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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Environmental enrichment

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Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental enrichment'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental enrichment"

1

Wolfle, T. L. "Environmental Enrichment." ILAR Journal 46, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar.46.2.79.

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Powell, D. M. "Preliminary Evaluation of Environmental Enrichment Techniques for African Lions (Panthera leo)." Animal Welfare 4, no. 4 (November 1995): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600018054.

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AbstractA study was conducted over 24 days to evaluate the effects of three environmental enrichment techniques (frozen balls of ice containing fish, various scents, hanging logs) on four captive African lions (Panthera leo). Behavioural data on activity level and behavioural diversity were collected daily during a baseline and an enriched session. All enrichments produced positive changes in behaviour. Enrichment was also associated with increased use of space by the lions. The enrichment techniques evaluated in this study each produced distinct and positive changes in behaviour thus reinforcing the need for variety to be exercised in captive enrichment programmes. Providing different enrichments allows animals to perform a greater range of behaviours, become more active in captivity, and will decrease the likelihood of habituation to certain enrichment items. Environmental enrichment should be a part of any management protocol for animal welfare and health.

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Stewart, Kay L. "The Environmental Enrichment Committee." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 32, no. 1_suppl (January 2004): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290403201s32.

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Whelan, Fiona. "Environmental enrichment for pets." Veterinary Nursing Journal 25, no. 3 (March 2010): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2045-0648.2010.tb00023.x.

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Arabin, Birgit, and Gerlinde A. S. Metz. "„Environmental enrichment“ und Schwangerschaft." Der Gynäkologe 53, no. 7 (June 18, 2020): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00129-020-04622-2.

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Rupley, Agnes E. "Wellness and Environmental Enrichment." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 18, no. 2 (May 2015): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1094-9194(15)00015-8.

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Brodrick, T. "Environmental enrichment for pigs." Veterinary Record 158, no. 9 (March 4, 2006): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.158.9.312-a.

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Simone-Freilicher, Elisabeth, and Agnes E. Rupley. "Juvenile Psittacine Environmental Enrichment." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 18, no. 2 (May 2015): 213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2015.01.003.

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Yanez-Pizana, A., D. Mota-Rojas, M. Castillo-Rivera, R. Rampirez-Necoechea, I. Guerrero-Legarreta, P. Mora-Medina, and M. Gonzalez-Lozano. "Effect of environmental enrichment on weaned piglets: physiological responses." Veterinární Medicína 64, No. 5 (May 28, 2019): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/104/2018-vetmed.

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The aim of this research consisted in assessing the effect of various kinds of environmental enrichment (EE) on the physiological responses of weaned piglets. The mean age of the 96 piglets that participated was 27 days. The piglets were weaned and then housed under two conditions: with no disruption of the social order (SO), and with disruption of the social order (DSO). After establishing the two experimental conditions, we proceeded to evaluate four different treatments; namely, control (C), suspended ropes (SR), aromatized bottles (AB) and pet toys and balls (PTB). The protocol required drawing three blood samples: at 30 (T<sub>30</sub>), 60 (T<sub>60</sub>) and 90 min (T<sub>90</sub>) after weaning. The DSO piglets had higher pH and haematocrit levels than those weaned in the SO condition (P < 0.05). Also, pCO<sub>2</sub>, potassium (K<sup>+</sup>) and base excess (BE) concentrations were higher in the SO animals than in those in the DSO group (P < 0.05). The control piglets, which did not receive any type of EE, showed higher pCO<sub>2</sub> levels, but lower glucose and pH (P < 0.05) values, while the ones enriched with SR had increased lactate levels, but lower values for pH and HCO<sub>3</sub><sub>–</sub> compared to the piglets in the other EE treatment regimens (P < 0.05). The SR-enriched piglets had higher lactate and haematocrit levels, but lower values for pH and bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sub>–</sub>) than the animals in the other EE groups (P < 0.005). The piglets subjected to sensorial EE with AB had higher plasma glucose than the ones in the other groups (P < 0.005). Finally, the PTB-enriched subjects showed higher Na<sup>+ </sup>levels than controls (P < 0.005). The alterations that were found to be related to the factor sampling time were more pronounced at T<sub>30</sub> (P < 0.05) than T<sub>60</sub> and T<sub>90</sub>. These results indicate that the conditions (SO, DSO) and EE (C, SR, AB, PTB) under which the piglets were weaned influenced the blood variables measured in the study.

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Putri, Prescillia Rindang, Richard S. Moore, Noviar Andayani, and Karmele L. Sanchez. "EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT ON THE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF JAVAN SLOW LORIS, Nycticebus javanicus." TAPROBANICA 7, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v7i1.152.

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We conducted a behavioural study on rescued captive N. javanicus housed at International Animal Rescue Centre, West Java, focussing on the frequency of social interactions in relation to varying amounts of enrichment provided. Three different sized cages were chosen comprising a total of ten slow lorises in groups of five, three and two individuals respectively. After providing extra enrichment, we observed a general increase in all social behaviours in both cages, except for proximity and attack. A significant increase in positive social interactions (clasp interaction) was observed when all data combine after environmental enrichment was given. We made sociograms to visualize the significant results of before and after enrichments. The clasp sociogram before enrichments phase revealed that the only male in both cages acted as the initiator of clasp behaviour to other female actors in the cage. This short study reveals positive signs in increasing certain desired behaviours and the role of individuals within the cage during enrichment.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental enrichment"

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King, Lesley Anne. "Environmental enrichment for broiler breeders." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249541.

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Smith, Brittany L. "The Benefits and Costs of Environmental Enrichment." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1479815083298321.

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Schmidt, Christiane. ""Environmental enrichment" für Laborratten und Labormäuse eine Literaturstudie /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2003/239/index.html.

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Ogura, Tadatoshi. "Cognitive foundations of environmental enrichment for Japanese macaques." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/152038.

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Dickie, Lesley A. "Environmental enrichment in captive primates : a survey and review." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311767.

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Wilkes, Luanne. "Potential environmental enrichment for zebrafish used in regulatory toxicology." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3456.

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The aim of environmental enrichment is to alter the environment of a captive animal in a way that results in improved mental and physical welfare. The technique has been utilised effectively for many years for captive mammals in a variety of settings. However, until now it has never been considered as a way of improving the welfare of aquatic animals such as fish. Fish that are used in regulatory toxicology studies are at present maintained solely in barren tank environments. Little is known about how these types of environments affect the well-being of the animals residing there and whether they impact either physiological heath or behavioural repertoire. This thesis aims to address this gap in the knowledge regarding the potential for environmental enrichment to improve the welfare of fish used in regulatory toxicology. More specifically it looks at two types of enrichment and the effects of these on the commonly used model species, the zebrafish (Danio rerio). The first type of enrichment studied was glass rod structures of varying heights provided to increase tank complexity and provide refuge. The glass structures did not produce any quantifiable benefits in unstressed fish and appeared to delay the formation of stable social hierarchies. When fish were stressed by a period of chasing, the presence of the glass rods appeared to reduce the magnitude of the cortisol response. Whilst this could be viewed as a potential benefit, it was felt that it would not outweigh the costs of this type of enrichment. The second type of enrichment studied was provision of airstones. Again, no clear evidence was found that fish in tanks with airstones experienced an improvement in welfare. The main observation was the vast increase in mortality in tanks containing these airstones, in particular, those of a smaller size. Regardless of the physiological cause underlying this result, this can only be viewed as a negative consequence and one that appears to rule out airstones as an effective form of enrichment for this species and strain of fish. It was also observed that both stress and the presence of enrichment influenced the absolute deviation from the mean in several endpoints. Since changes in endpoint variation will have effects both on the number of animals required to statistically measure environmentally relevant effects this is a factor that should be considered when researching methods of environmental enrichment. Finally, results from these studies suggest the possibility that laboratory zebrafish do not require the addition of environmental enrichment to tanks in order to promote maximum welfare. Furthermore, as considerable costs would be involved in implementing many types of enrichment (relating to manufacture, cleaning, incompatibility of results with previous studies etc.) it is likely that observed benefits would have to be both substantial and well established in order for changes in regulatory guidelines to take place. For a species such as zebrafish that are extremely easy to breed and maintain in the laboratory with minimal amounts of disease, social problems or mortalities, it may be that current conditions are satisfactory.

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Beattie, Violet Emma. "The effects of environmental enrichment on the domestic pig." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239002.

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Rutter, Julie N. "Environmental Enrichment and Reinstatement of Alcohol Addiction in Mice." Marietta College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marhonors1336358606.

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Kakol, Katarzyna. "Environmental enrichment for zoo-housed Icelandic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176030.

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Environmental enrichment is commonly used to improve the welfare of captive animals by offering options to increase behavioural diversity and normal behaviour patterns. The aim of this study was to assess if environmental enrichment has a positive effect on a group of four zoo-housed reindeer, Rangifer tarandus. Three types of environmental enrichment were used: food enrichment, olfactory enrichment, and tactile enrichment, with a spontaneous rotation to prevent habituation. Following a baseline period of ten days without enrichment, the animals’ behaviour was monitored for four months with enrichment. All behaviours shown by the reindeer during the study were categorized into locomotory behaviour, feeding behaviour, passive behaviour, social interactions, and behaviour towards enrichment. The overall level of activity of the reindeer almost doubled between the baseline period (40.8%) and the enrichment period (75.3%), with a significant increase in feeding behaviour (p < 0.001) and a significant decrease in passive behaviour (p < 0.001). Food enrichment had the strongest impact on the reindeer out of the three types of enrichment presented. Even though the reindeer showed a continuous interest towards tactile enrichment, it was low compared to the interest shown towards food enrichment. They also showed little interest in olfactory enrichment. Neophobia may explain the lack of interest by the reindeer to certain types of enrichment that were novel to them. Overall, the presentation of environmental enrichment made the behaviour of the captive reindeer clearly more similar to the behaviour of wild reindeer.

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Mainardi, Marco. "Environmental enrichment and visual system: thalamocortical and crossmodal plasticity." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85979.

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It has been demonstrated that the complex sensorimotor and social stimulation achieved by rearing animals in an enriched environment (EE) can reinstate juvenile-like plasticity in the adult cortex. However, it is not known whether EE can affect thalamocortical transmission. In the first part of this work, I investigated this problem by recording in vivo field potentials from the visual cortex evoked by electrical stimulation of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) in anaesthetized rats. I found that a period of EE during adulthood shifted the input-output curves and increased paired-pulse depression, suggesting an enhanced synaptic strength at thalamocortical terminals. Accordingly, EE animals showed an increased expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGluT-2) in geniculocortical afferents to layer IV. Rats reared in EE also showed an enhancement of thalamocortical long-term potentiation (LTP) triggered by theta-burst stimulation (TBS) of the dLGN. To monitor the functional consequences of increased LTP in EE rats, I recorded visual evoked potentials (VEPs) before and after application of TBS to the geniculocortical pathway. I found that responses to visual stimulation were enhanced across a range of contrasts in EE animals. This was accompanied by an upregulation of the intracortical excitatory synaptic marker vGluT-1 and a decrease in the expression of the vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT), indicating a shift in the excitation/inhibition ratio. Thus, in the adult rat, EE enhances synaptic strength and plasticity of the thalamocortical pathway associated with specific changes in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Another interesting problem connected to EE, is the possibility that the multimodal sensory stimulation provided by this rearing protocol can affect functional relationships among different cortical areas, thus contributing to the effect observed on visual cortical plasticity. In the second part of my work, I explored this problem by looking for cortical areas monosynaptically connected with primary visual cortex (V1), using stererotaxic injections of cholera toxin β subunit. I found that primary visual cortex is connected with secondary motor cortex (M2, also known as frontal eye field), primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and primary auditory cortex (A1). These connections could explain how the sensorimotor stimulation provided by EE, which does not have a specific “visual” component, can affect visual function. Functional interactions between V1 and M2 or A1 were investigated using multichannel local field potential recordings in awake, freely moving mice, subjected to EE since birth. Quantitative analysis of LFP signals revealed that EE has opposite effects on V1-M2 and V1-A1 activity correlation, resulting in a decrease of functional coupling in the first case and in an increase in the second case. These data provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which EE shapes the adult brain.

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Books on the topic "Environmental enrichment"

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Association of British Wild Animal Keepers. Guidelines for environmental enrichment. Bristol: Association of British Wild Animals Keepers, 1998.

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Young, Robert J., ed. Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470751046.

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Young, Robert J. Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007.

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J, Shepherdson David, Mellen Jill D, Hutchins Michael, and Conference on Environmental Enrichment (1st : 1993 : Metro Washington Park Zoo, Portland, Or.), eds. Second nature: Environmental enrichment for captive animals. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998.

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Reinhardt, Viktor. Environmental enrichment for caged rhesus macaques: A photographic documentation and literature review. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Animal Welfare Institute, 2001.

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National Agricultural Library (U.S.), National Library of Medicine (U.S.), and National Institutes of Health (U.S.), eds. Information resources for environmental enrichment of primates: 1987-1990. [Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library,], 1991.

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Dickie, Lesley A. Environmental enrichment in captive primates: A survey and review. Darwin: Department of Anthropology, Darwin College, 1994.

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D, Kreger Michael, ed. Environmental enrichment for nonhuman primates resource guide, January 1992-February 1999. Beltsville, MD (10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville 20705): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Agricultural Library, Animal Welfare Information Center, 1999.

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Tsai, Ping-Ping. Impact of environmental enrichment on physiology and behavior in mice. Hannover: [s.n.], 1999.

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Borson, Daniel. Forever in its debt?: The $9 billion debacle of the U.S. uranium enrichment program. Washington, D.C: Public Citizen, Critical Mass Energy Project, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Environmental enrichment"

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Maple, Terry L., and Bonnie M. Perdue. "Environmental Enrichment." In Zoo Animal Welfare, 95–117. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35955-2_6.

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Ellenbroek, Bart, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Martina de Zwaan, Sarah Parylak, Pietro Cottone, Eric P. Zorrilla, et al. "Environmental Enrichment and Drug Action." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 482–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_273.

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Cain, Mary E., and Michael T. Bardo. "Environmental Enrichment and Drug Action." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 615–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36172-2_273.

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Dale, Steve. "Environmental Enrichment and Senior Pets." In Treatment and Care of the Geriatric Veterinary Patient, 269–78. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119187240.ch21.

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Sale, Alessandro, Nicoletta Berardi, and Lamberto Maffei. "Environmental enrichment and brain development." In Environmental Experience and Plasticity of the Developing Brain, 1–26. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118931684.ch1.

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Norsworthy, Gary D., and Linda E. Schmeltzer. "Environmental Enrichment in the Hospital." In Nursing the Feline Patient, 12–17. Ames, Iowa, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119264910.ch3.

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Rees, Paul A. "Behaviour, training and environmental enrichment." In Key questions in zoo and aquarium studies: a study and revision guide, 137–53. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249002.0008.

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Cain, Mary E., and Michael T. Bardo. "Environmental Enrichment and Drug Action." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 1–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27772-6_273-2.

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Miller, Katherine, and Katie Watts. "Environmental and behavioral enrichment for cats." In Animal Behavior for Shelter Veterinarians and Staff, 234–49. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119421313.ch12.

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Hellawell, J. M. "The Effects of Organic Enrichment." In Biological Indicators of Freshwater Pollution and Environmental Management, 155–211. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4315-5_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Environmental enrichment"

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"Environmental information enrichment – The TaToo approach." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.c3.schimak.

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Yuniawan, Tommi, Amin Retnoningsih, and Diyamon Prasandha. "Conservation Text for Elementary School Students’ Environmental Literacy Enrichment." In Proceedings of First International Conference on Culture, Education, Linguistics and Literature, CELL 2019, 5-6 August, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.5-8-2019.2289812.

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Qunyan Shi, Peide Sun, Yingqi Song, and Shaoting Du. "Enrichment of nitrifying bacterial in sequencing batch reactors." In 2011 International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection (ISWREP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswrep.2011.5893238.

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BATZIAS, ATHANASIOS F., and ATHANASIOS G. LAGODIMOS. "A METHODOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MONITORING AND KNOWLEDGE BASE ENRICHMENT." In Proceedings of the International Conference on ICMMS 2008. IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781848165106_0062.

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Ermaida, Ermaida, and Sonata Lukman. "Crime Prevention Policy Through Depriving Illicit Enrichment and Unexplained Wealth." In International Conference on Environmental and Energy Policy (ICEEP 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211014.029.

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Wilson, Laura E., and John J. Ramirez-Avila. "The Effects of Tillage Practices on the Nutrient Enrichment of Eroded Materials." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2018. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481394.021.

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Oliveira, Ana Rita, María J. Cabrera-Álvarez, Florbela Soares, Ana Candeias-Mendes, Pablo Arechavala-Lopez, and João L. Saraiva. "Effects of Environmental Enrichment on the Welfare of Gilthead Seabream Broodstock." In SIBIC 2022. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/blsf2022013090.

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Hozalski, Raymond M., Timothy M. LaPara, and Ping Zhang. "Enrichment, Isolation, and Characterization of Haloacetic Acid-Degrading Bacteria from Water Distribution Systems." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40927(243)482.

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Qin, Zijin, Liping Qiu, Shoubin Zhang, Jiabin Wang, and Kang Xie. "Enrichment of Denitrifying Phosphate-accumulating Organisms in Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Process." In 2015 4th International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icseee-15.2016.80.

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Qiu, Lin. "Linking Individual and Environmental Characteristics to Work-Family Enrichment of Chinese Employees." In 2011 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2011.5997996.

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Reports on the topic "Environmental enrichment"

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Amendola, Lucia, Nicholas deGoutiere, and Daniel M. Weary. Anxiolytic effects of environmental enrichment for mice. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0024.

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Ash, Andrew N. An Environmental Studies Enrichment Program an UNC Pembroke. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1177110.

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Hu, XinYi, JingXuan Hao, and HangYue Wang. Improvement of Environmental enrichment on Cognitive Functions in Patients and animals : A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0014.

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Review question / Objective: To study the relationship between environmental enrichment and cognitive function through a meta-analysis of the literature, analyze its effects on the improvement of cognitive function in patients and animals, and evaluate the effects of different environmental enrichment measures on cognitive function improvement. Condition being studied: Cognitive decline refers to an individual's memory, language, reasoning and other aspects of cognitive function showing obvious, measurable decline or abnormal. The causes of cognitive decline are various, including neurodegeneration, cerebrovascular disease, infection, trauma, and depression. Alzheimer's disease and stroke are the most common.

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Copeland, T. L. Serial Probe Recognition as an Environmental Enrichment Device for Nonhuman Primates. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada328077.

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Johnson, Erica M., Kyle L. Traver, Stuart W. Hoffman, Catherine R. Harrison, and James P. Herman. Environmental Enrichment Protects against Functional Deficits caused by Traumatic Brain Injury. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada584995.

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Tetzlaff, Sasha, Jinelle Sperry, Bruce Kingsburg, and Brett DeGregorio. Captive-rearing duration may be more important than environmental enrichment for enhancing turtle head-starting success. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41800.

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Abstract:

Raising captive animals past critical mortality stages for eventual release (head-starting) is a common conservation tactic. Counterintuitively, post-release survival can be low. Post-release behavior affecting survival could be influenced by captive-rearing duration and housing conditions. Practitioners have adopted environmental enrichment to promote natural behaviors during head-starting such as raising animals in naturalistic enclosures. Using 32 captive-born turtles (Terrapene carolina), half of which were raised in enriched enclosures, we employed a factorial design to explore how enrichment and rearing duration affected post-release growth, behavior, and survival. Six turtles in each treatment (enriched or unenriched) were head-started for nine months (cohort one). Ten turtles in each treatment were head-started for 21 months (cohort two). At the conclusion of captive-rearing, turtles in cohort two were overall larger than cohort one, but unenriched turtles were generally larger than enriched turtles within each cohort. Once released, enriched turtles grew faster than unenriched turtles in cohort two, but we otherwise found minimal evidence suggesting enrichment affected post-release survival or behavior. Our findings suggest attaining larger body sizes from longer captive-rearing periods to enable greater movement and alleviate susceptibility to predation (the primary cause of death) could be more effective than environmental enrichment alone in chelonian head-starting programs where substantial predation could hinder success.

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Colpoys, Jessica D., Jennifer Annen, Kimberly Martens, Nicholas K. Gabler, and Anna K. Johnson. Stalled Gilt Behavior when Provided with Novel Flavors on Rope Environmental Enrichment. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-242.

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Souza da Silva, C., and I. C. de Jong. Literature update on effective environmental enrichment and light provision in broiler chickens. Wageningen: Wageningen Livestock Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/504630.

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Hembree, D. M. Jr, J. A. Carter, and H. H. Ross. Environmental monitoring for detection of uranium enrichment operations: Comparison of LEU and HEU facilities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/86815.

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Traver, Kyle L., Erica M. Johnson, Nancy Kelley-Loughnane, Catherine R. Harrison, and James P. Herman. Does Environmental Enrichment Exposure Prior to Injury Influence Biomarkers Associated with Chronic Stage TBI? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada579374.

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