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Journal articles on the topic 'Environmental enrichment'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 23 February 2023

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1

Wolfle, T. L. "Environmental Enrichment." ILAR Journal 46, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar.46.2.79.

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2

Powell, D. M. "Preliminary Evaluation of Environmental Enrichment Techniques for African Lions (Panthera leo)." Animal Welfare 4, no. 4 (November 1995): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600018054.

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AbstractA study was conducted over 24 days to evaluate the effects of three environmental enrichment techniques (frozen balls of ice containing fish, various scents, hanging logs) on four captive African lions (Panthera leo). Behavioural data on activity level and behavioural diversity were collected daily during a baseline and an enriched session. All enrichments produced positive changes in behaviour. Enrichment was also associated with increased use of space by the lions. The enrichment techniques evaluated in this study each produced distinct and positive changes in behaviour thus reinforcing the need for variety to be exercised in captive enrichment programmes. Providing different enrichments allows animals to perform a greater range of behaviours, become more active in captivity, and will decrease the likelihood of habituation to certain enrichment items. Environmental enrichment should be a part of any management protocol for animal welfare and health.
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3

Yanez-Pizana, A., D. Mota-Rojas, M. Castillo-Rivera, R. Rampirez-Necoechea, I. Guerrero-Legarreta, P. Mora-Medina, and M. Gonzalez-Lozano. "Effect of environmental enrichment on weaned piglets: physiological responses." Veterinární Medicína 64, No. 5 (May 28, 2019): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/104/2018-vetmed.

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The aim of this research consisted in assessing the effect of various kinds of environmental enrichment (EE) on the physiological responses of weaned piglets. The mean age of the 96 piglets that participated was 27 days. The piglets were weaned and then housed under two conditions: with no disruption of the social order (SO), and with disruption of the social order (DSO). After establishing the two experimental conditions, we proceeded to evaluate four different treatments; namely, control (C), suspended ropes (SR), aromatized bottles (AB) and pet toys and balls (PTB). The protocol required drawing three blood samples: at 30 (T<sub>30</sub>), 60 (T<sub>60</sub>) and 90 min (T<sub>90</sub>) after weaning. The DSO piglets had higher pH and haematocrit levels than those weaned in the SO condition (P &lt; 0.05). Also, pCO<sub>2</sub>, potassium (K<sup>+</sup>) and base excess (BE) concentrations were higher in the SO animals than in those in the DSO group (P &lt; 0.05). The control piglets, which did not receive any type of EE, showed higher pCO<sub>2</sub> levels, but lower glucose and pH (P &lt; 0.05) values, while the ones enriched with SR had increased lactate levels, but lower values for pH and HCO<sub>3</sub><sub>–</sub> compared to the piglets in the other EE treatment regimens (P &lt; 0.05). The SR-enriched piglets had higher lactate and haematocrit levels, but lower values for pH and bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sub>–</sub>) than the animals in the other EE groups (P &lt; 0.005). The piglets subjected to sensorial EE with AB had higher plasma glucose than the ones in the other groups (P &lt; 0.005). Finally, the PTB-enriched subjects showed higher Na<sup>+ </sup>levels than controls (P &lt; 0.005). The alterations that were found to be related to the factor sampling time were more pronounced at T<sub>30</sub> (P &lt; 0.05) than T<sub>60</sub> and T<sub>90</sub>. These results indicate that the conditions (SO, DSO) and EE (C, SR, AB, PTB) under which the piglets were weaned influenced the blood variables measured in the study.
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4

Stewart, Kay L. "The Environmental Enrichment Committee." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 32, no. 1_suppl (January 2004): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290403201s32.

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5

Whelan, Fiona. "Environmental enrichment for pets." Veterinary Nursing Journal 25, no. 3 (March 2010): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2045-0648.2010.tb00023.x.

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6

Arabin, Birgit, and Gerlinde A. S. Metz. "„Environmental enrichment“ und Schwangerschaft." Der Gynäkologe 53, no. 7 (June 18, 2020): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00129-020-04622-2.

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7

Rupley, Agnes E. "Wellness and Environmental Enrichment." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 18, no. 2 (May 2015): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1094-9194(15)00015-8.

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8

Brodrick, T. "Environmental enrichment for pigs." Veterinary Record 158, no. 9 (March 4, 2006): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.158.9.312-a.

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9

Simone-Freilicher, Elisabeth, and Agnes E. Rupley. "Juvenile Psittacine Environmental Enrichment." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 18, no. 2 (May 2015): 213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2015.01.003.

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10

Putri, Prescillia Rindang, Richard S. Moore, Noviar Andayani, and Karmele L. Sanchez. "EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT ON THE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF JAVAN SLOW LORIS, Nycticebus javanicus." TAPROBANICA 7, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v7i1.152.

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We conducted a behavioural study on rescued captive N. javanicus housed at International Animal Rescue Centre, West Java, focussing on the frequency of social interactions in relation to varying amounts of enrichment provided. Three different sized cages were chosen comprising a total of ten slow lorises in groups of five, three and two individuals respectively. After providing extra enrichment, we observed a general increase in all social behaviours in both cages, except for proximity and attack. A significant increase in positive social interactions (clasp interaction) was observed when all data combine after environmental enrichment was given. We made sociograms to visualize the significant results of before and after enrichments. The clasp sociogram before enrichments phase revealed that the only male in both cages acted as the initiator of clasp behaviour to other female actors in the cage. This short study reveals positive signs in increasing certain desired behaviours and the role of individuals within the cage during enrichment.
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11

Villarroel Robinson, Morris, Fernando Torrent Bravo, Jesús De la Fuente Vázquez, Concepción Pérez Marcos, and Elisabet González de Chávarri. "Environmental enrichment and fish welfare." Derecho Animal. Forum of Animal Law Studies 10, no. 4 (November 20, 2019): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/da.458.

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12

YANAGIHARA, Yoshimi, Kiyoaki MATSUBAYASHI, and Tetsuro MATSUZAWA. "Environmental enrichment in Japanese monkeys." Primate Research 10, no. 2 (1994): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2354/psj.10.95.

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13

Figuracion, Karl Cristie F., and Frances Marcus Lewis. "Environmental enrichment: A concept analysis." Nursing Forum 56, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12565.

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14

Van de Weerd, Heleen A., Pascalle L. P. Van Loo, and Vera Baumans. "Environmental Enrichment: Room for Reduction?" Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 32, no. 2_suppl (September 2004): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290403202s14.

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15

Brown, Cyndi. "Organic wheatgrass as environmental enrichment." Lab Animal 39, no. 3 (March 2010): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban0310-74.

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16

Scotney, Rebekah L. "Environmental enrichment in veterinary practice." Veterinary Nurse 1, no. 3 (December 2010): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2010.1.3.140.

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17

Lindley, Arthur. "Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals." Veterinary Journal 168, no. 2 (September 2004): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.03.006.

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18

Eikeseth, Svein, and Rolf Magnus Grung. "Environmental enrichment and stereotypic behavior." European Journal of Behavior Analysis 18, no. 1 (February 11, 2016): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2016.1139776.

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19

Jones, R. B. "Environmental enrichment for poultry welfare." BSAP Occasional Publication 28 (2001): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146398150004108x.

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AbstractEnvironmental enrichment can significantly improve poultry welfare, productivity and profitability by reducing the expression of harmful behaviours, like fear or feather pecking. However, some studies have yielded inconsistent results and many so-called enrichment stimuli elicited little or no interest. This probably reflected the wide array of stimuli used and the paucity of thought given to what a chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) might find enriching. Clearly, the design of enrichment devices required more critical thought. Our immediate objectives were to establish chickens' specific preferences and thereby guide the development of practical enrichment strategies. First, we established that chicks showed increased use of an environment when it was enriched with simple, manipulable objects. Our use of video playback to assess chickens' responses to specific attributes of selected images then revealed that visual enrichment stimuli should incorporate movement, brightness, colour, and moderate complexity. Next, a survey revealed that almost 50% of the farmers who replied routinely played the radio to their flocks and that the perceived benefits included reduced aggression, improved health and increased productivity. Finally, we showed that a simple device consisting of a bunch of white strings is an extremely attractive pecking stimulus for chicks and adults of various strains of laying hens. Rather than rapidly losing interest in the devices the birds pecked progressively more at them with repeated exposure in short-term experiments. Furthermore, they were still being pecked at 17 and 2 weeks after their incorporation in the home pens of groups of 1-day-old chicks and adult hens, respectively. Even more encouragingly, the provision of string reduced feather pecking in birds of an experimental line showing high levels of this behavioural vice. It also reduced feather damage in caged layers at a commercial farm. The provision of string devices increases the opportunity for the birds to engage in behaviours that are fundamental to their nature, such as exploration and foraging. By maintaining lengthy interest and apparently reducing the expression of damaging feather pecking, string devices also satisfy other critical requirements of effective environmental enrichment. They have the added advantages of low cost, ready availability, ease of installation, and durability.Collectively, these findings strongly support the hypotheses that extraneous stimulation is important to chickens and that the provision of appropriate visual, auditory and tactile enrichment stimuli can improve their welfare. Projecting images onto the walls of a poultry house could perhaps provide an additional source of visual stimulation, but this requires further investigation. Playing the radio was not only beneficial in terms of welfare and performance but it is probably one of the easiest and most practicable ways of enriching the environment for the birds and the stockpersons. The routine incorporation of string devices in rearing and laying cages is also considered likely to reduce boredom and feather pecking and thereby improve the birds' welfare and productivity. In conclusion, I wholeheartedly recommend the integrated application of string pecking devices and auditory enrichment.
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20

Maffei, Lamberto. "Environmental enrichment and neural plasticity." International Journal of Psychophysiology 85, no. 3 (September 2012): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.07.177.

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21

Cheal, Marylou. "Environmental enrichment facilitates foraging behavior." Physiology & Behavior 39, no. 2 (January 1987): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(87)90023-0.

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22

de Azevedo, Cristiano Schetini, Cynthia Fernandes Cipreste, and Robert John Young. "Environmental enrichment: A GAP analysis." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102, no. 3-4 (February 2007): 329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.034.

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23

Li, Lingzhi, and Bor Luen Tang. "Environmental enrichment and neurodegenerative diseases." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 334, no. 2 (August 2005): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.162.

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24

Hutchinson, E., A. Avery, and S. VandeWoude. "Environmental Enrichment for Laboratory Rodents." ILAR Journal 46, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar.46.2.148.

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25

Townsend, Paul. "Environmental Enrichment for Laboratory Animals." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 1, no. 2 (April 1998): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0102_8.

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26

Sherwin, Chris M. "Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 2, no. 3 (July 1999): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0203_7.

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27

Reinhardt, Viktor, and Annie Reinhardt. "Refinement and Environmental Enrichment Database." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6, no. 1 (January 3, 2003): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0601_08.

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28

Hurme, Kristiina, Kittzie Gonzalez, Mark Halvorsen, Bruce Foster, Don Moore, and B. Diane Chepko-Sade. "Environmental Enrichment for Dendrobatid Frogs." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6, no. 4 (October 2003): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0604_3.

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29

Corcoran, Mike. "Environmental Enrichment for Aquatic Animals." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 18, no. 2 (May 2015): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2015.01.004.

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30

Carlstead, Kathy, John Seidensticker, and Robert Baldwin. "Environmental enrichment for zoo bears." Zoo Biology 10, no. 1 (1991): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430100103.

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31

Brady, Charles A. "Environmental enrichment for captive animals." Zoo Biology 18, no. 3 (1999): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1999)18:3<239::aid-zoo8>3.0.co;2-r.

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32

Murray, A. J., N. K. Waran, and R. J. Young. "Environmental Enrichment for Australian Mammals." Animal Welfare 7, no. 4 (November 1998): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600020959.

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AbstractMany of Australia's nocturnal mammals are rare or endangered in the wild. The behavioural integrity of captive populations of endangered species can be maintained through the application of environmental enrichment techniques. This study investigated the effectiveness of feeding enrichment in promoting behavioural diversity, enclosure usage and species-typical behaviours in the ghost bat (Macroderma gigas) and the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis). Animals were observed for 300 min day-1 over three consecutive time periods: baseline (12 non-consecutive days); enrichment: (12 consecutive days); and post-enrichment: (12 non-consecutive days). The use of a live insect dispenser decreased grooming and increased out-of-sight and social behaviour in the ghost bat. Artificial gum trees promoted species-typical behaviours in the yellow-bellied glider. Enrichment for nocturnal mammals had variable results and different welfare implications for these animals.
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33

UENO, Yoshikazu. "Report of The 3rd International Conference on Environmental Enrichment : Problem with Environmental Enrichment Action." Japanese Journal of Animal Psychology 48, no. 1 (1998): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2502/janip.48.65.

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34

Caselli, Marta, Patrizia Messeri, Francesco Dessì-Fulgheri, and Francesca Bandoli. "Enriching Zoo-Housed Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta): Assessing the Influence of Three Types of Environmental Enrichment on Behavior." Animals 12, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 2836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12202836.

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Environmental enrichment is a management tool used to promote positive animal welfare by stimulating species-specific behaviors and providing animals with opportunities to exert choice and control over the environment. Our study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of three enrichment types and environmental/individual factors (i.e., individual age and rank position) on the behavior of six adult Lemur catta hosted at Pistoia Zoo (Italy). We collected data from June to September 2013 using a within-subject experimental design consisting of five conditions: Baseline, Food-based enrichment, Physical enrichment, Auditory enrichment and No enrichment provided. We conducted six 30-minute observation sessions per sampling day (total = 107 h). We recorded the animals’ behavior via 2-minute focal animal sampling per individual per observation period and analyzed data with Generalized Linear Models. The study group only performed normal species-specific behaviors. Enrichments decreased stress-related behavioral patterns, whreas environmental and individual factors influenced the other recorded behaviors. Our study confirmed the usefulness of employing an integrated methodological approach to enrichment assessment for enhancing captive lemur care.
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35

Buchanan-Smith, H. M. "Environmental enrichment for primates in laboratories." Advances in Science and Research 5, no. 1 (June 14, 2011): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-5-41-2010.

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Abstract. Environmental enrichment is a critical component of Refinement, one of the 3Rs underlying humane experimentation on animals. In this paper I discuss why primates housed in laboratories, which often have constraints of space and study protocols, are a special case for enrichment. I outline a framework for categorising the different types of enrichment, using the marmoset as a case study, and summarise the methods used to determine what animals want/prefer. I briefly review the arguments that enrichment does not negatively affect experimental outcomes. Finally I focus on complexity and novelty, choice and control, the underlying features of enrichment that makes it successful, and how combined with a thorough understanding of natural history we can put effective enrichment into practice in laboratories. Throughout the paper I emphasise the need to evaluate enrichment to ensure it is having the desired effect.
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36

Abdul-Mawah, Siti Sarayati, Lo Chor-Wai, Farnidah Jasnie, Y. Norma-Rashid, and R. Ramli. "Effects of environmental enrichment on behaviours and faecal glucocorticoid levels in captive sun bear (Helarctus malayanus)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1019, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1019/1/012016.

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Abstract Stereotypic behaviour is correlated to stress in wild animals in captivity. When wild animals are exposed to stress repeatedly, they may experience a chronic elevation of glucocorticoids (G.C.s), especially for captive sun bears. This study aimed to investigate the stress in captive sun bears by analysing the cortisol level using Faecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite (FGM) analysis before and after introducing environmental enrichments. 57 samples of faecal captive sun bears were collected from four selected study sites around Malaysia. The behavioural data were collected with an instantaneous sampling method. While for FGM analysis, glucocorticoids were analysed using enzyme immunoassays. As predicted, the stereotypic behaviour increased in pre and post enrichment and decreased during the enrichment period. For FGM analysis, the cortisol level was high in pre-enrichment and low in the enrichment period. In conclusion, the outcome of this study indicated that environmental enrichment might help reduce chronically elevated cortisol concentrations that are generally associated with distress in mammals.
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37

Sztainberg, Yehezkel, and Alon Chen. "An environmental enrichment model for mice." Nature Protocols 5, no. 9 (August 12, 2010): 1535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2010.114.

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38

SHEPHERDSON, D. J. "Environmental enrichment: past, present and future." International Zoo Yearbook 38, no. 1 (January 2003): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2003.tb02071.x.

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39

Coleman, Kristine, and Melinda A. Novak. "Environmental Enrichment in the 21st Century." ILAR Journal 58, no. 2 (2017): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilx008.

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40

Crofton, Elizabeth J., Yafang Zhang, and Thomas A. Green. "Inoculation stress hypothesis of environmental enrichment." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 49 (February 2015): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.017.

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41

Roy, Vincent, Catherine Belzung, Catherine Delarue, and Pierre Chapillon. "Environmental enrichment in BALB/c mice." Physiology & Behavior 74, no. 3 (October 2001): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00561-3.

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42

Thiel, Kenneth J., Federico Sanabria, Nathan S. Pentkowski, and Janet L. Neisewander. "Anti-craving effects of environmental enrichment." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 12, no. 09 (August 20, 2009): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1461145709990472.

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43

Clarke, Anna. "Environmental enrichment for the resting horse." Equine Health 2017, no. 34 (March 2, 2017): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eqhe.2017.34.22.

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44

Ellis, J. J., H. Stryhn, J. Spears, and M. S. Cockram. "Environmental enrichment choices of shelter cats." Behavioural Processes 141 (August 2017): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2017.03.023.

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45

Harris, Laurel M. "Ferret Wellness Management and Environmental Enrichment." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 18, no. 2 (May 2015): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2015.01.007.

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46

Rupley, Agnes E., and Elisabeth Simone-Freilicher. "Psittacine Wellness Management and Environmental Enrichment." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 18, no. 2 (May 2015): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2015.01.009.

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47

Carlstead, Kathy, and David Shepherdson. "Effects of environmental enrichment on reproduction." Zoo Biology 13, no. 5 (1994): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430130507.

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48

Xu, Dan, Gang Shu, Yanting Liu, Pingwu Qin, Yilei Zheng, Yaofu Tian, Xiaoling Zhao, and Xiaohui Du. "Farm Environmental Enrichments Improve the Welfare of Layer Chicks and Pullets: A Comprehensive Review." Animals 12, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 2610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192610.

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Currently, cage housing is regarded as a global mainstream production system for laying hens. However, limited living space and confinement of birds in cages cause welfare and health problems, such as feather pecking, osteoporosis, obesity, and premature aging. Many studies have been conducted to alleviate layer welfare problems by providing farm environmental enrichments such as litter, sand, alfalfa bales, chick papers, pecking stones, pecking strings, perches, slopes, elevated platforms, aviaries and outdoor access with a trend towards complex enrichments. The provision of appropriate enrichments continuously attracts layers towards pecking, foraging, dust bathing, and locomotion, thereby giving lifelong benefits to laying hens. Hence, raising chicks and pullets under such conditions may reduce feather and skin damage, as well as accumulation of abdominal fat, and improve several biological features such as health, productivity, quality products, and docility of laying hens. Therefore, providing enrichment during the first few days of the layer’s life without any interruption is crucial. In addition, due to different farm conditions, environmental enrichment should be managed by well-trained farm staff. For example, in preventing feather pecking among the birds, litter materials for foraging are superior to dust bath materials or new items. However, a limited supply of litter creates competition and challenges among birds. Therefore, providing farm environmental enrichment for layers requires proper handling, especially in commercial layer farms. Hence, improving the welfare of chicks and pullets through optimizing on-farm environmental enrichments is essential for production systems practicing cage housing.
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49

Vucinic, Marijana. "Environmental enrichment in farm, zoo, companion and experimental animals." Veterinarski glasnik 63, no. 3-4 (2009): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0904227v.

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The paper deals with environmental enrichment for domestic animals at farms, animals in zoos, experimental animals and pet animals. Also, the paper defines and describes different strategies of environmental enrichment. Environmental enrichment is a simple and effective mean of prevention of boredom, behavioral disorders as well as an effective mean of improving animal welfare in farm, zoo, companion and experimental animals. Different items and materials may be used for environmental enrichment. They need to be evaluated for use by taking into account the following: the species of an animal, its needs, habits and capabilities, the type of an enrichment device, the device's ability to stimulate the animal's interest and the safety of the device. Enrichment programmes should always include two forms of enrichment: behavioral enrichment and environmental enrichment. Enrichment comes in many forms such as structural or physical enrichment, sensory enrichment (auditory and olfactory stimulation), dietary enrichment, manipulatable enrichment and social enrichment.
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50

Jones, Philip J., Fernanda M. Tahamtani, Ida J. Pedersen, Jarkko K. Niemi, and Anja B. Riber. "The Productivity and Financial Impacts of Eight Types of Environmental Enrichment for Broiler Chickens." Animals 10, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10030378.

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Reduced mobility in broilers can contribute to leg health problems. Environmental enrichment has been suggested as one approach to combat this through stimulating increased physical activity. Past studies have tested the effect of environmental enrichments on bird behaviour, health and welfare, but few have estimated their financial impacts. This study tested the impact of eight types of environmental enrichment on enterprise net margin, accounting for direct intervention costs plus indirect effects via changes to bird mortality, weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and foot pad dermatitis. The trial used 58 pens each containing approximately 500 broilers (Ross 308) at a stocking density of 40 kg/m2. The environmental enrichments were: roughage, vertical panels, straw bales, elevated platforms (5 and 30 cm), increased distances between feed and water (7 and 3.5 m) and stocking density reduced to 34 kg/m2, plus a control group. Mortality was recorded daily and feed intake and weight weekly. Footpad dermatitis was assessed on day 35. Only one intervention improved financial performance (3.5 m between feed and water) above the control, suggesting that most environmental enrichment would have a negative financial impact due to the additional intervention costs, unless consumers were willing to pay a price premium.
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