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Agarwala, S. B. C., and Asit K. Biswas. "Environmental Impact Analysis for Developing Countries." Environmental Conservation 16, no. 1 (1989): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900008535.
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Biswas, Asit K. "Recommendations on Environmental Impact Analysis for Developing Countries." Environmental Conservation 16, no. 2 (1989): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900008997.
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Rogozhina, N. "Globalization and Developing Countries: Environmental Aspect." World Economy and International Relations, no. 4 (2014): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-4-16-25.
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In the article the widespread opinion concerning the exclusively negative impact of globalization on environmental situation in developing countries is disputed. But analysis of environmental consequences of trade and investment liberalization in these states proves that the role of foreign investments in deteriorating of national environmental situation is too exaggerated. On the contrary, the "export of environmentalism" is associated with TNK activities. On the one hand, globalization originates new threats. On the other hand, the integration of developing countries into the world economy favors the solution of many environmental problems by attraction of foreign private investments in industrial development and costly infrastructure projects; transfer of clean technology; promotion of international environmental cooperation and increase of environmental responsibility of national business.
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Nijkamp, Peter, and Michiel van Pelt. "Spatial Impact Analysis in Developing Countries: Method and Application." International Regional Science Review 12, no. 2 (August 1989): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016001768901200206.
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Chen, Zhiheng, Yuting Ma, Junyi Hua, Yuanhong Wang, and Hongpeng Guo. "Impacts from Economic Development and Environmental Factors on Life Expectancy: A Comparative Study Based on Data from Both Developed and Developing Countries from 2004 to 2016." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 8559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168559.
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Both economic development level and environmental factors have significant impacts on life expectancy at birth (LE). This paper takes LE as the research object and selects nine economic and environmental indicators with various impacts on LE. Based on a dataset of economic and environmental indicators of 20 countries from 2004 to 2016, our research uses the Pearson Correlation Coefficient to evaluate the correlation coefficients between the indicators, and we use multiple regression models to measure the impact of each indicator on LE. Based on the results from models and calculations, this study conducts a comparative analysis of the influencing mechanisms of different indicators on LE in both developed and developing countries, with conclusions as follow: (1) GDP per capita and the percentage of forest area to land area have a positive impact on LE in developed countries; however, they have a negative impact on LE in developing countries. Total public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP and fertilizer consumption have a negative impact on LE in developed countries; however, they have a positive impact on LE in developing countries. Gini coefficient and average annual exposure to PM2.5 have no significant effect on LE in developed countries; however, they have a negative impact on LE in developing countries. Current healthcare expenditures per capita have a negative impact on LE in developed countries, and there is no significant impact on LE in developing countries. (2) The urbanization rate has a significant positive impact on LE in both developed countries and developing countries. Carbon dioxide emissions have a negative impact on LE in both developed and developing countries. (3) In developed countries, GDP per capita has the greatest positive impact on LE, while fertilizer consumption has the greatest negative impact on LE. In developing countries, the urbanization rate has the greatest positive impact on LE, while the Gini coefficient has the greatest negative impact on LE. To improve and prolong LE, it is suggested that countries should prioritize increasing GDP per capita and urbanization level. At the same time, countries should also work on reducing the Gini coefficient and formulating appropriate healthcare and education policies. On the other hand, countries should balance between economic development and environmental protection, putting the emphasis more on environmental protection, reducing environmental pollution, and improving the environment’s ability of self-purification.
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Gamso, Jonas. "Trade Partnerships and Environmental Performance in Developing Countries." Journal of Environment & Development 26, no. 4 (September 15, 2017): 375–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496517729727.
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A large scholarship surrounds the relationship between trade and the environment, with much of it centering on whether trade produces a race to the bottom or a race to the top in the environments of developing countries. While the effects of trade on key pollutants and on specific environmental policies have been widely attended to, scholars have not yet considered if and how trade impacts developing nations’ environmental performance, broadly speaking. This is a critical matter, as the effects of trade on the environment can only be appreciated fully through holistic assessment of the environment and environmental protection. The study that follows helps to fill this void through analysis of an all-inclusive measure of environmental performance that encompasses indicators of policy and practice. Findings demonstrate that exporting to the United States and the European Union improves environmental performance in developing countries; however, no such effect accompanies trade with other countries.
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Khan, Hayat, Liu Weili, Itbar Khan, and Sikeo Khamphengxay. "Renewable Energy Consumption, Trade Openness, and Environmental Degradation: A Panel Data Analysis of Developing and Developed Countries." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (March 3, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6691046.
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Studies regarding environmental degradation and its association with different factors have got considerable attention recently in the prevalent literature but with assorted outcomes which have been a guide to the ongoing debate on environmental studies. Energy from renewable sources has been considered beneficial for environmental quality while it is still below the anticipated level especially in developing economies. Openness to trade is important to enhance economic growth while it has been overawed to worsen the quality of environment due to deprived policies especially in developing countries. Subsequently, the present research investigates trade openness, renewable energy consumption, and foreign direct investment in carbon emission in the world developing and developed countries by employing static, dynamic and long run estimators. Trade openness has been found to have a decreasing effect on carbon emission in developed countries while degrading the quality of environment in developing countries while renewable energy consumption enhances environmental quality in both samples. The impact of tourism on carbon emission varies in different samples where FDI increases emission in developed countries while having a negative effect of carbon emission in developing countries. The long run estimators also evidence the existence of long run association among variables. The outcomes of this study have considerable policy implication regarding trade openness policy formulation to upsurge environmental quality especially in developing countries. The study has further suggestions regarding tourism and promoting the use of renewable energy sources by avoiding the use of former’s energy to enhance environmental quality.
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Li, Zhenghui, Hao Dong, Zimei Huang, and Pierre Failler. "Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Environmental Performance." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (June 27, 2019): 3538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133538.
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The paper presents the results of a study that attempts to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on environmental performance (EP) by constructing a panel quantile regression model. Based on panel data from 1990 to 2014, this study contributes to evaluate the EP of each of the 40 countries using a directional slack-based model considering undesirable output. Our findings reveal several key conclusions: first, FDI has an insignificant influence on EP for the full sample. Second, the impact of FDI on EP between developed and developing countries exists heterogeneity. Furthermore, there is heterogeneity regarding the effect of FDI on EP at different quantiles of EP in developed countries. Specifically, in the developed countries, the effect is statistically insignificant at the lower quantile of EP, then it turns significantly positive at the middle and high quantile, and the positive effect rises with the increase of quantiles of EP. Finally, based on the conclusions of quantitative analysis, some important policy recommendations are proposed: different governments ought to enact different strategies for the introduction of FDI, according to different development situations of different countries.
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Smaliukienė, Rasa. "STAKEHOLDERS’ IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY: MODEL DESIGN AND TESTING." Journal of Business Economics and Management 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2007): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2007.9636171.
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The study is based on comparative theoretical research into the concepts of corporate social and environmental responsibilities. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are responsive to the stakeholders’ needs. Therefore, environmental business management was integrated into model of corporate social responsibility. This demonstrates that social processes influencing corporate social responsibility are of equal importance for the development of environmental responsibility. Simultaneously, this theoretical integration leads to an understanding that corporate environmental responsibility may be also introduced into other theoretical models of social responsibility, which assess impacts of stakeholders and other social influences. The empirical research demonstrates that environmental expectations of stakeholders are different in economically different countries. In addition, the stakeholders differently see the functions of business in environmental issues. Qualitative content analysis disclosed what form of environmental responsibility is proper in countries of developed, developing and emerging economies. In developing economies, donations are demanded most of all; in emerging economies exposed to various transformations, there is a need for social investments; in developed economies full business co‐operation is preferred on environmental issues. Most important environmental outcomes of MNEs, as reflected in their annual statements, demonstrate business adaptation to different stakeholders’ expectations built in economically different countries.
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Awais, Muhammad, Alam Khan, and Muhammad Salman Ahmad. "Determinants of health expenditure from global perspective: A panel data analysis." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 5, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 482–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/5.1.31.
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A prominent enhancement in health expenditure is a severe apprehension for the whole world because of the increasing cost of health. Consideration of various aspects that are playing role in the increase of health expenditure need to be considered. Health is one of the significant parts of the world, therefore, improvement in health status has become the main objective of the nations and a top leading goal of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The main goal of the present study is to investigate the worldwide, and income-based categorized countries (developed, developing, and transitional countries) macroeconomic determinants of health expenditure. The aim is to estimate the health expenditures, and its impact on demographic, economic, and environmental determinants. For the empirical analysis, the data was retrieved from the World Bank, covering the time span 2000-2016 for developed, developing, and transitional countries. The results of the study concluded that macroeconomic variables significantly affect health expenditures. Moreover, personal remittances have a dual effect on health expenditure, i.e. a positive impact on transitional economies, while a negative impact on developing economies. In the same way, CO2 emission has a negative impact on worldwide, developed countries.
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Shoaib, Hafiz Muhammad, Muhammad Zahid Rafique, Abdul Majeed Nadeem, and Shaoan Huang. "Impact of financial development on CO2 emissions: A comparative analysis of developing countries (D8) and developed countries (G8)." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 11 (January 29, 2020): 12461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06680-z.
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Ahmed, Ali Sh. "Estimating Factors Affecting the Sustainable Environmental Development." Cihan University-Erbil Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuejhss.v3n1y2019.pp37-42.
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An issue of Sustainable Environmental Development has occupied a wide range of interests of researchers and economists in some developing countries. The environmental issues are tightly linked to the development policies and the environmental grasp is no longer a matter of social welfare, but rather is a matter of economical; social and human dimensions. The research displays a concept of sustainable development, then estimating the impact of two variables: the economic development and the bio-ecological system on the sustainable development of some countries, including Iraq according to the fact that “increasing demand for foods and products in these countries has led them towards the intensive usage of natural resources which has, eventually, impairs the rates of development and contributes in the deterioration of bio-ecological system and impairs the sustainable development. The results of the analysis showed that the environmental ecosystem variable has a greater impact on sustainable environmental development than the economic development variable, which means that the environmental situation of some countries, especially the developing countries, continue to deteriorate, requiring all specialists and governments to make efforts to preserve the ecosystem for future generations.
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Montaud, Jean-Marc, and Nicolas Pecastaing. "Does Mexico benefit from the Clean Development Mechanism? A model-based scenario general equilibrium analysis." Environment and Development Economics 21, no. 2 (June 2, 2015): 226–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x15000169.
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AbstractSince 2000, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol has included southern countries in the fight against climate change by encouraging northern countries to make environmentally friendly direct investments at the lowest cost in these developing nations. Although CDM investments have enjoyed great success, the question of the contribution of these investments to the development of the host countries remains insufficiently explored. This paper offers a computable general equilibrium model-based scenario, describing the potential economic and environmental impacts of CDM investments for Mexico. As modelled in this study, these investments should generate both additional demand for activities that produce the fixed capital goods required for their implementation and environmentally friendly technological changes in the production process for the electricity sector. The numerical simulations reveal the growth potential and important fund of development represented by the CDM for Mexico; however, they show that the environmental impact also appears broadly mixed and dependent on both the nature of the sectors it affects and the intensity of the technological change it generates.
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Chowdhury, Tonmoy, and Sadia Islam. "Environmental Performance Index and GDP growth rate: evidence from BRICS countries." Environmental Economics 8, no. 4 (December 5, 2017): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.08(4).2017.04.
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BRICS countries have experienced rapid economic growth and played a vital role in the world economy because of their capacity to produce large number of manufacturing products, supplies of raw materials, natural resources and the advantage of geographical locations and demographic attributes. Extremely speedy process of industrialization process has been acting as one of the key driving forces for rapid economic growth. According to the IAEA, coal use in India and China will more than double by 2050. To achieve high economic growth, these countries are facing severe environmental problem. India and China were the top two nations with largest total ecological footprints in 2003. Research question of the study is whether relationship between Environmental Performance Index and GDP growth rate in BRICS countries prevails? The study used secondary sources. The study used a sample of five emerging developing countries (BRICS) namely Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. This study examined Environmental Performance Index (EPI) and GDP trends. Based on the collected data covering the period of 2002 to 2016, the analysis indicates that there is a negative relationship between GDP growth rate and Environmental Performance index. However, the study observed that strong correlation between EPI and GDP growth rate except Russia did not prevail. National accounting procedure should include environmental impact which needs to be addressed by the policy makers as suggested by authors.
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Telaye Mengistu, Andualem, Pablo Benitez, Seneshaw Tamru, Haileselassie Medhin, and Michael Toman. "Exploring Carbon Pricing in Developing Countries: A Macroeconomic Analysis in Ethiopia." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 14, 2019): 4395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164395.
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This study uses a Computable General Equilibrium model to analyze policy scenarios for a carbon tax on greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum fuels and kerosene in Ethiopia. The carbon tax starts at $5 per ton of carbon dioxide in 2018 and rises to $30 per ton in 2030; these rates are translated into taxes on the different energy types covered, depending on their carbon contents. Different scenarios examine the impacts with revenue recycling through a uniform sales tax reduction, reduction of labor income tax, reduction of business income tax, direct transfer back to households, and use by the government to reduce debt. Because petroleum fuels and kerosene are a relatively small part of the Ethiopian economy, the carbon tax has small impacts on overall economic activity and greenhouse gas emissions. In proportional terms, however, the impact on greenhouse gas emissions from these energy sources is notable, depending on the recycling scenario. The assumed carbon tax trajectory also can raise significant revenue—up to $800 million per year by 2030. The impacts on the poor through increased cost of living are not that large, since the share of the poor in total use of the taxed energy types is small. In terms of induced income effects through employment changes, urban households tend to experience more impacts than rural households, but the results also depend on the household skill level and the revenue recycling scenario.
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Liu, Zhaoyang, and Andreas Kontoleon. "Meta-Analysis of Livelihood Impacts of Payments for Environmental Services Programmes in Developing Countries." Ecological Economics 149 (July 2018): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.02.008.
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Jiang, Chun, and Xiaoxin Ma. "The Impact of Financial Development on Carbon Emissions: A Global Perspective." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 5241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195241.
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Financial development has been deemed to be an important factor influencing carbon emissions; however, the specific effect generated by financial development is still disputed. In this study, we examined the relationship between financial development and carbon emissions based on a system generalized method of moments and the data of 155 countries, and we further analyzed the national differences by dividing the sample countries into two sub-groups: developed countries, and emerging market and developing countries. The empirical results indicated that from a global perspective, financial development could significantly increase carbon emissions, and the analysis of the emerging market and developing countries reached the same conclusion; however, the results indicated that for developed countries, the effect of financial development on carbon emissions is insignificant. A series of robustness checks were conducted and confirmed that our empirical results were reliable. We suggest that policymakers in emerging market and developing countries should carefully balance financial development and environmental protection, as financial development will promote carbon emissions before countries reach a relatively high development level.
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Mehrad, Ahmad Tamim. "Assessment of climate change impacts on environmental sustainability in Afghanistan." E3S Web of Conferences 208 (2020): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020801001.
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Climate change is a global phenomenon that became one of the most predominant environmental challenges facing our world today. Natural events and anthropogenic activities are responsible for increasing the negative impacts and risks associated with climate change. Developing countries in Asia and Africa are bearing much of the climate change burden due to rapid population growth, crop failures, and lack of required technological and financial resources to mitigate the risks. Afghanistan, like other developing countries, is highly vulnerable to the severe impacts of climate change. In Afghanistan, climate change is related to various adverse effects on water resources, agriculture, forests, biodiversity, increasing temperature, and changing the environmental landscape. This paper analyses the impact of climate change on environmental sustainability in Afghanistan.
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Jamali, Mohsen, Esmaeil Bakhshandeh, Mohammad Yaghoubi Khanghahi, and Carmine Crecchio. "Metadata Analysis to Evaluate Environmental Impacts of Wheat Residues Burning on Soil Quality in Developing and Developed Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 6356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116356.
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Crop residues are widely considered as a biofuel source and used in livestock feeding, or are burned off to clean the field for tillage and planting. Nonetheless, crop residue burning poses serious threats to the soil stability and sustainability of the food chain. This study aimed to investigate the potential environmental impacts of wheat residues burning on declines in soil quality in developing (Iran) and developed (Italy) countries by analyzing metadata of the last 50 years. All metadata were provided from the ‘Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’ (FAO) including wheat harvested area, annual production, and biomass burning, to assess the potential impact of crop residue burning on soil quality. In detail, the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission, and energy and nutrient losses by the wheat residues burning were estimated. Our results showed a robust interdependence between wheat residues burning and environmental effects in both developed and developing systems. Accordingly, the global warming potential increased in Iran (4286 to 5604 kg CO2eq) and decreased in Italy (3528 to 1524 kg CO2eq) over the last 50 years. Amongst all nutrient losses, nitrogen represents the higher lost value in both countries, followed by potassium, sulfur, and phosphorus.
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Mitryasova, O. P., V. D. Pohrebennyk, O. S. Petrov, Ye M. Bezsonov, and V. M. Smyrnov. "Environmental water security policy in the EU, Ukraine and other developing countries." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 2 (2021): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-2/125.
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Purpose. To determine the key principles of environmental security of aquatic ecosystems in the context of sustainable use of natural resources and socio-economic development. Methodology. Comparative analysis and systematic approach. Findings. Principal aspects of water resources management in the states of the world are analyzed in the context of the provisions of the sustainable development concept. Comparison of countries with different levels of development has allowed identifying key methodological provisions that are implemented in the environmental policy ofwater. An approach to determination of the limiting indices of the impact on the environment is proposed. It was revealed that most post-Soviet countries do not use the concept of ecological system and ecosystem services in their legislative framework, which today are an integral part of the environmental policy and legislation of developed countries. The basic principles of the ecological safety of aquatic ecosystems are as follows: a water body (surface or underground ones) is a complex, functionally integrated and self-regulating ecological system. It cannot be considered as a volume with a resource for biological and amenity needs; priority in the water use should be given to the living components that exist in it and ensure its functional integrity. Any aquatic ecosystem should be economically assessed not only in terms of available water resources, but also considering other ecosystem services, particularly, the diversity of its biotic components. All these principles and the approach presented, if introduced into domestic legislation, will allow achieving progress in the field of ecological safety of aquatic ecosystems and sustainable social economic development. Originality. An approach has been improved which determines the efficiency of environmental policy in the field of water resources safety through a correlation analysis of water consumption and population size. Practical value. The research results allow for quantitative assessment of water resource management. The results of the study on the influence of the factor of freshwater resources on the socio-economic development of countries and regions of the world suggest that there is a strong statistically significant correlation in this system of connections.
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Kang, Sung Jin, and Sun Lee. "Impacts of Environmental Policies on Global Green Trade." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031517.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of environmental policies on bilateral green exports among developed and developing countries. The empirical analysis was based on the fixed-effects gravity model estimation with the PPML (Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood) for bilateral green trade of world countries for 1990–2019. This study focused on two proxy environmental policy indicators: environment-related tax and energy intensity. The major findings were that, first, promotion of environment-related tax increases green exports among HIC (high-income countries) and, second, an increase in the green trade of a country depends on the energy intensity level of its trading partner countries in order to stabilize domestic demand and production. This result is shown to be significant and consistent within the trade between the same income groups. Thus, supporting the green growth strategy, empirical results suggest that LMY (low- and middle-income) countries have to promote environmental policies and green production processes to be competitive in the global market.
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Singh, Nadia, Richard Nyuur, and Ben Richmond. "Renewable Energy Development as a Driver of Economic Growth: Evidence from Multivariate Panel Data Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 24, 2019): 2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082418.
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Renewable energy is being increasingly touted as the “fuel of the future,” which will help to reconcile the prerogatives of high economic growth and an economically friendly development trajectory. This paper seeks to examine relationships between renewable energy production and economic growth and the differential impact on both developed and developing economies. We employed the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) regression model to a sample of 20 developed and developing countries for the period 1995–2016. Our key empirical findings reveal that renewable energy production is associated with a positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth in both developed and developing countries for the period 1995–2016. Our results also show that the impact of renewable energy production on economic growth is higher in developing economies, as compared to developed economies. In developed countries, an increase in renewable energy production leads to a 0.07 per cent rise in output, compared to only 0.05 per cent rise in output for developing countries. These findings have important implications for policymakers and reveal that renewable energy production can offer an environmentally sustainable means of economic growth in the future.
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Faure, Guy, Genowefa Blundo-Canto, Agathe Devaux-Spatarakis, Jean Louis Le Guerroué, Syndhia Mathé, Ludovic Temple, Aurélie Toillier, Bernard Triomphe, and Etienne Hainzelin. "A participatory method to assess the contribution of agricultural research to societal changes in developing countries." Research Evaluation 29, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvz036.
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Abstract Over the last decade, societal pressure has increased on public research agencies to provide evidence that their research contributes to achieve development goals. To address this challenge, the French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (Cirad), developed an ex-post impact assessment method based on the impact pathway approach, called Impact of Research in the South (ImpresS). The reconstruction of the impact pathway identifies and assesses research outputs, outcomes, and impacts on development over long-time spans, taking into account the contribution of other stakeholders, projects, and contextual factors. By applying mixed methods and participatory approaches, ImpresS involves key actors in assessing the contribution of research to impacts in innovation processes. Such a participatory approach raises, however, questions about the advantages and disadvantages of participation in impact assessment. This article examines whether and how participation affects the results of an evaluation and the methodological challenges this poses. The analysis is based on 13 case studies covering different innovation processes, countries, and time spans. The main results show that participation, combined with triangulation of information including quantitative and qualitative data, strengthens the explanation of the causal relationships among outputs, outcomes, and impacts. It helps reveal a large and diversified list of impacts based on the perception of actors, especially uncovering positive and negative impacts unexpected by researchers. However, participation may render other impacts less visible, especially those related to environmental and political issues. Furthermore, participatory evaluation entangles challenges linked to expectations, divergent perceptions, power dynamics, and social inequality, which must be carefully addressed to provide robust and transparent evaluation results.
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Nematpour, Mohammad, and Amin Faraji. "Structural analysis of the tourism impacts in the form of future study in developing countries (case study: Iran)." Journal of Tourism Futures 5, no. 3 (October 9, 2019): 259–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jtf-05-2018-0028.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and prioritize the positive and negative impacts of tourism on the process of tourism growth at a national scale in Iran, by taking into account the reviews of previous studies, views of experts and structural analysis. Design/methodology/approach In this investigation, structural analysis technique has been used to identify the correlation between variables by using mix method data analysis. By using cross-impact analysis (N × N integer matrix) in the form of the Micmac method, the economic, sociocultural and environmental factors have been evaluated. Findings The results of the distribution of factors in the coordinate axes and the graphs between them indicate their features, and for reaching a sustainable system of tourism development, at first, priority should be given to the negative influential factors, especially the environmental fields, and then the focus should be on the decrease of the dual and risk variables as they cannot be anticipated. Originality/value For the rapid growth of tourism in many countries, governments ensure that policies have been heeded in designing and preparing general plans of the country to understand how the development trend is moving on. In this respect, arisen impacts of tourism system are one of the important issues during the development path and in the field of tourism future. Because of the complexity and broadness of tourism activities, these impacts have also many interconnected dimensions that should also be considered while studying tourism impacts.
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Yao, Xing, Rizwana Yasmeen, Yunong Li, Muhammad Hafeez, and Ihtsham Padda. "Free Trade Agreements and Environment for Sustainable Development: A Gravity Model Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 23, 2019): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030597.
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Free trade agreements (FTAs) have a key role in the global value chain. In the meantime, these are also disturbing the environmental balance of the world. The objective of this study is to check whether the trade is good or bad for the environments of countries that are bonded by trade agreements. This study examines the impact of FTAs on bilateral carbon emissions within the gravity framework. We find a positive impact of FTA agreements on bilateral CO2 pollution. However, in an income-based country group analysis, we find mixed evidence regarding FTAs. The analysis concerning high income countries indicates that free trade agreements are beneficial for high income countries, while, in the case of upper middle income and lower middle income countries, we find that the free trade agreements are not beneficial for their environments. These results of the effects of FTAs on bilateral CO2 pollution imply that low income countries have a greater pollution effect even after the implementation of an FTA due to lenient environmental standards. There is a need for developing countries to learn from high income countries, as their FTAs are beneficial for decreasing pollution.
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BRUNNSCHWEILER, CHRISTA N. "Finance for renewable energy: an empirical analysis of developing and transition economies." Environment and Development Economics 15, no. 3 (February 26, 2010): 241–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x1000001x.
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ABSTRACTThis paper examines the role of the financial sector in renewable energy (RE) development. Although RE can bring socio-economic and environmental benefits, its implementation faces a number of obstacles, especially in non-OECD countries. One of these obstacles is financing: underdeveloped financial sectors are unable to efficiently channel loans to RE producers. The influence of financial sector development on the use of renewable energy resources is confirmed in panel data estimations on up to 119 non-OECD countries for 1980–2006. Financial intermediation, in particular commercial banking, has a significant positive effect on the amount of RE produced, and the impact is especially large when we consider non-hydropower RE such as wind, solar, geothermal and biomass. There is also evidence that the development of the RE sector has picked up significantly in the period since the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol.
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Jamie, Naseem Abu. "Financing Green Economy Impact on Sustainable Development." International Journal of Business Administration 9, no. 2 (February 8, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v9n2p123.
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This study aimed at clarifying the Green Economy financing roll in achieving sustainable development in the light of the of the goals by the UN program for environment which are represented by increasing the economic growth, and its impact on the global environmental system.To achieve the aim of the study, an analytical descriptive approach is used to acquaint with the Green Economy, measuring indexes as well as the challenges faced by countries and international organizations which have pioneer experiences in the field, to recognize the Green Economy impact on the sustainable development, a survey of 80 countries both developed and developing countries has been used depending on Global Green Economy Index (GGEI).In the light of the econometric analysis, previous studies and many successful experiences of some countries in applying the Green Economy, recommendations are raised to adopt the Green Economy system in some countries like Palestinian territories especially after disproving the Palestinian government fears of negative impact of Green Economy on the economic growth.Green economy should be fastened dialectically with the process of economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction which are the dialectical relations of different that are economically, socially and environmentally dimensions, and are reflected in the following major question:Can a green economy become a new motive for economic growth?
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Petronijević, Vuk, Aleksandar Đorđević, Miladin Stefanović, Slavko Arsovski, Zdravko Krivokapić, and Milan Mišić. "Energy Recovery through End-of-Life Vehicles Recycling in Developing Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 8764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218764.
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End-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycling is a process that spends energy and could be an energy source as well. This part of energy recovering depends on many different factors related to the broad and local aspects of ELV recycling. The ELV recycling process is consuming energy from different energy sources (electrical, fossil), however, this consumption is lower in relation to energy consumption during the production of new vehicle parts from the very beginning. This article attempts to promote an integrated approach in the analysis of the problem of energy recovery through ELV recycling. Authors aim to analyze the ELV recycling process as an energy generator and to present possibilities for its energy recovery. The research analyses are based on the empirical investigation of ELV recycling in the Republic of Serbia, as a developing country, and on defined statistical model presenting the impact of ELV recycling on energy generation, spending, and conservation during one-year intervals. Research results showed that the higher ELV generation rates may led to a higher energy recovery, and environmental and socio-economic sustainability.
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Meinzinger, F., K. Kröger, and R. Otterpohl. "Material flow analysis as a tool for sustainable sanitation planning in developing countries: case study of Arba Minch, Ethiopia." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 10 (May 1, 2009): 1911–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.189.
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Material Flow Analysis is a method that can be used to assess sanitation systems with regard to their environmental impacts. Modelling water and nutrients flows of the urban water, wastewater and waste system can highlight risks for environmental pollution and can help evaluating the potential for linking sanitation with resource recovery and agricultural production. This study presents the results of an analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus flows of Arba Minch town in South Ethiopia. The current situation is modelled and possible scenarios for upgrading the town's sanitation system are assessed. Two different scenarios for nutrient recovery are analysed. Scenario one includes co-composting municipal organic waste with faecal sludge from pit latrines and septic tanks as well as the use of compost in agriculture. The second scenario based on urine-diversion toilets includes application of urine as fertiliser and composting of faecal matter. In order to allow for variations in the rate of adoption, the model can simulate varying degrees of technology implementation. Thus, the impact of a step-wise or successive approach can be illustrated. The results show that significant amounts of plant nutrients can be provided by both options, co-composting and urine diversion.
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Acar, Ece, Kıymet Tunca Çalıyurt, and Yasemin Zengin-Karaibrahimoglu. "Does ownership type affect environmental disclosure?" International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 13, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 120–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-02-2020-0016.
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Purpose In recent years, firms tend to direct their attention in communicating their environmental actions with their stakeholders. However, the level of environmental disclosers varies significantly among firms. This paper aims to explain the variation in environmental disclosure of firms based on their ownership type, namely – state ownership and institutional ownership. The study further aims to understand whether and how the relationship between ownership structure and environmental disclosure changes regarding countries’ development levels. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a sample of 27,847 firm-year observations from 72 countries/economic districts between the years 2002 and 2017 and regression analysis to test how the relationship between different ownership structures and environmental disclosure and whether this relation is conditional on countries’ development levels. Findings This study finds that firms with higher state ownership have higher environmental disclosures and higher institutional ownership has a negative effect on environmental disclosures. Furthermore, this paper also documents that firms with higher state ownership and operating in developed countries have incrementally higher environmental disclosure, relative to firms operating in developing countries. Research limitations/implications The study has limitations that would provide possible starting points for further research. The first limitation is related to the environmental disclosure measure, which reflects the level of environmental disclosure of firms based on their disclosure information given in the Thomson Reuters, Asset4 database. A more refined measure can be constructed using hand-collected data based on linguistic analysis, which may reflect not only the level of the disclosure but also the quality of the environmental disclosure. The second limitation is the limited focus of the study toward state and institutional shareholding. Therefore, future research may consider examining the different types of ownership such as family ownership. Practical implications The findings of the study may help policymakers and regulators to consider the potential impact of various ownership types on environmental disclosures. Also, given the impact of countries’ development levels, regulators should consider that a one-size-fits-all is not applicable in environmental disclosures. Therefore, each country should consider the institutional dynamics of their operating environment to set appropriate regulations to enhance environmental disclosures. Social implications From a social perspective, the findings indicate that firms’ stakeholder engagement via environmental disclosures depends on the type of the controlling shareholders. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by developing a new construct for environmental disclosure based on Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Investments and Spill Impact Reduction performance measures. Further, grounding on legitimacy and stakeholder theories, this study shows the influence of ownership type on environmental disclosures and how this effect changes in accordance with the countries’ development.
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Fewtrell, L., and J. M. Colford. "Water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries: interventions and diarrhoea—a review." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 8 (October 1, 2005): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0244.
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We conducted a search to identify all English language papers (published between 1 January 1985 and 26 June 2003) with evidence on the effectiveness of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in developing countries, in which diarrhoea morbidity in non-outbreak conditions was reported. A total of 39 studies were identified as relevant after an initial review of over 2000 titles. Data were extracted and, where possible, combined using meta-analysis to provide a summary estimate of the effectiveness of specific interventions, including water supply and water treatment. Most of the interventions (including multiple interventions, hygiene and water quality) were found to significantly reduce the levels of diarrhoeal illness, with the greatest impact being seen for hygiene and household treatment interventions (after removal of studies classed as poor quality). Sanitation interventions could not be assessed as only a single study suitable for meta-analysis was identified.
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Onofrei, Mihaela, Anca-Florentina Gavriluţă (Vatamanu), Ionel Bostan, Bogdan Florin Filip, Claudia Laurența Popescu, and Gabriela Jitaru. "Impacts of the Allocation of Governmental Resources for Improving the Environment. An Empirical Analysis on Developing European Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 2783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082783.
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The last years have brought into attention more than ever concerns regarding the accelerating degradation of the environmental conditions which threaten both the present but mainly the future of human society. Under such circumstances, the society and especially the governments need to acknowledge the seriousness of environment issues and be able to develop and put into practice specific policies to counteract them. In this regard, this paper performs an analysis on a group of 11 European developing countries, over the period between 2000 and 2017, aiming first to evaluate the impact of the changing environment conditions and of the governmental actions regarding environment protection, on citizens life, namely on their life expectancy. In order to evaluate, as accurately as possible, the quality of the environment we propose and elaborate upon an environmental sustainability index based on 17 proxies for environment issues, whose values reveal several similarities between some of the analyzed countries. Secondly, using this index and also several categories of public expenses as proxies for the government actions towards environment protection, we analyze their impact on the life expectancy of the citizens during the sample period and draw some specific conclusions on the actions to be taken forward by governments.
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Xu, Bingjie, Ruoyu Zhong, and Hui Qiao. "The impact of biofuel consumption on CO2 emissions: A panel data analysis for seven selected G20 countries." Energy & Environment 31, no. 8 (April 2, 2020): 1498–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x20915426.
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Internationally, biofuel energy as a renewable energy source has been increasingly appreciated by various industries. The benefits of biofuel energy for environmental protection and global climate change cannot be denied. Hence, this paper examines the nexus among economic growth, biofuel consumption, urbanization rate, and CO2 emissions in seven selected Group of Twenty countries (G20) over 2001–2017. The results of fully modified ordinary least squares suggest that the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) exists between economic growth and CO2 emissions, and the impact of biofuel consumption and the urbanization rate on CO2 emissions is negative and positive, respectively. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the nexus among economic growth, biofuel consumption, urbanization rate, and CO2 emissions. The significance of this paper is to add biofuel consumption as a new variable for a panel of seven selected Group of Twenty (G20) countries covering 2001–2017. In addition, this study put urbanization into the current environmental Kuznets curve model to validate that urbanization can increase CO2 emissions. Developing the biofuel industry can not only diminish fossil fuel energy consumption but also offer huge potential to reduce CO2 emissions.
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Santhakumar, V. "Citizens' actions for protecting the environment in developing countries: an economic analysis of the outcome with empirical cases from India." Environment and Development Economics 8, no. 3 (June 25, 2003): 505–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x0300275.
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This paper analyses the impact of citizens' actions for protecting the environment in the context of the institutional features of developing countries. The enforcement of environmental regulation is likely to be weak in developing countries, and thus their citizens are being compelled to sue the polluters or take direct actions that are costly to the polluter. The theoretical and empirical analysis, based on 25 cases of citizens' action from the Kerala State of India, show that their impact is influenced by the institutional deficiencies of the country. Such deficiencies include the delay in resolving conflicts through court interventions and the lower cost of taking actions of civil disobedience due to poor law and order enforcement. The analysis leads to the conclusion that citizens' actions may not be very effective in controlling pollution from existing factories, and may be effective in blocking the establishment of new factories. Both these outcomes, i.e., the continued pollution in existing factories, and zero-pollution (or non-establishment) of new factories/projects, cause social losses, in the former case for the citizens and in the latter for the polluter.
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Rydning Gaarder, Anders, and Krishna C. Vadlamannati. "Does democracy guarantee (de)forestation? An empirical analysis." International Area Studies Review 20, no. 2 (January 27, 2017): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2233865916688846.
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It is a commonly held view that democracy is better at safeguarding environment while autocracy is predatory in nature, and is thus insensitive towards environment. However, others argue that democracy leads to environmental degradation. We revisit this contentious relationship between regime type and environment degradation in the context of deforestation. Using panel data on 139 countries during the 1990–2012 period, we find that democracy is associated with lower levels of forest coverage. Although our results appear counter-intuitive, further analyses reveal the positive effect of democracy on forest area coverage is conditional upon the level of economic development. Roughly, at per capita income of about US$8200, the impact of democracy on forest coverage becomes positive. Our results suggest that a democratic government’s priority to tackle environmental problems depends on its level of economic development. These results also highlight the fundamental reason as to why there is a lack of coordinated effort between developing and developed countries in addressing environmental issues.
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Tilley, E., S. Bieri, and P. Kohler. "Sanitation in developing countries: a review through a gender lens." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 3 (February 25, 2013): 298–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.090.
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Sanitation has evolved from a purely technical discipline to one that includes social, environmental, economic and, increasingly, gender considerations. However, blurry notions of gender are frequently offered in the sanitation literature. Although it has been recognized that gender-responsive sanitation does not mean ‘toilets for women’, substantial alternatives are rarely debated. We structure our review of sanitation in developing countries along three lines: we start by fine-tuning the concept of gender both from the academic and the practitioner's perspective, analyse relevant developments in gender-specific policies and programming, and finally review the most appropriate toilet room and menstrual hygiene technologies. We argue that strategies to make technologies gender-responsive need to be based upon a thorough analysis of the social arrangements of the intimate, and how these are negotiated and institutionalized in a specific context. A lack of robust gender-segregated data on sanitation policies and technologies, along with reductionist framings of gender are to blame for limited progress in verifying the need for, and impact of, gender-responsive sanitation. Technology and policy development and implementation would benefit from gender-considerate interpretations of shame, dignity, safety and status. Further progress could be achieved by improving the translation process between different academic framings of the sanitation crisis.
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Zhao, Jin, Ghulam Rasool Madni, Muhammad Awais Anwar, and Syeda Masooma Zahra. "Institutional Reforms and Their Impact on Economic Growth and Investment in Developing Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 4941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094941.
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It is widely accepted that the economic and social system may be more efficient by reforming institutions. Institutional reforms are attempts to change the rules affecting human interactions and these reforms are fundamental for development and economic prosperity. The reforms can be divided into two categories; political and economic institutional reforms. It is need of the hour to determine the category of reform that is more suitable for developing countries. Moreover, a vast literature describes the impact of institutional reforms but little focused on exploring their impacts on macroeconomic activities. So, this study is an effort to determine the impact of institutional reforms on macroeconomic variables by considering the panel data of 122 developing countries covering the time span from 1996 to 2019. The study applied treatment analysis using the difference-in-differences technique to gauge the effects of reforms. Besides, it will be interesting to know the causes triggering the institutional reforms in developing countries. The findings of the study reveal that economic reforms are more important as compared with political reforms to grow the economies. The countries focusing on political reforms are not able to overcome the economic crisis. Moreover, both types of reforms do not cause each other in these countries.
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Khan, Salah Ud-Din, and Jamel Orfi. "Socio-Economic and Environmental Impact of Nuclear Desalination." Water 13, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 1637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121637.
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Nuclear desalination concept and implementation spanning 50 years are recognized as an economical viable option for water and electricity production but could not receive wider applications. This is due to various factors, in addition to technical design parameters, other factors, such as social, economic, and environmental issues, need to be considered. For this purpose, the current studies start with performing a critical and up-to-date literature review on previous investigations in the field of nuclear reactors and integrated nuclear power with desalination plants with a specific focus on performance criteria, technical specifications, etc. Reviewing and compiling the most updated technical specifications, cost estimations, and environmental data related to nuclear power and desalination plants are also important steps. Previous studies show a special focus on other important issues on nuclear desalination characteristics in countries including Saudi Arabia, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, India, and Kuwait. This work presents a concise review of previous works on the relevancy of other issues, such as economic, environmental, and social, associated with the use of nuclear energy in power generation and fresh water production. Preliminary assessment of possible hybrid configurations of nuclear and desalination technologies is developed and assessed by a computational program. Both operating and capital cost of the integrated plants are calculated. The simulation model is then extended to compare with other heating reactors as well for the verification analysis. The results obtained from comparative assessment depicts the accuracy of the simulation model used for preliminary assessment of the integrated nuclear desalination option. The main objective of the research is to assess the nuclear desalination plant development in terms of social, economic and environmental aspects. The results will pave the way for countries interested in developing nuclear desalination plants.
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Wang, Qiang, Shuyu Li, Rongrong Li, and Feng Jiang. "Underestimated impact of the COVID-19 on carbon emission reduction in developing countries – A novel assessment based on scenario analysis." Environmental Research 204 (March 2022): 111990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111990.
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Hochstetler, Kathryn Ann. "The G-77, BASIC, and global climate governance: a new era in multilateral environmental negotiations." Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 55, spe (2012): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-73292012000300004.
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The G-77 has historically organized the participation of developing countries in multilateral environmental negotiations. This article analyses the impact of a new coalition of emerging powers - Brazil, China, India, and South Africa as BASIC - on the G-77's role in climate governance. While there are important benefits for both sides in their relationship, I argue that the G-77 is also disadvantaged in several concrete ways by the BASIC countries.
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Simeuncevic, Sanja. "Foreign direct investment impact on environment in Serbia in the period 2000-2008." Spatium, no. 24 (2011): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat1124063s.
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Foreign direct investment (FDI) is currently the largest source of capital reaching developing countries and a stimulant to economic growth. Although FDI benefits the economy of the ?host? country, its impact on the environment can vary from pure exploitation of slack environmental regulations and the creation of ?pollution havens?, environmental political ?chilling? effect, to the transfer of new clean technologies and the formation of ?pollution haloes?. This paper focuses on FDI environmental impact in Serbia, in the period from the opening of the borders to foreign capital in 2000 until 2008, when the FDI in Serbia drastically decreased. The FDI growth of 65 times in the period of five years emphasizes the relevance of this analysis, if sustainable development is to be achieved. This paper envisages FDI impact and visible actual tendencies on Serbian environment, and defines to which of the theoretical concepts it could be arranged. The paper explores whether FDI influence in Serbia resulted in a dominant transfer of pollution intensive industries or a transfer of environmentally friendly technology and know-how, in reducing or improving environmental regulations in Serbia.
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Baturevich, Anna, Vsevolod Spirenkov, and Kseniya Stakhanova. "The Impact of the Financial Sector on the Development of the Industry of Renewable Energy." Scientific Research of Faculty of Economics. Electronic Journal 10, no. 2 (June 28, 2018): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/2078-3809-2018-10-2-88-98.
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Despite the long-term economic and environmental benefits of introducing renewable energy sources (RES), they are associated with many obstacles, one of which is hindered access to finance. This article examines the impact of the level of financial development on the renewable energy industry. An econometric analysis of data for 270 countries for 1987–2016 revealed a significant positive effect of various indicators of the development of the financial sector on the total production of renewable energy sources. In particular, the important role of the size of the banking industry and the size of the private lending sector has been revealed. It also revealed a significant impact of the level of financial development on wind, solar and tidal energy, and this effect is different in developed and developing countries. This work is a logical continuation of other works on this topic. There has never been an assessment of the use of renewable energy for such a large number of countries. Significant results were obtained for various indicators of the development of the financial sector. We were able to assess the difference in the use of renewable energy sources for developed and developing countries.
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Połom, Marcin, Maciej Tarkowski, Krystian Puzdrakiewicz, and Łukasz Dopierała. "Is It Possible to Develop Electromobility in Urban Passenger Shipping in Post-Communist Countries? Evidence from Gdańsk, Poland." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 6362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236362.
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Reducing emissions of pollutants from transport is clearly one of the main challenges of the constantly developing world. Because the environmental impact of different means of transport is significant, it is necessary to cut down on fossil fuels and turn to more eco-friendly solutions, e.g., electric vehicles. Almost all European countries are now adapting their transport policies to this new paradigm. Nonetheless, due to large economic disparities, these processes are currently at different levels of implementation in Western and Eastern Europe. The main focus is on private electric cars and more traditional means of transport, rather than water trams. This article presents possible means of developing water tram lines in Gdańsk served by hybrid or full-electric vehicles. The analysis presented herein reflects the multidimensional nature of the issue. The article provides data on the socio-economic situation in the city, technical issues related to the implementation of such tram lines, and the possible consequences of introducing a new means of transportation into the existing system. A key part of the analysis is the identification of anticipated economic and environmental consequences of introducing both hybrid and full-electric vehicles into the system. A comprehensive socio-economic and technical-environmental analysis of the possibilities of developing urban electromobility in the form of urban passenger shipping in post-communist countries, such as that presented in this paper, has not been previously published.
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Issa, Usama, Ibrahim Sharaky, Mamdooh Alwetaishi, Ashraf Balabel, Amal Shamseldin, Ahmed Abdelhafiz, Mohammed Al-Surf, Mosleh Al-Harthi, and Medhat M. A. Osman. "Developing and Applying a Model for Evaluating Risks Affecting Greening Existing Buildings." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 6403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116403.
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Improving building performance through reducing negative environmental impacts can be achieved by greening existing buildings (GEB), which is considered a very important sustainability process. Due to the risky and uncertain nature of the process of GEB, a growing amount of attention should be given to eliminating the effects of risks on GEB. This research aims to identify most expected risk factors related to GEB, as well as to evaluate their effects through calculating risk factor characteristics, such as risk factor presence (RFP), impact on the GEB process (IGEB), and impact on building performance in the long run (IBP), as new indices describe these risks. Sixty-six risk factors were categorized in seven risk groups related to the economic aspect, social aspect, environmental aspect, managerial aspect, sustainability operation, sustainable design, and renovation. Moreover, a fuzzy model for risk analysis was developed to combine the multi-effects of the aforementioned three risk factor characteristics in one index representing the risk factors’ overall importance. The model was applied and verified for data collected in Saudi Arabia. The results of this study showed that the most important risk group is the greening process of environmental control, while the least important is the greening process of renovation and construction. Using the proposed model improved the results of evaluating risks affecting GEB through merging the multi-effects of risk factor characteristics. The results and analysis proved that the most important key risk factors were environmental in nature. An intricate relationship of the impacts on the GEB process and building performance with the overall importance of the risk factors was clearly found. The decision makers who deal with greening projects in Saudi Arabia should be aware of the key risks identified in this study. The proposed methodology and model can be easily applied to other countries to help decision makers in evaluating their GEB projects, as well as comparing more greening projects based on risk analysis.
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Karimov, Mehman. "An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship among Foreign Direct Investment, Gross Domestic Product, CO2 Emissions, Renewable Energy Contribution in the context of the Environmental Kuznets Curve and Pollution Haven Hypothesis Regarding Turkey." European Journal of Engineering and Formal Sciences 4, no. 1 (February 21, 2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejef.v4i1.p110-123.
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This study examines the relationships between GDP per capita, CO2 emission, Renewable Energy Contribution (REC) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and evaluates the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) for Turkey. The EKC theory says that with increase in income per capita the pollution also increases but in a turning point when nation become richer pollution starts to decrease according to stringency of environmental regulations and implying advanced green technologies due to requirement of nation. In another hand the PHH assume that due to stringency of environmental regulations and high taxes the production become more expensive in developed countries, thus those dirty industries shifts from environmentally stricter developed countries to poor regulated developing countries. The aim of this study to analyze and investigate: which theory (EKC or PHH) does exist in Turkish economy and does FDI has positive impact on sustainable development. The time series datasets (FDI, GDP, CO2 and REC) , those were obtained from World Bank database, which covers the time period 1970-2014 were utilized in employed statistical models as the ADF Unit Root, Philips – Perron, Johansen co-integration, and the Granger Causality tests, to accomplish the empirical part of the paper. Based on the empirical results, it was approved that there wasn`t existence of the EKC theory in Turkish economy. But according to obtained empirical results it was affirmed that there was the presence of the PHH theory in Turkish economy which means the FDI has a negative impact on sustainable development of Turkish economy. Thus, the developed countries with stricter environmental regulations (mostly from Europe) relocate their heavily polluted dirty industries to Turkish economy.
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Chisholm, Dan. "Mental health system financing in developing countries: Policy questions and research responses." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 16, no. 4 (December 2007): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x0000244x.
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AbstractTo what extent does previous and existing health economics research directly address key health system financing issues facing mental health services in developing countries? By mapping WHO's health systems framework onto mental health, three key financing questions for mental health are identified: the sufficiency of resources for mental health; the protection of individuals or households against the economic consequences of mental ill-health; and the efficient use of available resources for mental health. Research efforts to date have mainly focused on the evaluation of intervention costs in relation to mental health outcomes (the efficiency question). There is a need to achieve a greater balance between economic analysis (aimed at identifying best buys) versus financial planning (scaling up the delivery or implementation of interventions shown to be cost-effective). In addition, a better understanding and clearer articulation of the negative impact of mental disorders at the household level is needed, together with ways of alleviating financial burden via appropriate and affordable pre-payment financing mechanisms.
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Serafim, Gerdina Handa, and José Manuel Cristóvão Veríssimo. "The Relationship between Strategic Orientation, Service Innovation, and Performance in Hotels in Angola." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 1, 2021): 6256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116256.
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This paper aims to investigate the impacts of customer orientation, competitor orientation, learning orientation, technology orientation, and entrepreneurial orientation on hotel innovation and performance. Data from 69 hotels in four Angolan provinces were analyzed using the partial least squares (PLS) approach and multi group analysis. The results show that learning and entrepreneurial orientations have a positive impact on hotel innovation. As anticipated, innovation has a positive impact on performance. According to the multigroup analysis, only the hotel category has a moderating effect on performance. Results suggest that hotels in developing countries could add value to both customers and shareholders by promoting new services and exploring new business opportunities. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the few studies that has researched the impact of strategic orientation on hotel innovation and financial performance in developing countries.
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Phale, Koketso, Fanglin Li, Isaac Adjei Mensah, Akoto Yaw Omari-Sasu, and Mohammed Musah. "Knowledge-Based Economy Capacity Building for Developing Countries: A Panel Analysis in Southern African Development Community." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 7, 2021): 2890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052890.
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The Southern African Development Community is lagging behind in terms of knowledge economy relative to other regions worldwide. This dramatically reduces the chances of keeping up with their economically established counterparts in terms of sustainable development. This paper therefore, applies multivariate panel data analysis which is predicted on the Cobb–Douglas production function to analyze the affiliation flanked by knowledge-based economy pillars and economic growth from 1998–2018. The World Bank knowledge-based economy framework is employed. To achieve the study goal, the long-run effect regarding proxies of each pillar in the knowledge-based economy on economic growth is first estimated. Afterwards, the average impact of each pillar is examined using the average impact index (AII). Employment of both conventional unit root and co-integration tests showed all observed series are stationary and co-integrated. Further estimation of the long-run relationship using both static and dynamic models (fixed effect and generalized method of moment) portrayed that government effectiveness, adjusted savings on education expenditure, tertiary enrollment, scientific and technical journals, and mobile cellular subscriptions have significant positive impact on economic growth. Finally, the AII estimation unveiled that the innovation pillar is the most impactful aspect on economic growth followed by education and skills with the least being information and communication technology infrastructure. Feasible policy recommendations are further suggested.
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Dovgal, Olena, Nataliia Goncharenko, Olena Reshetnyak, Georgiy Dovgal, and Natalia Danko. "Priorities for Greening and the Sustainable Development of OECD Member Countries and Ukraine: a Comparative Analysis." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 24, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.24.03.
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The article focuses on identifying priority areas for greening and sustainable development for OECD countries and Ukraine. They aim to achieve overall progress in the interaction between the economy and the environment. Additionally, the aim is to create prerequisites for encouraging innovation and investment to find new sources of economic growth that are compatible with ecosystems that are capable of recovering from damage. It has been demonstrated that although the global goals of greening economies are relevant for all countries, they must be tailored to the regional and national specificities, as well as each country’s level of economic development. The study used general qualitative and quantitative methods of economic research, including systematic, comparative analysis, methods of logical and statistical analysis, and index method, among others. The applied theoretical and methodological approach allowed us to identify general trends in the development of environmental factors in the OECD countries and Ukraine and their impact on economic growth. Specifically, the study analyzes the current state of affairs and perspectives for greening and sustainable development based on a comprehensive assessment of the level of greening in these economies and the relationship between the internal ecological environment – assessed using the indicators of “green growth” – and their economic development. The article also justifies priorities for greening and sustainable development and suggests practical measures for their implementation. They can serve as a basis for developing a policy of effective environmental management and elaborating a national system of environmentally friendly management and administration.
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Onofrei, Mihaela, Tudorel Toader, Anca Florentina Vatamanu, and Florin Oprea. "Impact of Governments’ Fiscal Behaviors on Public Finance Sustainability: A Comparative Study." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 27, 2021): 3739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073739.
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The aim of this research is to highlight the specificity of fiscal sustainability in some developing EU countries by analyzing the implications of fiscal rules on governments’ fiscal behaviors. We employ a panel data analysis to evaluate developing EU countries for the period 2000–2014 and we investigate the status of convergence of fiscal responsibility coordinates by computing the convergence score of fiscal responsibility. The research is based on interdisciplinary coordinates and helps to consolidate judgments from both legal and financial perspectives, making a contribution to the literature that investigates the relationship between the legal framework related to government decision-making and public finance sustainability. The choice of the study sample in relation to developing EU countries represents a contribution and a point of reference for the literature that investigates the sustainability of developing EU countries and highlights the importance of fiscal risk management and control mechanisms in enhancing the performance of the public sector and fiscal sustainability. The results suggest that it is important to reinforce the interaction between the legal framework and the institutional one by identifying good practices for designing and operating effective independent fiscal institutions, making them capable not only of advising the government on fiscal policy matters but also of promoting sound fiscal policy and sustainable public finance.