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Ahammed, A. K. M. Rafique. "Development of environmental impact assessment in Bangladesh." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09enva285.pdf.
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Onzivu, William. "Health in international environmental law : an analysis of the health objectives and impact of international environmental legal regimes in developing countries with a focus on Africa and the options for reform." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21621.
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The protection of human health and the environment are two major goals of international environmental law. However, there has been little coherent scrutiny of their scope or implementation at international and domestic levels in developing countries and Africa in particular. This thesis shows that international environmental law regimes with a health protection objective have not maximized opportunities to reinforce the promotion and protection of public health in Africa. Through inter alia a study of sustainable management of shared freshwaters, trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal and international climate law, the thesis shows that a range of legal frameworks comprised of substantive, institutional and procedural law mandates States to advance the health objective in international environmental law. However, the thesis demonstrates the limits of these regimes and suggests options to enhance their potential in promoting and protecting public health. An enhanced framework of adaptive governance is proposed to improve environmental health governance. The thesis illustrates how the discourse on health in international environmental law can strengthen international environmental health governance to improve environmental and public health outcomes. It contains seven publications that analyse the strengths and weaknesses and options for reform of the international environmental law regime for health. The implications of these findings for theory, practice and public policy are discussed.
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Urama, Kevin Chika. "Economic analysis of the environmental impacts of surface irrigation technology in developing countries : the case of Nigeria." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619826.
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Apedo-Amah, Dedevi S. Marie Christine. "Modelization and analysis of NGOs impact in developing countries." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0234.
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Cette thèse traite des mesures à prendre afin d'assurer le succès de projets de développement exécutés par des firmes privées, et plus particulièrement les Organisations Non Gouvernementales (ONGs). Les ONGs sont des firmes à but non lucratif qui sont semblables aux gouvernements dans leur préoccupation pour le bien-être des bénéficiaires et aux firmes privées standard sur le plan organisationnel. Leur participation aux projets de développement soulève la question de savoir si elles sont plus efficaces que ces entités similaires. Malgré la croissance rapide du secteur ONG, surtout des multinationales basées dans les pays riches avec des branches implantées dans les pays pauvres, peu de recherches en économie de développement se sont intéressées à comment la nature d’une organisation peut affecter son comportement dans l’implémentation des projets de développement. Les trois chapitres de cette thèse soulignent des différences entre Les ONG, les firmes privées et les gouvernements et examinent comment la nature même de chaque type d'organisation affecte sa fourniture de services publics. Les deux questions-clés sont donc pourquoi et sous quelles des conditions choisir une ONG comme fournisseur de biens et services dans le cadre d'un projet de développement, et comment s’assurer que les normes culturelles des bénéficiaires n’affectent négativement la réussite desdits projetsThis thesis addresses the question of how to ensure the success of development projects executed by private firms, especially Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). NGOs are non-profit firms that are similar to governments in their concern about beneficiaries' welfare and to standard private firms in their organizational form. Their involvement in development projects raises the issue of how well they perform in service provision compared to alternative entities. Despite the rapid growth of the non-profit sector, especially international firms based in high-income countries that operate in low-income countries, the existing literature on economic development has hardly investigated the issue of non-profit performance and regulation. The three chapters of this thesis emphasize differences between NGOs and either private for-profit firms or governements, and examine how the very nature of each type of organization affects service provision. The two key questions are why and under which conditions to choose an NGO as goods or services provider in the framework of a development project, and how to ensure beneficiaries' cultural norms do not undermine the success of development projects
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Sunderland, Alexander H. "Fiscal Impact of Privatization in Developing Countries." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/109.
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This paper examines the fiscal impact of privatization revenues in 47 developing countries. There are many reasons that privatization is attractive for the central government of developing countries. If substantial, these revenues from the sale of state owned enterprises can present a potential solution to persistent deficits. On the other hand, the privatization revenues could be used to finance an even larger deficit. In this paper, I will discuss previous research on the fiscal impact of privatization revenues, the factors that contribute to persistent fiscal budget deficits and explain how empirical research on the fiscal impact of privatization in the developing world is a logical extension of this research. Using data from the World Bank’s Privatization Database on privatization revenues from the years 1988 to 2008 and panel data techniques, I find that an increase in privatization revenues is correlated with a worsening of the fiscal budget balance, lending support to the hypothesis that revenues from the sales of state owned enterprises are used to finance a larger deficit.
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Abdullah, Ramdzani Bin. "An investigation of the early experience of establishing environmental impact assessment in ASEAN countries." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327220.
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Nanbakhsh, H. "Environmental impact assessment of potable water supply and sanitation in rural areas of developing countries." Thesis, University of Salford, 1993. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/14669/.
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The main objective of the present research was to assess the environmental impacts of the provision of potable water supplies and sanitation projects, both during the construction and operation phases. The research was related to rural areas of developing countries. Field research was undertaken in the rural areas of the Northwest and Central regions of Iran. Data were obtained by observations and survey from the field, and a comprehensive questionnaire and literature review. Interviews were carried out by the author in households, particularly women, in four villages with a piped water supply and sanitation facilities, and four villages without such facilities, in the two different regions. To assess the beneficial and negative impacts stemming from the projects, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) techniques were used. After the application of EIA through the use of checklist of impacts and the Leopold's matrix, results demonstrated that the implementation of water supply and sanitation projects can have several negative impacts on the natural environment, and positive beneficial impacts on the social and economic environment. In relation to water supply and sanitation projects, the most effective EIA method was shown by this study to be the Leopold's matrix. It can identify both positive and negative impacts and the interaction between the project activities and environmental parameters. The most important recommendations that stem from this research are, that project planners and water engineers should employ EIA methods in planning water projects, particularly in the rural areas of developing countries.
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Rosendal, G. Kristin. "Implementing international environmental agreements in developing countries : the creation and impact of the convention on biological diversity /." Oslo : Unipub forlag, Akademika, 1999. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/303736429.pdf.
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Shrestha, Manish M. "Feasibility of Satellite Water Tanks for Urban Areas in Developing Countries." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1353342510.
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Suazo, Jose A. (Jose Antonio) 1972. "Stages in project financing : a comparative analysis of independent power projects in three Developing countries : India, Indonesia, and Peru." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84300.
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Mabena, Simon Malikhanye. "An analysis of the impact of FDI in developing countries based on preconditions, absorptive capacity and benefits." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30623.
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The growth of FDI inflow to developing countries is increasing, so have the questions of why some developing countries have succeeded in attracting and absorbing FDI benefits. These countries are seen to have found the right fit between the FDI attraction and the developmental agenda. Profound questions about the true value of FDI to host countries are addressed in this study. While FDI attraction may be justified on the basis of FDI benefits by foreign firms, it still remains critical to establish whether these benefits are automatic. As an attempt to answer these questions, this dissertation uses both firm level and country level data to investigate the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on developing countries.Interesting findings emerge from this study. The findings are in form of an interrelated structure setting, the study showed that technology, skills transfer and employment benefits via FDI take place only when the host country has the sufficient level of human capital, infrastructure and good local firms. And that the country must have stable political environment, consistent macroeconomic policy and good institutions in order to continue attracting FDI.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Leu, Wen-Shyan. "A comparative evaluation of the environmental impact assessment systems in the United Kingdom and developing countries in South-East Asia." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1995. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-comparative-evaluation-of-the-environmental-impact-assessment-systems-in-the-united-kingdom-and-developing-countries-in-southeast-asia(e3e15eae-c0e6-4a6a-b6b8-e4f074b9db39).html.
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This thesis describes a comparative evaluation of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) systems in four countries, including the UK as a developed Western nation and Taiwan, Malaysia and Indonesia as examples of differing rapidly developing countries in South-East Asia. In order to carry out this evaluation, a conceptual framework for analysing an EIA system has been developed. This defined framework provides an uniform basis for examining the insights and effectiveness of the individual EIA systems. The study results showed that ETA has been implemented in the UK through secondary regulations. Guidelines on the ETA procedure are available. Nevertheless, public consultation prior to the submission of an environmental statement (ES) with a planning application is a recommendation only, rather than a statutory requirement. Post-EIA monitoring is required through planning conditions, but not defined in the EIA regulations. Formal appraisal of plans is required for local/structure plans and is undertaken informally for other plans. It was found that EIA implementation by various competent authorities has been inconsistent across the country. In Taiwan, various EIA general and technical guidelines are introduced. A formal requirement for ETA of government policies is included in the 1994 ETA Law. The procedure appears to be quite comprehensive with public participation at the early stage of ETA, i.e. scoping and public presentationlhearing, but not formal channels for appeals. EIA compliance monitoring and enforcement is conducted by an independent Task Force. However, the effectiveness of ETA implementation in practice still needs to be strengthened. Malaysia has devoted considerable effort to improving indigenous ETA capabilities through, for example, EIA training, developing an EIA tracking system and a central database of ETA reports. However, a number of aspects of ETA, including guidance availability, public involvement, ETA compliance monitoring and enforcement, and the effectiveness of implementation in practice, need to be strengthened. In Indonesia, the requirements for an EIA report are quite strict and clear. The linkage of ETA and spatial use management has been established since 1993. There have been considerable technical and financial inputs from Canada. However, aspects, such as guidance availability, public participation, EIA enforcement and implementation in practice, should be enhanced. Based on the study findings, an EIA Evaluation Model and a conceptual framework for a comprehensive ETA system have been developed. It is suggested that competent national authorities can apply the EIA Evaluation Model to identif' the strengths and weaknesses of their ETA systems. The proposed conceptual framework for a comprehensive ETA system can be used as a reference model. Competent national authorities could, then, set out priorities and devote resources to overcome shortcomings and strengthen ETA effectiveness, so that the performance of the ETA systems can be improved. 2
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Vonya, Qamani. "A critical analysis of the impact of Brexit on the SADC-EU EPA." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6992.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe United Kingdom (UK) is one of the largest Member states within the European Union (EU) that receive export goods from developing countries. The UK has successfully voted to exit the EU through a referendum and this may impact the already existing developing countries’ markets that depend on their exports to the UK. On the one hand, the UK has promised that it intends on maintaining the existing trade agreements with most of its trade partners including the Southern African Development Community (SADC)-EU Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA). On the other hand, the UK is concerned of its independence from the EU and at this point in time, it can only be anticipated that, agreements if any, relating to Brexit will only suffice once the entire exiting process has been completed.
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Ramos, Boris G. "The impact of universal service obligations and other external and cross subsidies on teledensity in developing countries." Link to electronic thesis, 2006. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-053106-133409/.
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Dissertation (Ph.D.) -- Worcester Polytechnic Institute.Keywords: value added services; cross subsidies; universal service; system dynamics; telecom planning. Includes bibliographical references (p.178-187).
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Hristovska, Tatjana. "Economic Impacts of Integrated Pest Management in Developing Countries: Evidence from the IPM CRSP." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33238.
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Farmers around the world rely on IPM practices in order to increase their yields and reduce their losses due to pests. Assessing the impacts of previous IPM CRSP studies is crucial for successful continuance of the program and to provide meaningful recommendations to farmers. This thesis summarizes previous IPM CRSP impact studies, and provides additional impact assessments of IPM practices developed on the program. Scientist-questionnaires were sent to scientists in each IPM CRSP site around the world. Using the data from the questionnaire responses in combination with additional secondary information on elasticities, prices and quantities, economic surplus analyses were conducted. The tomato IPM program in Albania, the plantain IPM program in Ecuador, and the tomato IPM program in Uganda resulted in net present values of approximately $8 million, $7 million and $1 million, respectively. Sensitivity analyses for each case were also conducted, and net benefits ranged from $5 to 23 million in Albania, from $4 to 7 million in Ecuador, and from $0.03 to 3 million in Uganda. Additionally, an ordered probit analysis was conducted to determine the factors affecting adoption of IPM technologies in Bangladesh. The level of education, being a female, IPM training and awareness of pesticide alternatives were found to have positive and statistically significant impact on the adoption of IPM technologies in Bangladesh.Master of Science
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Carvalho, Natalie. "Health Impacts and Economic Evaluations of Maternal and Child Health Programs in Developing Countries." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10264.
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This dissertation is motivated by two of the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): MDG 4, focused on reducing child mortality, and MDG 5, which aims to improve maternal health. My three papers evaluate the health and economic impact, and cost-effectiveness, of interventions to improve maternal and child health in three areas of the developing world using methods from decision sciences and statistics. In paper 1, I use a decision-analytic model that simulates the natural history of pregnancy and pregnancy-related complications to assess the expected health outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness of strategies to reduce maternal mortality in Afghanistan. Increasing family planning was found to be the most effective single intervention to reduce maternal mortality. Further findings suggest that a stepwise approach that couples increased family planning with incremental improvements in access to appropriate intrapartum care could prevent 3 out of 4 maternal deaths and would be cost-effective. Paper 2 explores the value of community-based disease management programs for reducing mortality from childhood pneumonia and malaria in 24 countries of sub-Saharan Africa. I use a model-based framework that combines symptom patterns, care-seeking behavior, and treatment coverage from an empirical assessment of household survey data with information on diagnostic algorithms and disease progression from the literature. Results indicate that a community health worker program modeled on currently-existing programs could avert over 100,000 under-five deaths combined across the 24 countries and would be regarded as cost-effective compared to the status quo under typical benchmarks for international cost-effectiveness analysis. My third paper evaluates the effect of Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), a conditional cash transfer program intended to promote the use of reproductive health services in India, on childhood immunizations and other reproductive and child health indicators. Using observational data from the most recent district-level household survey, I conduct a matching analysis with logistic regression to assess the associations of interest. Results show that receipt of financial assistance from JSY led to a significant increase in childhood immunizations rates, post-partum check-ups, and some healthy breastfeeding practices, but no impact was found on exclusive breastfeeding and care-seeking behaviors.
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Jorge, Maldonado Higinio. "Relationships among poverty, financial services, human capital, risk coping, and natural resources: Evidence from El Salvador and Bolivia." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1093505947.
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Broca, Mita. "'Less is more' : Pathways for Lower Steel Stocks in Developing Countries : An assessment of leapfrogging potentials in transportation D1-2012-38." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for vann- og miljøteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18816.
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Effective climate change mitigation requires global carbon emissions to be reduced at least by 50% over the 2000-2050 period, as recommended by the IPCC. Producing steel accounts for approximately 9% of all energy-related green house gas emissions. With the rapid urbanization and industrialization of the developing countries, demand for steel is anticipated to at least double by 2050. The daunting challenge is how emerging economies like India and China will be able to develop into modern economies without generating significant repercussions for the global climate. Today’s best available steel making processes have optimised energy use to a large extent. For further emission reduction, climate change mitigation policies primarily aim at a response based on carbon sequestration of process and electricity related emissions. However, these approaches are far from proven and carry both technical and financial risks. This research shifts the focus from supply-side to demand-side measures to address this issue. The need to include management of in-use stocks in environmental policy is underlined, as stocks are important drivers for resource and energy consumption as well as waste and emission generation. The central idea behind this work is to highlight that the goal for developing countries should not be to acquire the same level of in-use stock as seen in the developed counties, but to attain the same services enjoyed by them with lower material stocks. This study first attempts to quantify the differences in steel stocks in vehicles, along with the total embodied energy and emissions among a set of developed countries. Using a novel approach, service provided by the vehicle stock is defined using suitable parameters. Further, using passenger car steel stock as an example, scenarios are developed for India, which reflect ways in which India could possibly attain the same level of service as seen in industrialized countries, but with lower steel stock. The approach presented here is based on a static model, which is used to provide an indication of the embedded energy and emissions associated with the instantaneous build-up of the steel stock, to provide a certain level of service. Factors that influence dependence on personal transport are studied and possible ways of making people less reliant on cars are suggested. The results from the scenario analysis indicate that for passenger cars, the emissions embedded in steel stock can be reduced by 75% if India chooses not to replicate the US pattern of development, but instead, with proactive planning and decision making, adopt measures that can make the population less dependent on individual transport. This project therefore, is a step towards drawing attention to the importance of including the role of anthropogenic stocks in environmental policy.
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Jaffer, Huda. "Holistic value chain assessment of decentralized renewable energy in developing countries for impact investors : before and beyond life cycle analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107595.
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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, System Design and Management Program, Engineering and Management Program, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 180-207).
As the world grapples with the idea of impact to deliver essential services to the poor, measurement of real impact and the deriving Typical investments are measured purely investments are more complex as they al sustainability. investment as one of the important ways many queries are being raised about maximum value for the money invested. on the basis of financials but impact so look into social and environmental One of the methods is to conduct Life Cycle Assessments on the products being sold in the developing countries to give impact investors a better understanding of the environmental sustainability of the products, services and systems being invested in. However, to maximize the return on investment from a holistic impact perspective, sustainability needs to be evaluated across social, financial and environmental parameters. To have a substantial impact one needs to build the corresponding ecosystems for under-served societies: thus making the measurement of impact more accurate. The thesis focuses on the above by taking the example of Decentralized Renewable Energy enterprises in poor and underserved markets of the developing world. The project explores existing methodologies and criteria for impact investors to finance companies by balancing social, environmental and financial returns. By benchmarking and reviewing relevant approaches designed to spur sustainability and by identifying needs and gaps in the chosen methodologies the thesis proposes guidelines for impact investors to assess holistic sustainability. An analysis is provided by considering aspects across type of products sold/services provided by enterprises, type of target segments and motivations, type delivery models, type of capital and type of organizational structure and human resources. The guidelines are designed to help impact investors and enable social enterprises to look at sustainability metrics beyond Life Cycle Assessments. Finally, the importance of revising tax treatment of impact investments and the financial returns deserves serious consideration in order to effectively impact sustainable change.
by Huda Jaffer.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
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Zhang, Wei, Long Chen, Huanhuan Wang, Ying Li, Gengchong Zhen, Xuejie Ye, Yindong Tong, Yan Zhu, and Xuejun Wang. "Economic Evaluation of Health Benefits of Mercury Emission Controls for China and the Neighboring Countries in East Asia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2619.
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Globally, coal-fired power plant (CFPP) is a major source of mercury. China is developing its first National Implementation Plan on Mercury Control, which priorities the control of emissions from CFPPs. While social benefits play an important role in designing environmental policies in China, the benefits associated with mercury control are not yet understood, mainly due to the scientific challenges to trace mercury's emissions-to-impacts path. This study evaluates the benefits of mercury reductions in China's CFPPs for China and its three neighboring countries in East Asia. Four policy scenarios are analyzed following the policies-to-impacts path, which links a global atmospheric model to health benefit analysis models to estimate the economic gains from avoided mercury-related adverse health outcomes under each scenario, and take into account key uncertainties in the path. Under the most stringent scenario, the benefits of mercury reduction by 2030 are projected to be $432 billion (95% CI: $166–941 billion), with the benefits for China and the neighboring countries accounting for 96% and 4% of the total benefits, respectively. Policy scenario analysis indicates that coal washing generates the greatest benefits in the near term, whereas upgrading air pollution control devices maximizes health benefits in the long term.
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Tambunlertchai, Kanittha. "Voluntary environmental programmes in the developing world : an examination of the ISO 14001 environmental management system certification in Thailand." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/241037.
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This dissertation studies one of the newest tools in environmental policy in the developing world context - that of voluntary environmental programmes (VEPs). Developed and promoted in the past few decades by policy practitioners looking to regulate environmental pollution without saddling enterprises and governments with high regulatory costs, VEPs remain vastly under-studied, especially when compared with market instruments and the long-standing command and control approach. Fundamental questions such as who the likely participants are, why firms would voluntarily take on added costs of environmental improvement, and whether any financial and environmental benefits arise from participation remain largely unanswered. This gap in the literature is particularly severe for the case of developing countries. While VEPs in general and ISO 14001 in particular have rapidly increased across the developing world, the understanding of their implications in the academic literature trail far behind. This dissertation aims to fill some of this gap in the existing literature by using unique firm level data and applying rigorous empirical micro-econometric methods to analyse the adoption of the ISO 14001 international voluntary scheme in Thailand. The study focuses on three core manufacturing industries - food and beverages, textiles and wearing apparel, and electronics and electrical appliances, chosen to represent three main types of manufacturing activities in the country. The study finds that both macroeconomic and industry-specific factors influence firms' participation in the ISO 14001 scheme. It also finds that the degrees of environmental impact from programme adoption vary by industry, and that although participation in the programme requires non-trivial commitments of the firm's resources, participating firms are not placed at a financial disadvantage when compared with non-adopting firms.
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Fietje, Leo. "Developing best practice in environmental impact assessment using risk management ideas, concepts and principles." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1107.
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This thesis argues that the management of environmental impacts has many analogies with the management of risk and practice can be improved by using ideas, concepts and principles found in the management of risk in other spheres of human activity. An overview of the challenges faced by environmental impact practitioners in New Zealand and reinforcement of its importance to the sustainable management of natural and physical resources under New Zealand's Resource Management Act is provided. Key risk management ideas, concepts and principles drawn from a variety of sources are listed and parallels drawn between these and existing environmental impact assessment practice in New Zealand. From this list a number are selected and opportunities for improving environmental impact assessment practice are explored. A number of opportunities are identified, starting with the need for a common language and methodology amongst practitioners. Categorisation of impacts to assist transparency of analysis and expression using frequency-consequence curves to aid and promote consistency of decision-making are further areas of opportunity. Risk management has several well-developed techniques for dealing with uncertainty and selection of assessment endpoints. The connection between communication of risk and public perception is an area with significant potential for communication about environmental impacts. Challenges with effective public participation in environmental decision-making are backgrounded and risk management practised in two high profile areas examined for opportunity for improved practice. Neither appears to offer opportunity for improvement in key decision-making areas. A relatively new indicator approach towards risk assessment called "healthy systems method" appears to have significant potential for cost-effective analysis of systems of various types and at various levels. This thesis identifies a number of other areas of risk management requiring further research to determine potential for achieving better practice in environmental impact assessment.
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Awuku, Emmanuel Opuku. "International trade and the environment : the impact of the WTO on developing countries and environmental protection : Ghana's timber industry and forest sector as a case study." Thesis, University of London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409677.
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Abou-Kahf, Abdelsalam M. "Foreign direct investment in developing countries : an analysis of the determinants, impact, policies and organisation with specific reference to the case of Egypt." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23435.
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Sawadogo, Pegdéwendé Nestor. "Fiscal policy and financing for development in developing countries." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAD007.
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Cette thèse se pose la question de savoir comment la politique budgétaire pourrait être utilisée à des fins de financement du développement. Elle identifie et explore les canaux par lesquels les pays en développement peuvent efficacement mobiliser les ressources (internes et externes) pour le financement du développement. Pour cela, nous conduisons des recherches axées sur les politiques économiques (en utilisant des outils statistiques et économétriques appropriés) et nous formulons des recommandations de politiques économiques aux pays en développement. La première partie de cette thèse s’intéresse à la question de la mobilisation des ressources externes dans les pays en développement (Chapitre 1 et Chapitre 2). Dans le Chapitre 1, nous analysons les effets des dépenses publiques sur les spreads de taux dans les pays émergents. Nous montrons que les pays en développement pourraient avoir un meilleur accès aux marchés financiers internationaux en augmentant leurs investissements publics et en réduisant leurs dépenses courantes. Plus précisément, les dépenses en capital humain (éducation et santé) et autres infrastructures publiques réduisent considérablement les spreads de taux. Ils devraient également améliorer la qualité de la gouvernance puisque les marchés financiers récompensent les pays bien gouvernés à travers de meilleures conditions d'emprunt. Nous examinons, dans le Chapitre 2, la force des règles de politiques budgétaires en termes d’amélioration de l’accès des marchés financiers internationaux par les pays en développement. Nous trouvons que l’adoption de règles budgétaires réduit les taux d’intérêts sur la détention des obligations d’Etat souverains et par conséquent améliore l’accès aux marchés financiers. Nous expliquons ce résultat par le canal de la crédibilité de la politique budgétaire : les gouvernements crédibles sont récompensés sur les marchés financiers internationaux par de faibles taux d’intérêt et des notations élevées des dettes souveraines. Nos résultats prouvent que l’adoption et la bonne mise en œuvre des règles de politiques budgétaires constitue un moyen substantiel pour les décideurs publics d’améliorer l’accès des pays en développement aux marchés financiers internationaux. La deuxième partie de cette thèse se focalise sur ce que les pays en développement pourraient faire pour améliorer la mobilisation des ressources internes (Chapitre 3 et Chapitre 4). En effet, nous explorons la relation entre l’adoption des règles budgétaires et la réduction des inégalités de revenus (Chapitre 3) et nous trouvons que l’adoption des règles budgétaires réduit les inégalités de revenus. Ces pays pourront financer leur développement de façon soutenable (à travers la réduction des inégalités) en adoptant des règles budgétaires. En outre, nous évaluons les effets de la lutte contre les flux financiers illicites sur la mobilisation de recettes fiscales (Chapitre 4). Nous révélons que les pays qui respectent les Recommandations du Groupe d’Action Financière (GAFI) en matière de lutte contre le blanchiment d’argent et le financement du terrorisme (pays coopératifs) enregistrent des montants de recettes fiscales plus élevés comparativement aux pays qui ne respectent pas ces Recommandations (pays non coopératifs). Par conséquent, les pays en développement pourront mobiliser plus de recettes fiscales en mettant en œuvre des politiques visant à empêcher les flux financiers illicites. Par ailleurs, ils doivent mettre en place de bonnes institutionsThe central question of this thesis is how fiscal policy could be used for development finance purposes. Indeed, we identify and investigate pathways through which developing states can mobilize resources to improve sustainable development. For this purpose, we conduct policy-oriented researches (using suitable statistical and econometrical tools) and provide advices for developing countries. The first part of the dissertation addresses the issue of external resources mobilization in developing countries (Chapter 1 and Chapter 2). In Chapter 1, we investigate the effects of public expenditures on sovereign bond spreads in emerging market countries. We show that developing countries could have a better access to international financial market by supporting public investment and reducing current spending. Specifically, spending on human capital (education and health) and other public infrastructures significantly reduce bond spreads. They should also improve the quality of governance since financial markets award well-governed countries with better borrowing conditions. We examine, in Chapter 2, the strength of fiscal rules in terms of improving financial markets access for developing countries. We find that the adoption of fiscal rules reduces sovereign bond spreads and consequently improve financial market access. Indeed, this result is explained by the credibility of fiscal policy channel: more credible governments are rewarded in the international financial markets with low sovereign bond spreads and high sovereign debt ratings. Our findings confirm that the adoption and sound implementation of fiscal rules is an instrument for policy makers to improve developing countries’ financial market access. The second part of the dissertation focuses on what developing countries could do to improve internal resources mobilization (Chapter 3 and Chapter 4). As a matter of fact, we explore the relationship between fiscal rules and inequality (Chapter 3) and find that fiscal rules adoption contributes to reduce inequality in developing countries. The policy implication is that developing countries could finance their development in a sustainable way (via the reduction of inequalities) by adopting fiscal rules. Moreover, we assess the effects of combating illicit financial flows on domestic tax revenue mobilization in developing countries (Chapter 4). We highlight that countries which cooperate with international standards for anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) are more able to mobilize tax revenue than countries which do not cooperate. Consequently, developing countries could mobilize more domestic tax revenue by implementing policies to curtail illicit financial flows. They should establish sound institutions
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Osarenkhoe, Aihie. "Improving food product distribution in developing countries : a case-study of Nigeria : an analysis of environmental forces influencing food distribution and recommendations for policy reform /." Stockholm : University of Stockholm-Department of business administration, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb370230532.
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Ozcan, Mehmet. "Deriving Strategies And Developing Balanced Scorecard For General Directorate Of Environmental Impact Assessment And Planning In Ministry Of Environment And Forestry." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/688/index.pdf.
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In this study, it is aimed to derive strategies and develop a Balanced Scorecard in General Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment and Planning in Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
Firstly, the objectives of the General Directorate defined in the law are reassessed and strategies to realize the objectives are derived by making use of feedback received by conducting surveys to 4 main stakeholder groups which are the staff of the General Directorate, Provincial Directorates, companies preparing EIA reports, other public institutions, and interviews with managers. Following the determination of strategies, performance measures for each strategy are specified, replaced into internal business perspective, stakeholder perspective and learning and growth perspective in the Balanced Scorecard and and finally deployed to head of departments and branch offices.
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Kinrade, Peter. "Sustainable energy in Australia : an analysis of performance and drivers relative to other OECD countries /." Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/3613.
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Rønsholdt, Nielsen Steffen. "Climate change mitigation and land use in developing countries : methodological framework for the assessment of the economic and environmental impact connected to land use activities in tropical forest areas : an Ecuadorian Amazon case study /." Roskilde : Department of Social Science, Roskilde University, 1998. http://www.rub.ruc.dk/epublisher/resume_climate%20change.pdf.
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Kilama, Eric Gabin. "Essays on Aid Effectiveness and Development Finance." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF10410/document.
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Etant donnée la capacité limitée de la majorité des pays en développement à mobiliser des ressources domestiques suffisantes notamment à travers la taxation, le financement extérieur du développement s’est avéré essentiel pour soutenir des programmes d’investissement publics visant à construire un capital public dans les infrastructures, la santé ou l’éducation. Ainsi, au nom du développement, les gouvernements, les institutions internationales et les citoyens des pays industrialisés se sont accordés sur le fait qu’un transfert de capitaux vers les pays en développement serait nécessaire pour les aider à financer leur développement. Les principaux flux extérieurs de capitaux pour le financement du développement sont composés de l’aide au développement, des investissements directs étrangers et des transferts de migrants (travailleurs étrangers) vers leur pays d’origine. L’impact macroéconomique de ces flux extérieurs de capitaux pour le développement est un sujet de controverse entre les économistes. L’espoir et la frustration, entourant ces flux de financement du développement étant donné leur importance en termes de croissance et de réduction de la pauvreté, ont généré une importante littérature en sciences économiques avec des recommandations de politiques économiques opposées. De manière générale, cette thèse porte sur l’efficacité de l’aide et des autres flux extérieurs de capitaux à promouvoir le développement dans les pays du SUD. Nous proposons dans cette optique une vision transversale de la question d’efficacité du financement extérieur du développement en regroupant au sein d’une même analyse les trois acteurs principaux liés à ce débat : Les pays récipiendaires, les pays donateurs et l’architecture de l’aide, et les économistes - responsables des recommandations de politiques auprès des décideurs.La première partie de cette thèse emploie la méta-analyse pour effectuer une « autopsie » du processus de recherche en analysant les études empiriques effectuées sur l’efficacité des flux externes de capitaux pour le financement du développement, afin de mettre en évidence les limites à l’origine de l’hétérogénéité des résultats obtenus par les économistes et donc les insuffisances des recommandations de politiques économiques issues de leurs travaux.La deuxième partie s’intéresse à l’influence des pays émergents dans l’architecture de l’aide au développement et leur incidence sur la qualité de l’allocation de l’aide et le comportement budgétaire des pays à faibles revenus recevant cette aide. Enfin dans la troisième partie de notre analyse nous présentons de nouvelles évidences empiriques sur l’impact des flux capitaux extérieurs et autres mesures pour le développement. Nous nous attaquons ici à l’une des difficultés majeures des actions en faveur du développement : L’évaluation d’impact des programmes et politiques mis en place. Nous proposons dans ce cadre une méthodologie d’évaluation d’impact macroéconomique que nous appliquons à l’initiative « Pays Moins Avancés » dont nous mesurons l’incidence sur la croissance et la vulnérabilité macroéconomique des pays ayant bénéficié de ce programme sur les trente dernières années.Cette coupe transversale de l’efficacité du financement du développement permet d’aborder cette problématique sous une perspective unique et intuitiveGiven the limited ability of many of these countries to raise domestic resources through taxation, external finance is essential to support a multi-year public investment program aimed at developing public capital in infrastructure, health, and education. Thus, governments, aid agencies, and citizens from industrialized countries have often transfer capital flows to those countries to help them follow a sustainable growth and finance their development. The most external financial resources for development included foreign aid, foreign direct investment and workers' remittances. The effectiveness of these external flows to sustain development has long been a hotly contested subject among economists. Hope and frustration surrounding the development finance flows and their ability to promote growth and reduce poverty, generated an important literature with conflicting policies recommendations.The broad subject of this thesis is whether foreign aid and the other External Capital Flows are effective in promoting development. We propose a transversal analysis of the effectiveness of external development financing developed around the three groups concerned by this debate: the recipients, the aid architecture and the actors of development, and the researchers - whose results influence policymakers actions. The first part uses meta-analysis methodology to draw a literature review on external development finance flows with a particular interest on the research processes follow by the empirical studies, in order to explain the conflicting results in the empirical studies. The underlying idea of meta-analysis is to subtract the empirical evidences from authors' characteristics, econometric or methodological choices, to sum up the effective knowledge from existing works. The second part focuses on recent evolutions in aid architecture with the increasing influence of emerging donors. This part of the thesis analyzes the impact of non-DAC donors’ aid allocation on government fiscal choices in recipient countries and on traditional donors' aid allocation.The third part of the thesis proposes new evidences of the impact of external capital flows for development and international measures for development. First, we propose an analysis of the link between development financing and business cycles fluctuations in developing countries. We conclude the thesis by addressing one of the major difficulties in the development assistance, that is assessing the impact of different policies and programs designed to support the less developed countries. We evaluate the impact of Least Developed Country (LDC) status on economic growth and the vulnerability to economic shocks
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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Pierre-Pierre, Valérie. "Considering the social and cultural dimensions of development : an analysis of the use of social impact assessment at the Canadian International Development Agency." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9765.
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CIDA, the leading Canadian agency in the area of international assistance, is responsible for
approximately 78% of the country's aid budget. The Agency's mandate to "support sustainable
development in developing countries, in order to reduce poverty and contribute to a more secure,
equitable, and prosperous world" indicates that the Agency is concerned with social and cultural
factors. However, CIDA does not have any specific mechanisms or tools such as SIA to help
achieve its social and cultural sustainability goals.
The objectives of this thesis were: a) to develop an analytical framework for undertaking and
analysing SIA, and b) to compare CIDA's SIA-related strategies, procedures and mechanisms as
they stand now to what is stated in the literature, so as to indicate how and when the Agency uses
them, and also to assess their quality and effectiveness. The overarching question that
constituted the pillar of this thesis was a two-pronged question: Do CIDA's strategies,
procedures and mechanisms equal SIA without being SIA? And are those strategies, procedures
and mechanisms adequate to cover issues that are normally dealt with through traditional SIA?
This question was answered through 1) the application of the analytical framework on two
proposals submitted to CIDA, and 2) an analysis of CIDA's SIA-related procedures based on the
framework, key informant interviews, and a review of the literature on the Agency's policies,
guidelines, and practices.
Based on the literature review, the application of the analytical framework, and on the comments
of the informants, the need for an SIA-type procedure for assessing social and cultural effects
and impacts for CIDA funding is suggested. Such a practice might very well clarify the
Agency's requirements in relation to the consideration of social and cultural factors in the
development of projects. Also, it is important to stress that the process should not be reduced to
a bureaucratic procedure blindly applied.
CIDA could go without formulating a distinct protocol for SIA, as it already has several project
planning tools and procedures that could lend themselves very well to the purpose of SIA.
Indeed, the Agency's results-based management (RBM) framework could be altered so as to
make it more holistic in that it would take into consideration both intended and unintended
effects and impacts, and would better take into account social and cultural factors. The
application of the logical framework analysis (LFA) can also be expanded to achieve similar
goals. Further, the Agency could focus on developing a more integrated and comprehensive type
of impact assessment that would touch on all the required types of assessments.
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Laisani, John. "Assessment of impact of corporate social responsiblity on sustainable development of Shamva Mining Community in Zimbabwe." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/858.
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Miteva, Daniela. "Three Essays On Protecting Biodiversity In Developing Countries." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/7247.
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Developing countries often hoard the largest number of species, but also experience very high poverty levels. This dissertation reviews the evidence of the performance common conservation interventions. I find that despite the billions of dollars channeled towards conservation efforts annually, there is still very limited evidence whether or not conservation policies work. The evidence has been limited to exceptional countries like Costa Rica and Thailand and outlines like deforestation, without considering ecosystem function and ecosystem services. Furthermore, I find that the conservation impact evaluation literature has currently not highlighted the channels through which conservation policies effect change and how the effectiveness varies with the baseline characteristics of the area.
This dissertation aims to address some of the gaps in current conservation literature. Focusing on Indonesia between 2000 and 2006, I evaluate the performance of protected areas in terms of stalling deforestation as well as providing a wide range of ecosystem services and benefits (Chapter 2). In Chapter 3 I examine the role of context in which protected areas operate and show significant heterogeneity in their performance. In Chapter 4 I develop a static spatially explicit model of household fuelwood extraction that allows me to predict the location and magnitude of spillovers when a protected area is introduced. I find that depending on the characteristics of the areas, it may be optimal for households to buy fuelwood than collect it.
Dissertation
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Jalilian, Hossein, Colin Kirkpatrick, and D. Parker. "The Impact of Regulation on Economic Growth in Developing Countries: A Cross-Country Analysis." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/2840.
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NoThe role of an effective regulatory regime in promoting economic growth and development has generated considerable interest among researchers and practitioners in recent years. In particular, building effective regulatory structures in developing countries is not simply an issue of the technical design of the most appropriate regulatory instruments, it is also concerned with the quality of supporting regulatory institutions and capacity. This paper explores the role of state regulation using an econometric model of the impact of regulation on growth. The results based on two different techniques of estimation suggest a strong causal link between regulatory quality and economic performance.
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Lo, Bue Maria Carmela. "The complementarities of child health achievements in developing countries." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5F7D-F.
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Diese Dissertation basiert auf einer auf den Menschen bezogenen, multidimensionalen Betrachtung von Entwicklung. Sie soll empirisch Übereinstimmungen und Determinanten der Gesundheit von Kindern in Ländern mit niedrigem und mittlerem Einkommen analysieren.
Der erste Essay – mit verfasst von Stephan Klasen - wendet bivariate Cluster Analyse an, um die Beziehung der Verbesserungen verschiedener Gesundheits- und Bildungsindikatoren der Millennium Development Goals (MDG) zu untersuchen. Die MDGs beinhalten Schlüsselaspekte des menschlichen Wohlbefindens und sollten daher eng miteinander verkoppelt sein. Trotz der substantiellen theoretischen Grundlage für enorme Synergien zwischen MDG Zielen, ist die empirische Heterogenität der Kopplung der Prozesse zwischen verschiedenen MDGs erheblich groß.
Die zentrale Fragestellung des ersten Essays dieser Dissertation ist daher, ob klare Gruppen eben jener Länder ausgemacht werden können, in denen derartige Synergien existieren (und in denen diese nicht existieren), und was die Zugehörigkeit in derartigen Gruppen treibt.
Unser Beitrag ist, den MDG Fortschritt durch Indikatoren relativer Leistung zu definieren. Diese bezeichnen die Änderungsrate, die die empirisch "erwartete" Änderungsrate bei gegebenen ursprünglichen Bedingungen übersteigt. Diese Maßnahme erlaubt es uns für den unterschiedlichen Grad an Ambition impliziert durch die MDGs bei Ländern mit unterschiedlichen Ausgangslagen zu kontrollieren und lässt uns im Grunde fragen ob Länder, die außerordentlichen Fortschritt bei der Erreichung von MDGs gemacht haben, von Synergien profitiert haben.
Indem wir die Cluster Analyse auf diese Indikatoren der relativen Leistung in Bezug auf verschiedene MDG Indikatoren für Gesundheit und Bildung anwenden konnten wir jene Länder, in denen sich Indikatoren in die selbe Richtung ("gute" oder "schlechte" Performer) bewegten, von solchen Ländern unterscheiden, bei denen sich Indikatoren in unterschiedliche Richtungen ("partielle" Performer) bewegten.
Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Synergien existieren, diese jedoch nur bei einer eingeschränkten Gruppe von Ländern auftreten (die "guten" Performer, die mit Fortschritt einhergehen und die "schlechten" Performer, die mit Rückschritt einhergehen). Andererseits können wir zeigen, dass bei einer beträchtlichen Anzahl an Ländern Synergien schwach oder abwesend sind, was zu umgekehrten Bewegungen im MDG Fortschritt bei mindestens einem oder zwei Paaren von nicht einkommensbezogenen MDG Indikatoren führt. Unsere Regressionsergebnisse zeigen, dass diese partielle Performance gut durch steigende Ungleichheit und niedrige institutionelle Qualität erklärt wird. Andererseits kann Wirtschaftswachstum, welches als die robusteste Determinante der Cluster-Zugehörigkeit erscheint, insbesondere gute von schlechten Performern unterscheiden.
Der zweite Essay - in alleiniger Urheberschaft - analysiert die kurz- und langfristigen Determinanten von Errungenschaften bei der Gesundheit von Kindern unter Verwendung von Längsschnittsdaten aus Indonesien. Basierend auf dem analytischen Ansatz von Mosley und Chen (1984), werden insbesondere die Effekte einer Reihe von kindspezifischer, Haushalts- und Gemeindecharakteristika auf den Ernährungszustand von Kindern, gemessen in height-for age z-scores, betrachtet.
Der besondere Beitrag dieser Studie ist die Verwendung von Paneldaten auf der Mikro-Ebene und einer Methodologie (dem Mundlak-Ansatz für fixe Haushalteffekte), die robuste und unverzerrte Schätzungen liefert. Desweiteren ermöglicht sie die Identificationkurz- und langfristiger Effekte unmittelbarer und sozioökonomischer Determinanten der Gesundheit von und trägt so zur bestehenden Literatur bei.
Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass mütterliche Bildung einen positiven und langfristigen Einfluss auf die Gesundheit von Kindern hat. Dies zeigt sich teilweise in reproduktivem Verhalten und wird teilweise durch Praktiken im Umgang mit Kindern (d.h. Stillen) vermittelt. Andererseits zeigt sich kein langfristiger Effekt von Einkommen, obgleich temporäre Einkommenssteigerungen zu höheren Ausgaben und somit zu einer Verbessereung des Eernährungsstatus führen., Hierbei zeigt nur der Erwerb und die Verwendung von Vorleistungsgütern der Gesundheitsproduktion wie einer verbesserten Hygieneinfrastruktur einen ausgeprägten und signifikanten Einfluss auf die Gesundheit von Kindern.
Insgesamt implizieren die Ergebnisse, dass eine Politik der Linderung von Einkommensarmut ergänzt durch Investitionen in grundlegende Gesundheitsinfrastruktur erheblich dazu beitragen, die Gesundheit von Kindern zu verbessern. Da der Zusammenhangzwischen der Bildung von Müttern, Praktiken der Kindesernährung und der Gesundheit von Kindern stark ausgeprägt ist, könnten auch Strategien, die die Qualität von Bildung erhöhen, den Ernährungszustand von Kindern verbessern.
Der dritte Essay - in alleiniger Urheberschaft - untersucht die Auswirkungen des Ernährungszustandes auf den Bildungserfolg. Dabei werden Paneldaten auf der Miko-Ebene aus Indonesien verwendet. Außerdem wird eine Spezifikation mit Mutter-Fixed Effects, die durch einen Instrumentalvariablen-Ansatz erweitert wird, verwendet um für mögliche Korrelationen zwischen verschiedenen Komponenten des Fehlerterms und der unabhängigen Variable zu kontrollieren.
Wir nutzen Flächenbrände, die im Jahr 1997 in Inodensien zu einer Dürre führten, und Variation zwischen Geschwistern und identifizieren so den Effekt des Ernährungszustands in den frühen Lebensmonaten auf den späteren Bildungserfolg. Schätzungen zeigen, dass Gesundheitskapital (gemessen in height-for-age z-scores in der Kindheit) die Anzahl an abgeschlossenen Schuljahren und das Ergebnis bei kognitiven Testes signifikant positiv beeinflusst.
Dies impliziert, dass von einer politischen Perspektive aus Zielsetzungen im Bereich Schule und Ernährung nicht als rivalisierend betrachtet werden sollten, sondern eng miteinander verzahnt sind. Daher konkurrieren finanzielle Ressourcen, die der Kindesernährung gewidmet sind, nicht unbedingt mit solchen für Bildungszwecke. Im Gegensatz könnten sie - wie in diesem Essay beschrieben - als eine kosteneffizientere Art betrachtet werden, gegenwärtige und zukünftige sozio-ökonomische Entwicklung anzuheben.
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Borlas, Brian S. "The impact of less developed country values on international environmental law environment, development, and sovereignty /." 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/28239048.html.
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Müller, Anna Katharina. "Food safety standards in developing countries: Exploring the role of financial literacy." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5FCB-0.
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Collodel, Andrew Giovanni Pietro. "Evaluation of the impact of foreign aid on growth and development." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/5689.
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Foreign aid is publicly motivated by a moral obligation to help the poor and develop
underdeveloped countries. Donors have invested more than US$2.3 trillion in foreign aid,
but despite this significant investment, 3 billion people are still living on less than $2 a day,
840 million are hungry, 10 million children die from preventable disease, and 1 billion
adults are illiterate.
This study focuses on the impact of foreign aid on economic growth and development of
underdeveloped countries. It was found that many variables influence growth and
development and that cross-country regression analysis is an inappropriate method to
measure the effectiveness of aid. The methodology is too generalist, and treats foreign aid
as a homogenous entity that works equally in all countries in all types of environment and
across all times. There is an urgent need to develop a new methodology for measuring the
effectiveness of foreign aid.Development Studies
M. A. (Development Studies)
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Huang, Chih-Tang, and 黃誌堂. "The Impact of Macroeconomic Variables and Defense Expenditures on Government External Debt in Developing Countries: A Panel Analysis." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45785889534004764588.
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碩士國防大學管理學院
財務管理學系
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Previous studies focus on the impact of defense expenditures on economic growth. Recently some studies have begun to evaluate whether defense expenditures will worsen government external debt. These studies observe single country and do not consider other macroeconomic variables. Since developing countries are facing the same phenomenon of rising external liabilities and increasing defense expenditures, this research survey many developing countries and consider the impacts of macroeconomic variables on government external debt. The research sample includes 32 developing countries covering 22 years data, from 1988 to 2009, and panel data analysis is adopted. Empirical results supports that defense expenditures positively affect the increase of government external debt, but less positive effect on government external debt in high income countries.
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Zhang, Lixia. "Protection of biotechnology intellectual property rights in developing countries : economic impact analysis of terminator genes and other enforcement mechanisms." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/21537.
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Mahembe, Edmore. "Development aid and its impact on poverty reduction in developing countries : a dynamic panel data approach." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26490.
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Foreign aid has been used on the one hand by donors as an important international relations
policy tool and on the other hand by developing countries as a source of funds for development.
Since its inception in the 1940s, foreign aid has been one of the most researched topics in
development economics. This study adds to this growing aid effectiveness literature, with a
particular focus on the under-researched relationship between foreign aid and extreme poverty.
The main empirical assessment is based on a sample of 120 developing countries from 1981 to
2013. The study had two main objectives, namely: (i) to estimate the impact of foreign aid on
poverty reduction and (ii) to examine the direction of causality between foreign aid and poverty
in developing countries. From these two broad objectives, there are six specific objectives,
which include to: (i) examine the overall impact of foreign aid (total official development
assistance) on extreme poverty, (ii) investigate the impact of different proxies of foreign aid on
the three proxies of extreme poverty, (iii) assess whether political freedom (democracy) or
economic freedom enhances the effectiveness of foreign aid, (iv) compare the impact of foreign
aid on extreme poverty by developing country income groups, and (v) examine the direction
of causality between extreme poverty and foreign aid. To achieve these objectives, the study
employed two main dynamic panel data econometric estimation methods, namely the systemgeneralised
method of moments (SGMM) technique and the panel vector error correction
model (VECM) Granger causality framework. While the SGMM was used to assess the impact
of foreign aid on extreme poverty, the panel VECM Granger causality was used to examine the
direction of causality between foreign aid poverty. The SGMM was used because of its ability
to deal with endogeneity by controlling for simultaneity and unobserved heterogeneity,
whereas the panel VECM was preferred because the variables were stationary and cointegrated.Economics
D. Phil. (Economics)
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Ramasar, Vasna. "Expanding the applicability of environmental assessment in the developing world context : a framework for inegrating HIV/AIDS into environmental impact assessment." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2945.
Full textAbstract:
Since the 1970's, the increasing scale and complexity of development schemes has led to mounting public concerns about their environmental impacts. Environmental assessment and management developed out of a recognised need to protect the biophysical environment from overuse and degradation . Evidence suggests that the issues continue to become more complex and we need to equip ourselves to deal with them. The complexity of issues we face today demands a holistic and integrated management approach. This thesis highlights the weakness in the application of environmental impact assessment (EIA) to deal with current issues . The conceptualization of EIA within the ecological modernisation discourse has limited the use of the tool to adequately consider issues outside the biophysical environment. On the African continent, social issues such as HIV/AIDS are becoming more dominant than biophysical impacts. EIA must thus be re-framed to address concerns regarding the HIV/AIDS impact of development schemes. An alternative discourse of social justice is put forward as an approach that will take EIA closer to achieving sustainable development. The hypotheses put forward in the thesis were investigated through the use of both primary and secondary data sources. Extensive interviews and case studies formed the bulk of the data generated through the study. The results of the investigation showed that there are varying views on the purpose of EIA, that social issues continue to be underplayed in the process and that HIV/AIDS is considered a valid impact to be assessed in EIA. It must be noted that although HIV/AIDS is recognized as a common impact of development projects, particularly in Africa , the approach to dealing with the issue has been very different across EIAs and the issue is dealt with in an ad hoc manner. In order to expand the applicability of environmental assessment in Africa , a framework has been developed to integrate HIV/AIDS into the EIA process. The premise behind the framework is that HIV/AIDS can impact on the viability of a development scheme and conversely, development schemes can increase the transmission of HIV. The framework considers the social, economic and cultural drivers that create living and working environments, which promote the transmission of HIV. By applying the appropriate tools throughout the EIA process, one can identify potential impacts. Mitigation and management interventions can then be built into an HIV/AIDS component of the environmental management plan. This approach will allow environmental assessment practitioners; decision-makers and developers to better understand the critical issue of HIV/AIDS and ultimately contribute to managing the pandemic and further sustainable development in Africa.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.
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Bayou, Demeke E. "Essays on environmental and development policy analysis in developing countries : on trade and the environment, land use, and policy design at a landscape scale /." 2005. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/70858562.html.
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Landmann, Dirk Hauke. "Capacity development of small-scale farmers in developing countries: Analysis of preferences and the role of information and communication technologies." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E505-2.
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Tafirenyika, Blessing. "The impact of regional integration on socio-economic development in Southern African Customs Union countries." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27164.
Full textAbstract:
Regional integration gained popularity and is prioritised globally, especially in developing
economies, including those on the African continent. This is based on its potential to
accelerate trade, stimulate economic growth, and increase access to basic necessities
and to induce a sustainable increase in economic output and improved standards of living.
Regional integration in the context of developing economies is entirely implicit. Modern
literature observes it as a policy option for dealing with a wide variety of issues related to
politics, economic factors, and societal welfare. The SACU, existing since 1910, made
several trade agreements globally. The union aims at reducing inequalities, ensuring
continuous improvement in the general welfare of the population, and sustainable
economic growth. Research, though, indicates that the region persistently reflects poor
socio-economic conditions. This is accompanied by limited development in infrastructure,
lowly skilled and experienced workforce. Primary sector activities dominate their
economies, such as mining and agriculture, high levels of inequalities and poverty.
Regional integration was implemented differently in several countries globally, and Africa
in particular. The research noted that literature on regional integration and its implications
on socio-economic development lacks, especially in the context of SACU. A deficiency
was also emphasised the universal measurement of regional integration, which is not
standardised. Some research employed single variables as a proxy, whilst some
composite indices were also compiled and implemented, suiting the diverse setups and
environments. The development measurements, therefore, cannot universally be applied
attributable to context-specific concerns, prevalent in regions or countries. This study
developed the SACU Regional Integration Index (SRII) because the existing indices on
regional integration are limited concerning applicability. Most of the indices established in
the literature were developed for specific countries and regions with diverse
characteristics from those of the SACU region. In addition to a detailed literature review
and closing methodological divergencies, this study evaluated the effects of regional
integration on socio-economic development in the SACU countries. The objectives of the
study were first, to produce the SACU Regional Integration Index. Second, the study
aimed at evaluating the effect of regional integration on various socio-economic
development factors listed as economic growth, investments, and the Human
Development Index (HDI), inequalities and poverty. Third, the study provided policy
recommendations to the socio-economic problems encountered by the SACU countries;
and lastly, to implement the proposed SRII as a way of providing policymakers with the
actual impacts. The study employed the principal component analysis (PCA) to construct
the SRII. The Ordinary Least Squares (LSDV), fixed effects and random effects were
employed to ascertain the effect of regional integration on socio-economic development
in the SACU countries. The constructed SACU index comprises four dimensions. These
are trade integration; productive integration; infrastructure integration; and financial and
macroeconomic policies integration. The index revealed that SACU countries are
dominated by trade and productive integration. Further analysis of the results indicated
that collaboration on the financial and macroeconomic policies is lacking and the
infrastructure dimension is lagging in the SACU region. Based on the second objective,
the results indicate that regional integration is critical in improving trade openness and
HDI, especially in Lesotho, Botswana, and Namibia. The effect of regional integration on
real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, inequalities, and poverty reduction was
realised in the long run through the interaction of all variables under study. This supported
the dynamic effects posited by the dynamic theory of regional integration. It was
established that growth, though, in infrastructure is insignificant compared to other
dimensions of regional integration. This explains why regional integration was
unsupportive concerning stimulating investments in all the economies forming the SACU
region. The third objective was to proffer policy recommendations. Several practical policy
recommendations emerged from this study, based on the literature findings and review.
These recommendations include implementing inclusive development programmes,
promotion private sector participation in economic activities, and policies, to boost
production capacity in the countries in this region. Based on the fourth objective, this study
further recommends SACU as a region, to integrate into the global economy. This can be
conducted by participating in global production networks for manufacturing and taking
advantage of emerging economies. This would diversify their export markets and their
sources of finance development. SACU countries should make regional integration and
trade a part of their national and sectoral development plans, ensuring coherent trade
and industrial policies. They should also improve their labour, education, social protection,
and safety nets. With data availability, this research can be extended to incorporate
quarterly data or more years of study. Time-series methods can be applied, such as the
Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) method. This will increase the sample size and
the number of observations, which can improve the outcome from the statistical and
econometric analysis. Future studies may also evaluate the applicability of the index
constructed in this study.Economics
D. Phil. (Economics)
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Ntsime, Patrick Thipe. "Towards sustainable development : a participatory model for the water services sector in South Africa." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/671.
Full textAbstract:
This study is non-empirical and its design is based on three forms of analysis:
conceptualisation, theoretical justification and strategic considerations for a participatory
model in the water services sector in South Africa. In terms of the conceptualisation, the
study addresses the old and new paradigms of sustainable development. First, it argues that
for many years the concept of sustainable development has long dominated the development
discourse. Second, the theoretical justification traces the evolution and meanings of
sustainable development and also patterns and trends of the legacies of colonialism and
apartheid. The descriptive analysis of apartheid and colonialism suggests a new development
path for inclusive people-centred development. The study therefore postulates that in the
South African context, sustainable development is both a political and a historical construct.
This is the basis within which sustainable development should be understood.
Third, the study concludes that context plays an important part in understanding and
challenging the immoral and unjust practices of colonialism and apartheid which have
militated against sustainable human development. The study further provides a description of
the local government and water sectors and their underpinned legislative and policy
framework, and notes impressive results in the delivery of basic water supply since 1994.
However, the study argues that in order for municipalities to fulfil their constitutional
responsibilities as water services authorities, they need to adopt a participatory model
towards sustainable development since this is currently lacking. In doing so, the water
services sector needs to overcome dangers of parochialism which were more evident from the
supply-driven policy of the government. The study therefore draws lessons from three Latin
American countries: Chile, Bolivia and Nicaragua, and proposes a new developmental path
which conforms to the principles of sustainability. This development path is represented in
the form of a dynamic, diagrammatic model for participatory sustainable development. This
model displays successive stages and cycles of transaction between stakeholders. The model
represents a decision support system which provides a conceptual framework for the
diagnosis, consolidation and analysis of information. The model is thus a useful tool which
can be applied in the public sector during project or programme implementation.Development Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)