cultivation practices in this sense only if he finds a remuneration from the public or private sector. Ecosystem services are important to protect the landscape and the environment. The paper proposes a land management method that respects the environmental balance. This approach leads to long-term value creation at both the micro and macroeconomic levels.</p> </abstract>
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Palianychko, Nina. "TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE OF FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FUNCTIONING OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL LAND TENURE." Economic Analysis, no. 27(1) (2017): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2017.01.067.
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Introduction. The uniqueness of the processes of land tenure development in Ukraine is conditioned by the presence of an optimum combination of conditions and factors. The profitability of crop depends on these factors. Among them we can distinguish the favourable combinations of soil and climatic conditions. But the situation is burdened by many crisis situation of industrial and economic, social and economic, ecological and economic nature that prevents a balanced development of the land tenure. The increase in production of certain crops and the profitability of crop sector has been achieved by reducing the natural fertility of the land. Economic gains are paid by the unbalanced structure of territorial management and fertilization, the use of old extensive technology. Correction requires existing the state administrative decisions and rational use of limited financial resources. It will be possible to achieve by improving environmental and economic mechanisms of sustainable land tenure. Specifically, the system needs improving financial and economic instruments, which aim to serve as the infrastructure for the entire system properly. Purpose. The article aims to identify the aspects of improving the system of financial and economic instruments within the ecological and economic mechanism as the infrastructure for sustainable agricultural land tenure implementation. Method (methodology). The method of analysis and synthesis, abstract and logical method, method of statistical analysis, graphic methods have been used in this research. Results. The development of environmental and economic mechanism of implementation of the strategy to ensure an acceptable level of agro ecological safety in Ukraine needs to study the system of economic instruments simultaneously perform infrastructure functions to achieve a balanced level of land use. The paper presents the scheme of ecological and economic mechanism of implementation strategies of land market regulation in Ukraine. According to this scheme it is made an attempt to separate the financial and economic instruments for motivation and encouragement of groups that perform infrastructure functions to ensure a balanced level of agricultural land. An important aspect of improving the ecological and economic mechanism for achieving an acceptable level of agro ecological safety in regions of any taxonomic level is the development and implementation of risk insurance instrument of agricultural land. It requires the development of theoretical and methodological aspects and improvement of the legislative field. Specifically, it is necessary to adopt the law "On Environmental Insurance". It has to consider the problems of sustainable use of agricultural land.
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Crawford, M. H., K. M. Williams, A. J. W. Biggs, and E. Dafny. "Salinity risk assessment of an irrigation development using treated coal seam gas water in the Condamine River catchment." Soil Research 59, no. 1 (2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr19375.
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All irrigation developments inherently carry a salinity risk, due to an unavoidable change in the water and salt balance. The time frame in which either land or water salinity will develop is driven by the ability of the landscape to absorb the change of water and salt supplied. Factors that influence this are landscape attributes, such as the size of the unsaturated zone and its properties (permeability and drainage), management considerations (land-use changes, water application rate and crop water use) and climate variability (temperature and rainfall). This study assessed the risk of secondary salinity expression occurring in an irrigation area in the Condamine-Balonne catchment in southern inland Queensland, Australia. The objectives were to (1) define the depth, size and properties of the unsaturated zone and regolith, (2) define deep drainage rates for past, present and future land uses and (3) assess this information to calculate the risk that groundwater table rise may result in surface salinity expression. Data collected during field investigations was used to conceptualise the regolith architecture, undertake hydrogeological modelling, estimate the available moisture storage capacity of the unsaturated zone and model paddock deep drainage characteristics. The work identified that irrigation-induced deep drainage had started to mobilise salt stores in the unsaturated zone. It also identified connectivity between land management and salt discharges into the Condamine River. As the water supply for the scheme is scheduled to continue until 2030, there is a clear risk of the unsaturated zone moisture storage capacity being exceeded, leading to both land and surface water salt expressions.
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Braul, Wally. "The Changing Regulatory Scheme in Northeast British Columbia." Alberta Law Review 49, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr121.
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The Northeast British Columbia (NEBC) oil patch is undergoing a boom in land tenure sales, exploration, and production. This comes at a time of increasing public concern over the use of hydraulic fracturing (or “fracking”), an unconventional technology that ushered in a new era of production in NEBC, along with several new contentious issues. Recently, four significant regulatory changes have been enacted or planned for the immediate future. The first, likely in response to public concern over fracking, occurred in October 2010 with an overhaul of the decades-old Petroleum and Natural Gas Act and the coming into force of the bulk of the provisions in the Oil and Gas Activities Act. The changes primarily affect production and environmental management, and several new provisions have a direct impact on fracking. The second change under development is the creation of a long-awaited groundwater licencing regime, marking a stronger environmental presence in the NEBC, and possibly abrogating pre-existing extraction rights. The third change arises from the expiry of Crown-First Nation Consultation Process Agreements (CPAs). Recent jurisprudence continues to point to the need for improved consultation and accommodation, but current negotiations may or may not succeed in arriving at a more comprehensive successor to the expired CPAs. Finally, under British Columbia’s contaminated sites regime, new measures expand the liability exposure of oil patch operators for contaminated sites in both civil actions and government enforcement proceedings.
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Deng, Bing, Taoyu Chen, Zhenyu Pu, Xia Peng, Xiner Qin, Xiaomei Zhan, and Jianghui Wen. "A Transportation Network Optimization Model for Livestock Manure under Different Terrains Considering Economic and Environmental Benefits." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 7721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137721.
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Optimizing the path of livestock manure used for farmland is a hugely significant issue, which not only improves the utilization efficiency of manure but also reduces the cost of the transportation of manure. However, some factors such as different terrains and the density of surrounding farmland may lead to more difficulty in further improving the resource utilization rate. Therefore, this paper aims to establish a transport network optimization model for a complex livestock manure distribution scheme. Using basic information from livestock and poultry farms, cultivated land, water areas and forestland in Xinzhou District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, the relationship between farmland and livestock farms is divided into farm-intensive and water-intensive farmland areas by using the Voronoi diagram subdivision method. Then, according to the supply–demand balance of manure and crop demand, an optimization model is proposed to discuss the manure return scheme for these two types of terrain. The results show that our model can help significantly improve manure utilization efficiency under different terrain situations, which is proposed comprehensively, considering the economic and environmental benefits.
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Liu, Guiying, and Hualin Xie. "Simulation of Regulation Policies for Fertilizer and Pesticide Reduction in Arable Land Based on Farmers’ Behavior—Using Jiangxi Province as an Example." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010136.
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A multi-agent model for the simulation of arable land management based on the complex adaptive system theory and a Swarm platform was constructed. An empirical application of the model was carried out to investigate the pollution of arable land in Jiangxi Province. Two sets of policies—a fertilizer tax and an ecological compensation scheme—were designed and simulated, and the analysis focused on the control of polluting inputs, mainly chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The environmental effects of each policy were evaluated by simulating farmers’ self-adaptive behaviours in response to the policy in the artificial village of the model. The results showed the following: (1) Both the fertilizer tax policy and the ecological compensation policy somewhat alleviated the negative impact of input factors, such as fertilizers and pesticides, on arable land; (2) if the fertilizer tax policy is implemented, the medium tax rate scheme should be given priority—the effect does not necessarily improve as the tax rate increases, and a high-tax policy will threaten food security in the long term; and (3) if an ecological compensation policy is implemented, high-government-compensation scenarios are better than low-government-compensation scenarios, and the differential-government-compensation scenario is better than the equal-government-compensation scenario, and the differential-government-compensation scenario can lighten the burden on the government.
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Tian, Jian, Suiping Zeng, Jian Zeng, and Feiyang Jiang. "Assessment of Supply and Demand of Regional Flood Regulation Ecosystem Services and Zoning Management in Response to Flood Disasters: A Case Study of Fujian Delta." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010589.
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Global climate change has led to flood disasters increasing in terms of frequency and damage caused, which seriously threatens urban and rural security. The flood regulation (FR) service function of the ecosystem plays an important role in mitigating flood disaster risk. Previous studies on flood regulation ecosystem services (FRES) are still lacking in a cross-scale assessment of supply and demand, refined simulation of regional complex hydrology, and application of spatial zoning management. Taking the Fujian Delta as an example, this study established a cross-scale research framework based on the social-ecosystem principle. The SWAT model was used to simulate the regional hydrological runoff and calculate the macro-scale supply of FRES. Taking patches of land as units, a flood risk assessment model was constructed to calculate the micro-scale demand for FRES for urban and rural society. Through a comparison of supply and demand across spatial scales, a zoning management scheme to deal with flood disaster risk was proposed. The results showed that: (1) The supply of FRES differed greatly among the sub-basins, and the sub-basins with low supply were mostly distributed in the lower reaches of Jiulong River and the coastal areas. (2) The demand for FRES was concentrated in high-density urban built-up areas. (3) By comparing the supply and demand of FRES in sub-basin units, 2153 km2 ecological space was identified as the primary ecological protection area, and 914 km2 cultivated land and bare land were identified as the primary ecological restoration area. (4) By comparing the supply and demand of FRES of land patch units, 65.42 km2 of construction land was identified as the primary intervention area. This study provides a decision-making basis for regional flood disaster management from the perspective of FRES.
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Kotelenets Anastasiia, Kotelenets Anastasiia. "STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVING LAND RELATIONS IN UKRAINE." Socio World-Social Research & Behavioral Sciences 04, no. 02 (April 15, 2021): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/swd04022021-62.
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The article is dedicated to development features of the state policy on land relations in Ukraine. Promising directions for the development of the concept of formulating and implementing the state policy on land relations in Ukraine have been presented. It has been ascertained that the land reform implementation in Ukraine should not inhibit the economic development of the country but help build a new competitive model of business-government relations. Increasing investment attractiveness in this dimension should be provided not through increasing the market value of land as a type of enterprise asset, but through radical innovation and structural changes in the use of natural resources; not through the land market denationalization, but through the motivation of domestic entrepreneurs to thrive on socially responsible business. It is necessary not to sell the land resource base formed over millennia, but to move reasonably and gradually from the analysis of quantitative characteristics of enterprises to intensive changes in management, to measure the social responsibility of agraricultural business, to maintain land use ethics and the formation of environmental values, mechanisms and instruments of the state environmental policy. Four stages of development and implementation in public administration of the author’s concept of complementary type have been suggested: 1) determining the dominants of the concept; 2) developing the mechanism of state regulation of the land relations development adequate to real processes with objectification of its elementary components; 3) developing a methodological scheme for implementing the mechanism of state regulation of land relations; 4) identification of the most important factors influencing the effectiveness of the state policy on the land relations development.. Keywords: land relations, decentralization, mechanism, regulation, regulatory framework, investment attractiveness, land reform, land market, resources.
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Ali, Maria, Umme Aiman Qureshi, Shaker Mahmood Mayo, Hafiza Saba Islam, and Warda Ali. "Impact Assessment of Commercialization of Main Roads in Planned Housing Schemes: A Case Study of PIA Housing Scheme." Vol 4 Issue 2 4, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 578–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040224.
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The phenomenon of commercialization of residential properties is taking place rapidly. Although conversion of landuse from residential to commercial in built-up areas is not new in developing countries but planned housing schemes also start experiencing this land-use conversion, and now are no more predominantly residential. Furthermore, declaring a road commercial by the competent authorities, even without taking necessary improvements in infrastructure and consent of the community, further exaggerate the problem. The negative consequences of this phenomenon have a severe effects on residential areas and include environmental problems, traffic congestion, noise, and air pollution, and affect the residential character of the area in negative manner for which they were initially developed. The aim of the study is to describe briefly about remits of commercialization polices in Lahore and then to assess the functionality of commercialized residential roads through assessment criteria based upon the indicators established to assess capacity of road infrastructure before declaring it commercial. This includes road management plan, details of road network with condition of road, its width, Pedestrian and Public transport facilities, structure, including the primary, mixed-use, and secondary nodes. Perception of the users and residents regarding the change in the use of land is also weighed up. The findings of this research will draw the attention of responsible authorities to improve the design guidelines, which are essential to consider before commercializing the residential roads.
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Zhang, C., H. Tian, S. Pan, G. Lockaby, and A. Chappelka. "Multi-factor controls on terrestrial carbon dynamics in urbanized areas." Biogeosciences 11, no. 24 (December 16, 2014): 7107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-7107-2014.
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Abstract. As urban land expands rapidly across the globe, much concern has been raised that urbanization may alter the terrestrial carbon cycle. Urbanization involves complex changes in land structure and multiple environmental factors. Little is known about the relative contribution of these individual factors and their interactions to the terrestrial carbon dynamics, however, which is essential for assessing the effectiveness of carbon sequestration policies focusing on urban development. This study developed a comprehensive analysis framework for quantifying relative contribution of individual factors (and their interactions) to terrestrial carbon dynamics in urbanized areas. We identified 15 factors belonging to five categories, and we applied a newly developed factorial analysis scheme to the southern United States (SUS), a rapidly urbanizing region. In all, 24 numeric experiments were designed to systematically isolate and quantify the relative contribution of individual factors. We found that the impact of land conversion was far larger than other factors. Urban managements and the overall interactive effects among major factors, however, created a carbon sink that compensated for 42% of the carbon loss in land conversion. Our findings provide valuable information for regional carbon management in the SUS: (1) it is preferable to preserve pre-urban carbon pools than to rely on the carbon sinks in urban ecosystems to compensate for the carbon loss in land conversion. (2) In forested areas, it is recommendable to improve landscape design (e.g., by arranging green spaces close to the city center) to maximize the urbanization-induced environmental change effect on carbon sequestration. Urbanization-induced environmental change will be less effective in shrubland regions. (3) Urban carbon sequestration can be significantly improved through changes in management practices, such as increased irrigation and fertilizer and targeted use of vehicles and machinery with least-associated carbon emissions.
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Romppanen, Seita. "Regulating Better Biofuels for the European Union." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 21, Issue 3 (June 1, 2012): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2012010.
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Comprehensive European or global regulation on sustainable biofuels does not yet exist. In the near future, it is likely that 10 percent of the energy used for transportation in the EU will consist mostly of biofuels, the majority of which will be imported from third countries. As the EU only has legislative jurisdiction regarding its Member States, the asymmetry between the locations of feedstock, the production of biofuel and the end users creates particular legal challenges for the sustainability scheme. It is not enough that to just correct the evident deficiencies of the current scheme; the EU sustainability scheme must provide a comprehensive answer to the complex sustainability challenges. One option could be a global approach driven by the EU leadership position. This article evaluates the legal applicability of the EU sustainability scheme against the global scenario of biofuels. Indirect land-use change is explored as the culminating issue of biofuel sustainability. The article also analyses the current regulatory approach, from the view that is it adequate in terms of securing the sustainable production of biofuels, especially in relation to the notion on "global" biofuels. Combating climate change forces new environmental problems to stand out, which also creates new legal challenges. In the field of dynamic climate change law, biofuel sustainability is an apt example of this.
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Tillman, R. W., and A. Surapaneni. "Some soil-related issues in the disposal of effluent on land." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00133.
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There is increasing environmental pressure to dispose of waste effluents on land, rather than discharging them directly into surface waterways. In addition to reducing impacts on water quality, land disposal of effluents offers the possibility of beneficial recycling of water and essential plant nutrients. Frequently, however, waste water contains high concentrations of dissolved salts, particularly sodium, that can affect the levels of salinity and sodicity in soils. This, in turn, can diminish the utility of soils for productive agriculture. Astute soil management can often ameliorate these adverse affects but this may require land-use practices that reduce the commercial return from farming activities. It is therefore important to identify the main purpose of effluent disposal areas and to compensate land users appropriately when the operation of the effluent disposal scheme affects farm profitability. If farmers are forced by commercial pressures to adopt inappropriate land use practices on areas used for effluent disposal, the operation of the scheme will be compromised, and there may even be the risk of complete failure. The results of a limited number of experiments investigating the application of effluents to land in northern Victoria are used to demonstrate these risks. The effects on soil chemical properties of applying saline–sodic waste water to land are now well understood. Considerably less certain are the effects of these changes on soil chemical properties, on the physical properties of soils and the way soils behave under various land uses — such as cultivation or grazing by heavy animals. Various approaches to modelling and predicting the impacts on soil of irrigation with saline–sodic waste water are discussed. A number of simple, classification models, based on practical experience and empirical equations, currently provide valuable assistance for land managers. More complex, mechanistic models have been developed that describe successfully the movement of water and salts through soils, given appropriate soil measurements as input parameters. The major limitations now are the availability of soil data at an appropriate scale and an understanding of the ways changes in soil chemical properties affect soil physical properties and subsequent soil behaviour. In particular there is a need to investigate those critical zones at the soil surface or the top of the B horizon where water movement is impeded in sodic soils.
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Ramírez Martínez, Andrea, Angela Cecilia López Rodríguez, and Ana María González Delgadillo. "Context and Development of the Coastal Marine Environmental Management In Colombia." Revista Costas 6, Vol Esp. 2 (June 2021): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26359/costas.e0321.
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In Colombia, in order to meet the challenges of coastal marine management and responding to international commitments, it was adopted in 2000 the “National Environmental Policy for the Sustainable Development of Ocean Spaces and Coastal and Insular Zones of Colombia - PNAOCI ”, which has an ecosystem approach and as a conceptual framework, the integrated management of coastal zones -MIZC (or integrated coastal management - MCI / integrated coastal management - GCI), seeking to balance environmental protection and economic development, to contribute to the Physical ordering of the territory (Territorial Ordering), from the environmental ordering. For this, criteria were defined to guide the definition of the coastal zone in the country and spatial units (Coastal Environmental Units – UACs, acronym in Spanish) were delimited, as continuous geographical areas, involving land and sea space, with clearly defined ecosystems, which they require a unified visualization and management that brings together local and subregional territorial entities; in addition to consolidating over 20 years, a conceptual, political, regulatory, technical and operational support. In the legal context, as of Law 1450 of 2011, the generation of normative support regarding the UACs and the Plans for the management and integrated management of coastal environmental units (POMIUAC, acronym in Spanish) was promoted, as a planning instrument (Decree 1120 of 2013, compiled in Decree 1076 of 2015); Likewise, based on practical cases, a methodological framework was built embodied in a technical guide for the preparation of the POMIUAC, adopted by Resolution 768 of 2017. On the other hand, although the advances in the coastal marine environmental regulation in Colombia are oriented under the MIZC, given the similarities in terms of definition, spatial scope, scope and methodology, that they have with marine spatial planning (PEM), it can be said that these processes developed in Colombia under the MIZC scheme contribute to the development of the PEM concept In the country, and in the opposite case, practical EMP exercises that are addressed could complement the advances that the country has made in this area under the policy and regulatory framework that supports it.
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Buttler, Alexandre, Thomas Spiegelberger, Joël Chételat, Michael Kalbermatten, Katy Lannas, Alexander Peringer, Jean-Bruno Wettstein, and François Gillet. "Evolution récente et future des paysages sylvo-pastoraux du Jura vaudois." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 163, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2012.0469.
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Recent and future evolution of the silvopastoral landscape in the Jura vaudois Land-use management in silvopastoral landscapes is particularly complex because such ecosystems depend on a subtle equilibrium in the management scheme which aims to provide various ecological goods and services such as fodder, timber and biodiversity, as well as areas for leisure and attractive scenery. In this study we investigated land-use changes in the Parc naturel régional Jura vaudois, and the changes in tree cover density in two pastures using land-use statistics and aerial photographs. A prospective modelling approach was also undertaken on one pasture to assess changes in the landscape structure under two climate scenarios. A general tendency towards segregation between closed forests and open pastures was observed. The agriculture policy has markedly influenced the dynamics of tree cover density, but this effect depended very much on the local situation, for example, the proximity of a village, which allows a better optimization of farm management. The simulation of future development of these landscapes suggests that one might expect large changes in the structure and composition of the vegetation because of climate change. In the long run, areas of high tree densities will expand, and spruce will give way to beech and pine, depending on the warming intensity. Nevertheless, adaptation to new environmental conditions for sustaining ecological goods and services will call for management measures appropriate to the intensity of climate change. Furthermore, an active adaptive management based on experimentation and innovation, as well as allowing collaboration between scientists and land managers will be required to face and mitigate the ecological problems associated with climate change.
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Gupta, Raj, RN Sahoo, and Inder Abrol. "Does Soil Testing for Fertiliser Recommendation Fall Short of a Soil Health Card?" Journal of Agronomy Research 1, no. 3 (January 10, 2019): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-18-2496.
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Nutrient depletion and imbalanced use of fertiliser nutrients, inappropriate tillage and rain- water management practices often result in land degradation. Declining soil health contributes to climate change through loss in soil productivity, biodiversity, soil carbon, and moisture and ecosystem services. In order to address declining soil health, government of India has launched a soil health card (SHC) scheme aimed at need base use of chemical fertilisers. The paper points out the short-comings in the SHC scheme. Balanced and need base use of chemical fertilizers can be helpful in environmental protection and restoring soil health. The paper identifies potential agronomic practices and production management systems that can reduce our dependence on synthetic nutrients. Integration of soil fertility management domains with computer based QUEFT crop model has the potential of making fertiliser recommendations more domain and crop specific and less cumbersome. For soil health assessment chemical indicators must be integrated with physical and biological properties of the soils which can be predicted through reflectance spectroscopy. For assessing soil health related issues across different agro-ecoregions, there is however an urgent need for building-up more robust soil reflectance libraries.
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Weishaupt, Antonia, Felix Ekardt, Beatrice Garske, Jessica Stubenrauch, and Jutta Wieding. "Land Use, Livestock, Quantity Governance, and Economic Instruments—Sustainability Beyond Big Livestock Herds and Fossil Fuels." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 2053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052053.
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The production of animal food products is (besides fossil fuels) one of the most important noxae with regard to many of the environmental problems, such as climate change, biodiversity loss or globally disrupted nutrient cycles. This paper provides a qualitative governance analysis of which regulatory options there are to align livestock farming with the legally binding environmental objectives, in particular the Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity. Two innovative governance approaches are developed and compared: a cap-and-trade scheme for animal products and a livestock-to-land ratio. Both instruments are measured against the above-mentioned environmental objectives, taking into account findings from behavioural sciences and typical governance problems. Both approaches are generally suitable as quantity governance in animal husbandry if they are properly designed. In the end, a combination of both approaches proved to be particularly effective ecologically. All of this simultaneously demonstrates, on the basis of a rarely considered but ecologically highly relevant sector, how a quantity governance approach that is based on an easily comprehensible governance unit can function across all sectors and regions.
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Pawitan, Hidayat, and Muh Taufik. "Non-linear Routing Scheme at Grid Cell Level for Large Scale Hydrologic Models: A Review." Agromet 35, no. 2 (August 12, 2021): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j.agromet.35.2.60-72.
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New tools and concepts in the form of mathematical models, remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS), communication and telemetering have been developed for the complex hydrologic systems that permit a different analysis of processes and allow watershed to be considered as an integrated planning and management unit. Hydrological characteristics can be generated through spatial analysis, and ready for input into a distributed hydrologic models to define adequately the hydrological response of a watershed that can be related back to the specific environmental, climatic, and geomorphic conditions. In the present paper, some recent development in hydrologic modeling will be reviewed with recognition of the role of horizontal routing scheme in large scale hydrologic modeling. Among others, these developments indicated the needs of alternative horizontal routing models at grid scale level that can be coupled to land surface parameterization schemes that presently still employed the linear routing model. Non-linear routing scheme will be presented and discussed in this paper as possible extension.
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Cloudsley-Thompson, John L. "Desertification or Sustainable Yields from Arid Environments." Environmental Conservation 15, no. 3 (1988): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900029325.
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Throughout their existence, civilized peoples have been turning their environment into desert. The causes of desertification are well known—overgrazing, the felling of trees for fuel, and bad agricultural practices. Their effects are apparent in disasters such as the Sahel drought and recent famines in Ethiopia, the Sudan, and elsewhere. The population explosion enhances the extent of the environmental degradation. More agricultural land is currently being lost through salinization and waterlogging than is being created by new irrigation schemes, but this is only part of a problem that faces all tropical third-world countries and for which multinational organizations and the affluent nations of temperate regions are, regrettably and often unknowingly, largely responsible.Because the poorer countries receive, for their agricultural products, cash of which the market value does not take into account the cost to the environment of overexploiting the land, they are apparently doomed to a vicious circle of increasing poverty, deprivation, and famine. Yet it is not beyond the abilities of civilization to devise a viable scheme, based upon sound ecological principles, by which the quality of life of desert peoples could be immeasurably improved. Instead of trying to change the land to make it conform to present economic and political expectations, development should be adapted to exploit the potentialities of the environment as it exists. Such a scheme, profiting from the diversity of microenvironments that occur in desert regions, would encompass multiple land-use and the development of numerous small agricultural and other projects—rather than the large-scale schemes hitherto initiated in fragile environments, and which have so often led to large-scale disaster. By adopting it, the world would simultaneously be made both more stable and more productive for the benefit of all its inhabitants.
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Kravchuk, T. "Features of land use optimization of water protection zones and coastal protective strips in Kyiv by the method of land management." Zemleustrìj, kadastr ì monìtorìng zemelʹ, no. 3 (August 28, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/zemleustriy2021.03.09.
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In the process of working on the article, the author considered the issue of establishing and ensuring compliance with the land use regime of water protection zones and coastal protection strips (on the example of the city of Kyiv). The urgency of considering this issue lies in the importance of optimizing land use as one of the most important tools to protect water bodies from technogenic and anthropogenic impacts and, in general, to improve the water-ecological situation of the hydrological regime. From which the purpose of the work follows, namely, to study the features of optimization of land use of water protection zones and coastal protection zones in Kyiv by the method of land management for the environmental safety of the city's population and public welfare in general. As a result of the research process, the theoretical basis was formed by scientific works related to the essence of the task, as well as legislative and regulatory legal acts of Ukraine on land use regulation. The information and statistical base was an extract from the scheme of planning restrictions of the General Plan of Kyiv and data of the State Service of Ukraine on Geodesy, Mapping and Cadastre, the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. As a result of research, it was revealed that according to the legislation on the lands of cities and urban-type settlements, the size of the water protection zone, as well as the coastal protection zone, is established according to existing at the time of installation of a water protection zone concrete building conditions. Nevertheless, the example of the city of Kyiv shows that such information may be missing. The author describes the problematic issues of the land management process of works on establishing the boundaries of water protection zones and coastal protection zones and restrictions on the use of land and other natural resources. Expertly determined the approximate possible area, taking into account the specific building conditions and possible flooding at the maximum flood water level. The model of optimization of land use of the territorial community by means of establishment of restrictions in use of the earths and other natural resources occupied by water objects is proposed. At the same time, the model combines technological, instructional and administrative tasks of land use optimization. In addition, the optimality criteria and restrictions on the use of these criteria proposed in the model, which make it possible to unambiguously determine the location of the boundaries of water bodies and restrictions on the use of lands and other natural resources, taking into account the interests of land users and legislation. Keywords: land use optimization, water protection zones, coastal protection strips, land management process
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Samarinas, Nikiforos, Nikolaos Tziolas, and George Zalidis. "Improved Estimations of Nitrate and Sediment Concentrations Based on SWAT Simulations and Annual Updated Land Cover Products from a Deep Learning Classification Algorithm." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100576.
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The agricultural sector and natural resources are heavily interdependent, comprising a coherent but complex system. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) is widely used in assessing these interdependencies for regional watershed management. However, long-term simulations of agricultural watersheds are considered as not realistic since they have often been performed assuming constant land use over time and are based on the coarse resolution of the existing global or national data. This work presents the first insights of the synergy among SWAT model and deep learning classification algorithms to provide annually updated and realistic model’s parameterization and simulations. The proposed hybrid modelling approach couples the physical process SWAT model with the versatility of Earth observation data-driven non-linear deep learning algorithms for land use classification (Overall Accuracy (OA) = 79.58% and Kappa = 0.79), giving a strong advantage to decision makers for efficient management planning. A validation case at an agricultural watershed located in Northern Greece is provided to demonstrate their synergistic use to estimate nitrate and sediment concentrations that load in Zazari Lake. The SWAT model has been implemented under two different simulations; one with the use of a static coarse land use map and the other with the use of the annual updated land use maps for three consecutive years (2017–2019). The results indicate that the land use changes affect the final estimations resulting to an enhanced prediction performance of 1% and 2% for sediment and nitrate, respectively, when the annual land use maps are incorporated into SWAT simulations. In this context, a hybrid approach could further contribute to addressing challenges and support a data-centric scheme for informed decision making with regard to environmental and agricultural issues on the river basin scale.
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Vélez-Alvarado, D. A., and J. Álvarez-Mozos. "Clasificación de usos y cubiertas del suelo y análisis de cambios en los alrededores de la Reserva Ecológica Manglares Churute (Ecuador) mediante una serie de imágenes Sentinel-1." Revista de Teledetección, no. 56 (November 27, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/raet.2020.14099.
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<p class="p1">Management practices adopted in protected natural areas often ignore the relevance of the territory surrounding the actual protected land (buffer area). These areas can be the source of impacts that threaten the protected ecosystems. This paper reports a case study where a time series of Sentinel-1 imagery was used to classify the land-use/land-cover and to evaluate its change between 2015 and 2018 in the buffer area around the Manglares Churute Ecological Reserve (REMCh) in Ecuador. Sentinel-1 scenes were processed and ground-truth data were collected consisting of samples of the main land-use/land-cover classes in the region. Then, a Random Forests (RF) classification algorithm was built and optimized, following a five-fold cross validation scheme using the training dataset (70% of the ground truth). The remaining 30% was used for validation, achieving an Overall Accuracy of 84%, a Kappa coefficient of 0.8 and successful class performance metrics for the main crops and land use classes. Results were poorer for heterogeneous and minor classes, nevertheless the performance of the classification was deemed sufficient for the targeted change analysis. Between 2015 and 2018, an increase in the area covered by intensive land uses was evidenced, such as shrimp farms and sugarcane, which replaced traditional crops (mainly rice and banana). Even though such changes only affected the land area around the natural reserve, they might affect its water quality due to the use of fertilizers and pesticides that easily. Therefore, it is recommended that these buffer areas around natural protected areas be taken into account when designing adequate environmental protection measures and polices.</p>
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Wijesekera, N. T. S., and T. N. Wickramaarachchi. "Reality of irrigation water use and suggestions for better management: a comparison of two schemes from Sri Lanka." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 7 (October 1, 2003): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0441.
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In the dry zone of Sri Lanka, where agriculture is the main livelihood, both farmers and water managers target the best use of water. System H is an area that had been developed for irrigated agriculture using diversions from the River Mahaweli. Study of water use practices was carried out in two irrigation schemes where farmers cultivate the same crop in one-hectare allotments under the support and supervision of the same regional authority. Records of water use and agriculture are not well maintained. Using field visits, discussions with farmers, and meetings with officials were used to fill data gaps and three water issue scenarios were compared. Results of each scheme varied because water release and rotation practices for crop growth are quite different from each other, canal efficiency assumptions are different, land preparation, water use and quantity are dissimilar, and water releases do not consider much about growth stages. The study indicated that use of challenging water issues considering co-ordinated and rational grouping of canals could lead to a saving of 10–30 cm of water per unit area. A discussion of the need for a critical evaluation of guidelines and the present practice of cultivation is included.
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Song, Yuanwen, Lei Gao, Haipin He, and Juan Lu. "Analysis of Geoecological Restoration in Mountainous Cities Affected by Geological Hazards with Interval Intuitive Fuzzy Information." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (October 15, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6555005.
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With the progress of the industrial revolution and the development of modern science and technology, China’s urbanization process has been promoted. Urban and rural economic and social construction has greatly improved the local appearance and social structure. Human activities and natural ecology have affected the whole geological-ecological process, further aggravated the geological-ecological damage, and caused more serious geological disasters, especially in some places (especially in mountainous areas). In recent years, strong geological disasters have occurred in Wenchuan, Yushu, and Lushan regions of China, which not only seriously endanger the life safety and social life of the affected people, but also damage the geological-ecological structure and social functions of the region, especially in the geographically sensitive Alpine urban areas. It also produced many secondary disasters, such as landslides and land collapses. Mountainous cities and towns have special requirements for construction land, which is difficult to construct. Industrial land resources are in short supply, urban and rural comprehensive construction land is not active, and cultivated land area resources are tight. Compared with plain towns with superior geological conditions, mountain towns are more vulnerable to adverse geological environment such as geological ecology, landform, ecological vegetation, and hydrology. The geographical natural environment, as an organic whole that combines and interacts with the geomorphic natural environment, the biological-ecological environment, and the human social management environment, is the main reason that affects the development of mountain towns. Once the mountain geological ecology is destroyed, a series of geological disasters will often be induced, which will seriously restrict the healthy development of mountain towns. Scientific management of the geological environment plays an important role in the assessment of the geological environment restoration of mountain towns after disasters. Therefore, taking the most beautiful counties in China, Baoxing City, and Tianquan County as examples, on the basis of studying the complex geological-ecological theory of geological disasters, this paper further improves the traditional ecological footprint model in China, and using the interval direct fuzzy information constructs the metric index of ecological restoration scheme of mountain towns, and determines the evaluation index and optimal scheme of ecological restoration. From the aspects of landscape layout construction, disaster prevention and mitigation planning and improvement, and environmental restoration project, the future geoecological restoration and response strategy of Lushan County are pointed out, which provide guidance for the postdisaster geoecological safety layout construction.
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Bignami, Daniele Fabrizio. "Testing solutions of a multi-disaster building’s certification functional to the built environment sustainability and resilience." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 8, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-04-2016-0015.
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Purpose This paper aims to present phenomenological extensions and technical improvements of a recent research path on a potential operational scheme aiming at promoting an effective disasters risk reduction of built urban areas, namely, the proposal of a Certification of the Predisposition of Resistance of Edifices to Disasters. Design/methodology/approach The authors illustrate new steps of a multidisciplinary research conducted by merging different fields of study, such as disaster risk analysis, sustainable land use and urban planning, environmental assessment methods, different buildings safety topics and certification and auditing management systems tools. Findings This work is based on research developed in Italy by carrying out new tests in the coastal regions of Liguria and Tuscany to validate improvements and to confirm in different territories the assessment process of most significant natural and man-made hazards already included in the certification scheme previously developed on the basis of the continental regions of Lombardy and Piedmont. Originality/value Investigations and results give firmer foundations and exploitability to a certification such as the one presented here.
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Lee, Joong Gwang, Christopher T. Nietch, and Srinivas Panguluri. "Drainage area characterization for evaluating green infrastructure using the Storm Water Management Model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 5 (May 3, 2018): 2615–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2615-2018.
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Abstract. Urban stormwater runoff quantity and quality are strongly dependent upon catchment properties. Models are used to simulate the runoff characteristics, but the output from a stormwater management model is dependent on how the catchment area is subdivided and represented as spatial elements. For green infrastructure modeling, we suggest a discretization method that distinguishes directly connected impervious area (DCIA) from the total impervious area (TIA). Pervious buffers, which receive runoff from upgradient impervious areas should also be identified as a separate subset of the entire pervious area (PA). This separation provides an improved model representation of the runoff process. With these criteria in mind, an approach to spatial discretization for projects using the US Environmental Protection Agency's Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is demonstrated for the Shayler Crossing watershed (SHC), a well-monitored, residential suburban area occupying 100 ha, east of Cincinnati, Ohio. The model relies on a highly resolved spatial database of urban land cover, stormwater drainage features, and topography. To verify the spatial discretization approach, a hypothetical analysis was conducted. Six different representations of a common urbanscape that discharges runoff to a single storm inlet were evaluated with eight 24 h synthetic storms. This analysis allowed us to select a discretization scheme that balances complexity in model setup with presumed accuracy of the output with respect to the most complex discretization option considered. The balanced approach delineates directly and indirectly connected impervious areas (ICIA), buffering pervious area (BPA) receiving impervious runoff, and the other pervious area within a SWMM subcatchment. It performed well at the watershed scale with minimal calibration effort (Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient = 0.852; R2 = 0.871). The approach accommodates the distribution of runoff contributions from different spatial components and flow pathways that would impact green infrastructure performance. A developed SWMM model using the discretization approach is calibrated by adjusting parameters per land cover component, instead of per subcatchment and, therefore, can be applied to relatively large watersheds if the land cover components are relatively homogeneous and/or categorized appropriately in the GIS that supports the model parameterization. Finally, with a few model adjustments, we show how the simulated stream hydrograph can be separated into the relative contributions from different land cover types and subsurface sources, adding insight to the potential effectiveness of planned green infrastructure scenarios at the watershed scale.