Dissertations / Theses: 'Environmental impacts'

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Dibo, Ana Paula Alves. "A inserção de impactos ambientais cumulativos em Estudos de Impacto Ambiental: o caso do setor sucroenergético paulista." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-09012014-152837/.

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O etanol de cana-de-açúcar tem se destacado no cenário mundial como uma potencial fonte de energia alternativa aos combustíveis fósseis. Entretanto, sua produção é fortemente baseada na monocultura, intensificando os impactos adversos nos recursos ambientais. Esses impactos podem se combinar e persistir ao longo do tempo, possibilitando o acúmulo destes nos recursos ambientais, tornando-se necessário um planejamento mais adequado da produção do bioetanol, para que uma abordagem mais sistêmica seja integrada a esse processo. Em meio a esses fatores, a consideração de impactos cumulativos é um elemento essencial para a sustentabilidade do etanol, por conseguir avaliar de maneira mais holística as implicações da monocultura, sendo obrigatória durante o processo de licenciamento ambiental do setor. Essa prática pode ser viabilizada por meio da AIA, possibilitando que esses impactos possam ser identificados e avaliados para que a viabilidade ambiental dos empreendimentos do setor possa ser atestada, principalmente pela elaboração de um EIA. Apesar da exigência, há indícios de que a prática da inserção destes impactos não tem sido realizada adequadamente. Diante do exposto, a pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar de que maneira os impactos ambientais cumulativos estão sendo inseridos em Estudos de Impacto Ambiental do setor sucroenergético paulista, à luz dos elementos preconizados pela AIC. Para tal, foram caracterizados potenciais impactos ambientais cumulativos provenientes da monocultura de cana-de-açúcar nos componentes ambientais águas superficiais, águas subterrâneas, biota aquática e fauna e flora terrestre; além da definição de critérios para as análises nos estudos ambientais. Assim, verificou-se a prática atual da consideração desses impactos nos EIAs do setor canavieiro. A metodologia foi baseada em pesquisa bibliográfica, entrevistas semiestruturadas, modelo causal e análise documental. Como resultados, constatou-se que os impactos ambientais cumulativos não têm sido considerados adequadamente nos EIAs, tendo como base os critérios adotados na análise. Dentre as fragilidades encontradas, destaca-se a falta da identificação e consideração nas análises de outras atividades do passado, presente e futuro, bem como a definição de limites temporais. Além disso, observou-se que alguns dos impactos cumulativos identificados pela pesquisa são contemplados nos estudos como impactos diretos e indiretos. Considerando que as monoculturas podem ser caracterizadas como fontes de mudanças ambientais sob ampla perspectiva espacial e temporal, e diante de sua natureza repetitiva, há uma necessidade de estabelecimento de requisitos, procedimentos e métodos a serem empregados para avaliação destes impactos. Neste contexto, os Termos de Referência poderiam direcionar essa avaliação por meio da definição de critérios a serem contemplados nos estudos, possibilitando uma compreensão das perturbações das áreas de cultivo em sistemas ambientais e a definição de limites a serem observados, além de agregar valor aos processos de tomada de decisão sobre a viabilidade ambiental de empreendimentos do setor sucroenergético no estado de São Paulo.
Sugarcane ethanol has distinguished itself worldwide as a potential alternative energy source to fossil fuels. However, its production is heavily based on monoculture, intensifying the adverse impacts on environmental resources. These impacts may combine to persist over time, allowing the accumulation of these on environmental resources, making necessary a more appropriate planning of bioethanol production, for a more systemic approach into this process. Amidst these factors, addressing cumulative impacts is an essential element for the ethanol sustainability, able to assess a more holistic manner the implications of monoculture, being required during the environmental licensing process industry. This practice can be conducted through the EIA, enabling these impacts can be identified and assessed for environmental feasibility of projects in the sector can be attested, mainly by establishing an EIS. Despite the demand, there is evidence that the practice of addressing these impacts have not been adequately performed. Given the above, the research aimed to analyze how the cumulative environmental impacts are being entered into the Environmental Impact Statements of São Paulo sugarcane industry in light of the elements recommended by the CIA. To this end, potential cumulative environmental impacts from sugarcane monoculture in the environmental components surface waters, groundwater, aquatic biota and terrestrial fauna and flora were characterized, beyond the definition of criteria for analysis in environmental studies. Thus, we found the current practice of considering these impacts in EIS of sugarcane industry. The methodology was based on a literature review, semi-structured interviews, document analysis and causal model. As a result, it was found that the cumulative environmental impacts have not been adequately considered in EIS, based on the criteria used in the analysis. Among the weaknesses found, there is a lack of identification and the analyze of other activities of the past, present and future, as well as setting time limits. Moreover, it was observed that some of the cumulative impacts identified by the survey are included in the studies as direct and indirect impacts. Whereas monocultures can be characterized as sources of environmental changes on large spatial and temporal perspective, and before their repetitive nature, there is a need to establish requirements, procedures and methods to be employed for the assessment of these impacts. In this context, the Terms of Reference could direct this review by defining the criteria to be included in the studies, enabling an understanding of the disturbances growing areas in environmental systems and setting limits to be observed, besides adding value to decision- making process on the environmental feasibility of the sugarcane industry developments in the state of São Paulo.

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Silva, João Carlos da. "Avaliação de impactos cumulativos no planejamento ambiental de hidrelétricas na região amazônica: análise a partir dos instrumentos de avaliação de impacto aplicados na bacia do rio Teles Pires." Universidade Nove de Julho, 2017. http://bibliotecatede.uninove.br/handle/tede/1628.

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The importance of preserving the Amazonian biome given its ecological relevance to the planet does not prevent the concentration of energy projects in the Amazon region due to its unique hydro potential. The hydrographic basins of the Amazon River, which includes the Teles Pires River and the Tocantins River, account for about 80% of the new hydroelectric plants planned to meet the demands of electricity in Brazil according to planning documents. The debate about the significant socio-environmental impacts associated with the advance of the hydroelectric frontier for the Amazon region has been intense. In the country since 2003, the hydroelectric sector, besides having their projects evaluated by the Environmental Impact Studies (EIS), also began to be discussed in the context of watersheds through the Integrated Environmental Assessment (IEA). Given the socio-environmental vulnerability of the Amazon region to the construction and operation of hydroelectric plants, it is relevant to discuss the cumulative impacts resulting from multiple hydroelectric plants in the same basin. The objective of this research is to study the environmental studies carried out in the Teles Pires river basin and three hydroelectric projects in this basin, respectively, the Teles Pires river basin IEA and the Colider Hydroelectric plant EIS, the Teles Pires Hydroelectric plant and the Sinop Hydroelectric plant. Thus, it is established as a research question: How the cumulative impacts of hydroelectric projects inserted in a hydrographic basin in the Amazon region are being analyzed in the environmental planning instruments through the Integrated Environmental Assessment and Environmental Impact Study? The general objective of the research is to analyze the evaluation of cumulative impacts from the Teles Pires river basin scale in the Amazon region to the hydroelectric scale by environmental impact assessment instruments applied to the environmental planning of hydroelectric dams. The results of the research show that there is an association between the cumulative impacts presented in the Integrated Environmental Assessment for the Teles Pires river basin and the Environmental Impact Studies of the uses inserted in this basin. The results also point out that the good practices of Cumulative Impact Assessment are present mainly at the river basin level. It is considered that the cumulative impacts of hydroelectric projects inserted in a hydrographic basin in the Amazon region are being analyzed in the environmental planning instruments, mainly through the Integrated Environmental Assessment of the basin and, to a lesser extent, through the Environmental Impact Study of Hydroelectric use.
A importância da preservação do bioma Amazônico dado sua relevância ecológica para o planeta não impede a concentração de projetos de energia na Amazônia motivados pelo seu singular potencial hídrico. As bacias hidrográficas do rio Amazonas, que abrange a do rio Teles Pires, e do rio Tocantins concentram cerca de 80% das novas usinas hidrelétricas previstas para atender as demandas de energia elétrica no Brasil segundo documentos do planejamento. O debate sobre os significativos impactos socioambientais associados ao avanço da fronteira hidrelétrica para a região amazônica tem sido intenso. No país, desde 2003, o setor hidrelétrico além de ter seus empreendimentos avaliados pelos Estudos de Impactos Ambiental (EIA) também passaram a ser discutidos no contexto de bacias hidrográficas por meio da Avaliação Ambiental Integrada (AAI). Dada a vulnerabilidade socioambiental da região amazônica frente à construção e operação das usinas hidrelétricas, torna-se relevante discutir os impactos cumulativos resultantes de múltiplos aproveitamentos hidrelétricos em uma mesma bacia. O objeto da pesquisa refere-se aos estudos ambientais realizados na bacia do rio Teles Pires e em seis aproveitamentos hidrelétricos nesta bacia, respectivamente, a AAI da bacia do rio Teles Pires e os EIAs da UHE Colider, da UHE Teles Pires, da UHE Sinop, da UHE Foz do Apiacás, da UHE São Manoel e da UHE Magessi. Assim, estabelece-se como questão de pesquisa: Como os impactos cumulativos de aproveitamentos hidrelétricos inseridos em bacia hidrográfica na região amazônica estão sendo analisados nos instrumentos de planejamento ambiental por meio da Avaliação Ambiental Integrada e Estudo de Impacto Ambiental? O objetivo geral da pesquisa refere-se a analisar a avaliação de impactos cumulativos desde a escala de bacia do rio Teles Pires na região amazônica até a escala de hidrelétricas por meio dos instrumentos de avaliação de impacto ambiental aplicados ao planejamento ambiental de hidrelétricas. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que há associação entre os impactos cumulativos apresentados na Avaliação Ambiental Integrada para a bacia hidrográfica do rio Teles Pires e os Estudos de Impacto Ambiental dos aproveitamentos inseridos nesta bacia. Os resultados apontam ainda que as boas práticas de Avaliação de Impactos Cumulativos estão presentes sobretudo no nível de bacia hidrográfica. Considera-se que os impactos cumulativos de aproveitamentos hidrelétricos inseridos em bacia hidrográfica na região amazônica vêm sendo analisados nos instrumentos de planejamento ambiental, principalmente, por meio da Avaliação Ambiental Integrada da bacia e, em menor proporção, por meio do Estudo de Impacto Ambiental do aproveitamento hidrelétrico.

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Bhatia, Sarika. "Documentation of Biodiversity Impacts (Including Cumulative Biodiversity Impacts) in Environmental Impact Statements." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278173/.

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In the United States, biodiversity impact assessment has historically received little attention. Responding in 1993, the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) released guidelines on incorporating biodiversity into environmental impact assessment under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. The objectives of the study here were to identify the level of documentation of biodiversity impact assessment in sample Environmental Impact Statements (EISs); identify whether in the years following the release of 1993 CEQ guidelines any significant changes have taken place in assessment of biodiversity; identify deficiencies, and if the need exists, formulate appropriate recommendations and approaches for addressing biodiversity in EISs. The study involved a systematic review of 30 EISs published since the release of CEQ guidelines, and five EISs published prior to it. The review involved answering a series of standard questions, which attempted to ascertain the level of biodiversity impacts included in each impact statement. Trends in approaches to biodiversity impact assessment were investigated and deficiencies summarized. The analysis resulted in a series of recommendations for improving the manner in which biodiversity impact assessment can be approached.

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Clarke, Alexander David. "Environmental impacts of renewable energy." Thesis, Open University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.551604.

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This PhD study addresses the question of whether the environmental impact of renewable energy sources is related to the power flux density. The object was to examine whether there are some general rules concerning the environmental impact from renewable energy sources, and whether a common factor could be the power flux density, of unit kW/m2 as an underlying principle. The background and nature of the study are described with definitions of key concepts. The role of energy in the environment, powering the natural world and having a set of functions, are explained. The need for a general theory and the rationale is considered for eight primary renewable energy sources. The literature on environmental impact from these sources is reviewed. The theory and the hypothesis are explained with questions raised. A test devised to explore the relevant interactions (sediment transport and land use) is outlined, using data from a selection of well known hydro electric power developments. The 'Stream Power' concept and a variety of parameters were used for identifying losses of energy and power to a river's natural processes, resulting from impoundment dams. The test was carried out on the reservoir reach and the river downstream. It is concluded from applying the hypothesis to hydro electric power, that the environmental impact may indeed be related to the power flux density, for the two main impact parameters investigated, land use and sediment transport, though this is not conclusively statistically confirmed due to the small sample size. The hypothesis is extended in the Appendix to the other water based renewable energy sources, tidal barrage, marine current, and wave power, and to the lower energy flux density sources such as wind, solar and biomass. It is concluded tentatively that there is a qualitative argument that the environmental impact of all renewable energy sources may be related to power flux density, in terms of both land use and some functions in nature of the energy flow.

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Magerøy, Marina. "The communication of environmental impacts through environmental product declarations." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-15078.

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In 2006 an international standard, ISO 14025, was published on the principles and procedures of environmental product declarations (EPD). The standard gives requirements to the development of EPDs and PCRs and is used as a basis of EPD development within many EPD programmes globally. Despite an international standard, published EPDs today have different contents and format depending on who published the EPD. The main goal of EPDs is to provide objective, comparable and credible information about the environmental impacts of a product throughout its life cycle. These objectives can be diminished by the variations seen in EPDs and PCRs today. Through the mapping of six different international EPD programmes and the analysis of published PCRs and EPDs, this thesis shows that there is a need for communication between and harmonisation of EPD programmes at a global level. The main objective of this thesis is to contribute in the harmonisation of standards and guidelines for communication of environmental performance products and services in Norway. The thesis results in a recommendation to the Norwegian EPD Foundation within five areas; o format and layout of EPD o front page of EPD o environmental impact categories o user guide o online database

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Ammenberg, Jonas. "Do standardised environmental management systems lead to reduced environmental impacts? /." Linköping : Univ, 2003. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2003/tek851s.pdf.

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Netherwood, Alan Mark. "Environmental reviews and environmental management systems : methodologies and organisational impacts." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 1996. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/21915/.

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This thesis considers the methodologies and organisational impacts of Environmental Reviews and Environmental Management Systems in Local Authorities, Universities and Conservation organisations. It assesses the practical impacts of these tools, identifies elements of good practice and discusses the organisational and political factors which affect the success of environmental management activity in these organisations. Chapter 1 describes the growth of global, European and national policy initiatives aimed at minimising environmental degradation and delivering sustainable development and the subsequent development of environmental strategies and environmental management tools in organisations. Chapter 2 discusses environmental management activity in Local Government in the context of Local Agenda 21, using the results of a survey of environmental management techniques in local authorities and a case study of Lancashire County Council. These findings are discussed in the context of changes to local government organisation in the UK and in relation to local government management theory. Chapter 3 considers environmental management activity in Universities in the context of institutional performance using the results of a survey of approaches to environmental management in Universities and a case study of environmental management in the University of Central Lancashire. These findings are then considered in relation to changes in the orgamsation of the Higher Education Sector in the UK and in the context of university management theory. Chapter 4 considers the use of environmental management techniques in the Conservation sector in the context of Local Agenda 21, using a survey of conservation organisations and a case study of The National Trust's environmental management strategy. These findings are then discussed with regard to changes occurring in the management and funding of NGOs and quangos in the UK. Based upon the research findings, a number of recommendations are made for successful organisational environmental management strategies and the long term application of these techniques within each of these sectors. These findings are then drawn together in Chapter 5 to identify common methodological, organisational and political factors which affect the success of organisational environmental management strategies and to discuss their potential contribution to sustainable development. An alternative approach to TQM based environmental management is offered for organisations, based upon the elements of good practice identified in the non-profit sector, which include conscensus building, wide participation, and democratic decision making. Within the organisation, this approach closely resembles the Local Agenda 21 process used by local government to consult and empower local communities in sustainable development.

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Чорток, Юлія Володимирівна, Юлия Владимировна Чорток, and Yuliia Volodymyrivna Chortok. "The environmental impacts of logistics systems." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7860.

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Weeks, Simon J. "The environmental impacts of technical change." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/12192/.

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The thesis is concerned with relationships between profit, technology and environmental change. Existing work has concentrated on only a few questions, treated at either micro or macro levels of analysis. And there has been something of an impasse since the neoclassical and neomarxist approaches are either in direct conflict (macro level), or hardly interact (micro level). The aim of the thesis was to bypass this impasse by starting to develop a meso level of analysis that focusses on issues largely ignored in the traditional approaches - on questions about distribution. The first questions looked at were descriptive - what were the patterns of distribution over time of the variability in types and rates of environmental change, and in particular, was there any evidence of periodization? Two case studies were used to examine these issues. The first looked at environmental change in the iron and steel industry since 1700, and the second studied pollution in five industries in the basic processing sector. It was established that environmental change has been markedly periodized, with an apparently fairly regular `cycle length' of about fifty years. The second questions considered were explanatory - whether and how this periodization could be accounted for by reference to variations in aspects of profitability and technical change. In the iron and steel industry, it was found that diffusion rates and the rate of nature of innovation were periodized on the same pattern as was environmental change. And the same sort of variation was also present in the realm of profits, as evidenced by cyclical changes in output growth. Simple theoretical accounts could be given for all the empirically demonstrable links, and it was suggested that the most useful models at this meso level of analysis are provided by structural change models of economic development.

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Rosly, Dahlia. "Social impacts in the environmental impact assessment of light rail transit." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337197.

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Oliveira, Valéria Regina Salla de. "Impactos cumulativos na avaliação de impactos ambientais: fundamentação, metodologia, legislação, análise de experiências e formas de abordagem." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4243.

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Current subjects as the global heating, reduction in n the ozone layer and the loss of the biodiversity, among other, are resulted of centuries of human actions considered without importance by its low prompt significance and whose impacts had not been evaluated. Although the evaluation of environmental impacts - EIA the to have been instituted more than thirty years, its practical one more common it is in the project level and it is not common to evaluation of these impacts, called of cumulative impacts - IC. The need of the consideration of these impacts made a process that considered them to appear - the Cumulative Impact Assessment - CIA. CIA has been studied, practiced and argued at several countries, however in Brazil, its practice is not common. Although the legislation approaches the consideration of cumulative impacts, they don't know each other approaches and methodologies adapted for such analysis, nor as to consider IC in the process of environmental licensing. With base in this gap, this work had as aim to do a conceptual theoretical survey on cumulative impacts and its analysis process, identifying in the literature the conceptual framework, tools, methodologies, application forms and case studies. After the critical analysis of the data, it was traced a conceptual, theoretical and technical profile and presented as result proposed and recommendations for subsidy to a possible systematization of the procedures; aimed the application difficulties and adaptation needs so that the practice of AIC in Brazil is implanted, as well as in several countries.
Questões atuais como o aquecimento global, redução na camada de ozônio e a perda da biodiversidade, entre outros, são resultado de séculos de ações humanas consideradas sem importância por sua baixa significância pontual e cujos impactos não foram avaliados. Apesar da avaliação de impactos ambientais AIA ter sido instituída a mais de trinta anos, sua prática mais comum é no nível de projeto e não é comum a avaliação destes impactos, chamados de impactos cumulativos IC. A necessidade da consideração destes impactos fez surgir um processo que os considerasse a Avaliação de Impactos Cumulativos AIC (Cumulative Impact Assessment CIA). A AIC tem sido estudada, praticada e discutida em vários países, contudo no Brasil, sua prática não é comum. Embora a legislação aborde a consideração de impactos cumulativos, não se conhecem critérios e metodologias apropriadas para tal análise, nem como considerar os IC no processo de licenciamento ambiental. Com base nesta lacuna, este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento teórico conceitual sobre impactos cumulativos e seu processo de análise, identificando na literatura o embasamento conceitual, ferramentas, metodologias, formas de aplicação e estudos de caso. Após a análise crítica dos dados, foi traçado um perfil conceitual, teórico e técnico e apresentado como resultado propostas e recomendações para subsídio à uma possível sistematização dos procedimentos; apontadas as dificuldades de aplicação e necessidades de adequação para que a prática da AIC no Brasil seja implantada, assim como em diversos países.

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SANCHEZ, ARETHA. "Atividades humanas e mudanca climatico-ambientais: um arelacao inevitavel." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9427.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Intlekofer, Koji. "Environmental implications of leasing." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33835.

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This thesis will investigate the possibility of leasing as a 'greener' form of business transaction. With leasing, the customer pays for the service obtained form the product, but does not own the physical asset; ownership remains with the lessor. This has been claimed to increase resource productivity and close material loops. Numerous complications exist, however, such as tax regulations limiting operating leases to terms of 75% of the total product's life. In addition, no clear pattern has emerged in leasing practices, and in most cases manufacturers approach leasing on an ad hoc basis. Research has found that usage-phase impacts play a major role in determining the advantages realized by leasing. Products such as vehicles or refrigerators that continually consume energy negatively impact the environment much more during their use than during manufacturing or transportation. Because most lease agreements contain maintenance contracts, the opportunity to upgrade and increase product efficiency during this use-phase is paramount to reducing negative impacts. Remanufacturing also shows potential to further reduce resource requirements. However, if product efficiency is not improving significantly, remanufacturing alone does not make a significant impact. In some cases, such as carpets, remanufacturing is not practical, but recycling can be utilized. However, tax regulations require leased terms to be less than that of a product's designed life, hastening replacement. This has the potential to offset any advantages seen with a lease agreement. Academic work in this area remains very limited and product-specific. Case study analyses performed in this thesis found that increased product turnover can actually be environmentally beneficial when product technology is improving. These gains can be further improved with remanufacturing and optimized product replacement moderated by lease agreements. If usage energy is significantly less than manufacturing energy, leasing has little value for reducing impacts. Also leasing may motivate closed material loops, without improving product efficiencies there is no advantage to optimizing life cycles with lease contracts.

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Almeida, Alivinio de. "Hidrovia Tocantins-Araguaia: importância e impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais segundo a percepção dos agentes econômicos locais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-24112004-090158/.

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O presente estudo avalia a percepção de potenciais usuários da Hidrovia Tocantins-Araguaia sobre seus possíveis impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais em 7 municípios, no Estado do Tocantins. Foram entrevistados 24 indivíduos representantes do poder público, da iniciativa privada, de entidades de classe e de organizações não-governamentais ambientalistas. Como evidência de campo, verificou-se que, no rio Araguaia, a limitada infra-estrutura operacional, instalada em 1998, está completamente deteriorada e que as embarcações estão sem uso desde 2000. No rio Tocantins, verificou-se a inexistência de eclusas que permitam vencer os desníveis naturais mais agressivos, aumentando a navegabilidade e possibilitando o tráfego dos comboios. Diante disso, pode-se afirmar que a Hidrovia ainda está longe de se consolidar como um modal de transporte alternativo para o Estado. Quanto à opinião dos entrevistados, de modo geral,consideram interessante, oportuna e estratégica a presença da Hidrovia Tocantins-Araguaia em seus municípios, principalmente para o transporte de insumos e produtos. A despeito da pouca nformação de que dispunham sobre sua dimensão, potencial e impactos, manifestaram expectativas positivas quanto aos aspectos econômicos e sociais e negativas quanto aos ambientais. Vários assinalaram que o lento processo de implantação compromete sua inserção nos projetos institucionais ou empresariais e causa descrença sobre sua consolidação. A análise estatística dos dados de campo, realizada através de uma regressão do tipo stepwise, revela que os agentes econômicos relacionam a importância da Hidrovia Tocantins-Araguaia para seus municípios aos impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais que ela possa causar. Os resultados individuais mostraram-se significativos, segundo o nível de probabilidade p, para as variáveis selecionadas pelo modelo, sob α = 0,20(erro tipo I) estabelecido à priori. Foram significativos e positivos os coeficientes das variáveis geração de emprego e renda, oferta de serviços estruturais municipais e valor das propriedades ribeirinhas e, negativos, os coeficientes das variáveis conhecimento e informação sobre a hidrovia, atividades de indústria e comércio, atividades de turismo e oferta de serviços sociais municipais. A variável atividades de agricultura não foi significativa. O grupo focal, realizado com a finalidade de ampliar a discussão qualitativa sobre a Hidrovia Tocantins-Araguaia, foi consensual em relação aos benefícios econômicos e sociais proporcionados ao Estado do Tocantins e aos circunvizinhos. Porém, alertou sobre os possíveis impactos negativos no meio ambiente, especialmente no Rio Araguaia. Em linhas gerais, o estudo permitiu concluir pela necessidade e benefícios de serem consideradas as impressões qualitativas dos potenciais usuários na avaliação de viabilidade econômica de projetos de infra-estrutura de transporte. Tais impressões serviriam como parâmetros de ponderação dos aspectos quantitativos levantados pelo empreendedor, favorecendo a escolha do empreendimento mais adequado sob o ponto de vista econômico, social e ambiental. Sobre a implantação efetiva da Hidrovia Tocantins-Araguaia, no Estado do Tocantins, alerta-se para os impactos que ela possa causar. Ainda que sob o ponto de vista comum sejam esperados benefícios econômicos e sociais, sob o ponto de vista ambiental a sensação é de perda de qualidade. O Rio Araguaia, pela sua juventude e fragilidade dos ecossistemas que congrega,exige tratamento especial, baseado num cuidadoso plano de intervenções, que respeite suas características naturais, bem como as das espécies e populações que o habitam, inclusive a humana. O Rio Tocantins, ainda que menos indefeso pela sua maior idade, precisa de tratamento adequado, uma vez que dele depende não só a Hidrovia Tocantins e o projeto multimodal de transporte mas,também, todo o projeto de geração de energia hidrelétrica do Estado.
The present study aims to evaluate the perception of potential users of the Tocantins-Araguaia Waterway concerning the possibility of economic, social and environmental impacts in 7 municipalities, in the State of Tocantins. For this purpose, 24 individuals representing the government, private sector and non-government environmental organizations, have been interviewed. Field evidences shows that in the Araguaia River the limited operational infrastructure, installed in 1998, is completely deteriorated and that the ships have not been used since the year 2000. It has been, in the Tocantins River, noticed the nonexistence of dams, which allow to regulate the more aggressive natural differences in the river levels, increasing the navigability of the convoys. Therefore, it can be stated that the waterway is still far from its consolidation as a transportation alternative for this State. As for the opinion of those who have been interviewed, in general, the presence of the Tocantins- Araguaia Waterway in their municipalities is considered interesting and strategic, mainly for the transportation of inputs and finished goods. Despite the little information available as to its dimension, potential and impacts, positive expectation have been manifested as to economic and social aspects, and negative as to environmental aspects. Several of them stated that the slow process of implantation difficult its introduction in the projects or enterprises and causes the incredibility over its consolidation. The statistical analysis of the field data, made through a stepwise regression reveals that the economic agents relates the importance of the Tocantins-Araguaia Waterway for their municipalities to the economic, social and environmental impacts that it might cause. The individual results are significant, according to the confidence level p , for the variables selected by the model, under α = 0,20 (tipe I error) à priori determined. The coefficients of the variables job creation and income improvement, municipal social service offer and the value of the water side properties were significant and positive and the coefficients of the variables knowledge and information on waterway, commercial and industrial activities, tourism activities, and the municipal social service offer, were negative. The variable agricultural activities was not significant. The focal group about Tocantins-Araguaia Waterway was consensual over the economic and social benefits for the State of Tocantins. However, the group warned about possible negative impacts in the environment, especially in the Araguaia River. In general, the study permitted to conclude for the necessity and benefits to consider the qualitative impressions of the potential users in the evaluation of the economic viability of transportation infrastructure projects. Such impressions would serve as parameters of the qualitative aspects brought forward by the entrepreneur, improving the choice of the most adequate enterprise under the economic, social and environmental aspects. As for the effective implantation of the Tocantins-Araguaia Waterway, in the State of Tocantins, the impacts that it may cause should be brought forward. Although economic and social benefits are expected, the perception is of loss of the environmental quality. The Araguaia River, because of its youth and ecosystems fragility, demands a special treatment, based on a careful plan of interventions, that respects its natural characteristics, as well as the species and populations that inhabit it, including the human. The Tocantins River also needs a proper treatment due to the Tocantins Waterway, the multimodal transportation and the hydroelectric generation projects of the State, which depends on it.

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Haas, Jan. "Remote Sensing of Urbanization and Environmental Impacts." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Geodesi och geoinformatik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-123500.

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The unprecedented growth of urban areas all over the globe is nowadays maybe most apparent in China having undergone rapid urbanization since the late 1970s. The need for new residential, commercial and industrial areas leads to new urban regions challenging sustainable development and the maintenance and creation of a high living standard as well as the preservation of ecological functionality. Therefore, timely and reliable information on land-cover changes and their consequent environmental impacts are needed to support sustainable urban development.The objective of this research is the analysis of land-cover changes, especially the development of urban areas in terms of speed, magnitude and resulting implications for the natural and rural environment using satellite imagery and the quantification of environmental impacts with the concepts of ecosystem services and landscape metrics. The study areas are the cities of Shanghai and Stockholm and the three highly-urbanized Chinese regions Jing-Jin-Ji, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta. The analyses are based on classification of optical satellite imagery (Landsat TM/ETM+ and HJ-1A/B) over the past two decades. The images were first co-registered and mosaicked, whereupon GLCM texture features were generated and tasseled cap transformations performed to improve class separabilities. The mosaics were classified with a pixel-based SVM and a random forest decision tree ensemble classifier. Based on the classification results, two urbanization indices were derived that indicate both the absolute amount of urban land and the speed of urban development. The spatial composition and configuration of the landscape was analysed by landscape metrics. Environmental impacts were quantified by attributing ecosystem service values to the classifications and the observation of value changes over time. ivThe results from the comparative study between Shanghai and Stockholm show a decrease in all natural land-cover classes and agricultural areas, whereas urban areas increased by approximately 120% in Shanghai, nearly ten times as much as in Stockholm where no significant land-cover changes other than a 12% urban expansion could be observed. From the landscape metrics analysis results, it appears that fragmentation in both study regions occurred mainly due to the growth of high density built-up areas in previously more natural environments, while the expansion of low density built-up areas was for the most part in conjunction with pre-existing patches. Urban growth resulted in ecosystem service value losses of ca. 445 million US dollars in Shanghai, mostly due to a decrease in natural coastal wetlands. In Stockholm, a 4 million US dollar increase in ecosystem service values could be observed that can be explained by the maintenance and development of urban green spaces. Total urban growth in Shanghai was 1,768 km2 compared to 100 km2 in Stockholm. Regarding the comparative study of urbanization in the three Chinese regions, a total increase in urban land of about 28,000 km2 could be detected with a simultaneous decrease in ecosystem service values corresponding to ca. 18.5 billion Chinese Yuan Renminbi. The speed and relative urban growth in Jing-Jin-Ji was highest, followed by the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta. The increase in urban land occurred predominately at the expense of cropland. Wetlands decreased due to land reclamation in all study areas. An increase in landscape complexity in terms of land-cover composition and configuration could be detected. Urban growth in Jing-Jin-Ji contributed most to the decrease in ecosystem service values, closely followed by the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta.

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Tuomisto, Hanna. "Comparing environmental impacts of contrasting farming systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.547491.

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Hall, Jeremy Kent. "Reducing environmental impacts through the procurement chain." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287268.

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MORAIS, JORGE FERNANDES DE. "ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM THE NEW TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=14104@1.

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Muito tempo se passou até que o homem começasse a perceber que o desenvolvimento trazia consigo, além de uma vida mais confortável, prática e cômoda, também impactos predatórios à natureza. Nesse cenário, as telecomunicações, mesmo consistindo de um sistema de mecanismos de desenvolvimento limpo, também contribuem com elementos nocivos ao meio ambiente. Muitos dos impactos ainda estão sendo pesquisados e outros, já identificados, são objetos de normas e leis nacionais e internacionais. Tentando minimizar essas situações, através de políticas ambientais, fabricantes e empresas do setor procuram implantar paliativos, conseguindo, inclusive, melhorar o seu desempenho financeiro. Ao mesmo tempo, em regiões urbanas e remotas, os sistemas de telecomunicações são instrumentos importantes no controle e monitoramento de recursos ambientais, com diversos objetivos. Além do mais, é inquestionável o uso dessa tecnologia em prol da produtividade, conforto e bem estar do ser humano, imputando ao seu cotidiano uma dinâmica, que seria impossível sem ela. O objetivo desse trabalho de dissertação de mestrado é analisar as principais formas de impactos dos sistemas de telecomunicações sobre as formas de vida na Terra, como, por exemplo, efeitos da poluição do espaço, do solo e do ar, impactos visuais no panorama das cidades, bem como a utilização dessa tecnologia em projetos com fins ecológicos. Tem-se como objetivo principal apresentar os impactos positivos e negativos no meio ambiente causados pelas novas tecnologias de telecomunicações. O presente trabalho poderá servir de alerta às entidades envolvidas no processo e colaborar na tomada de decisões, nos âmbitos de engenharia e normativos, visando dar maior sustentabilidade, do ponto de vista ambiental, aos sistemas de telecomunicações existentes e futuros.
It is not difficult to understand that telecommunication technology can provide comfort as well as improve the quality of our everyday life. What isn’t so evident is the environmental impact of such development. While telecommunication technologies are still seen as clean technologies, they can have some harmful impacts on the environment, many of them have been identified and protected in national and international laws and standards, and others are still under investigation. On the other hand, it’s undoubtedly the importance of this technology for modern stile of life. It’s difficult to imagine life today without it. The aim of this Master s thesis is to present and analyze the impacts of the main forms of telecommunications systems on the people’ life on Earth, such as effects of pollution of space, soil and air, impact on visual landscape of cities and the use of technology in projects with ecological purposes. The main objective is to present the positive and negative impacts on the environment caused by the new telecommunications technologies. This work could serve as a warning to entities involved in the process and assist in decision making in the fields of engineering and standards, to give greater environmental sustainability to the existing and future telecommunication systems.

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Haas, Jan. "Remote Sensing of Urbanization and Environmental Impacts." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Geoinformatik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-181867.

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This thesis aims to establish analytical frameworks to map urban growth patterns with spaceborne remote sensing data and to evaluate environmental impacts through Landscape Metrics and Ecosystem Services. Urbanization patterns at regional scale were evaluated in China's largest urban agglomerations and at metropolitan scale in Shanghai, Stockholm and Beijing using medium resolution optical satellite data. High-resolution data was used to investigate changes in Shanghai’s urban core. The images were co-registered and mosaicked. Tasseled Cap transformations and texture features were used to increase class separabilities prior to pixel-based Random Forest and SVM classifications. Urban land cover in Shanghai and Beijing were derived through object-based SVM classification in KTH-SEG. After post-classification refinements, urbanization indices, Ecosystem Services and Landscape Metrics were used to quantify and characterize environmental impact. Urban growth was observed in all studies. China's urban agglomerations showed most prominent urbanization trends. Stockholm’s urban extent increased only little with minor environmental implications. On a regional/metropolitan scale, urban expansion progressed predominately at the expense of agriculture. Investigating urbanization patterns at higher detail revealed trends that counteracted negative urbanization effects in Shanghai's core and Beijing's urban-rural fringe. Beijing's growth resulted in Ecosystem Services losses through landscape structural changes, i.e. service area decreases, edge contamination or fragmentation. Methodological frameworks to characterize urbanization trends at different scales based on remotely sensed data were developed. For detailed urban analyses high-resolution data are recommended whereas medium-resolution data at metropolitan/regional scales is suggested. The Ecosystem Service concept was extended with Landscape Metrics to create a more differentiated picture of urbanization effects.

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Arushanyan, Yevgeniya. "Environmental Impacts of ICT: Present and Future." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys (fms), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188133.

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ICT is developing rapidly and is playing an increasingly important role in society. High expectations are placed on ICT in relation to sustainable development. In order to provide basis for decision-making and ensure that ICT is used in the best possible way for enabling sustainable development, the sustainability impacts of ICT need to be studied. This thesis aims to provide new knowledge on the environmental impacts related to ICT, to explore the potential of ICT to contribute to sustainability, and discuss ways of assessing environmental impacts of ICT. In order to fulfill the aim a literature review of existing LCA studies of ICT was done, an LCA case study of printed and online media was performed, a methodological framework for sustainability assessment of scenarios was developed and then applied for environmental assessment of future ICT societies. The results show that manufacturing and use phase are the life cycle stages contributing the most to the ICT environmental impacts. For online newspapers online distribution and content production may give significant contribution to the overall impact. User behavior was observed to be crucial for the results of comparisons of ICT solutions with their traditional counterparts. The following key issues were concluded to influence the environmental risks and opportunities in future ICT societies: energy mix, economic conditions, life styles, technology, and environmental ambitions, incentives and regulation. The potential of ICT for sustainability is affected by these key issues. A new methodological framework (SAFS) was developed for the assessment of future scenarios (societal level). Life cycle assessment (LCA) was used for assessment on a product level. Application of both methods, their benefits, drawbacks, and challenges of assessment were discussed. Both types of assessments were concluded to be important to support decision-making.
Utveckligen inom informations- och kommunikationsteknologi (IKT) sker snabbt och IKT spelar en allt viktigare roll i samhället. Samtidigt finns stora samhällsutmaningar inom hållbarhetsområdet, och ganska höga förväntningar ställs på IKT att kunna bidra till en hållbar utveckling. Vissa studier hävdar att IKT kan spela en avgörande roll för att stödja olika hållbarhetsstrategier och att IKT kan möjliggöra övergången till en mindre resursintensiv ekonomi. För att ge underlag för beslutsfattande och stödja att IKT används på bästa sätt för att möjliggöra hållbar utveckling, behöver hållbarhetseffekter av IKT studeras. När det gäller miljöpåverkan måste både negativa och positiva, direkta och indirekta effekter beaktas. Det är viktigt att förstå miljöpåverkan genom hela livscykeln för specifika enskilda IKT-lösningar men också att studera IKTs sammanvägda effekter i en mer övergripande kontext, för att identifiera potentiella risker och möjligheter ur miljösynpunkt. Dessutom behöver IKTs roll när det gäller att stödja möjligheter till miljöförbättringar och motverka risker identifieras. Denna avhandling syftar till att ge ny kunskap om IKTs miljöpåverkan, att undersöka IKTs potential för att bidra till en hållbar utveckling, och diskutera metoder för bedömning av miljökonsekvenser av IKT samt utmaningar relaterade till den typen av bedömningar. Avhandlingen omfattar en litteraturstudie av tidigare livscykelanalyser (LCA) av IKT, en LCA-studie av traditionella och online tidningar, utveckling av ett ramverk för hållbarhetsbedömning av scenarier samt användningen av det ramverket för en miljöbedömning av framtida IKT-samhällen. Resultaten visar att andra typer av miljöpåverkan än klimatpåverkan och energi inte är tillräckligt belysta i miljöbedömningar av IKT, vilket skapar en risk för suboptimering och att miljöproblem flyttas från en typ av påverkan till en annan. Tillverknings- och användningsfasen ger upphov till störst miljöpåverkan i IKT-produkters livscykel. För nättidningar visade det sig att distribution och innehållsproduktion kan ge betydande bidrag till den totala miljöpåverkan, beroende på tidningarnas egenskaper och läsarnas beteende. Generellt har användarnas beteenden visat sig vara avgörande för resultaten vid jämförelser mellan IKT-lösningar och deras mer traditionella motsvarigheter. Ett antal nyckelområden som påverkar uppkomsten av risker och möjligheter när det gäller miljöeffekter i framtida IKT-samhällen har identifierats. De är energimix, ekonomiska förhållanden, livsstilar, teknik, samt miljöambitioner, -incitament och -lagstiftning. Potentialen för IKT att bidra till hållbar utveckling påverkas av dessa nyckelområden, och potentialen skulle troligen inte realiseras helt utan incitament eller miljölagstiftning. Båda typerna av miljöbedömningar - på produkt och samhällsnivå - är viktiga för att stödja beslutsfattande. En ny metod utvecklades för bedömning av framtidsscenarier (på samhällsnivå) – Sustainability assessment framework for scenarios (SAFS). För miljöbedömning av produkter användes livscykelanalys (LCA). Tillämpningen av båda metoderna, deras fördelar och nackdelar, och utmaningar vid användning av metoderna diskuteras. Resultat från avhandlingen kan ge underlag rörande möjliga miljöeffekter av IKT idag och i framtiden för diskussion inom IKT-sektorn och bland politiker och beslutsfattare. På så sätt kan diskussioner om hur IKT kan bidra till hållbarhet underlättas. Metodutveckling och diskussion i denna avhandling kan vara av intresse för forskare och praktiker.

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Ithurburn, Bertrand F. "Weighting environmental impacts in software distribution systems." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10144826.

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Requirements engineers who try to design sustainable systems may have to compromise when it comes to different environmental impacts. For example, compact fluorescent lamps contain mercury, a dangerous material. But these lamps also save energy. They reduce consumption at the expense of introducing toxic substances into the environment. To deal with these trade-offs, researchers have developed weighting metrics to account for every type of impact in a single assessment. However, the weights have the potential to direct the system design toward neglecting lowly weighted environmental concerns.

This study aims to clarify the effects of different weighting configurations. The project employs a mixing triangle that weights three different areas of environmental impact against each other. It then compares the effects of an application service provider to the effects of a system that uses locally hosted software. The comparison uses multiple weighting configurations.

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Park, Eun Joo. "Metal Speciation, Mixtures and Environmental Health Impacts." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:23205169.

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Numerous applications of heavy metal have caused to their wide contamination in the environmental system and raised serious concerns over potential harmful effects on public health and the environment. Water, sediment, and dietary food are the main exposure media of heavy metal pollution and key determinants of adverse human and environmental health effects. Heavy metal(s) toxicity and speciation involve various mechanistic features with specific media and some of them are not clearly investigated. In particular, biological effects such as toxicity are not related to the total concentration of heavy metals in media, and many laboratory and field studies have supported this supposition. Organisms respond to the bioaccessible and bioavailable fraction of metals only, not the total concentration. The bioaccessibility and bioavailability of toxicants are dependent on chemical properties of the contaminant, the many exposure pathways, and temporal variability of these variables with respect to uptake by the target organism. Usually, bioavailable fractions are estimated using chemical or biological approaches. For this study, biological approaches were performed to better ascertain the toxic effects of heavy metals on organisms. A better understanding of bioaccessibility and bioavailability can be a useful tool in exposure and risk assessment. Therefore, this study presents experimental designs focusing on assessing of the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of metals in aquatic, benthic organisms and dietary food. This study also examines the role of metal mixtures on the adverse effects of metals.

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Jacobsen, Mark R. "Efficiency and distributional impacts of environmental regulation /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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Dean, Jonathan Daniel. "Environmental impacts of trade-oriented development policies /." View online, 2009. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131559250.pdf.

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Nirmal, Deepika. "Environmental and Cost impact Analysis of Materials and Assemblies in Building Construction." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/643.

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One of the new trends in the building construction industry is designing for environmental-friendly buildings, a.k.a. Green Buildings. Planners and designers are therefore trying to accommodate these new environmental practices into existing design criteria. Selection of building materials is one of the key decisions need to be made by building designers. However, due to the strong influence of costs on the building industry, making material-selection decisions solely based on their environmental impacts could be both inadequate and impractical. These factors therefore complicate the building design process, especially pertaining to material selection. Accordingly, the present study is aimed at providing much needed support to the decision-making process of residential building design. To this end, the study evaluates and analyzes the environmental and cost impacts of several building assemblies and material alternatives for the building exterior walls. The Technique of Order Preference Similar to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is used to evaluate and rank different material alternatives used in walls based on their environmental impacts. In addition, the environmental data used in this study were extracted from commonly used databases that considered the lifecycle impacts of different residential building materials and assemblies. The environmental and cost impacts of several exterior wall assemblies are then aggregated for different building material alternatives to allow for an objective comparison of these assemblies and facilitate proper building design decision- making. The study results show that wood and exterior insulation finishing system (EIFS) provided the best environmental performance of wall structural and wall finishing materials, respectively. This research is expected to prove useful in supporting building design decision- making. In addition, this research can improve pre-construction estimation and support screening of building materials.

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Ahlroth, Sofia. "Valuation of environmental impacts and its use in environmental systems analysis tools." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Skolan för Arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11765.

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Kengni, Bernard. "Trade and environment: the environmental impacts of the agricultural sector in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1491_1363781507.

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Berger, Karin, and Emmanouil Garyfalakis. "Environmental Impact Assessment of road transportation : Analysis to measure environmental impacts of road transportation basedon a company case." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Centre of Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-19035.

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Activities, conducted in the logistics sector, contribute to pollute the world. Especially, road transportation contaminates the environment with the release of exhaust emissions. Transport volumes as well as the proportion of the road sector are constantly rising, which intensifies its environmental impacts. In order to determine the main culprits of pollution, Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA) are used. These concepts are mostly ambiguous, fuzzy and hard to present in a comprehensive way. The main purpose of the present thesis is to develop an analysis in order to investigate the environmental impacts of road transportation along a certain supply chain. An academic resource was used as database, in order to develop and test an exhauste mission calculation in cooperation with a case company. Besides CO2, this assessment also focuses on the measurement of other exhauste missions like Nox, PM or CO. Furthermore, economic factors like, costs caused per transport are calculated. Aspects, like capacity utilization, the use of environmentally friendly tires or eco-friendly driving styles, are included in the analysis. These factors influence fuel consumption and thus the final production of exhaust emissions. A detailed description of each factor and calculation step is illustrated in this thesis. Due to a high complexity of transportation, this analysis is limited to road transportation. The fundament of the analysis builds the categorization of crafts due to the Euro standards. Hence, just transports conducted with crafts, manufactured within the European Union, can be evaluated. A validation test and in-depth interviews were conducted in order to approve the practicability of the developed assessment. During this process, strengths and weaknesses of the analysis were identified. Finally, the analysis is critically examined by showing its application constraints as well as prospective development opportunities. An enlargement, to include other transport modes, material handling activities in order to measure impacts during intermodal transportation along a whole transportation chain, is a prospect outlook.

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Kao, Flavia. "Práticas de governança corporativa em empresas brasileiras e impactos socioambientais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-06072017-103510/.

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Esta pesquisa objetiva entender como as práticas de governança corporativa (GC) adotadas por empresas industriais brasileiras relacionam-se com os impactos socioambientais de suas operações. Para atingir o objetivo principal foram formulados os seguintes objetivos específicos: 1) apresentar as características da amostra em termos de setor de atuação, adoção de práticas de GC e níveis de impactos ambientais e sociais; 2) conhecer as associações existentes entre os impactos ambientais, sociais e práticas de GC adotadas pelas empresas brasileiras; 3) verificar se tais associações são influenciadas pelo setor de atuação. A fundamentação teórica aborda as perspectivas teóricas que embasam a relação entre GC e sustentabilidade, os aspectos gerais envolvendo a sustentabilidade e específicos sobre gestão socioambiental, os aspectos gerais sobre o sistema de governança corporativa e aspectos específicos sobre as boas práticas de GC no Brasil, finalizando com as pesquisas nacionais e internacionais que investigaram esse relacionamento. A amostra pesquisada é composta por 46 empresas brasileiras listadas na BM&FBovespa e com dados disponíveis na base de dados ®ASSET4, da Thompson Reuters(TM), de 2010 a 2014. Os níveis de impacto tanto ambiental como social foram determinados em função da posição da empresa em relação às demais componentes da amostra em termos dos seus resultados nas oito variáveis selecionadas, resultando em três categorias: Alto, Médio e Baixo Impacto Social e Ambiental. Analogamente, o nível de adoção às práticas de GC foi determinado em função da posição da empresa em relação às demais em termos de seus resultados em sete variáveis selecionadas. As técnicas empregadas nesta pesquisa, de natureza quantitativa, compreenderam análises descritivas para a apresentação das características da amostra, Teste Qui-quadrado para a identificação das associações existentes entre as práticas de GC e os impactos socioambientais e Análises de Correspondência Múltipla para identificar a influência do setor de atuação sobre tais associações. Os resultados indicam maiores níveis de associação entre a dimensão social e as práticas de GC, comparativamente à dimensão ambiental, embora em ambos os casos tenham sido verificadas associações tanto positivas como negativas. Ademais, a hipótese de que tais associações são influenciadas pelo setor de atuação foi confirmada em ambas as dimensões, indicando, inclusive, que o baixo nível de adoção às práticas de GC ocorre entre em setores de alto impacto tanto ambiental como social. Desta forma, este estudo busca contribuir apresentando evidências de associação entre práticas de GC e impactos socioambientais no contexto brasileiro, possibilitando avançar na busca por conhecimento sobre como o sistema de GC pode contribuir para o alcance de negócios mais sustentáveis e alinhados aos objetivos da sustentabilidade.
This research aims to understand how the corporate governance (CG) practices adopted by Brazilian industrial companies are related to the socio-environmental impacts of their operations. In order to achieve the main objective, the following specific objectives were formulated: 1) to present the characteristics of the sample in terms of activity sector, adoption of CG practices and levels of environmental and social impacts; 2) to know the existing relationships among the environmental, social and CG practices adopted by Brazilian companies; 3) to verify if such combinations are influenced by the sector of performance. Theoretical fundamentals address the theoretical perspectives that support the relationship between CG and sustainability, the general aspects of sustainability and specific aspects of social and environmental management, the general aspects of the corporate governance system and specific aspects of CG practices in Brazil, ending up with national and international surveys that investigated this relationship. The sample surveyed is composed by 46 Brazilian companies listed on the BM&FBovespa, as well as with data available in Thompson Reuters(TM) database ®ASSET4 between 2010 and 2014. The levels of environmental and social impact were determined based on the company\'s position in relation to the other components of the sample in terms of their results within the eight selected variables, resulting in three categories: High, Medium and Low Social and Environmental Impact. Similarly, the level of adoption of CG practices was determined according to the company\'s position in relation to the others in terms of results in seven selected variables. The techniques used at this quantitative nature research have included descriptive analyzes for the presentation of the characteristics of the sample, Qui-square Test for the identification of the relationships among CG practices, social and environmental impacts and Multiple Correspondence Analysis to identify the influence of the activity sector on such associations. The results indicate higher levels of association between the social dimension and CG practices, compared to the environmental dimension, althought in both the cases positives and negatives associations were identified. In addition, the hypothesis that the associations are influenced by the sector of activity was confirmed in both dimensions, indicating that low levels of adoption of CG occurs between sectors with high environmental and social impact. Thus, this study seeks to contribute by presenting evidence of association between practices and socio-environmental impacts at the Brazilian context, allowing to advance in the search of knowledge on how the CG system can contributed to the achievement of a more sustainable development business and aligned with the objectives of sustainability.

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Balby, Cecilia Negrão. "Avaliação de impactos à saúde:desenvolvimento internacional e perspectivas no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-26092012-145539/.

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Introdução: A Avaliação de Impactos à Saúde (AIS) é adotada em vários países como estratégia para abordar os potenciais impactos à saúde relacionados a políticas, planos, programas ou projetos, mas não é ainda utilizada no Brasil. Objetivo: Identificar as condições brasileiras que podem corroborar com vantagens e limitações da AIS já descritas na literatura internacional, considerando sua aplicação futura no Brasil, especialmente no caso de projetos. Métodos: Revisão da literatura científica e de outros documentos internacionais sobre AIS, identificados através de bases de dados (Pub Med e Science Direct), e de portais especializados, para entender o contexto e compilar vantagens e limitações da AIS. Revisão da literatura científica nacional e de outros documentos sobre avaliação de impactos e saúde, identificados através das bases de dados LILACS, SCIELO e outros portais brasileiros que tratam desses temas. Pesquisa qualitativa complementar com profissionais e pesquisadores brasileiros. Resultados e discussão: A AIS ainda está se desenvolvendo no mundo, por isso há vantagens e limitações igualmente importantes associadas aos seus indutores; ao objeto da avaliação (políticas, planos, programas ou projetos); à fase em que é conduzida (prospectiva ou retrospectiva); aos patrocinadores e avaliadores; ao tipo de AIS adotada; à sua institucionalização; à integração a outras formas de avaliação de impactos (AIA ou AAE); à abordagem em saúde, ao escopo e aos métodos adotados; à participação das partes afetadas e a sua influência no processo de tomada de decisão. No Brasil, os estudos que abordam os impactos à saúde são frequentemente retrospectivos e a abordagem de saúde na AIA apresenta lacunas. Os poucos estudos prospectivos ainda não utilizam as ferramentas e passos da AIS. O Ministério da Saúde vem articulando o processo de introdução da AIS no país. Conclusões e Recomendações: Há oportunidades para introduzir a AIS de projetos no país. Entretanto, é urgente o engajamento dos profissionais brasileiros da área de saúde e de avaliação de impactos com as redes de profissionais nacionais e internacionais, visando aprimorar a discussão e prepará-los para enfrentar questionamentos à AIS eventualmente levantados por aqueles que veem no processo de avaliação de impactos obstáculos para a eficiência e rapidez da tomada de decisão sobre projetos. É também preciso organizar padrões mínimos para que não sejam reproduzidos no Brasil problemas já vivenciados e solucionados em outras localidades
Introduction: Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is adopted as a strategy to address the potential health impacts associated with policies, plans, programs or projects in various countries, but not yet in Brazil. Objective: To identify the Brazilian conditions that can contribute to HIA advantages and constraints already described in the literature, considering its future adoption in Brazil, particularly in the case of projects. Method: Review of scientific literature and other documents on HIA, identified in Pub Med and Science Direct, as well as in HIA websites, in order to understand the context and compile HIA advantages and constraints already described in the literature. Review of Brazilian scientific literature and other Brazilian documents on impact assessment and health, identified through LILACS and SCIELO databases as well as other Brazilian web sites that address the subject. Additional qualitative research with Brazilian stakeholders. Results and discussion: HIA is still developing worldwide. Due to that, there are equally important advantages and limitations associated to its drivers, its object (policies, plans, programs or projects), when it is conducted (prospective or retrospective), HIA sponsors and assessors, HIA types, if HIA is institutionalized, if it is integrated with other forms of impact assessment (AIA, SEA), its approach to health, its scope and methods, the participation of affected parties and its influence to decision making. In Brazil, health impact assessments are frequently retrospective and do not adopt HIA tools and its steps. The Brazilian Ministry of Health is working to introduce HIA in the country. Conclusions and recommendations: There are opportunities to introduce HIA of projects in the country. However, it is urgent to engage Brazilian health and impact assessment professionals with national and international networks, in order to deepen and improve the discussion and to prepare them to face future questioning to HIA eventually raised by those that view the impact assessment process as an obstacle to efficiency in the context of project decision making. It is also necessary to develop minimum standards so that some issues already faced and solved elsewhere are not repeated in Brazil

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Carniel, Beatriz de Faria. "Avaliação de impactos ambientais e sociais do uso da nanotecnologia na agricultura: uma proposta metodológica." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7025.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5424.pdf: 4133188 bytes, checksum: 0bf3befaace71e6021b526c40f6d3002 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-17
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Nanotechnology has been reported as a technology that will have further development in this century and agricultural nanotechnologies gain space with the discovery of its potential applications in the transport of substances, nanosensors, nanocapsules, among others. Many of these nanoproducts are already found in the market or in development, therefore, exposure to nanoparticles concerns the scientific community and policy makers. In this context, this project aims to develop a methodology for assessing the environmental and social impacts of nanotechnology use in agriculture. Given the complexity and scope of nanotechnology, impact indicators were formulated by reviewing specialized scientific literature. The indicators were conceptually validated in a remote consultation with experts of areas related to agricultural nanotechnology through a questionnaire formulated according to the Delphi technique. The Impactos AGNano method has the indicators as an essential basis for its development and has two stages of evaluation: Safety Assessment (preliminary assessment to obtain the Security Index) and Impact Assessment (for obtaining Impact Index). The method was validated in a presential consultation with experts of areas related to nanotechnology in agriculture.
A nanotecnologia tem sido reportada como a tecnologia que terá maior desenvolvimento neste século e as nanotecnologias agrícolas ganham espaço com a descoberta de suas potenciais aplicações no transporte de substâncias, nanossensores, nanocápsulas, entre outros. Muitos destes nanoprodutos já são encontrados no mercado ou em desenvolvimento, dessa forma, a exposição às nanopartículas utilizadas nessas tecnologias preocupa a comunidade científica e os legisladores. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a criação de uma metodologia para a avaliação dos impactos ambientais e sociais do uso de nanotecnologias na agricultura. Dada a complexidade e abrangência da área nanotecnológica, indicadores de impacto foram formulados através de revisão de literatura especializada. Os indicadores foram validados conceitualmente em uma consulta remota a especialistas de áreas relacionadas à nanotecnologia agrícola por meio de questionário formulado de acordo com a técnica Delphi. O método Impactos AGNano foi desenvolvido utilizando os indicadores como base e possui duas etapas de avaliação: Avaliação de Segurança (avaliação preliminar para obtenção do Índice de Segurança) e Avaliação de Impacto (para obtenção do Índice de Impacto). O método foi validado em consulta presencial a especialistas de áreas relacionadas a nanotecnologia agrícola.

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Konduru, Srinivasa Raju. "Biodegradable and composting plastic. Properties and environmental impacts." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.

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Packaging waste forms a big a part of municipal solid waste and has caused increasing environmental considerations, leading to a strengthening of varied rules aimed toward reducing the amounts generated. Among different materials, a good vary of oil-based polymers is presently employed in packaging applications. These are nearly all non-biodegradable, and a few are troubled to recycle or apply because of being advanced composites having variable levels of contamination. Recently, important progress has been created within the development of biodegradable plastics, for the most part from renewable natural resources, to provide biodegradable materials with similar practicality thereto of oil-based polymers. The enlargement within these bio-based materials has many potential advantages for greenhouse gas balances and different environmental impacts over whole life cycles and in the use of renewable, instead of finite resources. it's supposed that use of biodegradable materials can contribute to sustainability and reduction within the environmental impact related to disposal of oil-based polymers. The diversity of biodegradable materials and their variable properties makes it trouble to create straightforward, generic assessments like biodegradable product are all ‘good’ or petrochemical-based product are all ‘bad’. during this analysis I'm aiming to discuss the benefits of bioplastics and their substitution potential with respect to petroleum-based materials, the production of bioplastics using scratch and environmental impacts of its composting.

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Engström, Rebecka. "Environmental impacts from Swedish food production and consumption /." Stockholm, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369.

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Williams, Daniel R. "Modelling and assessing the environmental impacts of software." Thesis, University of Reading, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.602706.

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Software is used on billions of devices every day for numerous activities and services that the modern world relies upon. It also has the potential to control energy consumption and maximise device efficiency, thus minimising device and service environmental impact. The academic background to the environmental impact of software, at the beginning of this research, was minor and little utilised by information and communications technology (ICT) organisations. Consequently, this research analysed and modelled three main software types enabling the environmental analysis of software use to take place with real data and information. Firstly, Operating Systems (OS) and their power management features were analysed. as form the foundation of any software based activity and control device componentry, and thus overall device energy consumption. The overall impact of an as, not just a devices idle or maximum power, was investigated with a new set of measurements, methods, and models constructed in this research. Secondly, new methodologies to measure the energy consumption of electronic software distribution (ESD) and cloud computing were created, which spanned the entire life cycle of the data route. Both technologies were modelled and measured across a number of real scenarios. ESD and cloud computing can be utilised to dematerialise and increase the efficiency of some high energy impact activities. Additionally, it was found that cloud computing can be utilised to reduce the impact of data and process intensive computing, but can also be wasteful compared to traditional computing when utilised for certain types of low resource software activities. Finally, a novel framework was created to enable the analysis and comparison of the energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the same software activity across a range of devices and as, according to the technical functionality and price of a set of devices. This framework enables the analysis of devices according to their software GHG emission efficiencies across different platforms and may allow manufacturers and consumers to maximise and drive forward environmental awareness. In conclusion, this research has set the foundations for quantifying, and has demonstrated, the large potential that software has to reduce energy consumption and overall environmental impact.

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Patocka, Filip. "Environmental Impacts of Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plants." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for vann- og miljøteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26677.

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Massive development of new renewable energy sources is taking place all over the world in 21st century and Europe is not an exception. Wind turbine parks are being planned and built on shore, in coastal zones and in the seas of European countries.With such a development of renewable sources comes a challenge of stable and continuous supply of electrical power which meets the demand. Renewable energy sources often have power output which cannot be easily regulated according to demand, but are rather fully dependent on forces in nature, such as a wind speed for wind power turbines, or solar radiation for photovoltaic solar modules. This problem has to be handled in order to ensure the safe and reliable operation of electricity grid in the future, which is capable of connecting the renewable energy input.This thesis is a continuation of suitability exploration of a current Norwegian hydropower system as so called the Green battery of Europe. This balancing system could secure the planned European wind power projects during situations when the production is larger than the demand by storing energy in upper reservoirs using pumping storage hydropower. During conditions when the demand is larger than generated energy the extra input can be produced by Norwegian hydropower system as well.The specific focus of this thesis is on evaluating the potential environmental impacts on Totak reservoir in Telemark county in Norway, caused by development of pumping storage hydropower. This hydropower plant is considered as a part of the system balancing the power output from TradeWind project, which is a wind power capacity scenario project for year 2030 consisting of 94,6GW of installed capacity in the North Sea in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, UK, Netherlands and Norway.During the work in this thesis, model of pumping storage hydropower plant between Totak and Songavatnet reservoirs was used to calculate characteristics of operation as water level fluctuation characteristics, transferred water volumes and other characteristics for two variants of installed power output within period of 2000-2006.Results of the pumping model were used to model the changes in temperature regime and ice formation of Totak reservoir. This was done by MyLake model developed by Norwegian Institute for Water Research in Oslo and further modified at NTNU for usage in reservoirs. With this so called MyLakeR model I modelled the temperature regime and ice cover in period of 2000-2006 for both current situation and situation after developing the pumping storage hydropower.This thesis provides the required complete hydrological forcing from pumping storage hydropower plant to the environment. Actual evaluation of impacts is often dependent on particular data which has to be collected on site, therefore only evaluation of potential impacts was done when the relevant data were available.Pumping model has proven to be a powerful and reliable tool. MyLakeR model showed that the modification done on a lake model allows successful modelling on more complex sites such as Totak reservoir. It also showed that for an ice routine of the model there is a need for further adjustments in order to model the ice cover regime affected by pumping storage hydropower.

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Armstrong, Amrith. "Road Freight Transport : Transport Purchasing and Environmental Impacts." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17527.

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This paper on the environmental impacts of transport purchasing in road freight is to highlight how the adaptive capability of transport chains are affected through collaboration and the aim for sustainability through political regulations and societal demands.This paper is divided into a theoretical framework and an empirical study, followed by the analysis, conclusions and discussions based on the framework and empirical study.The theoretical framework will discuss the different aspects of road freight transport which impact the environment and show the interdependencies of each aspect.The analysis will highlight the empirical chapter with a comparison of the theoretical framework in order to make substantial conclusions.Conclusions among others are that standardization is needed although flexibility and agility is also needed. By standardizing processes, routine measures can be implemented and it creates a sense of certainty within the company. Agility and flexibility can be achieved by adding modular processes which can be implemented if the need for customization arises.Governmental involvement is necessary for the development of infrastructure to minimize traffic congestion and improve the infrastructure for increased reliability, accessibility, and flexibility. By developing the rail infrastructure, a larger share of goods can be transferred via railway and thus reduce the environmental impacts of road freight through intermodal transportation.
Program: Industrial Engineering – Logistics Management

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Groode, Tiffany Amber 1979. "Biomass to ethanol : potential production and environmental impacts." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43144.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references.
This study models and assesses the current and future fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas impacts of ethanol produced from three feedstocks; corn grain, corn stover, and switchgrass. A life-cycle assessment approach with an integrated Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis is applied to each of these three bioethanol pathways. Incorporating a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis within a life-cycle model enables one to account for system variability within the agricultural, technological, and geographic arenas. This results in a range of energy and greenhouse gas impacts rather than previous single-valued estimates. This uncertainty analysis brings greater clarity to the ethanol debate through evaluating the probability of previously published life-cycle assessment net energy results, from reports such as Farrell, Wang, Shapouri, and Pimentel. Lifecycle assessment net energy results show corn grain ethanol to have a positive value when DDGS coproducts are included within the assessment boundary and a slightly negative value when they are not. The system net energy value and GHG emissions are also sensitive to system input assumptions and geographic location. For lignocellulosic ethanol produced from corn stover and switchgrass, a positive net energy value and reduced GHG emissions are seen when compared to gasoline. In addition to net energy results and system GHG emissions, the petroleum displacement and land use impacts for an expanding and evolving ethanol industry are also evaluated.Corn grain, corn stover, and switchgrass-based ethanol potential production levels are also analyzed. It was determined that 55-65 billion liters per year of corn grain ethanol could potentially be produced in the next 10 years, consuming 30% of future US corn grain production. Corn stover and switchgrass have the potential to produce 25-35 and 10-20 billion liters per year of ethanol, respectively.
(cont) These ethanol production results were then applied to assess the feasibility and environmental impact of achieving the new Renewable Fuels Standard, of producing 136 billion liters of renewable fuels by 2022. This study concluded that while the scale is potentially feasible from these three feedstocks, the timeline to achieve this scale would be very challenging given the cellulosic ethanol technological and economic advances that are still needed.
by Tiffany A. Groode.
Ph.D.

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Vaidyanathan, Ambarish. "Environmental and health impacts of extreme heat events." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54021.

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In the United States (U.S.), extreme temperature-related deaths account for far more deaths than hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes, floods, and earthquakes combined. An extreme heat event (EHE) or a heat wave is a sustained period of substantially hotter and/or more humid weather. EHEs cause a wide range of health problems such as rashes, cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and, in some instances, death. Further, meteorology plays a dominant role in the formation of air pollutants. In particular, extremely high temperatures are conducive to the formation of certain air pollutants. In order to understand the adverse health impacts of extreme heat and air pollution levels prevailing during EHEs, it is necessary to define what constitutes a heat episode; however, there is a lack of scientific consensus on definitions and procedures to accurately identify EHEs. This work employs a hierarchical clustering technique to group 92 different EHE definitions into homogeneous sets and uses negative binomial rate regression approach to identify those definitions that are most strongly associated with mortality. Our findings suggest that definitions with thresholds that are either too extreme or too moderate are poorly associated with heat-related mortality for most climate regions. Additionally, the association between air pollution and health, especially mortality, is well understood. However, the role of air pollutants in modifying the relationship between EHEs and mortality is not well characterized in the U.S., yet is critical to generating accurate estimates of health burden. Our results indicate that air pollution confounds the relationship between EHE and mortality, and the extent of confounding varies with climate regions. Further, through this work, the sensitivities associated with selecting an EHE definition is taken into consideration when providing region-specific health and economic burden associated with EHEs. Ideally, the excess deaths and costs presented in this work could be useful to study and quantify the public health risk associated with EHEs, either in a prospective or a retrospective setting.

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Kirat, Yassine. "Economic and environmental impacts of natural resources abundance." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E056.

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Cette thèse étudie la façon dont les sociétés utilisent, entretiennent et préservent les ressources naturelles qui façonnent fondamentalement le bien-être de l'humanité, l'environnement et l'économie. Les liens entre la prospérité économique, ressources et impacts environnementaux et la protection environnementale sont complexes et variés. Cela signifie que, si toutes ces dimensions ne sont pas prises en compte dans l'élaboration des politiques publiques, tout progrès dans la réalisation des ambitions dans ces domaines peut être entravé par des conséquences négatives. Une question importante dans les études sur le développement est de savoir comment la richesse en ressources naturelles affecte la croissance économique à long terme. Dans la perspective de répondre à cette question, le premier chapitre étudie l'impact de l'exploitation des ressources non-conventionnelles sur le secteur manufacturier des États-Unis sur la période 1997-2013. Dans la même perspective, le troisième chapitre étudie l'impact de l'abondance de ressources naturelles fossiles et minérales sur l'économie en exploitant le canal de la volatilité de la rente due aux ressources naturelles sur un panel de 103 pays entre 1985-2014. Par ailleurs, l'extraction et la transformation des ressources naturelles sont souvent des activités à forte intensité énergétique qui impliquent des modifications à grande échelle des écosystèmes. Le deuxième chapitre de la thèse étudie l'impact de l'abondance des ressources naturelles sur l'intensité en CO2 dans les pays développés sur la période 1995-2014
This thesis examines how societies use and sustain the natural resources that fundamentally shape human well-being, the environment and the economy. The links between economic prosperity, resources and environmental preservation are complex and diverse. This implies that, if all dimensions are not taken into account in public policy making, any progress in achieving objectives in these areas can be hindered by undesirable outcomes. A key issue in development studies is how natural resource wealth affects long-term economic growth. In order to address this question, the first chapter examines the impact of non-conventional resource development on the US manufacturing sector over the period 1997-2013. In the same veine, chapter 3 examines the impact of abundant natural resources on the economy by exploiting the volatility channel of natural resources rent on a panel of 103 countries between 1985-2014. Moreover, the extraction and processing of natural resources are often energy-intensive activities that involve large-scale ecosystem alterations. Chapter 2 of the thesis investigates the impact of natural resource abundance on CO2 intensity in developed countries over the period 1995-2014

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Solberg, Anna Marie Solberg. "Tourist Perceptions of their Environmental Impacts in Tanzania." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1498135227020184.

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Kim, Hyo-Sun. "Environmental impacts of mining on Green Valley, Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186992.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to estimate an empirical model of demand for environmental characteristics for the Green Valley community and to evaluate environmental impacts of mining on the community. Environmental impacts are estimated by two different methodologies: An hedonic price model for housing and a contingent valuation based upon a sample survey of Green Valley residents. Variables that serve as proxies for environmental characteristics in hedonic prices and willingness to pay equations are distance from mining complex and orientation of house (viewscape). These variables are proxies for environmental air quality and scenic quality. Inverse demand equations for environmental variables are derived from the hedonic and contingent valuation analysis. Using these demand relations, environmental impact of mining is estimated as the consumers surplus from environmental quality improvements in Green Valley. In this dissertatlon, consumer surplus is an approximation to the sum of individual surpluses, which allows for variations in specific levels of the specific variables across the individual household. Based upon the number of detached single family homes, the environmental impact of mining on the Green Valley community is estimated by the contingent valuation approach to be approximately $44,000,000 and by the hedonic price approach to be approximately $94,000,000. When impact is based upon total units (detached and nondetached), the environmental impact is estimated by contingent valuation to be approximately $88,000,000 and by the hedonic price approach to be approximately $191,000,000. Perhaps, these estimates bound the actual impact.

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Temporin, Giorgia <1994&gt. "Beijing Winter Olympic Games: social and environmental impacts." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/14831.

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L' obiettivo della tesi è analizzare gli impatti sociali e ambientali relativi alle future Olimpiadi invernali del 2022 che si terranno a Pechino. La ricerca analizza le procedure olimpiche e si occupa in particolare dei luoghi che ospiteranno le Olimpiadi del 2022. Il caso di studio si occupa delle implicazioni dell'inclusione di Yangqing, riserva naturale, nel piano olimpico.

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Pei, Long. "Evaluation of environmental impacts of buildings in China." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM068.

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Le processus d'urbanisation en Chine exerce une forte pression sur l’environnement. Le plus fort potentiel de réduction de ces impacts correspond aux décisions prises lors de la conception du bâtiment, qui peuvent s’appuyer sur des outils de simulation numérique. Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude de trois conditions aux limites liées à l'évaluation de la performance énergétique et environnementale des bâtiments en Chine : - Le sol : un modèle de pompe à chaleur couplée au sol est proposé, et couplé à un modèle d'échangeur de chaleur géothermique permettant le calcul rapide de la réponse d’un champ de sondes verticales de grande taille. Ce modèle peut être utilisé pour améliorer les performances énergétiques du système en phase de conception ou de gestion. - Le microclimat : une méthode de génération de fichier climatique spécifique au site qui fournit la température horaire locale de l'air est proposée, prenant en compte l'effet d'îlot de chaleur urbain. Les effets du microclimat sur la performance énergétique du bâtiment sont étudiés quantitativement. - Le système d’arrière-plan pour l’analyse de cycle de vie : les effets de la variation spatiale et temporelle du mix de production d'électricité en Chine sur les impacts environnementaux sont étudiés. La base de données environnementales est adaptée au contexte national et local chinois. Les résultats montrent que les impacts environnementaux des bâtiments peuvent être évalués plus raisonnablement en considérant ces trois conditions aux limites
The urbanisation process in China brings a high pressure on the environment. The highest potential to reduce these impacts corresponds to decisions made during the building’s design phase, which can be supported by numerical simulation. This thesis is dedicated to the study of three boundary conditions related to the energy and environmental performance evaluation of buildings in China: - The ground: a ground coupled heat pump model is proposed integrating a fast calculation ground heat exchanger model for a large-scale boreholes field. This model can be used to improve the energy performance of the system in the design and operation phases. - The microclimate: a site-specific weather file generation method which can provide local hourly air temperature is proposed, accounting for the urban heat island effect. The effects of the microclimate on the building’s energy performance are quantitatively investigated. - The background system for life cycle assessment: the effects of the spatial and temporal variation of the electricity production mix in China on the environmental impacts are investigated. The environmental database is adapted to the Chinese national and local context. The results show that the environmental impacts of buildings could be more reasonably evaluated by considering these three boundary conditions

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44

Oliveira, José Antônio Puppim de 1966. "Implementing environmental policies in Developing Countries : responding environmental impacts of tourism development by creating environmentally protected areas in Bahia, Brazil." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28231.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-155).
Governments have two apparently conflicting roles to play: promoter of economic development and protector of environmental quality. Economic development interests tend to have priority on most government agenda in developing countries, creating obstacles to the implementation of environmental protection policies. This trend can be reversed by introducing environmental protection concerns into the mainstream development agenda by decentralizing environmental policy implementation to development-oriented agencies. Government agencies often fail to implement environmental policies mainly because they lack political support, they have insufficient financial resources, they have not developed adequate institutional capacity, and they tend to overlook the importance of cooperation at the local level. However, the Bahia State government in Northeast Brazil was able to overcome all four of these obstacles in establishing environmentally protected areas (APAs) by introducing them into the mainstream development agenda, which was chiefly oriented toward tourism development. At the state level, a large number of APAs were created, primarily as the result of the decentralization of administrative authority among several state agencies, including development-oriented agencies linked to tourism development. This decentralization generated an apparently unintentional system of incentives for state agencies to implement APAs. The increased inter-agency competition for political control of protected areas improved the institutional capacity of each agency, and generated funds and political support at the state and local levels for APA implementation, overcoming the four obstacles. State agencies' actions were supervised by an independent oversight body, the state environmental council (CEPRAM), which had the power to interfere in the establishment of APAs and block development projects related to them. At the local level, seven case studies show that the involvement of state development agencies, and the local expectation of economic benefits from tourism, were important factors in preventing the usual local resistance to the establishment of APAs. In this context, three points determined the intensity of local political, financial, and institutional support for enforcing APA guidelines. First, APAs created as means of curbing already existent environmental problems caused by tourism or urban development mustered more local support than APAs created as environmental safeguards for public infrastructure projects. Second, APAs contained within a single municipality received more local support than APAs involving multiple municipalities. Third, the involvement of local actors at the early stages of the APA creation fostered local support for enforcement. From the lessons at the story at the state level, additional incentives to local institutions by a central authority linked to a politically independent system of checks-and-balances might improve implementation at the local level. The decentralization of environmental policy implementation to a range of development agencies can be an alternative to mainstreaming environmental concerns in the development agenda and achieving environmental protection goals. However, to make decentralization work, as my study in Bahia showed, central authorities should offer institutional incentives to decentralized agencies to ensure increased attention to environmental protection objectives in the development process; and at the same time, an independent body with oversight authority for both developmental and environmental actions should be in place to prevent development agencies from neglecting environmental concerns.
by José Antônio Puppim de Oliveira.
Ph.D.

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45

Rodrigues, Francisco Gleison de Souza. "O agronegÃcio da carcinicultura marinha e os conflitos sociais e ambientais de uso e ocupaÃÃo do estuÃrio do Rio Jaguaribe no municÃpio de Aracati-CE." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2007. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1089.

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FundaÃÃo de Amparo Ã Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
The riverside and marine plains of CearÃ state have been occupied in the last 10 years by the marine shrimp culture that has generated social and environmental impacts over these areas. Recently, new areas of these plains in CearÃ have been target of the expansion of shrimp farms, especially in Aracati municipality. It is seen that marine shrimp culture is an activity surrounded by matters that sometimes justify the activity moratorium defended by ambientalists, sometimes justify its implementation by the producers, as marine shrimp culture, as other economical activities, generates both negative and positive impacts over the places where it is inserted. By this meaning it becomes necessary to identify the social impacts, as the environmental impacts promoted over the areas of influence of the agro business of marine shrimp culture, from the studied areas, on Aracati municipality on CearÃ state, proposing actions that can minimize the negative impacts and reinforce the positive impacts. To do so, researches were realized on the bibliographical sources of the public organs libraries in Fortaleza; visits to various organs that maintain direct relationships with the activity in Aracati municipality, as works on the study field. The marine shrimp culture is an activity of great importance to Aracati municipality because of its direct and indirect generation of work positions. Although, it can be seen that the activity in Aracati is spacely unorganized, generating conflicts against the estuarial environment and other economical activities, as carnauba straw handcraft and fishing on the marsh. The economic-ecological zoning for the activity in matter in Aracati municipality is the correct direction to minimize the negative environmental and social impacts and reinforce the positive impacts promoted by the implementation of marine shrimp culture.
As planÃcies flÃvio-marinhas do Estado do CearÃ vÃm sendo ocupadas nos Ãltimos 10 anos pela carcinicultura marinha que tÃm gerado impactos sociais e ambientais. Recentemente novos espaÃos dessas planÃcies no CearÃ foram alvo da expansÃo das fazendas de camarÃo, principalmente no MunicÃpio de Aracati. Observa-se que a carcinicultura marinha Ã uma atividade cercada por questÃes que ora justificam a moratÃria da atividade defendida por ambientalistas, ora justificam a implementaÃÃo da mesma pelos produtores, pois a carcinicultura, assim como outras atividades econÃmicas, gera impactos negativos e positivos nos locais em que se insere. Neste sentido faz-se necessÃrio identificar os impactos sociais assim como os impactos ambientais promovidos nos espaÃos de influÃncia do agronegÃcio da carcinicultura marinha, a partir das Ãreas estudadas, no MunicÃpio de Aracati no Estado do CearÃ, propondo aÃÃes que possam minimizar os impactos negativos e reforÃar os impactos positivos. Para tanto foram realizadas pesquisas nos acervos bibliogrÃficos das bibliotecas de ÃrgÃos pÃblicos em Fortaleza; visitas a vÃrios ÃrgÃos que mantÃm relaÃÃes diretas com a atividade no MunicÃpio de Aracati, assim como trabalhos de campo na Ãrea de estudo. A carcinicultura Ã uma atividade de suma importÃncia para a economia do MunicÃpio de Aracati em funÃÃo da geraÃÃo direta e indireta de postos de trabalho. Observa-se, porÃm que a atividade em Aracati Ã desorganizada espacialmente, gerando conflitos com o ambiente estuarino e com outras atividades econÃmicas como o artesanato da palha de carnaÃba e a pesca no manguezal. O Zoneamento EconÃmico-ecolÃgico para a atividade em questÃo no MunicÃpio de Aracati Ã a direÃÃo correta para que sejam minimizados os impactos ambientais e sociais negativos e reforÃados os impactos positivos promovidos com a implementaÃÃo da carcinicultura.

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46

Sang, Ziye. "Probing the environmental fate of emerging contaminants and their ecological impacts on aquatic environment." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2016. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/295.

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In recent years, new classes of aquatic pollutants have received growing concerns from the environmentalists due to their unclear effects and increasing release into the water environment. Generally, before entering the aquatic ecosystem, many of these emerging contaminants are deemed safe active ingredients in the commercial products. This may lead to the underestimation of their potential impacts to the environment, once these substances were drained into the natural waters. So far, a wide range of emerging contaminants are still not well studied. In this thesis work, the environmental behaviors for two typical groups of emerging contaminants, which are frequently used in personal care products, are systematically probed in the aquatic ecosystem. One is the hydrophilic compounds - artificial sweeteners and the other one is the moderate hydrophobic compounds - ultraviolet (UV) filters. Acesulfame and sucralose are two of the most commonly used artificial sweeteners, which are a newly recognized class of emerging contaminants due to their widespread occurrence and extreme persistence in water environment. To date, however, their environmental behaviors, fates as well as long term ecotoxicological contributions in our water resources still remain largely unknown. In this work, a photodegradation investigation with UV/TiO2 was performed on these two artificial sweeteners, which projected their potential impacts under prolonged exposure to intensive solar irradiation. Real-time observation of the degradation profiles in both sweeteners illustrated that formation of new photo by-products under prolonged UV irradiation is highly viable. For the first time, acute toxicity for the degradates of these two sweeteners were measured and the enhancement in their ecotoxicity has been observed during the irradiation. In an attempt to neutralize this prolonged environmental threat, the feasibility of UV/TiO2 as an effective mineralization process in wastewater treatment was evaluated for both sweeteners. As a result, relatively higher removal efficiencies for acesulfame and sucralose were achieved in this study. For UV filters, a comprehensive investigation on their environmental behaviors and impacts was described in this thesis, covering the occurrence study in surface water and biota, environmental fate and their ecological risks. In the first step, an analytical method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of twelve UV filters in the environmental waters, which achieved good sensitivity to sub-ng/L levels. To monitoring their occurrence in local marine environment, the regional distribution of these sunscreen compounds was monitored along the coastline of Hong Kong. At the same time, considering the intensive consumption of sunscreen products in hot weathers, seasonal variation of UV filters between summer and winter was taken into consideration in our occurrence study. Additionally, we also monitored their occurrence in the drinking water supply system of Hong Kong, including the source water in Dongjiang, raw water in local reservoirs and tap water collected from urban communities, to support a good management on the reliable water supply. Furthermore, the distribution results indicated that the incomplete removal of UV filters in the effluents could be a major source for their release into the environmental waters. Aiming to achieve the complete removal of such compounds, a powerful technique of ozonation was employed in this study and the preliminary operational conditions were further provided. Secondly, in order to gain a better understanding of their environmental fate in surface water, a simulative catalytic photodegradation study with UV/TiO2 were performed to investigate the photostability, phototoxicity and the transformation pathways of seven selected UV filters. During the photodegradation, several transformation products were primarily identified. Thirdly, since lipophilic sunscreens were easily accumulated in the biota, we also made efforts to monitor their occurrence in marine organisms of different species, including farmed fish, wild mussels, prawns and sea urchin, which were collected from local offshore areas. Last but not the least, according to the measured concentrations of UV filters in Hong Kong marine environment, we further performed the ecological risk assessment with the approach specific to the marine aquatic compartment, so as to provide the overall understanding on the environmental impacts of these UV filters.

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47

Beddow, Jason Michael. "Protocols for the Assessment of Economic and Environmental Effects of Integrated Pest Management Programs." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35204.

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State Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs are often called on to demonstrate their impacts. While many studies demonstrate techniques for assessing various economic and environmental effects of IPM, the literature provides little guidance on incorporating the techniques to perform complete assessments of IPM programs. This thesis begins with a discussion of relevant economic and environmental techniques for IPM impact assessment. Next, impact assessment techniques that are widely accepted and analytically feasible are identified. These techniques are incorporated into comprehensive impact assessment frameworks for use by individuals charged with the assessment of state level IPM programs. The study concludes with case studies which show how the assessment protocols were applied to estimate and describe the impacts of the Pennsylvania and Massachusetts sweet corn IPM programs.
Master of Science

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48

Bezerra, Lireida Maria Albuquerque. "AnÃlise dos impactos sÃcio-ambientais decorrentes da mineraÃÃo na Chapada do Araripe â Nova Olinda/CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14422.

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FundaÃÃo de Amparo Ã Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
A pesquisa objetiva analisar o processo de degradaÃÃo sÃcio ambiental na Chapada do Araripe, no municÃpio de Nova Olinda/CearÃ, decorrente da extraÃÃo e exploraÃÃo do calcÃrio, oferecendo elementos teÃricos, que contribuam para o surgimento de alternativas que contribuam para mitigar os estragos provocados pela atividade da mineraÃÃo nos moldes capitalistas. A metodologia partiu de uma anÃlise qualitativa, com base no entendimento das caracterÃsticas subjetivas e das informaÃÃes relacionadas Ãs comunidades que vivem no entorno da atividade mineradora e, tambÃm o embasamento de literatura especÃfica na Ãrea do objeto de estudo. A anÃlise dos impactos ambientais decorrentes da mineraÃÃo em Nova Olinda Ã de suma importÃncia para a compreensÃo da intensidade dos impactos ambientais e como estes comprometem a Chapada do Araripe e seu entorno, bem como, os registros histÃricos e paleontolÃgicos da bacia sedimentar do Araripe. Percebe-se, que o grau de intensidade dos impactos ambientais resulta de uma exploraÃÃo nÃo sustentÃvel comprometendo o meio ambiente e seu entorno, com o desperdÃcio do rejeito, alteraÃÃo na vegetaÃÃo e uma extraÃÃo que degrada e impacta a paisagem local.
A pesquisa objetiva analisar o processo de degradaÃÃo sÃcio ambiental na Chapada do Araripe, no municÃpio de Nova Olinda/CearÃ, decorrente da extraÃÃo e exploraÃÃo do calcÃrio, oferecendo elementos teÃricos, que contribuam para o surgimento de alternativas que contribuam para mitigar os estragos provocados pela atividade da mineraÃÃo nos moldes capitalistas. A metodologia partiu de uma anÃlise qualitativa, com base no entendimento das caracterÃsticas subjetivas e das informaÃÃes relacionadas Ãs comunidades que vivem no entorno da atividade mineradora e, tambÃm o embasamento de literatura especÃfica na Ãrea do objeto de estudo. A anÃlise dos impactos ambientais decorrentes da mineraÃÃo em Nova Olinda Ã de suma importÃncia para a compreensÃo da intensidade dos impactos ambientais e como estes comprometem a Chapada do Araripe e seu entorno, bem como, os registros histÃricos e paleontolÃgicos da bacia sedimentar do Araripe. Percebe-se, que o grau de intensidade dos impactos ambientais resulta de uma exploraÃÃo nÃo sustentÃvel comprometendo o meio ambiente e seu entorno, com o desperdÃcio do rejeito, alteraÃÃo na vegetaÃÃo e uma extraÃÃo que degrada e impacta a paisagem local.
The research aims to analyze the process of socio environmental degradation in Chapada do Araripe , in the city Nova Olinda/CearÃ, resulting from the extraction and exploitation of limestone, offering theoretical elements that contribute to the emergence of alternatives that contribute to mitigate the damage caused by the mining activity in the capitalist mold. The methodology was based on a qualitative analysis, based on the understanding of the subjective characteristics and on the information related to the communities living around the mining activity, and also on the specific literature on the study subject. The analysis of the environmental impacts arisingfrom the mining in Nova Olinda is of paramount importance for thecomprehension of the intensity of the environmental impacts and how theycompromise the Chapada do Araripe and its surroundings, as well as the historical and paleontological records of the sedimentary basin of Araripe. It is noticed that the intensity of theenvironmental impacts result from thenon-sustainable exploitation, compromising the environment and its surroundings, with the waste tailings, changes in vegetation and extraction that degrades and impacts the local landscape.
The research aims to analyze the process of socio environmental degradation in Chapada do Araripe , in the city Nova Olinda/CearÃ, resulting from the extraction and exploitation of limestone, offering theoretical elements that contribute to the emergence of alternatives that contribute to mitigate the damage caused by the mining activity in the capitalist mold. The methodology was based on a qualitative analysis, based on the understanding of the subjective characteristics and on the information related to the communities living around the mining activity, and also on the specific literature on the study subject. The analysis of the environmental impacts arisingfrom the mining in Nova Olinda is of paramount importance for thecomprehension of the intensity of the environmental impacts and how theycompromise the Chapada do Araripe and its surroundings, as well as the historical and paleontological records of the sedimentary basin of Araripe. It is noticed that the intensity of theenvironmental impacts result from thenon-sustainable exploitation, compromising the environment and its surroundings, with the waste tailings, changes in vegetation and extraction that degrades and impacts the local landscape.

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49

van, Blarcum Ronald A. "Anthropogenic Impacts as Revealed from Sediment Cores from Punderson Lake Ohio." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1448536586.

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50

Moscardi, Jean Prost. "Método da árvore temporal modificada aplicado à análise de impactos ambientais : um estudo de caso /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102952.

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Orientador: Antonio Roberto Saad
Banca: José Alberto Quintanilha
Banca: José Cândido Stevaux
Banca: José Eduardo Zaine
Banca: Sérgio dos anjos Ferreira Pinto
Acompanha CD-ROM com o programa MAIA - Método da árvore de impactos ambientais
Resumo: O Relatório de Impacto Ambiental (RIMA), por muitas vezes sub-estimados em seu valor, apresenta-se apenas como um capítulo no Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) sem o devido reconhecimento e grau de relevância. O objetivo do presente estudo foi à proposição de um novo método de avaliação de impactos ambientais, no qual, a caracterização e formatação apresentaram-se direcionadas ao público leigo e distinto dos profissionais que realizam os trabalhos ambientais, porém, de grande relevância em processos licenciatórios. Este estudo teve inicio por via de uma pesquisa bibliográfica detalhada em métodos: de avaliação de impacto ambiental existentes; ensino a adultos e a adolescentes; e, bancos de dados à área de meio ambiente; e finalizou em um método dinâmico de estudo, no qual profissionais de pouco conhecimento no assunto encontram-se embasados, suportados por um programa computacional o qual apresenta seu banco de dados livre com grande e rápida comunicação, acessibilidade e transporte. Os resultados dos estudos de caso demonstraram a facilidade de implantação do método, entretanto, quanto aos questionamentos envolvendo especificamente o tempo de implantação bem como a troca dinâmica informações verificou-se a necessidade de novos levantamentos no assunto, a serem realizados em estudos futuros.
Abstract: The Environmental Impact Report is often a poorly addressed chapter in the Study of Environmental Impact. In most cases, the chapter fails to transmit to the general public the relevance and importance of such report. The objective of this study is to propose a reform in the method of analyzing and reporting environmental impact, making it more comprehensive, clear, and relevant to the general public. The study was carried out with a detailed bibliographic research in the following areas: A) methods of evaluating environmental impact; B) Adolescent and Adult Pedagogy; C) Environmental Studies Database. Later on, a more interactive study was conducted. This study observed a group of professionals, who had limited knowledge in environmental studies, as they interacted in a closed environment equipped with computers connected to various natural sciences databases, containing a strong and reliable system. The study found the proposed method of Environmental Impact Report to be easy to implement. However, more research is needed in order to address specific questions, such as the time of implementation of the new method and the dynamics of the exchange of data.
Doutor

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Environmental impacts'

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