Relevant bibliographies by topics / Environmental expenditure

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental expenditure'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 1 March 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental expenditure"

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Zhao, Weixiang, and Yankun Xu. "Public Expenditure and Green Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Chinese Prefecture-Level Cities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 5755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095755.

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Whilst effective public expenditure policies are essential for transforming the traditional factor-driven economy into a green and innovation-driven economy, the impacts of public expenditure’s size and composition on green economic development have not been comprehensively investigated. This paper attempts to fill this research gap. Based on the data of Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2010 to 2018, we first measure green total factor productivity (GTFP), the proxy variable for green development, and briefly analyze its spatial-temporal trends. Then, using the dynamic panel models, dynamic panel mediation models, and dynamic panel threshold models, we evaluate how public expenditure affects GTFP. The main findings are fourfold: (1) there is a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between the expenditure size and GTFP. (2) The expansion of social expenditures and science and technology (S&T) and environmental protection expenditures play an important role in stimulating green growth, while economic expenditures and administrative expenditures have adverse effects. (3) Public expenditure mainly promotes green development through four channels: human capital accumulation, technological innovation, environmental quality improvement, and labor productivity increase. (4) The expenditure composition influences the turning point of the inverted U-shaped relationship. Based on these findings, we propose some targeted policy suggestions to promote green development.
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Kobylynska, Т. V., L. Ye Momotiuk, and О. М. Motuzka. "The Satellite Account of Expenditures on Environmental Protection: Methodological Aspects of Its Introduction in Ukraine." Statistics of Ukraine 84, no. 1 (March 23, 2019): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.1(84)2019.01.01.

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The article is devoted to methodological aspects addressed in building up the framework for the satellite account of the expenditure on environmental protection in Ukraine. It is argued that any study of the environment need computations and analyses of quantitative indicators based on the statistics data. Problems of statistical accounting are, therefore, the central ones in investigating the expenditure on environmental protection. One of the most urgent tasks is to ensure comparability of data, to enable comparisons of data at all the levels in order to find output key tendencies and patterns in the expenditure on environmental protection, comparisons of figures relating to environmental protection and macroeconomic situation. The article contains an analysis of the phases of creating the European standard of the system for environmental-economic accounting on the whole and the environmental protection expenditures account in particular. The sources of data for creating the satellite account for the expenditure on environmental protection in Ukraine, and the indicators included in the EU questionnaire designed to collect data on national expenditures on environmental protection are highlighted. It is demonstrated that data from many sources are used to build the satellite account for the expenditure on environmental protection. It is mentioned that by now Ukraine has not introduced ad hoc surveys of households on the expenditures on environmental protection. Results of the study show that the main sources of data for computations of the expenditures on environmental protection in Ukraine can be the official statistical observation by type of expenditure, collected by form 1 – environmental expenditure (annual) “Expenditures on environmental protection and environmental payments”, where the expenditure are recorded according to the Classification of Environmental Protection Activities. The sources of secondary information, i. e. the data from regular official statistical observations and administrative data that are collected with other purposes and reflect selected aspects of expenditure on EP, are recommended for use when developing the methodology.
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Stojanović, Miloš, Sonja Becić, and Goran Stojanović. "Participation of environmental taxes in government expenditures for environmental protection: The case of selected EU countries." Bizinfo Blace 13, no. 1 (2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bizinfo2201011s.

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The aim of this paper is to show whether the current system of environmental taxation and environmental policies of the states is efficient for solving environmental problems. We analyze the link between environmental tax revenues and total government expenditure as independent variables and government expenditures for environmental protection as dependent variable in selected EU countries. By the implementation of panel data regression analysis on a defined sample, we came to the conclusion that among the observed variables there is a positive relationship. However, this relationship shows that the growth of expenditures for environmental protection is slower than the growth of total expenditure. The results also suggest that the relationship between revenues from environmental taxes and expenditures of the state in the area of environmental protection is a little weaker. With respect to the result of analysis, it can be concluded that the existing state policy in is not sufficiently effective.
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Zeraibi, Ayoub, Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente, and Khurram Shehzad. "Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypotheses in Chinese Provinces: A Nexus between Regional Government Expenditures and Environmental Quality." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 9667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189667.

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With rapid economic growth, the Chinese government expenditures at various levels have increased adequately. At the same time, the environmental quality in China has deteriorated significantly. In this study, provincial-level data for 31 Chinese provinces during 2007–2017 are used to investigate the impacts of government expenditure on the emissions of three specific measures of environmental degradation. The main objective of this study is to examine the influence of government expenditures, economic growth per capita, environment protection expenditure, and added second-sector value on environmental quality by measuring sulfur dioxide (SO2), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammonia nitrogen emissions (AN). Moreover, the study applied the generalized method of moments (GMM) and the fully modified least square (FMOLS) to estimate the co-integration relationship among the underlying factors. The results demonstrate a significant direct effect of government expenditure on improving environmental quality overall in the Chinese provinces, which increases with the level of economic growth. However, the results also confirmed the inverted N-shaped relationship between the pollution factor and economic growth per capita. Our key findings lead toward the manifestation and emphasis of the importance of appropriate policies for restoring government expenditure and, at the same time, strengthening the relationship between the industrial sector and environmental policy standards. Significantly, governments in developing countries should allocate larger budgets for environmental projects in their fiscal reforms for the sake of moving to greener and more inclusive economies with low-carbon activities.
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Liu, Wei, Jiaying Li, and Ting Xu. "Has Fiscal Decentralization Promoted or Restricted Public Environmental Expenditure ?" Advances in Economics and Management Research 1, no. 2 (September 21, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.1.2.102.

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Public environmental expenditures are the crucial means to achieve ecological protection and environmental governance, while fiscal decentralization system is the key factor which affects the preferences of expenditures by local government. In order to further identify whether fiscal decentralization has negative incentives for the behavior of public environmental governance by local government, this paper applies provincial panel data of China from 2007 to 2015, to explore the effect of Chinese-styled fiscal decentralization on public environmental expenditures from the two dimensions of income and expenditure decentralization. The research results show that both income and expenditure decentralization have significant negative correlations with public environmental expenditures, which confirms that current fiscal decentralization system has strong incentive distortions and insufficient constraints on the behavior of public environmental governance by local government. Therefore, in order to promote green development and build a beautiful China, improvements should be made in terms of institutional environment, the relationship of financial authority and powers between central and local government, transfer payment systems, the governance models of regional linkage and collaboration, and environmental protection concepts, etc.
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Liu, Wei, Jiaying Li, and Ting Xu. "Has Fiscal Decentralization Promoted or Restricted Public Environmental Expenditure ?" Advances in Economics and Management Research 2, no. 1 (September 21, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.2.1.102.

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Public environmental expenditures are the crucial means to achieve ecological protection and environmental governance, while fiscal decentralization system is the key factor which affects the preferences of expenditures by local government. In order to further identify whether fiscal decentralization has negative incentives for the behavior of public environmental governance by local government, this paper applies provincial panel data of China from 2007 to 2015, to explore the effect of Chinese-styled fiscal decentralization on public environmental expenditures from the two dimensions of income and expenditure decentralization. The research results show that both income and expenditure decentralization have significant negative correlations with public environmental expenditures, which confirms that current fiscal decentralization system has strong incentive distortions and insufficient constraints on the behavior of public environmental governance by local government. Therefore, in order to promote green development and build a beautiful China, improvements should be made in terms of institutional environment, the relationship of financial authority and powers between central and local government, transfer payment systems, the governance models of regional linkage and collaboration, and environmental protection concepts, etc.
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Armstrong, Lawrence E. "ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS: Energy Expenditure." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 13, no. 4 (1991): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1991)013<0065:ee>2.3.co;2.

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Soukopová, Jana, and Eduard Bakoš. "Assessment of municipal environmental protection expenditure: Case study in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 7 (2013): 2769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072769.

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Local authorities need simple economic tools and methodology how to evaluate public expenditure efficiency. There are a lot of ways for measuring efficiency of public expenditure however methods or economic tools which get actual information about efficiency of current public spending are rare. The paper presents new methodology for evaluating current municipal environmental protection expenditures based on a weighted assessment of multiple economic, social and environmental criteria. This methodology has issued from OECD methodology however it is a more complex tool and addresses the three pillars of sustainable development and following interdisciplinary approaches of Environmental Mainstreaming. The paper presents also case study, where is investigated environmental protection expenditure evaluation in the city of Brno, the second largest city in the Czech Republic. The results of this case study show the correct state of expenditure efficiency in the city of Brno and indicate possible improvements applicable for new investment to environmental protection and sustainable development.
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Anwar, Asim, Shabir Hyder, Russell Bennett, and Mustafa Younis. "Impact of Environmental Quality on Healthcare Expenditures in Developing Countries: A Panel Data Approach." Healthcare 10, no. 9 (August 24, 2022): 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091608.

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Objective: The deterioration in environmental quality has an economic and social cost. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of environmental factors on health expenditures in developing countries. Method: To analyze the relationship between environmental quality (air pollution and temperature) and health expenditure in thirty-three developing countries, the study uses system generalized method of moments (GMM) using data from 2000 to 2017. Results: The results suggest a positive effect of both air pollution and temperature on health expenditure. However, the effect is highest for government health expenditure, followed by private and total health expenditure in the studied countries. The results further suggest that the impact of environmental factors is greater in higher-income countries when we divide the studied countries into two groups, i.e., higher- and lower-income countries. Conclusion: Our results are interesting and informative for the policy makers to design such policies to attain better environmental quality and social well-being. The increased healthcare expenditures due to increased air pollution and climate change necessitate for an efficient, reliable, affordable and modern energy policy by emphasizing the use of clean and renewable energy in these countries that ensure better health for the masses. Furthermore, a smart and sustainable environmentally friendly economic growth policy is necessary to ensure better health for the masses.
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Haseeb, Kot, Hussain, and Jermsittiparsert. "Impact of Economic Growth, Environmental Pollution, and Energy Consumption on Health Expenditure and R&D Expenditure of ASEAN Countries." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 3598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193598.

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The purpose of the current study was to examine the determinants of R&D expenditure and health expenditure of ASEAN countries. The research objectives were developed to analyze the short-term as well as the long-term impact of economic growth, environmental pollution, and energy consumption on health and R&D expenditures. The data was collected for ten years for ASEAN countries using the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, which helped the researcher to assess long-run as well as the short-run association of these variables. The findings revealed that environmental pollution, energy consumption, and economic growth had a significant positive impact on health expenditure as well as on R&D expenditure of ASEAN countries in long-run. The findings further revealed that environmental pollution and economic growth had a significant impact on R&D expenditure in short-run; however, there was no significant impact of energy consumption on R&D expenditure in short-run. It was also found that there was no significant impact of any of the independent variables, i.e., energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental pollution, on health expenditure in short-run. The current study and findings have significant implications in theory and practice.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental expenditure"

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Herlaar, Sjoerd. "Exploring Consumer Expenditure And Environmental Impacts Across European Nations : A Data-Mining Approach." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264518.

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As the pressures on the environment created by humanity increase, understanding how products influence a person’s overall impact becomes more important in order to make choices about how a person chooses to consume. Recent literature shows that household consumption is responsible for 51% to 81% of a nation’s total emissions (Ivanova, Stadler, et al. 2016). This study investigates whether expenditure is a viable proxy measurement for consumer impacts in Europe. Without knowledge about the relative impacts of consumer expenditure on the environment, European citizens cannot make conscious choices regarding their expenses and how they relate to environmental impact, while policy-makers have no basis to develop tailored environmental policy mechanisms. This study combined Input-Output Analysis, Data Mining, and Regression Analysis to check if a correlation between expenditure and impact exists. The results are contextualised in consumption categories. Results from Input-Output Analysis suggest that Housing, Food, and Transport are the largest categories of expense throughout Europe. While expenses vary significantly throughout Europe, common trends emerge. Pattern Recognition and Cluster Analysis algorithms show that expenditure habits differ especially between north-west, east, south, and coastal Europe. Each of the four groups consists of between six and eleven nations. In general, lower economic development indicates higher expenditure in Housing and Food, while higher economic development indicates higher expenditure in Recreation & Culture, and Goods & Services. Coastal Europe spends more on Restaurants & Hotels, and Education. The expenditures were translated to four environmental impacts; Global Warming Potential, Land Use, Material Use, and Blue Water Consumption. Next, correlation between expenditure and environmental impact was checked using Regression Analysis. The analysis showed that out of the twelve expenditure categories, Clothing & Footwear and Furnishing & Household, showed a significant correlation between expenditure and the four impact categories. Food, Alcohol & Tobacco, and Recreation & Culture showed significance in two impact categories, and Transport showed significance in one category. In total 15 out of the 48 (31%) tested impact categories showed significance. Using the identified groups, the amount of impact categories that show correlation with expenditure grows to 44%, and up to 68%. Unfortunately, given the size of these groups, these results are not statistically significant. That said, the method shows promise, and further research with a larger scope could produce statistically significant results.
Allt eftersom trycket på miljön som skapas av mänskligheten ökar blir det mer och mer viktigt att ha förståelse för hur produkter påverkar en persons totala påverkan för att göra val om hur en person väljer att konsumera. Senare litteratur visar att hushållens konsumtion är ansvarig för 51% till 81 % av landets totala utsläpp (Ivanova, Stadler, et al. 2016). Denna studie undersöker om utgifterna är en genomförbar proxy-mätning för konsumentpåverkan i Europa i hopp om att ge konsumenterna mer kunskap om sina konsumtionsvanor och hur dessa påverkar miljön. Detta görs genom att kombinera inputoutput-analys, datamining och regressionsanalys för att kontrollera om det finns en betydande korrelation mellan utgifter och effekter. Resultaten är kontextualiserade i COICOPkategorier. Resultaten från analysen för input-output tyder på att bostäder, mat och transport är de största kostnadskategorierna i hela Europa. Utgiftsbeloppet varierar avsevärt i hela Europa, trots att trenden dyker upp. Mönsterigenkänning och klusteranalys algoritmer visar att utgiftsvanor skiljer sig särskilt mellan nordvästra, östra, södra, och kusten av Europa. Var och en av de fyra grupperna best˚ar av mellan sex och elva nationer. I allmänhet indikerar lägre ekonomisk utveckling högre utgifter f¨or bostäder och livsmedel, medan högre ekonomisk utveckling indikerar högre utgifter inom rekreation & kultur och varor & tjänster. Europas kust spenderar mer på restauranger & hotell och utbildning. Miljöpåverkan av alla utgifter beräknades med fyra kategorier för miljöpåverkan; Global uppvärmningspotential, markanvändning, materialanvändning och blå vattenförbrukning. Därefter kontrollerades sambandet mellan utgifter och miljöpåverkan med hjälp av regressionsanalys. Analysen visade att utav de tolv utgiftskategorierna hade kläder & skor samt inredning och hushåll betydande samband mellan utgifterna och de fyra effektskategorierna. Mat, alkohol & tobak och rekreation & kultur var signifikanta i två effektskategorier, och transport visade var signifikant i en kategori. Totalt var 15 av de 48 testade påverkanskategorierna signifikanta. Det här är 31%. Med hjälp av de identifierade grupperna ökar beloppet av effektskategorier som korrelerar med utgifterna från 44% upp till 68%. Det är viktigt att notera att med tanke på storleken av dessa grupper är dessa resultat inte statistiskt signifikanta. Däremot verkar metoden vara lovande. Ytterligare forskning med större omfattning skulle kunna ge statistiskt signifikanta resultat.
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Litt, Barri A. "An Examination of Accounting and Auditing Issues Related to Strategic Environmental Initiatives." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/421.

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Although corporate environmental accountability is receiving unprecedented attention in the United States from policy makers, the capital market, and the public at large, extant research is limited in its examination of the implications of strategic corporate environmental initiatives on accounting and auditing. The purpose of my dissertation is to address these implications by examining the association between firm environmental initiatives and audit fees, capital expenditures, and earnings quality using multivariate regression analysis. I find that firms engaged in more strategic environmental initiatives tend to have significantly higher audit fees and capital expenditures, and significantly lower levels of earnings manipulation measured using discretionary accruals. These results support the notion that auditors do recognize the importance of environmental initiatives when conducting the year-end financial statement audit, an idea that positively reflects upon the auditor’s monitoring role. The results also demonstrate the increased amount of capital resources required to participate in strategic environmental initiatives, an anecdotal notion that had yet to be empirically supported. This empirical support provides valuable insights on how environmental initiatives materially impact corporate financial statements. Finally, my results extend the extant literature by demonstrating that the superior financial performance reported by environmentally active firms is less likely driven by earnings manipulation by management, and by implication, more likely a result of real economic gains. Taken together, my dissertation establishes a strong and timely foundation for current and future research to explore corporate environmental initiatives in the United States and globally, a topic increasingly gaining momentum in today’s more eco-conscious world.
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Rogowitz, Gordon L. "A Model of Energy Expenditure in White-tailed Jackrabbits (Lepus townsendii) Based on Integrated Studies of Energetics and Field Ecology." DigitalCommons@USU, 1988. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6457.

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Field and laboratory studies were conducted to develop a model of energy expenditure in a population of white-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus townsendii). Field work in southwestern Wyoming during 1985-87 showed that the breeding season commenced at snowmelt and ceased during late- July drought. Adult females reproduced relatively synchronously and produced a mean of three litters annually. Greatest fetal production occurred in the second litter period. Collections indicated a 1:1 sex ratio, few jackrabbits >2 years-old, and a density of 7 animals / km2 in the population. Postnatal growth was sigmoidal, culminating in heavier adult females than males. Using radio -telemetry, a circadian rhythm was detected in jackrabbit activity, with movement beginning after sunset and ending by sunrise. Observations showed that season, snow cover, weather, lunar phase, and predators influenced activity. Energetics studies established the pattern of seasonal acclimatization in the jackrabbit. Basal metabolic rate (BMR), pelage thickness, and body temperature increased but overall thermal conductance (C) and the lower critical temperature (LCT) declined from summer to winter. High winds and low air temperatures elevated metabolism interactively and their effects were most pronounced during summer. Metabolic rate dee lined with incident radiation at Ta< LCT during winter but not during summer. In newborn jackrabbits, body temperature dropped despite increased metabolism at Ta< 25°C. Cold tolerance and homeothermy developed with age. Based on these and published data, a FORTRAN model was written that simulated the energy expenditure of a population of jackrabbits. Metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance , thermoregulation, reproduction, growth, and activity were estimated. The model indicated that most energy (kJ·kg - l.day- 1) was required by adult females during lactation, adult males at the onset of breeding, and newborn juveniles. Energy expenditures for adult females, adult males, and juveniles were 191, 130, and 224 MJ·individual-1·km-2·yr-1, respectively. Total energy expenditure increased with wind and lower air temperature and decreased if juvenile huddling was simulated. The model indicated that the jackrabbit population is not limited by food. Estimated percent consumption of forage energy was 4%, assuming 50% of phytomass was edible, the population density = 100 jackrabbits/km2, metabolizable energy efficiency= 0.4, and the air was calm.
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López, Romero Ana-María. "Alignment of mitigation pledges with government expenditure in Latin America : A case study of Chile, Colombia and Peru in the COVID-19 context." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178318.

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The implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) in 2020 has coincided with the outbreak of COVID-19. Recovery paths taken to deal with the economic consequences of the pandemic can be either an opportunity to foster a sustainable growth or a return to business-as-usual model. Assuming that national budgets define the economic strategy of governments, this thesis addresses the relationship between mitigation pledges outlined in NDCs and mitigation-related expenditure in Chile, Peru and Colombia pre- and during the COVID-19 pandemic. A deductive thematic analysis of NDCs is used to identify the prioritized mitigation sectors and to allow for a refined focus in the analysis of the relevant mitigation-related expenses for each case country. Budgets of 2020 and 2021 are compared and discussed in the light of previous research. Results show different levels of climate ambition but common prioritised sectors (energy, land-use, and industry). Regarding Peru, the budgets indicate a higher mitigation ambition than their NDC by including expenditure in areas that are not mentioned in the NDC. Contrary, Colombia and Chile have detailed NDCs that cover more aspects than indicated through their government expenditure. Generally, energy and industry expenditure misalign with the NDC pledges, due to the increase of expenses on national fossil fuels resources in 2021. Land-use mitigation expenditure, linked to forestry and agriculture, have increased in Chile and Peru but are hardly represented in Colombia. Thus, the thesis outlines early misalignments of mitigation targets with government expenditure and differences in accountability and transparency that could challenge the monitoring of progress towards the achievement of the pledges.
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Björklund, Johanna. "Emergy analysis to assess ecological sustainability : strengths and weaknesses /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5794-7.pdf.

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Приходько, В. С. "Аналітичне забезпечення оцінки ефективності екологічного оподаткування в Україні." Thesis, Чернігів, 2020. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/20609.

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Приходько, В. С. Аналітичне забезпечення оцінки ефективності екологічного оподаткування в Україні : магістерська робота : 05 Соціальні та поведінкові науки / В. С. Приходько; керівник роботи Самко О. О. ; Національний університет «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра теоретичної та прикладної економіки. – Чернігів, 2020. – 79 с.
Об'єктом дослідження є соціально-економічні відносини, що виникають між державою, платниками податків та суспільством у процесі екологічного оподаткування в Україні для зниження надмірного навантаження на навколишнє природне середовище. Предметом дослідження є теоретико-методичні основи та практичні рекомендації щодо підвищення ефективності екологічного оподаткування в Україні. Метою випускної кваліфікаційної роботи є дослідження теоретико-методологічних аспектів оцінки ефективності екологічного оподаткування в Україні. Для досягнення мети були поставлені та вирішені такі завдання: дослідження процесів становлення екологічного оподаткування в Україні; вивчення особливостей справляння екологічного податку за видами; дослідження світового досвіду у сфері екологічного оподаткування та можливостей його імплементації у вітчизняну систему екологічного оподаткування; удосконалення методичних підходів до оцінки ефективності екологічного оподаткування в Україні; аналіз планових та фактичних надходжень екологічного податку в Україні в цілому та Чернігівській області, зокрема; аналіз витрат на природоохоронні заходи з урахуванням можливостей їх фінансування з бюджетів різних рівнів; оцінка динаміки показників антропогенного навантаження на довкілля як індикатора дієвості екологічного оподаткування; розробка практичних рекомендацій щодо удосконалення сфери екологічного оподаткування з метою зменшення навантаження на довкілля. За результатами дослідження було запропоновано впровадження екологічних податків на основі міжнародного досвіду та розроблені заходи по підвищенню ефективності екологічного оподаткування в Україні. Одержані результати можуть бути використані при розробці регіональних та національних програм по удосконаленню системи екологічного оподаткування.
The object of the study is the socio-economic relations that arise between the state, taxpayers and society in the process of environmental taxation in Ukraine to reduce the excessive burden on the environment. The subject of the research is the theoretical and methodological bases and practical recommendations for improving the efficiency of environmental taxation in Ukraine. The purpose of the final qualifying work is to study the theoretical and methodological aspects of assessing the effectiveness of environmental taxation in Ukraine. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set and solved: study of the processes of formation of environmental taxation in Ukraine; study of the peculiarities of collecting the environmental tax by type; research of world experience in the field of ecological taxation and possibilities of its implementation in the domestic system of ecological taxation; improving methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of environmental taxation in Ukraine; analysis of planned and actual revenues of the environmental tax in Ukraine in general and Chernihiv region, in particular; analysis of expenditures on environmental measures, taking into account the possibilities of their financing from the budgets of different levels; assessment of the dynamics of indicators of anthropogenic load on the environment as an indicator of the effectiveness of environmental taxation; development of practical recommendations for improving the field of environmental taxation in order to reduce the burden on the environment. According to the results of the study, the introduction of environmental taxes based on international experience was proposed and measures were developed to increase the efficiency of environmental taxation in Ukraine. The obtained results can be used in the development of regional and national programs to improve the system of environmental taxation.
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Wadbrant, William. "Usage of Natural Gas in Modern Steel-making : A Financial and Environmental Evaluation of Available Steel-making Technology in Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277899.

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A method of producing steel that is not used in Sweden today is direct reduction using natural gas, a method which could has enormous potential in the future of steelmaking. Historically, steelmaking prioritized productivity and profitability. However, other aspects such as safety, sustainability, and environmentally friendliness have become increasingly important to Swedish steelmakers. This study evaluates the usage of natural gas to  directly reduce iron ore into the porous form known as iron sponge, then finally processing that sponge into crude steel. The technology available today is assessed through a literature review, then two calculative data-based model: using DRI sponge in a traditional integrated steelmaking line or replacing steel scrap with it in an electric arc furnace. While this technology is used in many regions where natural gas is plentiful, it has not yet been used in Sweden. Now, when the Swedish natural gas network is expanding and the vehicular transportation of liquid natural gas is becoming more and more viable, it is a prime situation to evaluate direct reduction in Sweden. While models require assumptions and estimations, they suggest that DRI will absolutely be a viable option in the years to come. Integrated plant operators can reduce their immense carbon emissions for a reasonable price, while DRI sponge melting in an electrical arc furnace can either help steelmakers escape the volatile scrap market or be used to replace the blast furnace as a whole in the future.
En metod för att producera stål som inte används i Sverige idag är direkt reduktion med hjälp av naturgas, en metod som har en enorm potential i framtida ståltillverkning. Historiskt har ståltillverkningen prioriterat produktivitet och vinst, men säkerhet, hållbarhet, och miljövänlighet har blivit områden mer och mer viktiga för svenska ståltillverkare. Den här studien utvärderar användningen av naturgas för att direkt reducera järnmalm till den porösa formen känd som järnsvamp, och sen bearbeta den till primärt stål. Teknologin som flnns idag utvärderas genom en litteraturstudie, vars data beräknas till två scenariomodeller: användningen av järnsvamp i ett traditionellt integrerat stålverk eller genom att ersätta stålskrot med järnsvamp i ljusbågsungen. Den här teknologin används redan idag i regioner där naturgas är lättillgängligt, men har hittills inte använts i Sverige. Men nu när Sveriges naturgasnät byggs ut och fordonstransporterad flytande naturgas blir mer och mer kostnadseffektiv så är det lämpligt att utvärdera direkt reduktion i Sverige. Modellerna kräver antaganden och uppskattningar, men de pekar på att direkt reducering av järnmalm kommer att vara en genomförbar metod för ståltillverkning i en nära framtid. Integrerade masugnslinjer kan minska sina enorma koldioxidutsläpp till ett rimligt pris, och järnsvampssmältning i ljusbågsugn kan hjälpa ståltillverkare att undanfly den instabila stålskrotsmarknaden eller användas för att helt ersätta masugnsproduktion i framtiden.
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Rice, Jamie L. "Averting Expenditures of Bottled Water by Rural Households During a Power Outage." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354686674.

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Al-Obaid, Hussain M. A. "Rapidly changing economic environments and the Wagner's Law the case of Saudi Arabia /." Access citation, abstract and download form; downloadable file 11.14 Mb, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3131650.

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Steinegger, Tobias. "Investigating the Environmental Footprint of Swedish Household Consumption." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-257861.

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Production-based indicators show that Sweden has lower emissions per capita than other high-income countries. Nevertheless, scientific evidence points to a significant overshoot of some of the planetary boundaries, especially regarding climate change, if Swedish consumption-related emissions abroad are considered. Households are one of the key drivers behind the increasing environmental deconstruction. Studies estimate that household consumption, directly and indirectly, contributes to 51-81% of these environmental footprints. Better consumption-based indicators are therefore required to directpolicy interventions if Sweden wants to achieve its Generational Goal. The Generational Goalstates that the major environmental problems in Sweden should be solved, without increasing environmental and health problems outside Sweden’s borders. This project aimed to estimate the consumption-based environmental impacts of Sweden with the most recent available data. Furthermore, it gave valuable insights into the consumption-behaviour of Swedish households. The consumption-based calculations, based on EXIOBASE 3, estimated a carbon footprint of 94 Mt CO2-eq. for Sweden in 2011, whereas the production-based GHG-emissions were 30% lower than the actual emissions caused by Swedish consumption. The Land footprint was estimated at 333 000 km2. The material footprint showed that Sweden imported twice as much material as it exported to other countries, which led to a consumption-based material footprint of 279 000 kt. The total of 2 000 Mm3 of blue water was to 94% embodied in imported products. The results proved the importance of looking at the consumption-based environmental footprints to gain an accurate picture of the national environmental impact. Data on the Swedish household expenditure were combined with environmentally extended multiregional input-output tables to estimate the environmental footprint of Swedish households — the study identified food, housing and transportation as the expenditure categories with the highest environmental impact. According to the results, the total carbon footprint for one Swedish household in 2011 was 14 t CO2-eq., the land use amounted to 32 200 m2, the extracted materials to 431 m2, and the blue water consumption to 431 m3. The combination of household expenditures and environmentally extended input-output tables create a comprehensive picture of the consumption-based emissions and give a detailed insight into the consumption behaviour of Swedish households. These insights can further be used to design more accurate policies promoting a zero-carbon society within Sweden.
Produktionsbaserade indikatorer visar att Sverige har lägre utsläpp per capita än andra höginkomstländer. Vetenskapliga bevis tyder dock på en tydlig överskridning av några av de planetära gränserna, särskilt den gällande klimatförändringar, om svenska konsumtionsrelaterade utsläpp utomlands beaktas. Hushållen är en av de viktigaste drivkrafterna bakom ökningen av hållbarhetsrelaterade problem. Studier uppskattar att hushållens konsumtion direkt och indirekt bidrar till 51–81% av deras miljöpåverkan. Bättre konsumtionsbaserade indikatorer är därför nödvändiga för att styra politiska insatser om Sverige vill uppnå sitt generationslöfte att lösa de stora miljöproblemen i Sverige utan att öka miljö- och hälsoproblemen utanför Sveriges gränser. Detta projekt syftar till att uppskatta Sveriges konsumtionsbaserade miljöpåverkan med senast tillgängliga data. Dessutom ger uppsatsen värdefull insikt i de svenska hushållens konsumtionsbeteende. De konsumtionsbaserade beräkningarna, baserade på EXIOBASE 3, uppskattade ett koldioxidavtryck på 94 Mt CO2-ekv. under 2011 för Sverige, där deproduktionsbaserade växthusgasutsläppen var 30% lägre än de faktiska utsläppen som skapades genom svensk konsumtion. Det landmässiga fotavtrycket uppskattades till 333 000 km2. Det materiella fotavtrycket visade att Sverige importerade dubbelt så mycket material som de exporterade till andra länder, vilket ledde till ett konsumtionsbaserat materialavtryck på 279 000 kt. Det mesta av det blåa vatten som är inkorporerat i produkter importerades, hela 94% av den svenska totalen på2 000 Mm3. Resultaten visar vikten av att titta på konsumtionsbaserad miljöpåverkan för att få en exakt bild av den nationella miljöpåverkan. Data gällande svenska hushållsutgifter kombinerades med miljömässigt utökade multiregionala input-output-värden för att beräkna de svenska hushållens miljöpåverkan. Studien identifierade mat, boende och transport som utgiftskategorier med högst miljöpåverkan. Enligt resultaten så var det totala koldioxidavtrycket för ett svenskt hushåll under2011 14 t CO2-eq, markanvändningen uppgick till 32 200 m2, materialutvinningen till 29 t och den blå vattenförbrukningen till 431 m3. Kombinationen av hushållsutgifter och miljömässigt utökade input-output-tabeller ger en omfattande bild av de konsumtionsbaserade utsläppen och ger en detaljerad inblick i konsumtionsbeteendet hos svenska hushåll. Dessa insikter kan vidare användas för att utforma mer exakta policyer som främjar ett noll-kol-samhälle i Sverige.
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Books on the topic "Environmental expenditure"

1

United Nations Development Programme (Uganda), ed. The biodiversity expenditure review. Kampala, Uganda: National Environment Management Authority, 2017.

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FitzRoy, Felix R. Green taxes and defensive expenditure. St. Andrews: St. Salvator's College, 1995.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. The Macro-economic impact of environmental expenditure. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1985.

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San Francisco County Transportation Authority. and Dyett & Bhatia (Firm), eds. Expenditure plan and sales tax reauthorization: Draft environmental impact report. San Francisco, Calif: Dyett & Bhatia Urban and Regional Planners, 2003.

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Transport and the Regions Great Britain. Department of the Environment. Annual report the Government's expenditure plans: 2001. London: Stationary Office., 2001.

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Barry, Conor Paul. Greening Ireland's national accounts: The implementation of environmental protection expenditure accounting. Dublin: University College Dublin, 2000.

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California. State Water Resources Control Board. Toxic Substances Control Program. Expenditure plan for the Hazardous Substance Cleanup Bond Act of 1984. 3rd ed. [Sacramento, Calif.]: The Program, 1988.

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California. Dept. of Health Services. Toxic Substances Control Division. Expenditure plan for the Hazardous Substance Cleanup Bond Act of 1984. 4th ed. [Sacramento, CA]: State of California, Health and Welfare Agency, Dept. of Health Services, Toxic Substances Control Division, 1989.

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1943-, Williams Murray, and New Zealand. Dept. of Conservation., eds. Conservation applications of measuring energy expenditure of New Zealand birds: Assessing habitat quality and costs of carrying radio transmitters. Wellington, N.Z: Dept. of Conservation, 2003.

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New Jersey. State Beach Erosion Commission. Commission meeting of State Beach Erosion Commission: "effects of Hurricane Felix on local beaches; new beach protection technologies and ideas; DEP plan for future expenditure of Shore Protection Fund moneys; Office of Emergency Management report on mitigation projects". Trenton, N.J: Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Environmental expenditure"

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D’Alisa, Giacomo, and Onofrio Romano. "Degrowth: A State of Expenditure." In Environmental Politics and Theory, 127–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14346-5_7.

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Steurer, A., G. Gie, C. Leipert, C. Pasurka, and D. Schäfer. "Environmental Protection Expenditure and its Representation in National Accounts." In Environmental Accounting in Theory and Practice, 309–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1433-4_17.

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Mariel, Petr, David Hoyos, Jürgen Meyerhoff, Mikolaj Czajkowski, Thijs Dekker, Klaus Glenk, Jette Bredahl Jacobsen, et al. "Theoretical Background." In Environmental Valuation with Discrete Choice Experiments, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62669-3_1.

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AbstractThis chapter starts by briefly presenting the theoretical background of welfare economics and introducing key aspects such as the indirect utility function, the expenditure function, or the concepts of compensating surplus or equivalent surplus. Next, it draws attention to willingness to pay and willingness to accept, essential measures in environmental valuation. Finally, the chapter summarises the basic mathematical notation of the random utility maximisation models used throughout the book.
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Zhao, Wen, Qiang Liu, Jie He, Hengzi Huang, and Ruiyang Lu. "Analysis of Expenditure Benefits with Multi-party Market Participants in the Carbon-Electricity Synergy." In Environmental Science and Engineering, 1–17. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0372-2_1.

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Roy, Abhijit. "Measuring the Relationship Among Corporate Environmental Expenditure, Performance and Disclosure." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 253–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7668-0_13.

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Ferrari, Lorenzo, and Valentina Meliciani. "10. Public Spending for Future Generations." In Greening Europe, 145–64. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0328.10.

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L. Ferrari and V. Meliciani in Chapter 10 propose a new “quality” of public spending (public spending for future generations) measure which goes beyond the traditional distinction made between public gross fixed capital formation and public current expenditure. The proposed aggregate is more in line with the objectives and policies introduced at the European level such as NextGenerationEU, which requires EU countries to spend a certain percentage of their resources on projects aimed at promoting digital and green transition, scientific research, and social cohesion. Highly indebted countries have significantly decreased the share of GDP for public spending for future generations, especially since the financial and sovereign debt crises. However, countries have not reduced their share of total public expenditure of GDP. It is suggested that national governments and the EU fiscal rules should focus more on the composition of public spending, not only public gross fixed capital formation, but also current expenditures that have long-run effects on sustainable development such as education, R&D and environmental protection.
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Toro, Francisca, Esteban Fernández-Vázquez, and Mònica Serrano. "The Gender–energy–poverty Nexus Under Review: A Longitudinal Study for Spain." In Studies in Energy, Resource and Environmental Economics, 117–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35684-1_6.

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AbstractLinks between gender, poverty, and energy have been hinted at in many studies mainly focused on livelihood strategy and economic development of low income, showing that the consequences of energy poverty may vary between women and men mainly because women are more exposed to deal with energy-related activities. At the European Union, where more than 50 million people are unable to afford proper indoor thermal comfort, the main research constraint is the lack of publicly access to gender-disaggregated data on energy poverty. This chapter contributes to literature on the gender–energy–poverty nexus, providing a quantitative analysis of the gender differences in energy consumption from a longitudinal perspective to empirically support previous studies on the topic. We focus on Spain as a case study, by using longitudinal data from Spanish Household Budget Survey from 1998 to 2018. To better analyze the gender effects, we study the energy consumption patterns of female and male breadwinner households as well as female and male one-person households. We also apply an Ordinary Least Square regression model to analyze the significance of gender and expenditure level considering the expenditure on residential energy and transport fuels and controlling for other household characteristics.
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Soukopová, Jana, and Michal Struk. "Methodology for the Efficiency Evaluation of the Municipal Environmental Protection Expenditure." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 327–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22285-6_36.

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Nath, Shyam, and Yeti Nisha Madhoo. "Environmental Federalism and Atmospheric Pollution: Efficacy of Local vs State Expenditure." In Vanishing Borders of Urban Local Finance, 263–96. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5300-2_9.

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Lefrançois, Christel, Guy Claireaux, and Jean-Paul Lagardère. "Heart rate telemetry to study environmental influences on fish metabolic expenditure." In Advances in Invertebrates and Fish Telemetry, 215–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5090-3_25.

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Conference papers on the topic "Environmental expenditure"

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Babadzanjanz, L. K., I. Yu Pototskaya, Yu Yu Pupysheva, and V. S. Korolev. "EXPENDITURE OPTIMAL CONTROL FOR A SATELLITE MOVING CLOSE TO THE LIBRATION POINT." In SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24, 451–58. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/6.1/s28.64.

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Satellite motion control in the vicinity of the libration point with expenditure criteria is considered. Expenditure optimization is natural in the case, where it is necessary to keep mechanical system in the neighborhood of the equilibrium point for a long time. Disturbing factors from time to time distort this system unacceptably far from the equilibrium point, and we need to extinguish these deviations, using fuel or another resource, which reserves are limited. Optimization of the satellite motion control according to this criterion is important not only from the economic and technical side, but also brings an environmental effect. Features of the presented mathematical problem definition are following. While deviations from the equilibrium point are very small, its controlled motion can be by linear differential equations with constant coefficients. The admissible control is a piecewise polynomial function that blanks selected frequency components of the solution of linear equations at the terminated moment T. As the expenditure functional we use the integral of the sum of the control coordinates modules along the interval [0,T]. As the results of solving the problem, formulas and an algorithm for finding the control switching points satisfying the expenditure functional extremum necessary conditions are proposed.
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Björnsson, Ivar, Sven Thelandersson, Thomas Kamrad, Karl Lundstedt, and Ola Öhrström. "Resource expenditure for bridges in Sweden – do we build greener bridges now compared to 50 years ago?" In IABSE Congress, San José 2024: Beyond Structural Engineering in a Changing World, 825–32. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2024. https://doi.org/10.2749/sanjose.2024.0825.

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<p>The building and construction sector is responsible for a significant portion of embodied and energy related carbon emissions. Efforts to reduce this are reflected in the need for improved sustainability in the design, construction, and operation of structures such as buildings and bridges. This issue has become more prominent in recent decades due to the ongoing climate crisis. A historical review of developments in bridge design and construction reveals an evolution in procedures, codes, and practices. The aim was often to improve something; reduce costs, reduce conservatism, optimize structural configurations, increase safety, improve durability, etc. Significant developments over the previous half century have included the now ubiquitous use of more advanced computational software and the growth in both size and complexity of design codes. A relevant question concerns how these types of developments have impacted sustainability; do we build greener than 50 years ago? This paper discusses this issue for the case of bridge construction in Sweden, where an increase in material expenditure, costs, and environmental impacts have been observed when comparing newer and older bridges. Case studies of existing bridges are provided as examples highlighting potential driving forces for the observed increases. As it stands, it is unclear whether, and to what degree, these increases are justified. Industry perspectives, obtained from interviews with bridge experts, confirm the observed trend and some of the causes for the increase. Possible strategies for dealing with this problem are discussed, highlighting the need for further action.</p>
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Tanjung, Miranda, Sekar Prasetyaningtyas, and Artha S. Ananda. "Agriculture Value Added and Environment Expenditures: are They Sustainable Pathways to Sustainable Revenues?" In 2024 International Conference on ICT for Smart Society (ICISS), 1–6. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciss62896.2024.10751630.

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Inderbitzen, Rebecca S., and James J. DeCarlis. "Energy Expenditure During Simulated EVA Workloads." In Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/860921.

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Szymańska, Joanna, Anna Olszańska, Anna S. Kowalska, Klaudia Gurkowa, and Michal Zilvar. "Trends in Environmental Protection Expenditure in Poland." In Hradec Economic Days 2023, edited by Jan Maci, Petra Maresova, Krzysztof Firlej, and Ivan Soukal. University of Hradec Kralove, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36689/uhk/hed/2023-01-063.

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Paul, Heather. "Energy Expenditure During Extravehicular Activity Through Apollo." In 42nd International Conference on Environmental Systems. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-3504.

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Morina, Gazmend, and Gani Kastrati. "ENVIRONMENTAL EXPENDITURE OF ENTERPRISES, IN MINING SECTOR IN KOSOVO." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s21.072.

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Environmental expenditures include all environmental protection expenditures to prevent, reduce and control environmental aspects, impacts and hazards, in addition to the costs of disposal, treatment, hygiene and cleaning. Environmental protection expenditures are defined as investments of enterprises allocated to reduce direct environmental pollution. In this scientific paper we will address the topic of environmental costs of enterprises in the mining sector in Kosovo. All enterprises of the mining industry in Kosovo are obliged by legislation to allocate or plan a budget for environmental expenditures. The Independent Commission for Mines and Minerals is an independent agency defined by the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo, which regulates mining activities in Kosovo in accordance with the Law on Mines and Minerals, bylaws issued in accordance with the Law on Mines and Minerals and Kosovo Mining Strategy. This institution has determined by administrative instruction the expenses which the enterprises of the mining sector are obliged to deposit in the form of bank guarantees, for the closure of the mine, after the expiration of the license or permit. This type of expense for the company is otherwise called insurance "for all risks to third parties". Collecting high quality and reliable environmental expenditure data is essential for policymakers to develop effective environmental policies and for donors and financial institutions. Environmental criteria consider how a company performs as a nature manager. Mining areas often experience a theme of social tension due to the potential compromise between the expected impact of employment and concerns about environmental damage. Pollution control is a necessary condition for welfare benefits despite new job opportunities in the mining sector. Mining operations often require intensive use of water resources, require land and can create severe environmental externalities, including soil erosion and pollution, air and water, pollution from acid mine drainage, to chemical leakage and sedimentation. During this paper we will be based on some methods of scientific research such as: analysis, synthesis, generalization, specification, etc. We will be based on publications or official reports of relevant institutions, Kosovo and international legislation related to the topics addressed as well as field visits to the mining sector enterprises in Kosovo, which allocate more budget for environmental expenditures, for due to the activity they exercise. Finally, we will give our conclusions regarding the adequacy of environmental expenditures made by mining sector companies in Kosovo, the legislation in force and the need to amend or supplement this legislation, etc.
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Sirbulescu, Elena Claudia, Cosmina-Simona Toader, Ana-Mariana Dincu, Manuela-Dora Orboi, and Luminita Pirvulescu. "ANALYSIS OF EXPENDITURE PERFORMED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN ROMANIA." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/5.1/s21.42.

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By elaborating this article, the authors wanted to present the situation of expenses incurred performed for the protection of the environment from Romania. The authors try to underline the fact that they have improved in recent years, against the background of the increase of the available funds, due to the economic growth and implicitly the revenues from state budget. A priority under all aspects must be the protection of the environment and those ways of protecting the Earth's resources for the following generations. Environmental protection expenditures are actually the economic measure of the community's response to solving environmental problems. These expenses related to environmental protection are reduced, when environmental degradation is avoided, compared to the situation in which it needs to be repaired. In other words, in protecting the environment, not the treatment, but the prophylaxis must be certified as a basic rule. The measures to be taken for the protection of the environment, as a result of the exhaustion of natural resources, and the upward evolution of the amounts of waste are becoming more and more necessary. The methods used by the authors consisted in the study of the specialized literature, the collection of statistical data from various sources, the analysis, the graphic representation and the formulation of the main conclusions regarding the environmental protection expenses. The analysis of expenses for environmental protection is carried out on the main categories of producers: public administration, non-specialized producers, respectively specialized in the production of services related to environmental protection. In conclusion, the environment being considered a "factor of life", concerns must be directed to the protection of the environment, to the protection of natural beauties, to the prevention of abusive exploitation of nature.
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Horoshkova, L., Іe Khlobystov, L. Filipishyna, and A. Nekos. "Environmental expenditure modelling for sustainable development strategies creation and implementation." In XIV International Scientific Conference “Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment”. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202056085.

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Prokai, Piroska, and Gabriella Deák. "ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY, PLANTABLE PACKAGING." In XXV International Symposium in the Field of Pulp, Paper, Packaging and Graphics. University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/cpag24.091p.

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Today’s consumer society is accumulating more and more packaging waste. In addition to the selective collection of the waste generated, the transport, storage and cleaning of the emptied packaging material requires the expenditure of many energy and material resources. Our goal was to create a packaging where the material includes flower seeds to be planted, so that when the flower pot is unpacked, its packaging is not waste but the carrier of a new life
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Reports on the topic "Environmental expenditure"

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Black, Richard, Joshua Busby, Geoffrey D. Dabelko, Cedric de Coning, Hafsa Maalim, Claire McAllister, Melvis Ndiloseh, et al. Environment of Peace: Security in a New Era of Risk. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/lcls7037.

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The environmental crisis is increasing risks to security and peace worldwide, notably in countries that are already fragile. Indicators of insecurity such as the number of conflicts, the number of hungry people and military expenditure are rising; so are indicators of environmental decline, in climate change, biodiversity, pollution and other areas. In combination, the security and environmental crises are creating compound, cascading, emergent, systemic and existential risks. Without profound changes of approach by institutions of authority, risks will inevitably proliferate quickly. Environment of Peace surveys the evolving risk landscape and documents a number of developments that indicate a pathway to solutions––in international law and policy, in peacekeeping operations and among non-governmental organizations. It finds that two principal avenues need to be developed: (a) combining peace-building and environmental restoration, and (b) effectively addressing the underlying environmental issues. It also analyses the potential of existing and emerging pro-environment measures for exacerbating risks to peace and security. The findings demonstrate that only just and peaceful transitions to more sustainable practices can be effective––and show that these transitions also need to be rapid.
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Qiao, Baoyun, Xiaoqin Fan, Hanif Rahemtulla, Hans van Rijn, and Lina Li. Critical Issues for Fiscal Reform in the People’s Republic of China Part 1: Revenue and Expenditure Management. Asian Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220575-2.

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This paper examines revenue and expenditure management in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and recommends ways to cut risk and strengthen the resilience of the fiscal system. The paper outlines the PRC’s fiscal reforms and the impact of COVID-19. It notes the financing gap facing subnational governments that play a key role in providing public investment in infrastructure. The authors discuss the PRC’s need to adjust its focus on economic growth to tackle its fiscal imbalance, improve the sustainability of local government finances, and address inequality and environmental degradation. This paper is the first of two on key aspects of fiscal reform in the PRC.
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Skog, Ken, John Bergstrom, Elizabeth Hill, and Ken Cordell. Criterion 6, indicator 34 : value of capital investment and annual expenditure in forest management, wood and non-wood product industries, forest-based environmental services, recreation, and tourism. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rn-320.

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4

Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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Artana, Daniel, Cynthia Moskovits, Jorge Puig, and Ivana Templado. Fiscal Rules and the Behavior of Public Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean: Towards Growth-Friendly Fiscal Policy?: The case of Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003057.

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This paper analyzes the implementation of Fiscal Rules (FR) in Argentina. Several clear attempts to establish a FR at the national level are identified. The analysis suggests that the environment matters. The only FR that was binding in the period was approved in 2004 during an economic boom, with the country under a program with the IMF and with high political support. During the world financial crisis the expenditure ceilings were relaxed, however, and current primary expenditures soared. Simulations show that a countercyclical fund could have been implemented even after reducing highly distorting taxes at the federal and provincial levels, and at the same time securing a high level of capital expenditure as a share of GDP, had Argentina complied with the 2004 FR. Moreover, an econometric exploration of the link between flexible FRs and public investment finds that a flexible FR helps to mitigate the negative effects of fiscal consolidations on provincial public investment. Based on the previous analysis, guidelines for a proposal for a FR in Argentina are provided.
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Fixler, Dennis, Julie Hass, Tina Highfill, Kelly Wentland, and Scott Wentland. Accounting for Environmental Activity: Measuring Public Environmental Expenditures and the Environmental Goods and Services Sector in the US. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w31574.

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7

Galiani, Sebastián, Omar O. Chisari, and Sebastián J. Miller. Optimal Adaptation and Mitigation to Climate Change in Small Environmental Economies. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011515.

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This paper compares the optimal dynamic choices between policies of mitigation and adaptation for three economies: Brazil, Chile and the United States. The focus is on the optimal role of mitigation and adaptation for "environmentally small economies", i. e. , economies that are witnessing an exogenous increase in emissions to which they are contributing very little. The simulations lead to three main conclusions. First, small economies should concentrate their environmental efforts, if any, on adaptation. This is not a recommendation that such economies indulge in free-riding. Instead, it is based on considerations of cost effectiveness, ceteris paribus. Second, small economies that are unable to spend enough on adaptation may end up spending less on mitigation owing to their impoverishment as a result of negative climate shocks. Third, higher mitigation expenditures may arise not only as a result of greater optimal adaptation expenditures, but also because of increased adaptation to the incentives for mitigation provided by richer countries.
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Pizarro, Rodrigo, Raúl Delgado, Huáscar Eguino, and Aloisio Lopes Pereira. Climate Change Public Budget Tagging: Connections across Financial and Environmental Classification Systems. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003021.

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Identifying and evaluating climate expenditures in the public sector, known as budget tagging, has generated increasing attention from multiple stakeholders, not only to assess the governments climate change policy, but also to monitor fiscal risks associated with increasing and unpredictable climate change impacts. This paper explores the issues raised by climate change budget tagging in the context of a broader discussion on the connections with fiscal and environmental statistical classification systems. It argues that, for climate change budget tagging efforts to be successful, the definitions and classifications of climate change expenditures must be consistent with statistical standards currently in use, such as the Government Finance Statistics Framework and the System of National Accounts.
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Dong, Hongwei. Can Californian Households Save Money on Transportation Costs by Living in Transit-Oriented Developments (TODs)? Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2012.

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Many residents in large Californian metropolitan areas are heavily burdened by housing costs. Advocates, researchers, and elected officials in California are debating whether transit-oriented development (TOD) could be an effective tool to mitigate the housing affordability problem by increasing housing supply and reducing transportation costs in transit-rich neighborhoods. This study contributes to this debate by estimating how much Californian families can save on transportation costs by living in transit-oriented developments (TODs). By utilizing the confidential version of the 2010–2012 California Household Travel Survey, this study evaluates the impact of TOD on household transportation expenditures by comparing TOD households with two control groups. When controlling for household demographics, TOD households save $1,232 per year on transportation expenditures—18% of their total annual transportation expenditures. When controlling for both demographics and neighborhood environment, TOD households save $429 per year—about 6% of their total annual transportation expenditures. The study confirms that Californian households save money on transportation costs by living in TODs mainly because they own fewer vehicles. About two-thirds of the savings can be attributed to transit-friendly neighborhood environment and one-third to access to rail transit, which highlights the importance of integrating a rail transit system with supportive land use planning and neighborhood design.
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Kannan, Bharadwaj, Roberto B. Pinheiro, and Harry Turtle. A Spanner in the Works: Restricting Labor Mobility and the Inevitable Capital-Labor Substitution. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202230.

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We model an environment with overlapping generations of labor to show that policies restricting labor mobility increase a firm's monopsony power and labor turnover costs. Subsequently, firms increase capital expenditure, altering their optimal capital-labor ratio. We confirm this by exploiting the statewide adoption of the inevitable disclosure doctrine (IDD), a law intended to protect trade secrets by restricting labor mobility. Following an IDD adoption, local firms increase capital expenditure (capital-labor ratio) by 3.5 percent (5.5 percent). This result is magnified for firms with greater human capital intensity. Finally, IDD adoptions do not spur investment in either R&D or growth options as intended.
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