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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Environmental forensics

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Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental forensics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental forensics"

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Mikhaleva, Natal’ya V. "Contemporary View on Objects of Environmental Forensics." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 16, no. 3 (November 4, 2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-3-26-31.

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The article reviews the concept of the object of forensic science, which is essential for expert research and the identification of classes, genera, species, and subspecies of forensic examinations, as well as their classification.The author presents the objects of environmental forensics as generic objects, gives their definition, analyzes their properties and features. It is also shown that the objects of environmental forensics are divided into the actual objects of research and samples for comparative research. Furthermore, the researcher indicates the possible instances of the intersection of studies of environmental forensics’ objects with other examinations. Finally, the author emphasizes the necessity of compliance by a forensic ecologist with the limits of his competence in such cases.

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Mikhaleva, N. V. "On the Issue of Environmental Forensic Subtheory." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 17, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2022-1-115-119.

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At this point many of the concepts of environmental forensics have been theoretically elaborated, however its subtheory is yet to be developed. The article addresses the concept and subject of the environmental forensic subtheory. The author demonstrates that the subject, object and tasks of environmental forensics are not accordingly the subject, object and tasks of the environmental forensic subtheory: within the framework of the subtheory the regularities of the general theory of forensic examination regarding the environmental investigations are revealed. The author also proposes the definition of the subject of the environmental forensic subtheory, establishes its place as a part of the theory of expert diagnostics.

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Morrison, Robert D. "Environmental forensics." Environmental Claims Journal 12, no. 2 (December 1999): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406020009355116.

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Murphy, Brian L., and Thomas D. Gauthier. "Environmental Forensics." Environmental Claims Journal 12, no. 3 (March 2000): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406020009355128.

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Murphy, Brian L., and Thomas D. Gauthier. "Environmental Forensics." Environmental Claims Journal 12, no. 4 (June 2000): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406020009355142.

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Morrison, Robert D., and Kate I. Henrioulle. "Environmental forensics." Environmental Claims Journal 13, no. 1 (September 2000): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406020009355153.

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Gauthier, Thomas D., and Brian L. Murphy. "Environmental forensics." Environmental Claims Journal 13, no. 2 (December 2000): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406020109355164.

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Morrison, Robert D. "Environmental forensics." Environmental Claims Journal 13, no. 3 (March 2001): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406020109355175.

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Morrison, Robert D. "Environmental forensics." Environmental Claims Journal 11, no. 1 (September 1998): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406029809383902.

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Morrison, Robert D. "Environmental forensics." Environmental Claims Journal 11, no. 3 (March 1999): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406029909383925.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental forensics"

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Zok, Dorian [Verfasser]. "Analytical Investigations of Understudied Nuclides in Modern Environmental Nuclear Forensics / Dorian Zok." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1238221750/34.

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Conte, Elise R. "APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES TO MAGMATIC PROCESSES, ERUPTION AGES, AND NUCLEAR FORENSICS." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1494441688196002.

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McHugh, Kelly C. "APPLICATIONS OF TRACE ELEMENT AND ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY TO IGNEOUS PETROLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1494441686890672.

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Ghasemi, Damavandi Hamidreza. "Data analytics, interpretation and machine learning for environmental forensics using peak mapping methods." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2083.

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In this work our driving motivation is to develop mathematically robust and computationally efficient algorithms that will help chemists towards their goal of pattern matching. Environmental chemistry today broadly faces difficult computational and interpretational challenges for vast and ever-increasing data repositories. A driving factor behind these challenges are little known intricate relationships between constituent analytes that constitute complex mixtures spanning a range of target and non-target compounds. While the end of goal of different environment applications are diverse, computationally speaking, many data interpretation bottlenecks arise from lack of efficient algorithms and robust mathematical frameworks to identify, cluster and interpret compound peaks. There is a compelling need for compound-cognizant quantitative interpretation that accounts for the full informational range of gas chromatographic (and mass spectrometric) datasets. Traditional target-oriented analysis focus only on the dominant compounds of the chemical mixture, and thus are agnostic of the contribution of unknown non-target analytes. On the other extreme, statistical methods prevalent in chemometric interpretation ignore compound identity altogether and consider only the multivariate data statistics, and thus are agnostic of intrinsic relationships between the well-known target and unknown target analytes. Thus, both schools of thought (target-based or statistical) in current-day chemical data analysis and interpretation fall short of quantifying the complex interaction between major and minor compound peaks in molecular mixtures commonly encountered in environmental toxin studies. Such interesting insights would not be revealed via these standard techniques unless a deeper analysis of these patterns be taken into account in a quantitative mathematical framework that is at once compound-cognizant and comprehensive in its coverage of all peaks, major and minor. This thesis aims to meet this grand challenge using a combination of signal processing, pattern recognition and data engineering techniques. We focus on petroleum biomarker analysis and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener studies in human breastmilk as our target applications. We propose a novel approach to chemical data analytics and interpretation that bridges the gap between target-cognizant traditional analysis from environmental chemistry with compound-agnostic computational methods in chemometric data engineering. Specically, we propose computational methods for target-cognizant data analytics that also account for local unknown analytes allied to the established target peaks. The key intuition behind our methods are based on the underlying topography of the gas chromatigraphic landscape, and we extend recent peak mapping methods as well as propose novel peak clustering and peak neighborhood allocation methods to achieve our data analytic aims. Data-driven results based on a multitude of environmental applications are presented.

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Assal, A. A. "Environmental forensics : compund specific isotape analysis of PAH. study of a former tar plant." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517078.

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Knight, Andrew William. "Radiochemical analysis of protactinium speciation: applications in nuclear forensics, nuclear energy, and environmental radiochemistry." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2233.

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Protactinium (Pa) is an actinide with chemical properties that are unique among the actinide elements. While the properties of other actinides are to a large extent understood, much of the chemistry of Pa remains a mystery. This thesis aims to illuminate new understanding of Pa chemistry through behavioral analysis using analytical techniques including liquid-liquid extraction (LL); extraction chromatography (ExC); and spectroscopic studies. Applications of radioanalytical chemistry and Pa: Through the research presented in this dissertation, we have developed a new way to separate uranium (U), thorium (Th), and Pa from complex environmental samples. The approach has been demonstrated for U-series dating of materials by alpha spectrometry. The method can be applied to geochronology, as well as to nuclear-forensic analysis of uranium-containing materials. In studies presented here, samples from a Paleolithic lake (Lake Bonneville, Utah USA) were analyzed for the radioactivity concentration of 230Th, 231Pa, 234U, 235U, and 238U by isotope dilution alpha spectrometry. Radioactivities were used to estimate of the time period of formation of the deposit from which the samples were collected. Ages were determined from the isotopics ratios; i.e., 231Pa/235U (40 ka); and 230Th/238U (39.5 ka) we found to be concordant with radiocarbon-14 dates (37 ka) obtained by collaborators at Brigham Young University. These studies inspired the development of a novel ExC resin to facilitate preparation of highly pure tracer isotope (233Pa) from a neptunium-237 (237Np) source. The material used for this development comprised 1-octanol adsorbed to a semi-porous resin material. The new approach greatly improved the yield and purity of 233Pa used for these chronometric analyses Developing an understanding of the chemistry of Pa at trace concentrations: The new-improved analytical described above led to the hypothesis that analytical separations approaches could be used to develop a more detailed understanding of Pa chemistry. Toward this goal, experiments were conducted to understand how the extraction of Pa is impacted by solution acidity [H+], anion concentration [A-; Cl-, NO3-], and extractant concentration ([2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol, DIBC]). A full-factorial experimental design was employed to create a model that would allow for predictions in Pa behavior, as well as describe the nature of the observations. This model generated a multivariate equation that relates the distribution coefficient ([Pa] organic phase/ [Pa] aqueous phase) to each of the parameters ([H+], [A-], and [DIBC]). Further studies expanded to other alcohols (ROH) used as extractants (1-octanol, (2,6)-dimthyl-4-heptanol, and 2-ethyl-hexanol); and the results were analyzed using the slope analysis and comparative extraction studies using the model and compared to other actinide elements (Th, U, Np, americium (Am)) by both LL and ExC systems. These experiments revealed unique chemical behavior of Pa with respect to the other actinides. For example, it was found that Pa was the only actinide element to be extracted into the organic phase under acidic conditions (HCl and HNO3). Slope analysis experiments elucidated the stoichiometric identity of Pa species, with respect to the anion and extractant. Future studies will aim to identify the oxygen stoichiometry and species by X-ray absorption techniques. Investigations of the organic phase: In the final sections of this thesis, experiments are presented that are intended to determine if aggregation plays a key role in the extraction of Pa in systems containing 1-octanol and 2-ethyl-hexanol. This work is done in the absence of metal ions to control the dynamics of the organic phase, and are analyzed by tensiometry and Karl Fisher titrations with small angle X-ray scattering and molecular dynamic simulations. A key novel finding of these studies in that ROH molecules arrange in nanoscale aggregates that decrease the interfacial tension between the phases and extract a significant amount of water into the aggregates stabilized by a network of H-bonding. These studies lead to the hypothesis for future studies that Pa extraction is likely facilitated by solvation into the organic phase via ROH aggregates. The sum of the findings and observations of this dissertation provide insight into the chemical nature of Pa: (1) Novel extraction methods to obtain radiochemically pure fractions show that Pa can be efficiently extracted and separated from complex matrices to aid in chronometric analysis for geochronology or nuclear forensics; (2) Statistical modeling to develop a better understanding of the main effects of solvent extraction parameters; (3) Equilibrium analysis to improve our understanding of chemistry of Pa and how it is unique to the actinides; (4) Aggregation analysis to demonstrate a solvent centric understanding of extraction studies, these results lead to future experiments to investigate how organic phase aggregation can influence solvent extraction selectivity.

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Lavelle, Kevin B. "Evaluation of Environmental Concentratorsfor Trace Actinide Measurements." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1479816761576791.

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Aylor, Amy Richmond. "Environmental forensics for characterization of unexploded ordnance in soils at the Dolly Sods Wilderness Area." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5882.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 73 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 48-51).

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Purschke, Kirsten [Verfasser], and Torsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmidt. "Environmental Forensics of Industrial Wastewater based on Non-Target Screening / Kirsten Purschke ; Betreuer: Torsten Schmidt." Duisburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/121946788X/34.

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Bell, Stephanie K. "Assessment of silicone polymer composites for the trace extraction of herbicides : a tool for environmental forensics." FIU Digital Commons, 2007. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1482.

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Passive samplers are not only a versatile tool to integrate environmental concentrations of pollutants, but also to avoid the use of live sentinel organisms for environmental monitoring. This study introduced the use of magnetic silicone polymer composites (Fe-PDMS) as passive sampling media to pre-concentrate a wide range of analytes from environmental settings. The composite samplers were assessed for their accumulation properties by performing lab experiments with two model herbicides (Atrazine and Irgarol 1051) and evaluated for their uptake properties from environmental settings (waters and sediments). The Fe-PDMS composites showed good accumulation of herbicides and pesticides from both freshwater and saltwater settings and the accumulation mechanism was positively correlated with the log Kow value of individual analytes. Results from the studies show that these composites could be easily used for a wide number of applications such as monitoring, cleanup, and/or bioaccumulation modeling, and as a non-intrusive and nondestructive monitoring tool for environmental forensic purposes.

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Books on the topic "Environmental forensics"

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Hester, R. E., and R. M. Harrison, eds. Environmental Forensics. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781847558343.

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Morrison, Robert D., and Gwen O'Sullivan, eds. Environmental Forensics. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849734967.

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Morrison, Robert D., and Gwen O'Sullivan, eds. Environmental Forensics. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849732062.

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O'Sullivan, Gwen, and David Megson, eds. Environmental Forensics. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781782625070.

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Morrison, Robert D., and Gwen O'Sullivan, eds. Environmental Forensics. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781782628347.

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E, Hester R., Harrison Roy M. 1948-, and Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain), eds. Environmental forensics. Cambridge: RSC Pub., 2008.

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Cano, Raúl J., and Gary A. Toranzos, eds. Environmental Microbial Forensics. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818852.

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Mudge, Stephen M. Methods in Environmental Forensics. London: Taylor and Francis, 2008.

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Seminar Forensik Lingkungan (2006 Jakarta, Indonesia). Environmental forensics: Seminar book. [Jakarta]: Kementerian Negara Lingkungan Hidup, 2006.

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M, Mudge Stephen, ed. Methods in environmental forensics. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Environmental forensics"

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Shifrin, Neil. "Environmental Forensics." In SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science, 31–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06278-5_5.

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Sommaruga, Gian Paolo. "Environmental Forensics." In Geoscientists at Crime Scenes, 145–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58048-7_7.

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Elkins, Kelly M. "Environmental forensics." In Introduction to Forensic Chemistry, 295–310. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, [2019]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429454530-16.

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Santiago-Rodriguez, Tasha M., and Raúl J. Cano. "Soil Microbial Forensics." In Environmental Microbial Forensics, 143–71. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818852.ch7.

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Mayer, Klaus, Maria Wallenius, Yetunde Aregbe, and Magnus Hedberg. "Environmental Signatures and Forensics." In Nuclear Non-proliferation and Arms Control Verification, 265–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29537-0_18.

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Hess-Kosa, Kathleen. "Forensics of Environmental Dust." In Indoor Air Quality, 243–62. Third edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2019.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315098180-15.

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Massey, Steven E. "Comparative Microbial Genomics and Forensics." In Environmental Microbial Forensics, 237–76. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818852.ch11.

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Yeung, Marie. "Microbial Forensics in Food Safety." In Environmental Microbial Forensics, 91–113. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818852.ch5.

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Toranzos, Gary A., and Raúl J. Cano. "Definitions and Historical Perspectives in Environmental Forensics." In Environmental Microbial Forensics, 1–15. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818852.ch1.

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Fornaciari, Antonio. "Environmental Microbial Forensics and Archaeology of Past Pandemics." In Environmental Microbial Forensics, 215–36. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818852.ch10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Environmental forensics"

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Dotsika, E. "Stable Isotope Forensics for Identifying Residence Patterns." In International Workshop on Environmental Management, Science and Engineering. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007559202280231.

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Long, David, Bryan C. Pijanowski, and Thomas C. Voice. "INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION USING MULTIVARIATE ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMICAL FORENSICS." In GSA Connects 2023 Meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Geological Society of America, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2023am-394089.

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Dotsika, E. "Stable Isotope Forensics for Predicting the Lifestyle and Environmental Exposure of Unidentified Humans." In International Workshop on Environmental Management, Science and Engineering. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007558701870192.

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Damavandi, Hamidreza Ghasemi, Ananya Sen Gupta, Christopher Reddy, and Robert Nelson. "Compound-Cognizant Feature Compression of Gas Chromatographic Data to Facilitate Environmental Forensics." In 2015 Data Compression Conference (DCC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dcc.2015.73.

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Gunlu, Onur, Onurcan Iscan, and Gerhard Kramer. "Reliable secret key generation from physical unclonable functions under varying environmental conditions." In 2015 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wifs.2015.7368554.

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Tan, Bozhao, Aaron Lewicke, David Yambay, and Stephanie Schuckers. "The effect of environmental conditions and novel spoofing methods on fingerprint anti-spoofing algorithms." In 2010 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wifs.2010.5711436.

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Crozier, Kenneth B. "Metasurface-Enabled Mid-IR Microspectrometers For Chemical Classification." In Novel Optical Materials and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/noma.2023.nom2c.1.

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The identification of chemicals from their mid-infrared spectra has a wide range of applications such as forensics and environmental monitoring. We will describe our recent work on a compact microspectrometer platform for chemical identification.

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Bailey, Christopher G., Don W. Arnold, and David J. Rakestraw. "Progress towards a Chip Based Detector for Explosives." In Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lacea.1998.lmb.4.

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The need for rapid, accurate detection of chemical species in the environment has prompted much interest in the development of chemical detectors. A number of considerations must be taken into account in the design of a successful sensor such as low false alarm rates, low levels of detection, ease of use and reliability. Moreover, the ideal device would be compact and have low power requirements. Recent progress in chip based chemical analysis offers great promise toward the development of such a detector.1 Chip based devices offer a number of advantages such as speed, reproducibility, and the need for low sample volume. An example of a class of compounds that demands rapid and accurate detection are the nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives. Prompt, reliable detection of explosives amidst a complex background is important in a number applications such as mine detection, anti-terrorism measures, environmental remediation, forensics, and health and safety concerns. Here we present results on the separation of explosive compounds using microcapillary electrokinetic chromatography and their detection using indirect laser-induced fluorescence. These techniques are readily amenable toward miniaturization and integration into a single chip based device.

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Despland-Lichtert, Noémie. "Places & Plants: Exploring Weeds And Other Self-Seeded Plants As Architectural Forensics." In 112th ACSA Annual Meeting. ACSA Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.112.33.

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While much of contemporary architectural discourse around plants tends to focus on their aesthetic aspects, origins, and potential uses—such as to provide ornament, drought- resistance and/or cooling, etc.—self-seeded plants, weeds and other undesirables tend to be less of a direct subject of interest and object of study within the discipline.This paper proposes an alternative relationship between architecture and plants, in which urban and self-seeded flora are used as forensic material and studied as evidence of urban change, spatial politics and movements of people, ideas, and construction materials. For example, it looks at seeds traveling with construction materials, or under trains, as well as plants resurfacing as a consequence of bulldozed or demolished sites. The research argues that plants, rather than simply a soft landscape material counterpoint to the concrete reality of building, can be used to study the resilience of landscapes and uncover site-specific histories. Specifically, the paper introduces a series of case studies by describing participatory workshops hosted in Canada, the United States, and Germany developing a methodology for fieldwork, community engagement, and oral history through carefully investigating a chosen site and its weeds. The methodology also serves to question the so-called“vacant” and “abandoned” nature of the chosen site within the larger context & discourse about public revitalization and other gentrification endeavors. By reframing weeds as valid and worthy of interest, this paper contests the devitalized or under-vitalized nature of chosen sites by opening conversations around social, public, and environmental interactions at large. Ultimately, this presentation also explores a range of discursive models to complexify revitalization discourse, articulating a nascent model for public engagement with architecture and site-specific histories through urban botany.

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Wood, Jonathan G. M. "Risk Identification and Remedials for Concrete Bridges and Buildings." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.1428.

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<p>Forensics engineering is generally focussed on analysing the aftermath of failures. It enables the diverse interacting factors which combine to initiate a collapse to be determined from the debris. Forensic engineering skills also need to be applied to identifying signs of increasing risks of failure in ageing infrastructure to prevent collapse by timely strengthening or replacement. Failures of concrete structures are increasing as deterioration reduces strength and embrittles critical parts. Often deficiencies arise from a combination of design errors and ambiguities in old standards when applied to innovations of type or scale, creating vulnerable details. Poor quality construction, including misplaced reinforcement and inadequate consideration of tolerances and variability in design, often become apparent after failure. But in routine inspection they are hidden by the opaqueness of concrete.</p>

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Reports on the topic "Environmental forensics"

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Fessenden, Julianna. Nuclear Forensics in Earth Environmental Sciences. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2000886.

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Swofford, Henry. Forensic Science Environmental Scan 2023. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8515.

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Koester, C. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT INFORMATION: FORENSIC SCIENCE CENTER FUTURE PROJECTS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1577949.

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Durrant, C. CHEMICAL SIGNATURES FOR UNKNOWN AND INTERDICTED SAMPLES IN THE ENVIRONMENT FOR NUCLEAR FORENSIC ANALYSIS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1418919.

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Narvaez, Liliana, and Caitlyn Eberle. Technical Report: Southern Madagascar food insecurity. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/jvwr3574.

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Southern Madagascar’s worst drought in 40 years had devastating cumulative effects on harvest and livelihoods. On top of this, frequent sandstorms and pest infestations have led to severe stress on vegetation triggering a drastic decline in rice, maize and cassava production. These environmental aspects, combined with a lack of livelihood diversification and ongoing poverty, the presence of cattle raiders and restrictive government decisions, have driven the population of southern Madagascar to acute food insecurity conditions. By December 2021, more than 1.6 million people were estimated to have been suffering high levels of food insecurity. This case is an example of how multiple, complex environmental and social factors can combine to trigger a profound crisis in a territory, where vulnerable groups, such as children under five, tend to be particularly affected. Environmental degradation, together with socioeconomic and political dynamics are leaving vulnerable people even more exposed to food crises with few livelihood options or safety nets to cope with disasters. This technical background report for the 2021/2022 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the Southern Madagascar food insecurity through a forensic analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.

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O'Connor, Jack, Caitlyn Eberle, Liliana Narvaez, Oscar Higuera Roa, Robert Oakes, Edward Sparkes, and Zita Sebesvari. Interconnected Disaster Risks. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/usdg7258.

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The 2021/2022 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses 10 disasters from around the world and explains that these events are interconnected with each other, with other larger, underlying societal processes, and with our collective behaviors and actions. Through forensic analysis, the key root causes featured among the 10 cases were an Insufficient risk governance, related to laws and practices that perpetuated or created complications in the formation of the disaster, and Undervaluing environmental costs, signifying the tendency to prioritize the economic costs of an endeavor over the potential environmental impacts. The report also identifies solutions that can help to prevent or better manage them in the future. Common solutions included Letting nature work and Innovating, but cannot be implemented in isolation given the interconnected nature of the disasters. To this end, solution packages were designed for each of the ten cases, showing how solutions themselves must be interconnected to make a lasting impact. Improving our understanding of the role of interconnectivity not just in the causes of disasters but also in turn their solutions is key for finding innovative ways to enhance our disaster risk reduction strategies.

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Clausen, Jay, Richard Hark, Russ Harmon, John Plumer, Samuel Beal, and Meghan Bishop. A comparison of handheld field chemical sensors for soil characterization with a focus on LIBS. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43282.

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Commercially available handheld chemical analyzers for forensic applications have been available for over a decade. Portable systems from multiple vendors can perform X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, and recently laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Together, we have been exploring the development and potential applications of a multisensor system consisting of XRF, Raman, and LIBS for environmental characterization with a focus on soils from military ranges. Handheld sensors offer the potential to substantially increase sample throughput through the elimination of transport of samples back to the laboratory and labor-intensive sample preparation procedures. Further, these technologies have the capability for extremely rapid analysis, on the order of tens of seconds or less. We have compared and evaluated results from the analysis of several hundred soil samples using conventional laboratory bench top inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) for metals evaluation and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Raman spectroscopy for detection and characterization of energetic materials against handheld XRF, LIBS, and Raman analyzers. The soil samples contained antimony, copper, lead, tungsten, and zinc as well as energetic compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), nitroglycerine (NG), and dinitrotoluene isomers (DNT). Precision, accuracy, and sensitivity of the handheld field sensor technologies were compared against conventional laboratory instrumentation to determine their suitability for field characterization leading to decisional outcomes.

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