Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Environmental justice – European Union countries'

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1

PAGANO, Mario. "Overcoming Plaumann : Environmental NGOs and access to justice before the CJEU." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/75102.

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Defence date: 05 December 2022
Examining Board : Professor Joanne Scott, (European University Institute, supervisor); Professor Claire Kilpatrick, (European University Institute); Professor Áine Ryall, (University College Cork); Professor Scott Cummings, (University of California, Los Angeles)
Since the early ‘90s, environmental NGOs have been fighting to be granted standing in actions for annulment. Direct access to the EU judiciary is hindered by the narrow interpretation given by the Court of the ‘individual concern’ requirement laid down under Article 263(4) TFEU. This narrow interpretation is known as ‘the Plaumann test’. By drawing from the literature on legal mobilisation and combining doctrinal and qualitative methods of analysis, the present dissertation explores how the European environmental movement has mobilised to overcome Plaumann in the last thirty years. In this regard, this thesis provides an empirical and theoretical contribution to the study of strategic litigation in the environmental domain. This by shedding light on the NGOs’ understanding of the legal opportunity structure in the EU, as well as on NGOs’ resources and legal strategies deployed to overcome Plaumann. This dissertation shows the relevance of networks membership in EU environmental litigation and argues that the lack of internal legal expertise does not necessarily prevent environmental organisations from resorting to legal mobilisation. Furthermore, this dissertation holds that, despite Plaumann, NGOs’ achievements are remarkable. In particular, the new Aarhus Regulation is expected to bring more legal mobilisation in Europe and deliver more disputes on the ‘science’ underlying EU environmental measures. Conversely, in the climate domain, NGOs are building what I conceptualised in terms of ‘transnational incremental judicial comfort’. The spreading of ‘judicial comfort’ in the climate context casts shadows on the CJEU, which looks increasingly ‘obsolete’ in the eyes of climate litigants. Finally, this dissertation argues that there is a demand within the European environmental movement for a different kind of EU environmental justice, which does not settle for administrative review of EU acts, but that rather strives for a more substantive judicial review of EU policy measures (including legislative acts).
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2

De, Matteis Pietro. "Sino-European energy, environmental and climate change diplomacy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610458.

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Palmer, James Robert. "Science and politics in European energy and environmental policy : the wicked problem of biofuels and indirect land-use change (ILUC)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608217.

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4

BAHMER, Larissa Elisabeth. "Chutes, ladders, snakes and surprises : policy durability and policy flexibility in EU energy and climate governance based on the governance regulation." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/69195.

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Award date: 26 September 2020
Supervisor : Professor Joanne Scott (European University Institute)
Whether the EU will live up to its leadership ambition in mitigating climate change to no little extent depends on whether the Governance Regulation will prove successful or whether it will add to the list of climate and energy policies which aimed high but performed low. This thesis analyses the legal arrangements of the Governance Regulation as embedded in the EU constitutional and administrative law framework in light of policy durability and policy flexibility, with the aim of assessing whether the Governance Regulation promises to build a long-lasting yet adaptable foundation for EU energy and climate governance that facilitates ratcheting up ambition and progress toward a ‘climate neutral’ Union.
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Deleau, Delphine. "The European court of justice 'open skies' judgments of 5 November 2002 : a Euopean contribution to the multilateral framework for International Aviation relations." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80914.

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The 'Open Skies' policy launched by the United States in 1992 gave birth to new bilateral agreements between them and most Member States of the European Union, as the latter were adopting a single aviation market. Nevertheless, the nationality clause the agreements included conflicted with the Community principle of freedom of establishment.
On November 5, 2002, the European Court of Justice therefore ruled there was indeed violation. However, the true question raised by the agreements focused less on such violation, which was anterior to those agreements, than on their fragmentation and the inequality they created in the Europe/United States aviation relations.
Indeed, the issue to be stressed in the judgments is linked to the building of the external competence of the Union with regards to aviation. While the Court refused to grant total competence to the Community, it made that of the Member States impracticable, leading to a global mandate for the Commission.
Although the orientations of the agreements to be concluded are foreseeable, the role the European Union will play in a potential multilateral negotiation remains to be defined.
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6

Liang, Zheng Yun. "The enviromental principles of the European Union." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2120095.

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7

Li, Qian. "European Union normative approaches to enviromental governance." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2120096.

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8

Dalby, Andrew K. "European integrationist influences on member states' counter-terrorist co-operation and co-ordination." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14394.

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Under the competences of the European Union's intergovernmentally controlled Justice and Home Affairs policy, counter-terrorist co-operation and co-ordination of efforts have progressed at a rapid pace following the 11 September attacks on the USA. Given, however, that Europe has experienced entrenched terrorist campaigns for the past three decades, one could be forgiven for questioning, in light of the unique co-operative position of Western Europe, why it has taken so long for the membership of the EU to reach a common definition of terrorism. Also why is it that even now, the EU has failed to develop a common policy against terrorism? Political explanations are traditional responses to such questions, but there is a risk of underestimating the complexities of the European Project, and the effect which this has had on so many areas of transnational co-operation. By focusing therefore on the often-overlooked role played by European integration on counter-terrorist co-operation, in addition to empirical analysis of the efficiency of the co-operative structures, we place ourselves in a more beneficial position to understand the current situation. Intergovernmentalism, the controlling force of JHA co-operation, we find is not mutually exclusive to law-enforcement co-operation. Two theories tested for supranational influences - neo-functionalism and federalism - have also played their part, from the early 1960s onwards, in facilitating co-operation. The historical emphasis is important, because co-operation prior to the regulation of much of this area within the EU, following the Treaties of Economic Union, provides us with ample material for analysis and greater insight into the JHA process and counter-terrorism. Intergovernmentalism has helped push counter-terrorist co-operation along, but equally we find that it now serves as a hindrance in completing its development because of its in-built tendency to retain subsidiarity. Counter terrorist co-operation, we conclude, need not be restricted to intergovernmental control any longer.
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9

Pitrone, Federica. "Defining “Environmental Taxes”: Input from the Court of Justice of the European Union." IUS ET VERITAS, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122709.

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In this article, the author proposes a new approach to the definition of the term “environmental taxes”, taking into account a recent judgement of the Court of Justice of the European Union.
En el presente artículo, el autor propone un nuevo enfoque con relación a la definición del término “impuesto ambiental” tomando en consideración a la jurisprudencia del tribunal de Justicia de la unión europea.
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10

Wei, De Cai. "Trade related environmental measures of European Union : a new kind of trade barriers?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637069.

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11

Zhou, Jia Lei. "EU water law : the right balance between environmental and economic considerations?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637070.

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12

Leong, Chak Chong. "The reform of the European Court of Justice." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2099302.

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Lu, Yun. "The preliminary ruling : jurisdictional mechanism of cooperation between the Court of Justice of the European Union and national courts." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2182114.

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14

Brown, Antje C. K. "Subnational regions matter : implementing EU environmental policies in Scotland and Bavaria." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3249.

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With over 280 environmental laws designed to regulate economic activities and tackle pollution problems, EU actors have established an impressive environmental policy. While policy-making has been impressive, implementation has often been disappointing with the result that EU environmental policy now suffers from an 'implementation deficit' whereby policy intentions on paper are not carried out properly 'on the ground'. Until recently, many EU actors and analysts have focused on the initial stages of the policy process, in particular the dynamics of bargaining between Member States. Yet, the overall effectiveness of EU environmental policies depends upon actors 'on the ground' and how they apply the policies in practice. This research moves away from the conventional state-centrist approach and focuses instead on the subnational regions and their role in the overall success of EU environmental policies. The research investigates Scotland and Bavaria and assesses to what extent the two regions shape EU environmental policy implementation. To help with the investigation, the research establishes a 'multi-layered implementation map' which best captures the policy 'filtering' process. The map helps identify formal and informal determinants within the layers which either facilitate or obstruct policy implementation. The research not only compares implementation performances between the Member States and between the regions, it also compares the regions vertically with their 'mother' states and thereby highlights implementation obstacles which would remain undetected with the state-centrist approach. A case study illustrates in detail the formal and practical implementation of the EIA Directive in Scotland and Bavaria. The study confirms that subnational regions feature determinants which differ in many respects from national determinants and influence the effectiveness of EU environmental policies. By highlighting subnational regions and their role in the process, the research contributes to a better understanding of the implementation deficit and presents a more refined picture of the EU environmental policy 'reality'.
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15

Macdonald, Anna Maria. "Green Normative Power? Relations between New Zealand and the European Union on Environment." Thesis, University of Canterbury. National Centre for Research on Europe, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3161.

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The relationship between the European Union (EU) and New Zealand has expanded considerably since the protracted trade negotiations of the 1970s and now includes dialogue and cooperation on a range of policy issues. In recent years, environment has become an increasingly high priority matter and is increasingly referenced as playing an important part in EU-New Zealand relations. At the same time, the EU has been praised for its leadership role in climate change negotiations, and some scholars have described it as a “green” normative power with the ability to influence other actors internationally on environmental policy. Taking the EU-New Zealand relationship on environment as its case study, this thesis attempts to address a gap in the academic literature concerning relations between New Zealand and the EU on environmental issues. It compares and contrasts the concept of EU normative power with that of policy transfer, arguing that both address the spread of ideas, but finding that what might appear to be normative power and the diffusion of norms, can in fact be best explained as policy transfer and the diffusion of policy or knowledge.
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16

Li, Wen Jing. "Water governance in a changing climate : adaptation strategy of EU water law." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586411.

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Bao, Yong Liang. "Meeting the challenge of EU enlargement : approximation of Environmental legislation." Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2185450.

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18

CORKIN, Joseph. "A manifesto for the European Court : democracy, decentred governance and the process-perfecting judicial shadow." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7030.

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Defence date: 29 January 2007
Examining Board: Prof. Christian Joerges, (EUI) ; Prof. Damian Chalmers, (London School of Economics) ; Prof. Alec Stone Sweet, (Yale University) ; Prof. Neil Walker, (EUI)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
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19

Barani, Luca. "Cour européenne de justice et les limites de son autonomie supranationale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210478.

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La thèse effectue une revue de la littérature scientifique sur la Cour dans le processus d’intégration juridique, en classant les différentes positions selon qu’ils définissent le rôle de la Cour comme réactif ou pro-actif. En faisant cette revue de la littérature, cinq facteurs sont mis en exergue pour ce qui concerne la problématique de l’autonomie de la Cour, qui feront l’objet d’une analyse approfondie dans la suite de la thèse :

I) Limites inhérentes à l’interprétation juridique des Traités tels qu’ils se retrouvent dans les règles institutionnalisées du raisonnement de la Cour ;

II) L’interaction, au niveau européen, entre la Cour et les autres institutions ;

III) Les pressions et les stratégies d’influence des Etats membres vis-à-vis de la Cour comme agent de leurs préférences ;

IV) La dépendance structurelle de la Cour supranationale vis-à-vis ses interlocuteurs judiciaires au niveau national ;

V) Le degré d’obéissance que les appareils administratifs et exécutifs des Etats membres démontrent vis-à-vis la jurisprudence de la Cour.

Par rapport à ces facteurs, et leur importance relative dans la détermination de la ligne d’action de la Cour de Justice, la thèse évalue les changements et les défis auxquels est soumise la fonction de la Cour de justice au niveau de l’Union européenne, en particulier par rapport à l’environnement de plus en plus critique ou évolue la trajectoire jurisprudentielle de la Cour par rapport aux acteurs politiques et juridiques, l’érosion du caractère sui generis du droit communautaire dans le contexte du droit international, le rôle de plus en plus affiché des cours nationales, et le contexte institutionnel dans lequel se trouve à agir cette juridiction.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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20

Anger-Kraavi, Annela. "Emissions trading for regulating climate change impacts of aviation : a case study of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610211.

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21

Triebswetter, U. M. "The impact of environmental regulation on competitiveness in the German manufacturing industry : a comparison with other countries of the European Union." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273138.

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22

Savevska, Maja. "The evolving governance structure of the European Union : asymmetric, but not disembedded : immanent possibilities in the social and environmental policy domains." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/67645/.

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The subject of inquiry of my research is the socio-economic restructuring of the European Union (EU). The project provides an innovative interdisciplinary intervention that uses the canonical texts of Karl Polanyi and the insights from the burgeoning Polanyian scholarship in an attempt to explain the morphology of the contradictions that underpin the EU integration project. The starting point of analysis lies in the recent debates instigated by the critical turn in the EU studies scholarship that tries to shift the focus from the causes of the EU integration to its consequences. My original contribution to the scholarship consists of providing a Polanyian critique of the EU political economy. The ever-growing Polanyian scholarship proves a formidable alternative to the already established Gramscian and Marxist routes of critical inquiry. Based on a close reading of Polanyi and the wider Polanyian scholarship the thesis proposes a new take on the established practice of using Polanyi’s concept of dis/embeddedness as an all-or-nothing phenomenon and instead suggests conceptualising the social reality in terms of tendencies. The lenses through which I evaluate the EU predicament consist of the following conceptual vocabulary: a) dis/embedding tendencies b) habitation and improvement, and c) the rate of change. The main puzzle that the project endeavours to explain is the interplay between the disembedding and the embedding tendencies in the EU. The examination of the disembedding tendency consists of excavating the self-regulating market logic inscribed into the EU edifice by analysing the development across three policy fields: competition, finance and education. The findings suggest that the disembedding tendency is manifested not only in the monetary orthodoxy inscribed in the Economic and Monetary Union since the Maastricht Treaty and further reified during the Great Recession, but also in the privatisation, depoliticisation and commodification dynamics evident in the three policy domains discussed in the thesis. Given Polanyi’s observation that the embedding tendency is immanent to the disembedding one, the second empirical endeavour consists of investigating the surge of socio-environmental measures. Notwithstanding the institutional divergences between the social and environmental policy domains, the appraisal of the policy output demonstrates that the embedding tendency is characterised by the same marketisation dynamic that we see in the disembedding one. This thesis recuperates a critical Polanyian reading that highlights the disruptive dialectics between the disembedding tendency and the seemingly protective measures predicated on fictitious commodification. In addition to unearthing the structural bias towards the market form that constitutes the two tendencies, this project develops a normative critique of the market society, based on Polanyi’s ferocious appraisal of neoclassical economics’ formal understanding of the economy, by problematising the extension of the economising rationality within previously unaffected spheres.
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23

Cebulak, Pola. "Judicial activism of the Court of Justice of the EU in the pluralist architecture of global law." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209172.

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Judicial activism implies a hidden politicization of the Court. The legal arguments and the methods used by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) might seem coherent. However, an inquiry into judicial activism means looking beyond the legal reasoning of the Court and trying to “connect the dots” of an alternative narrative that can explain the Court’s long-term approach to certain issues. In the case of judicial activism of the CJEU in the case-law concerning public international law, the veil for the politicization of the Court is provided by the pluralist architecture of global law. The heterarchical structure of relations among legal orders in the international arena activates the CJEU as an actor of global governance. Simultaneously, it results in the Court adopting a rather internal and defensive approach, undermining legal security.

Judicial activism of the CJEU finds its particular expressions in the case-law concerning public international law. The pro-integrationist tendency of the CJEU often raised in the literature concerning the Court’s role in the process of EU integration, translates into a substantial and an institutional dimension of judicial activism. The substantial articulation of judicial activism in the case-law concerning international law is the Court’s emphasis on the autonomy of the EU legal order. This internal perspective is adopted not only for virtuous reasons, but also in defense of definitely not universal European interests. The institutional dimension refers to the Court’s position within the EU structure of governance. The case-law concerning international law is marked by a close alignment with the European Commission and the integration of the EU goals in external relations. Moreover, the pluralist veil can cover the extent to which the Court’s decisions concerning international law are influenced by considerations completely internal to the EU.

In my analysis I proceed in three steps that are reflected in three chapters of the thesis. There is no clear and prevalent definition of judicial activism, but instead rather multiple possibilities of approaching the concept. While the general intend of the research project is to critically reflect on the concept of judicial activism of the highest courts within a legal order, the particular focus will be on the CJEU dealing with international law. I proceed in three steps. First, I assess different understandings of the role of the judge and the concept of judicial activism in legal literature in view of ascertaining the relevance of the debate and distilling some general components of a possible definition. Secondly, I identify the factors particular for the position of the CJEU within the EU legal order and with regard to international law. The particular characteristics of the CJEU result in a limited applicability of the general definitions of judicial activism. Finally, I analyze the case-law in view of identifying examples as well as counter-examples of the particular symptoms/attributes. Because judicial activism broadens the scope of the factors guiding judicial decision-making, it enables us to better understand the contingencies in the Court´s jurisprudence.
Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
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Mattijs, Jan. "Management de l'efficacité et de l'équité dans les politiques technologiques européennes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211650.

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Albuquerque, Joao Manuel Nunes Lemos de. "A convencao Europeia dos direitos do homem como fonte de direito comunitario : excurso sobre a jurisprudencia do Tribunal de Justica das Comunidades Europeias." Thesis, University of Macau, 2000. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637067.

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Van, Waeyenberge Arnaud. "Les nouveaux instruments juridiques de la gouvernance européenne." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209759.

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Cette recherche doctorale part de l’hypothèse générale selon laquelle la méthode communautaire classique serait concurrencée dans les faits par de nouveaux instruments juridiques qui, loin de constituer des initiatives isolées, participent d’un modèle alternatif de gouvernance communautaire qui la transforme en profondeur.

Afin d’identifier les caractéristiques, les contours et les nouvelles formes de normativités de ce modèle alternatif, cette recherche a adopté une approche pragmatique de l’étude droit et étudie empiriquement et systématiquement six politiques publiques européennes :la stratégie européenne pour l’emploi (SEE) et la Méthode Ouverte de Coordination (MOC), le programme européen REACH; la politique européenne de l’eau; la politique comptable européenne; la politique de régulation des services financiers; et la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique et le marché européen du carbone. Ces politiques publiques sont étudiées au moyen d’une approche par les instruments d’action publique qui s’inspire de la démarche et des recherches effectuées par Michel Foucault sur la « gouvernementalité ».

Cette analyse nous aura permis de démontrer que la transformation de la méthode communautaire classique se constate à au moins trois niveaux. Au niveau des acteurs, on assiste à un renforcement de la place des acteurs privés et de la société civile dans les politiques publiques étudiées. La transformation de l’action publique européenne réside également dans l’utilisation abondante de nouveaux instruments d’action publique - plus techniques que politiques et plus incitatifs que contraignants (du type benchmarking) - qui impliquent systématiquement une collaboration entre acteurs publics et privés à différents niveaux du processus décisionnel (coproduction normative). Enfin le mode de sanction est devenu une « contrainte par l’image » reposant sur la figure du « mauvais élève de la classe » véhiculée principalement par des publications de classements basées sur une classification des bonnes pratiques. Corrélativement, cette transformation se constate également dans les phases d’élaboration, d’exécution et de contrôle du droit de l’Union européenne.

Une fois les caractéristiques et les contours de ce modèle alternatif dessinés sur base des politiques publiques étudiées, cette recherche s’est ensuite tournée vers une présentation des discours (politiques et juridiques) et écoles de pensées (Law and Economics / New Public Management / Démocratie délibérative / Expérimentalisme démocratique) permettant de justifier son existence et, par là, de fonder sa légitimité. Enfin, si ce nouveau modèle peut prétendre à une certaine légitimité ou nécessité et s’il n’apparaît pas envisageable de revenir en arrière, sa non-concordance avec le traité est problématique. En effet, ce modèle pose une série de questions relatives au manque de contrôle sur l’activité des institutions de l’Union et à la sauvegarde de l’ordre juridique constitutionnel européen. Plus précisément, l’étude de la question de la protection juridictionnelle effective et du respect du principe de l’équilibre des pouvoirs permet d’identifier un certains nombre d’écueils et de proposer des suggestions d’amélioration pragmatique du modèle décisionnel européen au regard des nouveaux instruments juridiques de la gouvernance européenne.

The starting point of my doctoral research is that the Classic Community Method, as described in the Lisbon Treaty, does not enable one to understand the manner in which law is currently produced in the European Union. I claim that the Community Method is in fact challenged and transformed by new legal instruments that, far from being isolated initiatives, are part of an alternative model of governance.

My research adopts a programmatic approach as to identify the features, contours and new forms of normativity of this alternative model. It studies empirically and systematically six European public policies through “an approach by instruments” inspired in the writings of Michel Foucault on "governmentality”.

This analysis shows that the transformation of the Classic Community method occurs at least at three levels. First, there is a strengthening of the role of private actors and civil society in policy making. Second, the transformation of European public action also lies in the abundant use of new policy instruments - rather technical and political incentives than binding rules (benchmarking) - that involve a systematic collaboration between public and private actors at different levels of decision-making (co-regulation). Third, control and sanctions rely greatly on a “constrained by image” system based primarily on publications of rankings and classifications of good practices.

After I present the features and contours of this alternative model, my research analyzes the political and legal discourses, as well as the schools of thought (Law and Economics / New Public Management / Deliberative Democracy / Democratic Experimentalism), that justify its existence and, therefore, its legitimacy.

Finally, my doctoral work rises the question about the lack of control over these regulatory activities and brings to light the safeguards that should be taken by the European Court of Justice to respect European Union’s Constitutional law


Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
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Tjernström, Vanni. "Europa norrifrån : en nordisk komparativ studie av europeisk politisk kommunikation." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kultur och medier, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-59863.

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The study examines the European coverage in four leading Nordic newspapers during two periods in 1993 and in 1996. During the first period, three countries were negotiating for membership in the European Union. During the second period, work on a new European Constitution was ongoing, to be negotiated by the Intergovernmental Conference at the end of the period. Two of the applicant countries, Finland and Sweden, were then members of the union since Jan 1, 1995. Voters in the third country, Norway, opted to stay outside the union. Norway is, however closely linked to the union by the previous EEA agreement. Finally, the fourth country, Denmark, had limited its longstanding membership in four important areas. Results of the main study in 1993 indicate a great difference in the degree of Europeanness of the coverage of European affairs, as indicated by the share of European issues, sources, players, institutions etc. The Danish paper, the Politiken, was on all counts genuinely European in its coverage. This could, to begin with, be understood in terms of a relational context - Denmark was a member of the European Community, the other countries were not. In 1996, as could be expected, the Norwegian paper, the Aftenposten, reduced its coverage of European affairs to about half the previous volume, the Finnish and Swedish papers, the Hufvudstadsbladet and the Dagens Nyheter, increased their volumes to new highs. The Danish paper maintained its previously comparatively high volume of European coverage, and was still distinctly more European in its outlook on transnational politics. This could be understood in terms of a new Maturity proposition - it may take a long time for the national media to come to terms with a new political environment. The study also puts forward the proposition that Danish political culture requires a different coverage of European affairs, and also requires an opportunity to discuss and evaluate European politics. On a theoretical level, the study supports the idea that national experience, historical and relational contexts influence media content. National agendas powerfully determine the orientation of transnational political communication . Three in-depth studies by and large confirm results from the content analysis. A separate exercise inspired by Grounded Theory gives rise to three theoretical concepts that seem to be fundamental dimensions of European political communication: Legitimacy (media coverage contributes to status conferral and encourages deliberation of cooperation as an idea), Participation (media coverage as expressions of intrinsical and instrumental motives for joining and taking responsibility towards European cooperation), and Mondialization/Universalism (media coverage of Europe's efforts in the global arena)
digitalisering@umu
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Wright, Brian Bradley. "A review of lessons learned to inform capacity-building for sustainable nature-based tourism development in the European Union funded ʺSupport to the Wild Coast Spatial Development Initiative Pilot Programmeʺ." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003628.

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This case-study establishes the influences of power-knowledge relationships on capacity-building for sustainability in the European Union Funded ‘Wild Coast Spatial Development Initiative Pilot Programme’ (EU Programme). It aims to capture the lessons learned for capacitybuilding to support nature-based tourism initiatives on the Wild Coast. The EU Programme aimed to achieve economic and social development of previously disadvantaged communities through nature-based tourism enterprises, and to develop capacity of local authorities and communities to support environmental management. The study discusses common trends in thematic categories emerging from the research data, and contextualises research findings in a broader development landscape. This study indicates that power-knowledge relations were reflected in the EU Programme’s development ideology by an exclusionary development approach, which lacked a participatory ethos. This exclusionary approach did not support an enabling environment for capacity-building. This development approach, guiding the programme conceptualization, design and implementation processes, resulted in a programme with unrealistic objectives, time-frames and resource allocations; a programme resisted by provincial and local government. The study provides a causal link between participation, programme relevance, programme ownership, commitment of stakeholders, effective management and capacity-building for sustainable programme implementation. The study argues that the underlying motivation for the exclusionary EU development ideology in the programme is driven by a risk management strategy. This approach allows the EU to hold power in the development process, whereas, an inclusionary participative development methodology would require a more in-depth negotiation with stakeholders, thereby requiring the EU to relinquish existing levels of power and control. This may increase the risk of an unexpected programme design outcome and associated exposure to financial risk. It may also have a significant financial effect on donor countries' consultancies and consultants currently driving the development industry. This study recommends an interactive-participative methodology for programme design and implementation, if an enabling environment for capacity-building is to be created. In addition, all programme stakeholders must share contractual accountability for programme outcomes. This requires a paradigm shift in the EU development ideology to an inclusionary methodology. However, this research suggests that the current EU development approach will not voluntarily change. I, therefore, argue that South Africa needs to develop a legislative framework that will guide donor-funded development programme methodology, to support an enabling environment for capacity-building.
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Polard, Audrey. "Un contrôle efficient des émissions d'azote et de phosphore dans le bassin de l'Escaut: analyse critique de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau (DCE) et de la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209638.

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Même si la réduction des apports de nutriments dans les écosystèmes aquatiques est généralement envisagée avec des approches « effects-based », ce n’est pas le cadre qui a été suivi dans cette thèse. En effet, dans une démarche de développement durable, il semble plus pertinent, de définir des mesures de contrôle de la pollution agissant sur les relations de cause à effet. Selon cette logique, la méthodologie proposée par la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau (DCE) pour protéger les écosystèmes aquatiques présente plusieurs faiblesses. Par le fait qu’elle réfère à certains principes de l’économie standard de l’environnement, l’analyse économique de la DCE pose plusieurs problèmes pour agir sur la causalité de la pollution. Néanmoins, la méthodologie proposée par la DCE est pertinente par le fait qu’elle recommande l’utilisation combinée de mesures techniques et d’instruments pour diminuer les dommages environnementaux. Conformément à cette disposition, l’effet de mesures techniques et d’instruments sur le secteur agricole et sur la chaine alimentaire l’englobant a été évalué puisque cette dernière est responsable de la majorité des émissions diffuses et ponctuelles d’azote et de phosphore dans les eaux de surface. La définition de mesures techniques en fonction de l’efficience de l’utilisation des nutriments (Nutrient Use Efficiency, NUE) dans la production agricole a été complétée par l’étude des instruments économiques utilisés dans la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC) pour développer une agriculture multifonctionnelle. Si la thèse concerne de manière générale l’eutrophisation des écosystèmes aquatiques, elle se penche plus particulièrement sur les pressions au sein du bassin de l’Escaut et sur leurs impacts jusqu’à la zone côtière de la mer du Nord. Des mesures techniques agissant sur les causes des émissions diffuses du secteur agricole et sur les émissions ponctuelles des stations d’épuration ont été proposées pour ce bassin. Ces mesures techniques ont été caractérisées prioritairement par leur efficacité environnementale (grâce aux modèles Sénèque-Riverstrahler et MIRO) et en fonction de leurs coûts directs.

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Although reducing the load of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems is usually looked at through "effects-based" approaches, this is not the context which this paper has chosen to follow. In fact, keeping in line with sustainable development, it seems more relevant to define measures to control pollution which act on cause and effect relations. According to this way of thinking, the methodology proposed by the Water Framework Directive (WFD) to protect aquatic ecosystems presents a number of weaknesses. By the fact that it refers to certain standard economic principles for the environment, the WFD’s economic analysis poses several problems towards acting on the cause of the pollution. Nevertheless, the methodology proposed by the WFD is relevant, as it recommends the combined use of technical measures and of instruments to reduce environmental damage. In accordance with this disposition, an assessment has been made of the effect of technical measures and instruments on the agricultural sector and on the food chain encompassing it, since the food chain is responsible for the majority of diffuse and point emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface waters. The definition of technical measures in terms of efficient use of nutrients (Nutrient Use Efficiency, NUE) in agricultural production has been complemented by a study of economic instruments used in the Common Agricultural Politicy (CAP) to develop a multifunctional type of agriculture. Although the paper deals with the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems in a general way, it concentrates particularly on the increasing pressures in the Scheldt basin and on their impacts as far as the North Sea coastal zone. Technical measures acting on the causes of diffuse emissions in the agricultural sector and on point emissions in the water treatment plants have been proposed for this basin. These technical measures have been categorised in order of priority according to their environmental effectiveness (thanks to the Sénèque-Riverstrahler et MIRO models) and depending on their direct costs.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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RYALL, Aine. "Effective judicial protection" and the environmental impact assessment directive in Ireland"." Doctoral thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6353.

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GIBBS, Alun Howard. "Thinking constitutionally about the European Union's area of freedom, security and justice." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/12026.

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Defence date: 15/06/2009
Examining Board: Profs. Hans Lindahl (Tilburg University); Kimmo Nuotio (University of Helsinki); Wojciech Sadurski (EUI); Neil Walker (Supervisor, former EUI and University of Edinburgh)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This thesis sets out to consider the constitutional implications of a policy of legal integration regarding internal security matters in the EU. It argues that constitutional theory is fundamental to addressing the legality and accountability concerns raised about the developing legal practice of the EU’s ‘Area of Freedom, Security and Justice’ (AFSJ). Conducting such a study poses important questions about how to pursue a constitutional approach to legal and political practices which do not resemble in any straight forward way the constitutional tradition of the nation state. This thesis advances the argument that constitutional theory cannot properly be construed as a ‘tool-kit’, a set of rules or principles with universal validity to cause a state of affairs or event then dubbed as legality or accountability. Instead it is argued that constitutional theory must work to reveal the issues of restraint, accountability or legality that are in fact part of an ongoing practice, not a one-off settlement; in which the theorist attempts to disclose or reveal the meaningfulness of what is described as the ‘common experience of the political way of life’. Consequently the first part of the thesis outlines how constitutional theory can establish the features of the ‘common experience of the political way of life’ (also referred to as the ‘constitutive function’) and it explains that meaning is situated in a historical background, which is uncovered by the theorist by providing an interpretation of this background. The thesis therefore advances and defends an interpretive theory of legal scholarship. These methodological parameters provide an appropriate means of making sense of the developments in the EU concerning the AFSJ, which thereafter becomes the focus of the thesis. In particular it concentrates on the importance of developing an understanding of public goods that form the basis as to why it is possible to think in constitutional terms about the AFSJ. The approach taken to public goods is that they manifest the meaningful commitments of a political community and therefore cannot be construed in instrumental terms. The thesis outlines that the constitutional issues facing the AFSJ are often collapsed into matters of instrumentalism that conceals the need to engage with the on-going meaning of the practices as forming part of a common political way of life. It is argued in conclusion that the thesis has provided a more robust way of not only considering the challenges facing the emerging internal security policies of the EU but has also provided an appropriate theoretical approach for the study of such issues in constitutional theory.
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LANDAIS, Guillaume. "Le concept de système juridique et l’argumentation de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/48385.

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Defence date: 11 October 2017
Examining Board: Professeur Giovanni Sartor, European University Institute (Directeur de thèse); Professeur Loïc Azoulai, Sciences Po Paris; Professeur Pierre Brunet, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne; Professeur Giulio Itzcovich, Università degli Studi di Brescia
Pour la Cour de justice de l’arrêt Van Gend en Loos comme pour celle de l’avis 2/13 relatif à l’adhésion de l’Union à la CEDH, le droit de l’UE forme encore et toujours « un nouvel ordre juridique ». Entre 1963 et 2014 pourtant, la somme des normes et institutions en vigueur a bien changé. En bonne logique, lorsque les parties changent il ne peut plus s’agir du même tout. Quel est alors ce principe d’unité qui maintient les parties ensemble et autorise la Cour à parler de ce qui change comme étant encore le même ? Si l’ensemble n’est pas réductible à la somme des parties, c’est qu’il forme système, qu’il est doté d’un certain ordre permettant de l’identifier singulièrement, malgré le bouleversement de ses parties. La réponse est donc à trouver dans ces théories pour lesquelles les composants du droit ne sont valides qu’à l’intérieur d’un système. La première partie de la thèse se consacre à la définition du concept de système juridique. Elle montre qu’un système est cet ensemble de normes et/ou d’institutions doté d’une certaine unité et d’une certaine autonomie. « Unité » et « autonomie » varieront selon les auteurs, si bien que l’on identifiera des conceptions du concept de système. Nous montrons que ces conceptions sont opérationnelles pour l’analyse des entités juridiques non étatiques telles que celle constituée par le droit de l’Union européenne. La seconde partie identifie dans quelques grands « moments » de la jurisprudence de la Cour portant sur les relations entre droit de l’Union, droit interne et droit international, le rôle que joue dans le discours du juge « l’argument du système », soit l’argument tiré de ce que le droit de l’Union constitue un ordre ou système juridique. Sur la base de la méthode de l’analyse inférentielle et d’une théorie réaliste de l’interprétation, nous analysons ce que l’argument permet à la Cour de faire et à partir de cela identifions la conception du concept de système qu’elle exprime. Cette recherche entend ainsi contribuer, à travers l’analyse de l’argumentation de la Cour, à une meilleure compréhension du système que le droit de l’Union européenne est, au sens des conceptions traditionnelles du concept de système juridique définies par Hans Kelsen, H.L.A. Hart et telles que renouvelées plus récemment par Joseph Raz ainsi que Neil MacCormick.
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BUGDAHN, Sonja. "Developing capacity against tradition: the implementation of the EU environmental information directive in Germany, Great Britain and Ireland." Doctoral thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5233.

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Defence date: 21 September 2001
Examining board: Prof. Adrienne Héritier (Max-Planck Projektgruppe RdG, Bonn - Supervisor ; Prof. Martin Jänicke (Freie Universität Berlin) ; Prof. Michael Keating (EUI) ; Prof. Brigid Laffan (University College Dublin)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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HARTMANN, Moritz. "Globaler klimawandel und Europäischer rechtspluralismus : implementationsparameter des klimaschutz - und emissionshandelsrechts." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/15414.

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LÖÖF, Robin. "Defending liberty and structural integrity : a social contractual analysis of criminal justice in the EU." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13164.

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Defence date: 12 September 2008
Examining Board: Professor Marise Cremona, (EUI, Supervisor); Professor Bruno De Witte, (EUI); Professor John Spencer, (University of Cambridge); Professor Judge Françoise Tulkens, (European Court of Human Rights, External Supervisor)
First made available online: 28 July 2021
The principles of the modern criminal law in Europe date back hundreds of years. As we shall see, the first coherent treatises of criminal justice laying down many of the principles to which we still adhere appeared in continental Europe during the mideighteenth century. Enlightenment philosophers, concerned with the relationship between the state and the citizen, between the collective and the individual, found criminal justice a natural area of study. Even before then, however, embryos of principles we today hold as fundamental can be found in charters, bills and constitutions limiting the power of medieval Kings over their subjects. If we then take the concept of the criminal law, the idea that the collective can and should exact punishment for violations of certain pre-determined rules, it dates back to the dawn of civilisation.
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HÜTTEMANN, Suzan Denise. "Principles and perspectives of European criminal procedure." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/24001.

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Defence date: 15 June 2012
First made available online on 29 July 2019
Examining Board: Professor Neil Walker, EUI / University of Edinburgh (Supervisor); Professor Marise Cremona, EUI; Professor Valsamis Mitsilegas, Queen Mary, University of London; Professor Kimmo Nuotio, University of Helsinki.
This thesis shall contribute to European Criminal Procedure, a rapidly evolving area of EU policy that has attracted much attention, but has also been subject to criticism. The research will first identify and analyse the main rationales of this area. Since the Tampere European Council of 1999, mutual recognition has become the most fundamental concept of judicial cooperation in criminal matters and has experienced a steep career, having been adopted by Art. 82 TFEU. When the principle of mutual recognition was introduced, it was based on an analogy to the free movement of goods. This analogy has often been regarded as flawed. Moreover, there has always been a notion of mutual recognition in judicial cooperation as well. The study will show how these two factors have influenced the development of the area, and how policy concepts, such as the principle of mutual trust, have had a greater influence on the development of the law than any legal doctrine. The lack of a coherent approach to the area of judicial cooperation and the unsystematic combination of different legal orders have caused unforeseen frictions for the individual. These will be illustrated by an analysis of the law of transnational evidence-gathering according to the European Evidence Warrant and the proposed European Investigation Order. It will be shown that most of the problems result from the lack of a uniform allocation of jurisdiction and from an overly confined understanding of fundamental rights in the context of judicial cooperation. By analysing the nature and purpose of jurisdictional rules in a national and a European context, the thesis aims at uncovering the theoretic foundations on which a uniform allocation of jurisdiction could be built. Finally, the thesis analyses the role of fundamental rights in judicial cooperation. It will uncover the ineptness of a nation-state oriented interpretation of fundamental rights to adequately address the problems of mutual recognition and argue for a European understanding of transnational judicial rights.
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MORAIS, LEITAO Teresa. "Civil liability for environmental damage : a comparative survey of harmonised European legislation." Doctoral thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5464.

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MARKERT, Marat. "Striving for autonomy? : preferences and strategies of governments in the EU’s police and criminal justice cooperation." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/29639.

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Defence date: 10 January 2014
Examining Board: Professor Adrienne Héritier (Supervisor), European University Institute Professor Brigid Laffan, European University Institute Professor Sandra Lavenex, Universität Luzern Professor Wolfgang Wagner, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
An intriguing proposition in the study of the EU’s area of Police and Judicial Cooperation Criminal Matters (PJCCM) has been that Member States’ (governments) institutional choices in this policy area reflect motives to enhance their autonomy/discretion vis-à-vis domestic and/or supranational actors. According to this argument, by cooperating in an intergovernmental setting governments can circumvent domestic institutional constraints, while at the same time keeping the influence of supranational actors at bay. What is the empirical basis of such claims? Do governments’ institutional preferences indeed reflect strategic attempts at increasing their autonomy vis-à-vis domestic actors in law enforcement policies, as suggested by some authors? Moreover, once institutional rules have been put in place, are governments able to use these rules so as to circumvent EU level constraints? To answer these questions this thesis examined institutional preferences and strategies of governments at Treaty negotiations and in the day-to-day policy-making process in the policy area of PJCCM. In the first part of the thesis, the alleged connection between institutional constraints governments face in their domestic arenas and their respective institutional preferences at Treaty negotiations was tested. In a second part, strategic interactions between governments in the EU Council and the European Commission with respect to institutional rules in the legislative process in PJCCM were examined. The empirical results of both parts suggest that while only a moderate connection between domestic constraints and governments’ institutional preference at Treaty negotiations could be identified, there seems to be a systematic relation between rising EU level constraints and strategic institutional choices of actors that reflect motives for autonomy/discretion. The driving factors behind these day-to-day strategic interactions are the ambiguity of and interstitial changes to institutional rules. More specifically, this thesis shows how ambiguous rules over EU competences in PJCCM and changes to these rules via rulings of the Court of Justice lead actors to deploy litigation strategies (Commission), as well as legislative pre-emption strategies (Member States). Furthermore, these conflicts continue to also characterize the policy-making process in PJCCM after formal institutional reforms (post-Lisbon). Going forward, this thesis suggests that more, rather than less, of these strategic interactions will take place in the near future.
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RASNAČA, Zane. "First or one among equals? : the CJEU and the construction of EU social policy." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/47927.

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Defence date: 11 September 2017
Examining Board: Prof. Claire Kilpatrick, EUI (Supervisor); Prof. Loïc Azoulai, Sciences Po Paris; Prof. Simon Deakin, University of Cambridge; Prof. Mark Dawson, Hertie School of Governance
Awarded the Mauro Cappelletti Prize for the best thesis comparative law 2018
The argument that the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is important in the development of European Union law has been present in legal and political science research for years. At the same time, some under-researched questions remain. Among those is the CJEU’s impact on the lawmaking process at the EU level and the way the development of EU law steers the case law in response. Further, the theoretical implications of any such 'horizontal' interaction remain under-explored, especially since the major theories in this area tend to see the Court’s relationship with the lawmakers (both the member states in their role as Treaty-makers and the EU legislature) in conflictual rather than complementary terms. This thesis analyses the role of the CJEU in constructing EU level social policy and proposes to conceptualise the relationship between the CJEU and lawmakers in a novel way. First, this thesis explores the interaction between the Court and the Union lawmakers, how this interaction operates in practice and whether there is an overlap between what the Court and Union lawmakers are occupied with. By using both large scale process tracing and a detailed case study method, I show that there is a remarkable (but not omnipresent) degree of interaction between the CJEU and the lawmakers at various levels. Second, I consider what my results mean for the constitutional understanding of the CJEU’s role and its relationship with the lawmakers. I argue in favour of adopting a modified version of the theory of constitutional dialogue in order to better accommodate the actual nature of the CJEU’s relationship with the lawmakers and in order to facilitate the interaction from the specific standpoint of the CJEU. In the last part of my thesis, I explore how this interaction could be turned into a conscious, coordinated process – the coordinated construction of EU social policy law.
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MCHUGH, Claire. "Positive action and race discrimination : new challenges for the European Court of Justice." Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5470.

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LENZ, Miriam. "The interplay between the environment and competition law in the EU : an analysis of environmental agreements and their assessment under Article 81 EC." Doctoral thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5459.

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PELTONEN, Ellinoora. "Private control instruments in the European consumer, occupational health and safety, and environmental policies." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/15407.

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Defence Date: 06 December 2010
Examining Board: Fabrizio CAFAGGI (Supervisor, EUI); Christian JOERGES (former EUI/University of Bremen); Colin SCOTT (University College, Dublin); Jyrki TALA (University of Turku and National Research Institute of Legal Policy, Helsinki)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
European Union’s (EU) legislature allows for EU level private interest governments (PIGs): stakeholders, industry, professional and co-operative bodies; and control entrepreneurs (PriCEs) to complement regulatory strategies. However, governance studies have infrequently conducted cross-sector analysis on how they assist in implementing EU policies. This study conducts cross-sector analysis of private compliance instruments (PCIs) utilised as partial implementing strategy to EU’s business regulation across consumer, worker health, safety and environmental policies. It introduces several opportunities to learn from differences. PriCEs appear operational PCIs throughout several legislative and private regulatory frameworks; regulatory sectors; targeting sector- or business-specific compliance; and employing either command-and-control or reflexive/responsive regulatory modes. However, workable 'in-house' PCIs implemented by PIGs necessitate specific market architecture and legislative pressure. Within sectors of health and safety of consumers and workers specific conditions may support in-house PCIs, which control business-specific compliance within command-and-control mode. However, within environmental sector, such in-house PCIs appear unfeasible. The EU legislature has also architected PCIs, which somewhat equate to reflexive/responsive mode, to consumer and environmental policies, whilst it has abstained from introduction of such instruments to worker health and safety due to autonomous social dialogue. Generally, at EU level, the potential for using outfitted reflexive mode PCIs appears greater than employing command-and-control mode in CPIs.
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MAYORAL, DÍAZ-ASENSIO Juan Antonio. "The politics of judging EU law : a new approach to national courts in the legal integration of Europe." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/29634.

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Defence date: 5 December 2013
Examining Board: Professor Adrienne Héritier, European University Institute/ Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (Supervisor); Professor Bruno de Witte, European University Institute/Maastricht University; Professor Marlene Wind, University of Copenhagen; Professor Alec Stone Sweet, Yale University.
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This research aims to present a comprehensive analysis of the political and institutional processes that are at work in the judicial application of EU law on a national level. As a main novelty, the research intends to go beyond judicial behaviour models that focus predominantly on explaining the use of preliminary references. One could namely suggest that the way national courts participate in the preliminary reference procedure is not sufficient to assess the available modes for the judicial integration of Europe. Accordingly, the study considers the impact of political institutional and attitudinal factors affecting the judicial enforcement of EU law. This is done by posing new questions, for instance, the relevance of national judges’ preferences towards EU legal order and institutions, as well as by evaluating and reviewing the impact of political and legal institutions on their behaviour and its consequences for policy areas. First of all, the analysis confirms the influence of judges’ evaluation of EU institutions and their national counterparts on their self-perception as EU judges and, subsequently, in the application of EU law. Secondly, the study shows how national institutions, like governments and national high courts, play a prominent role in shaping national courts’ incentives for the application of EU law, as they may use their institutional power to circumvent judges’ decisions. Finally, it reviews the strategic use of European instruments such as the CJEU precedent and its doctrines (e.g. supremacy) to overcome domestic threats when applying EU law. To conclude, the study tries to expand the explanatory power of the middle range accounts of the role national courts played, by integrating the analytical strength of the legalist/ intergovernmentalist theories into neo-functionalism.
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ÖBERG, Jacob. "Limits to EU powers : a case study on individual criminal sanctions for the enforcement of EU law." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/32931.

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Defence date: 26 September 2014
Examining Board: Professor Giorgio Monti, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Loïc Azoulai, European University Institute; Professor Valsamis Mitsilegas, Queen Mary University of London; Professor Damian Chalmers, London School of Economics
The question posed by this thesis is how limits can be constructed to the exercise of EU powers. While there are limits to the exercise of EU competences in the Treaties and in the Court of Justice’s jurisprudence, it is argued that those limits suffer from conceptual and practical problems. In particular, the Court does not have appropriate criteria to examine whether the limits of the Treaties have been exceeded by the Union legislator. The thesis uses one of the new, and controversial, competences that the Union has obtained, the power to impose criminal sanctions, as a case study to propose a mechanism by which legislative powers can be kept in check. This is an illuminating and relevant case study. Firstly, it nicely illustrates the limits to the exercise of EU competences. Secondly, legislative practice and political statements suggest that this competence will be used regularly in the future. The thesis makes two proposals. First, by interpreting the scope of the EU’s powers under the Treaties to impose criminal sanctions the thesis shows the limits to the exercise of EU competences. It demonstrates the scope of EU’s competences by analyzing current and proposed criminal law measures. Secondly, noting that a construction of the limits to EU competences also needs to tackle the institutional challenges of judicial review, it develops an argument for a more intense and evidence-based judicial review. It constructs a procedural standard of legality which demands that the EU legislator shows that it has adequately reasoned its decisions and has taken into account relevant evidence. By testing the legality of discretely chosen criminal law measures on the basis of this standard, it is demonstrated how the Court can enforce the limits of the Treaties.
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POIARES, PESSOA MADURO Luis Miguel. "We the Court : the European Court of Justice, the European economic constitution and article 30 of the EC treaty." Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4753.

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MORONDO, TARAMUNDI Dolores. "Equal oppttunity and the dilemmma of difference at the European Court of Justice : a gendered approach." Doctoral thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4718.

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Defence date: 16 June 2003
Examining board: Prof. Dr. Yota Kravaritou, Supervisor, External Professor EUI, University of Thessaloniki ; Prof. Dr. M. Ángeles Barrère Unzueta, Co-supervisor, University of the Basque Country ; Prof. Joxerramon Bengoetxea, Court of Justice of the European Community, Luxembourg ; Prof. Gráinne de Búrca, European University Institute, Florence
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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HÄGGLÖF, Mikael. "Emissions trading and competition law : refusal to supply marketable pollution permits." Doctoral thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5544.

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CAUNES, Karine. "Le principe de primauté du droit de l'Union Européenne : contribution à l'étude de la nature juridique de l'Union Européenne et des rapports de système européens." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/12041.

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Defence date: 15 June 2009
Examining Board: Loïc Azoulay (Université de Paris II), Bruno De Witte (EUI), Michel Troper (External Co-Supervisor, Université de Paris X-Nanterre), Neil Walker (Supervisor, EUI)
First made available online 10 February 2020
The definition of the European Union (EU) from a positivist standpoint depends on the definition of its relationship with the Member States. This definition in turn depends on the way the conflicting interpretations of the principle of primacy of EU law by European and national courts are reconciled. Based on an analysis of European and national case-law, three different positions exist on the matter. According to the European Court of Justice, which has adopted a monist approach with primacy of EU law, the principle of primacy of EU law is absolute, which is reflected in terms of validity in the subordination of Member States to the European Union, which is thus a European state or a monist internal legal system, characterized by its single ground of validity. According to the national courts of Member States, which have adopted a monist approach with primacy of national law, the principle of primacy of EU law is relative only, and the validity of EU norms in the national arena is defined by higher national norms. Whatever the definition of EU law, whether it is defined as an international legal system or a sui generis one, the EU is considered as a sub-system of the national legal system, and thus as an internal monist legal system. According to the national courts of Member States, which have adopted a dualist approach, the principle of primacy of EU law means simply that EU norms take precedence over national norms in terms of implementation, which is determined by national rules. Whatever the definition of EU law, whether it is defined as an international legal system or a sui generis one, the EU and the national legal system are defined as separate albeit coordinated legal systems. This diversity of positions based on the legal system chosen as the frame of reference, reflects the common feature shared by all legal systems: their sovereignty. It is at the basis of their relationship, which is a pluralist one. This does not mean however that EU law is an international legal system, as this characterisation would not reflect the integration taking place between Member states and the EU. A complex system of direct interactions between European and national organs, correlative to the integrated system of EU/Member States material competences, has given to this relationship a tri-dimensional shape. The EU stricto sensu and the Member States are at the origin of a third common legal system: the EU largo sensu which forms a pluralist internal legal system, encompassing both the EU stricto sensu and the Member States, and which is characterised by a plurality of grounds of validity: those of the EU stricto sensu and those of the Member States. The mystery of the legal nature of the European Union is thus solved.
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49

EMANUELSON, Anna. "Article 81 and state measures : a study of the remaining conflicts between national economic regulations and Article 81, using the example of environmental agreements and collective agreements." Doctoral thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5565.

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50

COUTTO, Tatiana. "The EU as an actor in international environmental negotiations : the role of the mixity principle in fishery agreements." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14185.

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Abstract:
Defence date: 12 March 2010
Examining Board: Prof. Adrienne Héritier, EUI (Supervisor) Prof. Christian Lequesne, CERI-Sciences-Po Prof. Andrew Jordan, University of East Anglia Prof. Pascal Vennesson, EUI
The mechanisms that enable the joint participation of the European Community (EC) and its twenty seven sovereign member states in multilateral bargains are much more complex than what the three pillar architecture suggests. Nevertheless, the influence of inter-branch negotiations on the EC/EU’s international actorness4 still remains a gray area between law and political science. An under-explored aspect regards the distribution of competences – defined as authority to undertake negotiations with third states and international organizations – within the Community institutional framework. Such competences, or powers, may be exclusive to member states (MSs), exclusive to the EC represented by the Commission, or shared by both. The last situation, known as mixed participation (or mixity) is the key variable of this study. This thesis seeks to shed light on EU actorness under mixity conditions by investigating how and to what extent the distribution of competences between the European Commission and the Council of Ministers influences the performance of the EC in the negotiation of certain types of global environmental agreements. The methodology consists of comparative analysis of three empirical cases related to the exploitation of living marine resources (fisheries). A two-level approach grounded in rational choice institutionalism is adopted, dividing the study in two main parts: the first focuses on EU level bargains (L1) in order to explain the different kinds of contracts (mandate) established between the Council and the Commission through a principal-agent relationship. The independent variables taken into account are Council‟s preferences, Commission’s preferences, and the extent of the knowledge about ecological processes impacted by the forthcoming policy decisions stemming from the agreements. This last variable was called „environmental scientific uncertainty‟ (ESU), as this term is already used by environmental economists. The second part of the thesis addresses the negotiation of global agreements to which the EC was part, either exclusively or together with MSs. As there is a shift in the level of analysis the mandate – the dependent variable at L1 – becomes an independent variable at L2. The goal is now to explain: a) the effects of mixity as opposed to EC exclusive competence on the EU’s actorness. The underlying argument is that the implications of mixity go beyond European integration; in fact they are critical to the strengthening of EU agency vis-à-vis other players. They appear as a valuable institutional mechanism in domains marked by scarcity of reliable scientific data about ecological processes (as in ESU). The three cases are studied in both L1 and L2 and relate to fisheries policies: a) the Agreement to Promote Compliance by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas (1995), under the FAO framework; b) the Agreement on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (1995), Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) framework and c) The Jakarta Mandate, an agreement on Biodiversity of Marine and Coastal Areas (1995), under the Convention on Biological Diversity framework. Data stem mainly from Law databases and official journals. Results shall shed light on the external impact of institutional arrangements within the Community, and their relevance to the study of the EU’s international relations.
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