Dissertations / Theses: 'Environmental economics – international cooperation'

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Pozzebon, Federica <1995&gt. "Cooperation in International Environmental Agreements: a theoretical and ethical analysis." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21434.

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One of the main challenges facing the future is implementing a successful climate policy. Climate change is economically defined as a global public good, resulting in one of the biggest social dilemmas of the latest years. The research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the limits to cooperation in climate policy starting from the examination of the antecedent models of environmental agreements – Earth Summit, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement - and the intrinsic obstacles of climate change to international cooperative results. The paper contains a selective review of experimental literature and contributions from non-cooperative game theory. The objective is to identify significant variables and political conditions responsible for insufficient progress on climate change mitigation. A potential solution analysed is the Climate Club approach proposed by the economist and Nobel Prize winner William Nordhaus. The work concludes with an ethical reflection on the climate change social dilemma and the critical lack of responsibility proved by countries in absence of economic and political incentives.

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Duruigbo, Emeka Alexander. "Environmental aspects of international oil trade and shipping, business ethics and economic cooperation as compliance tools in international law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0001/MQ34443.pdf.

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Fei, Ao. "Optimal Commodity Taxation under International Positional and Environmental Externalities." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138441.

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The facts that relative consumption concerns may give rise both to positional and environmental externalities, and that these two externalities are increasingly transboundary require us to derive an optimal commodity tax in an international framework. The corrective tax policy decided at a national level is found to fail to internalize all positional and environmental externalities. The optimal tax policy under an international cooperative framework reflects correction for both global positional and environmental externalities. In this broader framework, we also characterize the provision of pollution abatement as an additional policy instrument. The results show that relative concerns for one of the private goods do not lead to any modification of the policy rule for public abatement.

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Morton, Nicola. "Parks that cross the borderline : transnational co-operation in Southern Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51868.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this era of globalisation, the world is becoming more economically, politically and ecologically interdependent, that is, there is a growing mutual vulnerability between actors. The conditions of growing interdependence produce specific challenging circumstances for the achievement of particular goals, -includinq that of sustainable development. The Southern African context holds further obstacles to such development, which include poverty, inequality, a history of racial conflict and colonialism, and a regional economy on the semi-periphery of the global economy. It is my assertion that it is in the mutual self-interest of states and other stakeholders (e.g. communities) to approach this dilemma through transnational co-operation under the ethical umbrella of sustainable development. Thus this thesis seeks to discover to what extent the construction of Transborder Conservation Areas (TBCAs), relatively large areas which straddle the borders between two or more countries and cover natural systems incorporating one or more protected areas, can meet the criteria of sustainable development, given these conditions. The three primary criteria used for measuring sustainable development are community-based development; close linkages between the environment and development; and co-operation on all levels. The Kgalagadi TBCA, formally recognised on the 7th of April 1999 between South Africa and Botswana, serves as the case study. The conceptual framework used for the analysis is a theory of cooperation, as it applies to the field of International Relations. The key concepts employed here are those of interdependence, co-operation, sustainable development and institutionalisation. The research centers around three key issues: If sustainable development is the way forward for Southern Africa, do TBCAs reflect and fulfill the criteria as set forth by sustainable development? What does the experience of TBCAs in Southern Africa tell us about co-operation, recognising that TBCAs can only succeed if it has a sound base in the awareness and engagement of people? And, how best can decision-makers go about establishing TBCAs? Ultimately the thesis is a call to Southern African countries to embrace this new form of utilising the environment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie era van globalisering is die wêreld besig om ekonomies, polities en ekologies meer interafhanklik te word, met ander woorde, daar is 'n toenemende wedersydse kwesbaarheid tussen akteurs. Toenemende interafhanklikheid produseer spesifieke uitdagings ten opsigte van die bereiking van sekere doelwitte, insluitend volgehoue ontwikkeling. Daar is besondere hindernisse op die weg na volgehoue ontwikkeling in Suidelike Afrika, is byvoorbeeld armoede, ongelykheid, en verlede gekenmerk deur rassekonflik en kolonialisme, asook en regionale ekonomie op die semi-periferie van die globale ekonomie. Dit is in die wedersydse belang van state en ander betrokke partye (bv. gemeenskappe) om hierdie dilemma te benader deur middel van transnasionale samewerking onder die etiese sambreel van volgehoue ontwikkeling. Hierdie tesis probeer vasstel tot watter mate die skep van Transnasionale Bewaringsgbiede, of sogenaamde "Vredesparke" (Transborder Conservation Areas = TBCAs), d.w.s. relatiewe groot areas aan weerskante van die grens(-e) tussen twee of meer lance en wat natuurlike stelsels dek wat ten minste een beskermde gebied inkorporeer, kan voldoen aan die kriteria vir volgehoue ontwikkeling, gegewe die bogenoemde konteks. Die drie primêre kriteria wat gebruik word om volgehoue ontwikkeling te meet is gemeenskapsgebaseerde ontwikkeling; die hegtheid van die verhouding tussen die omgewing en ontwikkeling; en samewerking op alle vlakke. Die Kgalagadi TBCA, amptelik op 7 April 1999 tussen Suid-Afrika en Botswana erken, dien as die gevallestudie. Die konseptueie raamwerk wat gebruik word in die analise is 'n teorie van samewerking, soos dit van toepassing is op die veld van Internasionale Betrekkinge. Die sleutelkonsepte wat gebruik word is interafhanklikheid, samewerking, volgehoue ontwikkeling en institusionalisering. Die navorsing sentreer rondom drie sleutelkwessies: lndien volgehoue ontwikkeling die weg vorentoe vir Suidelike Afrika is, weerspiëel en voldoen TBCAs aan die vereistes van volgehoue ontwikkeling? Wat kan ons wys raak oor samewerking na aanleiding van ons ervaring van TBCAs in Suidelike Afrika, gegewe dat TBCAs slegs kan slaag indien dit gefundeer is op gemeenskapsbewustheid- en deelname? Laastens, wat is die beste manier waarvolgens besluitnemers TBCAs kan vestig? Ten slotte is hierdie studie 'n beroep op die besluitnemers In Suidelike Afrika om hierdie nuwe wyse waarop die omgewing benut kan word, te ondersteun.

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Tang, Jianmin. "Essays on international environmental cooperation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq20589.pdf.

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Radzevych, R. O. "International cooperation on environmental protection." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11942.

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Дерев`янко, Юрій Миколайович, Юрий Николаевич Деревьянко, and Yurii Mykolaiovych Derevianko. "Environmental economics problems of transborder cooperation." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8120.

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Zilbauer, Matthias. "Determinants of international environmental cooperation does national ENGO strength foster a country's international environmental commitment? /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB12168080.

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De, Klerk W. A. (Willem Abraham). "An investigation into the trading in emissions credits as a free market mechanism to curb global warming." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49717.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: One of the most topical and widely discussed factors which could lead to the ultimate end of life on earth is global warming and its devastating effects. Several current trends clearly demonstrate that global warming is directly impacting on rising sea levels, the melting of icecaps and other significant worldwide climatic changes. These climatic changes will have a profound effect on the economy of the world as well as having health and social consequences for humans on earth. It has also become evident that mankind has played a significant role in causing global warming through its excessive burning of fossil fuels and its deforestation activities. Mainstream economists have increasingly realised that the prime cause of environmental problems is the absence of markets and more specifically, the absence of private ownership, which provide the foundation for markets. This occurrence has also been described in the literature as the tragedy of the commons. Mankind has come to a point in its history whereby it is in great danger of causing its own annihilation through the destruction of its natural environment. As a result of this, world leaders and many industrialists have realised that it is essential that the world must do something to preserve the natural environment. This was the rationale behind the Kyoto Protocol. In Kyoto 38 industrial states undertook to reduce their total emissions of six important greenhouse gases by at least 5 percent by the period 2012 at the latest. It was agreed in Kyoto that the system to be used to curb global warming should be based on free market principles that would focus on limiting the tragedy of the commons. On this basis it was agreed that the international trade in greenhouse gas emission allowances might fulfil an important role in providing countries and companies with the capabilities to achieve part of their reduction obligations. The Kyoto mechanism was therefore designed on the basis of emissions trading, but also had an equity objective with respect to developing countries. Supporters of the trading scheme are of the opinion that this market will guarantee that certain emission targets are met. In principle, the international trade in emission credits offers several advantages in terms of a flexible and cost-efficient realisation of the reduction obligations undertaken at Kyoto. Supporters of emissions trading are also of the opinion that trading in these gases also has economic and technological benefits. The answer to global warming might be as simple as buy low, sell high conventions. Now greenhouse-gas emissions are becoming a commodity that can be bought and sold on a worldwide scale, just like gold or soybeans. It is expected that the trading in greenhouse-gas emission rights will ultimately constitute the largest commodities market in the world. An international market for greenhouse gas emission allowances is already developing. However, rules governing such transactions are not fully worked out yet. The 178-nation Kyoto Protocol on global warming may provide a start, despite the US's refusal to support the treaty. It will be the aim of this thesis to provide understanding in terms of the functioning of emissions trading schemes and therefore the Kyoto mechanism as a solution to this problem of global warming. It will also be an important objective of this thesis to provide insight into the issues applicable to climatic change and the Kyoto mechanism.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Atmosfeerverwarming is wêreldwyd een van die mees bespreekte kwessies. Die nadelige effek van atmosfeerverwarming as gevolg van die toenemende kweekhuiseffek, het die potensiaal om tot die uiteindelike uitwissing van lewe op aarde te lei. Verskeie tendense dui daarop dat atmosfeerverwarming 'n direkte impak op stygende seevlakke, die ontvriesing van die pakys by die pole en ander noemenswaardige klimaatsversteuringe het. Indien iets drasties nie gedoen word om atmosfeer verhitting te keer nie, sal klimaatsversteuringe 'n geweldig nadelige effek op die wêreld ekonomie te weeg bring, asook 'n nadelige effek op gesondheids- en sosiale toestande tot gevolg hê. Dit het duidelik geword dat die aktiwiteite van die mensdom, hoofsaaklik verbranding van fossielbrandstowwe en ontbossing, te blameer is vir atmosfeerverwarming. Ekonome wêreldwyd het toenemend besef dat die hoofrede vir omgewingsprobleme, soos atmosfeerverwarming, toegeskryf kan word aan die afwesigheid van markte en meer spesifiek die afwesigheid van privaatbesit, wat in effek die basis van die vrye mark vorm. Hierdie gebeurtenis word in die ekonomiese literatuur beskryf as die "tragedie van die gemene goedere" . Wêreldpolitici en industriële leiers het besef dat die mens by 'n punt in sy geskiedenis gekom het waar hy moontlik sy eie uitwissing kan bewerkstellig en dat iets drasties gedoen moet word om die natuurlike omgewing te beskerm om sodoende volhoubare ekonomiese groei te verseker. Hierdie besef het gelei tot die totstandkoming van die Kyoto Protokol waar 38 nywerheidslande ooreengekom het om voor die jaar 2012 hul totale nasionale emissies van die ses belangrikste kweekhuisgasse met ten minste 5 persent tot onder hul 1990 emissievlakke te verminder. Daar was in Kyoto ooreengekom dat die stelsel wat gebruik moet word om die Kyoto doelwitte te bereik sterk vryemark eienskappe moet besit asook meganismes om regverdigheid en gelykheid tussen lande in terme van kweekhuisgasbeperkings te verseker. Die Kyoto meganismes is ontwerp met sterk vryemark eienskappe, wat basies 'n stelsel is waarvolgens lugbesoedelingsregte verhandel kan word. Hierdie verhandeling van besoedelingsregte kan toegepas word om kweekhuis gasse te verminder. Die Kyoto meganismes en dus lugbesoedelingsverhandeling verskaf buigbaarheid aan besighede en lande om hul onderskeie besoedelingsbeperkingsdoelwitte op die mees koste effektiewe manier te bereik. Die antwoord op atmosfeer verwarming kan dalk so eenvoudig wees soos koop laag en verkoop hoog. Kweekhuisgasse is besig om net soos graan of goud 'n kommoditeit te raak. Daar word verwag dat die verhandeling in kweekhuis gas besoedelingsregte uiteindelik sal groei tot die grootste kommoditeitsmark ter wêreld. Ondersteuners van die Kyoto meganismes is van mening dat kweekhuisgas verhandeling ook ekonomiese en tegnologiese voordele inhou. Dit is 'n oogmerk van die Kyoto meganismes om die verskuiwing van tegnologie tussen ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende lande asook volhoubare groei te verseker. 'n Grysmark vir kweekhuisgas regte is reeds internasionaal, voor die beplande instelling van die Kyoto meganismes, aan die ontwikkel. Die reëls en regulasies vir die Kyoto meganismes is nog nie gefinaliseer nie. Dit en die onwilligheid van die VSA om die Protokol te onderteken, belemmer die vroegtydige implementering van die Kyoto meganismes en die effektiwiteit van die stelsel. Dit is die doelwit van die werkstuk om die leser bekend te maak met die funksionering van emissieverhandeling as 'n vryemark stelsel om omgewingsprobleme soos atmosfeerverwarming te verminder. Die werkstuk beoog ook om die kwessies betrokke by klimaatsverandering en die Kyoto meganismes aan die leser te verduidelik.

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Lott, Anthony David. "Neorealism and Environmental Cooperation: Towards a Structural Explanation of International Environmental Matters." PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5279.

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The realist tradition in world politics has long been heralded by statesmen and scholars alike as offering an authentic account of the relations between states. Realists consider self-interest, anarchy, and power politics to guide the behavior of states in the international system. The perception that cooperation and amity are now the norm in the international system has raised the possibility of a theoretical shift of focus in the study of international politics. At present, scholars within the discipline of international politics are debating the relevance of realist thought. In particular, neorealism, or the structural variation of traditional realism, is under attack for not providing a rationale for international cooperation. This project undertakes to expand neorealism's ability to explain state behavior in the area of environmental cooperation. Employing the notion of anarchy as a self-help system, it shall be demonstrated that international environmental agreements appear to be influenced by the distribution of power in the international system. Anarchy mandates the need for state actors to cooperate on certain environmental issues, while that same system dissuades cooperation on a number of other important environmental matters. This thesis critiques the theoretical principles in neorealism and makes moderate changes to them. In keeping with neorealist thought, power, the interests of important states, and the position of the hegemon are considered important factors in understanding environmental cooperation. This project also studies three global environmental issues that provide insight into the rewards and limitations of using neorealism to explain cooperation.

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Pennell, Jennifer Lyn. "State Cooperation on Regulatory Policies for Transboundary Environmental Issues." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4937.

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This research analyzes three contributing factors, perception, knowledge, and affordability, in order to estimate the likelihood of state cooperation on effective regulatory policies for transboundary environmental problems. The correlative hypothesis in this research postulates that states are more likely to support environmental regulatory policies when the issue is perceived by policymakers as serious, substantiated by a high level of knowledge, and affordable for the state. Regulatory policies for transboundary environmental issues require policymakers to act in foresight, employ precautionary measures, and cooperate. Cooperation implies that states will coordinate their policies and eschew their dominant strategy of independent decision making. However, this research contends that states decide to cooperate because they perceive the strategic interaction to be beneficial. Thus, the theory of cooperation in this research is consistent with realist assumptions of rational egoism.

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Palling, Huusko Susanna. "Global Partnerships for Sustainable Development - a case study of the Global Deal for Decent Work and Inclusive Growth." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-361128.

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This thesis discusses global partnerships for sustainable development. Global partnerships have come to be considered as key tools for the implementation of certain international sustainable development goals and there is a growing literature on the subject. Nevertheless, no study has yet been done of the Global Deal Partnership for Decent Work and Inclusive Growth, initiated by the Government of Sweden in 2016. The partnership is presented as a concrete input to several of the Sustainable Development Goals, especially numbers 8, 10, and 17. This provides an important opportunity to make sense of the Global Deal partnership, in particular since it is the first attempt of its kind to unite all stakeholders on the global labour market to work together to provide decent work and inclusive growth for all. What are the goals of the Global Deal, how was it formed, and how is it being implemented? The analysis presented in this thesis is based on a literature survey, documentary analysis, and interviews with the Global Deal Partnership’s support unit at the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. This thesis argues that the Global Deal partnership is a textbook example of a global multi-stakeholder partnership, developed through an inclusive goal-setting process, and implemented with monitoring and reporting functions.

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Bothwell, Heather MacGregor. "Gaining State Response on Global Environmental Problem-Solving: Developing A State-centric Approach." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4978.

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This study focuses on identifying the conditions which encourage or discourage international cooperation with regard to environmental problem-solving. In particular, the divergence between two key international relations theories, Environmentalism and Realism, will be examined in hopes of forging a rapprochement and stimulating research for a comprehensive theoretical approach to global environmental problem-solving. It is hypothesized that a state-centric political system is both a reality and an effective structure for environmental problem-solving, therefore an examination of state participation and the motivators and inhibitors affecting state response on certain environmental issues is conducted. In particular, this study hypothesizes that uncertainty can act as an inhibitor, and without the introduction of motivators can prevent states from participating in environmental problem-solving. A conceptual model of state courses of action is utilized to illustrate the potential of state participation and the development of a state-centric approach.

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Feddersen, John Alexander. "Essays in international economics and the environment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:aa2b64d1-d4cd-4f8f-b83c-1b1ad435f2ea.

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I consider the influence of foreign environmental policy on domestic manufacturing activity using theory and empirics. A tractable three-country spatial model yields a theory of locational com- parative advantage in the production of pollution-intensive manufactured goods: greater market access to countries with stringent environmental policy encourages output in the polluting sector. Operationalizing the model empirically, I find robust evidence that high market access to countries with stringent environmental policy increases manufacturing value added. Both the theoretical and empirical analyses suggest that estimates of the Pollution Haven Effect that ignore third country environmental policy - yet make the stable unit treatment value assumption - can be misleading. Chapter Two We investigate the impact of short-term weather and long-term climate on self-reported life satisfaction using panel data. We find robust evidence that day-to-day weather variation impacts life satisfaction by a similar magnitude to acquiring a mild disability. Utilizing two sources of variation in the cognitive complexity of satisfaction questions, we present evidence that weather bias arises because of the cognitive challenge of reporting life satisfaction. Consistent with past studies, we detect a relationship between long-term climate and life satisfaction without individual fixed effects. This relationship is not robust to individual fixed effects, suggesting climate does not directly influence life satisfaction. Chapter Three This chapter considers the related policy challenges of deindustrialisation and 'leakage' which can arise when environmental regulation is differentiated across regions. A dynamic two-region 'New Economic Geography' (NEG) model is adopted in which agglomeration forces may make firms tolerant of regulatory disadvantage. Each region ratifies an international environmental agreement (IEA) requiring it to tax transboundary pollution created by local firms. In contrast to previous NEG studies, the model adopted is considerably more tractable, enabling comparative static analysis to be conducted analytically rather than through computer simulation. The model is extended to consider the relationship between the prescribed tax rates and deindustrialisation caused by the relocation of firms. Firm relocation in response to a given tax differential depends crucially on trade costs and the initial location (configuration) of industry. For some industry configurations, agglomeration forces are strong and a set of tax differentials exist which cause no international relocation of polluting firms. For other initial industry configurations in which agglomeration forces are weaker, the same set of tax differentials may cause complete inter-national relocation to the less stringently regulated region. Trade liberalization can actually make industry less likely to relocate in response to a regulatory disadvantage. The model is further extended to consider the issue of carbon leakage, which arises in the regulation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For relatively low tax differentials, agglomeration forces create rents which tend to anchor industry in the higher taxing region, avoiding carbon leakage. If the tax differential is too great, however, agglomeration forces cause all firms to relocate to the lower taxing region where they optimally emit more GHGs. Environmental outcomes may therefore be improved by reducing the tax rate in the higher taxing region in order to discourage industry relocation. When industry is diversified between regions, firms respond to higher (lower) relative domestic taxes by increasing (decreasing) output and polluting more (less).

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Gruebel, Marilyn. "International environmental agreements and state cooperation the Stratospheric Ozone Protection Treaty /." Albuquerque : University of New Mexico, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1379574421&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=78006&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Andrade, AndreÌ LuiÌs Chauvet. "International cooperation between European organisations and socio-environmental projects in Brazil." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273792.

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McLaughlin, Patrick A. "Three essays on environmental economics and international trade." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1211388996/.

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Blaed, Sean King. "Three essays on environmental economics and international trade." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/03d66950-87d8-475f-8c27-d3d73ebfe377.

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The environmental impact of international trade has become an important issue, especially in emerging economies, due to their increasingly important roles in world trade, economic and environmental issues. This thesis is concerned with understanding the relationship between trade and the environment in the context of four emerging economies: Brazil, South Africa, India, and China (BASIC) as well as Chinese provinces. We first look at the relationship between economic growth, international trade and environmental degradation in BASIC. The attention is then turned to evaluate different and countervailing effects of international trade (scale, technique and composition effects) on the environment in Chinese provinces. In the last essay, we investigate empirically the impacts of international trade on China’s sustainable development using Chinese provincial Green GDP data. The main conclusions that can be reached from our studies can be summarised as follows. First, little evidence is found to support either the Pollution Haven Hypothesis or the Factor Endowment Hypothesis in BASIC countries, indicating that international trade is not leading to BASIC countries becoming pollution havens. This result should not come with surprise, since it is evident that international trade does not cause significant compositional changes towards dirty industries in BASIC. Second, we find evidence that trade openness and FDI inflows are “good for the environment” as they reduce pollution in Chinese provinces, thus indicating international trade does not lead to Chinese provinces becoming pollution havens. Last but not least, international trade has a positive non-linear effect on China’s sustainable development, implying the relationship between international trade and sustainable development in Chinese provinces has an inverted-U shape.

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Lin, Yu-Hsuan. "Essays on the economics of international environmental agreements." Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8211/.

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This thesis consists of three essays on the economics of international environmental agreements (IEAs). The essays provide both theoretical models and experimental evidences for investigating individual incentives of participating in IEAs based on different assumptions about preferences. Chapter 1 and chapter 2 explore the incentives of participating in IEAs with social preferences (also known as other-regarding preferences) in a static model through experimental methods. Chapter 1 examines the effect of inequality-aversion. The theoretical prediction for the proposed experiment in this chapter expects that the players with a high degree of inequality-averse preference will violate the internal constraint and be absent in a membership game. As a consequence, the coalition formation will become unstable. The experimental outcome confirms that a stable coalition is indeed very rare. This is because the individual preferences on inequality-aversion play a role in shaping coalition formation. However, interestingly, highly inequality-averse subjects, while following their best strategies to participate, are less likely to be absent from the coalition. According to this study, the internal constraint is mostly broken by lowly inequality-averse subjects. Chapter 2 investigates the effect of altruistic preferences. The theoretical prediction of this experiment is that the subjects with a high level of altruism are more likely to resist the temptation of free-riding and thereby are more likely to participate in a coalition. The experimental evidence confirms that the coalition formation is affected by individual altruistic preferences. However, the incentive of participation seems to be negatively correlated with the altruistic attitude: the lower the degree of the altruistic preference is, the more likely the subjects would participate. Chapter 3 examines the impact of sustainability, which are considered as cross-generational social preferences, on the coalition formation in a two-stage game in two periods. This study confirms the importance of the awareness of sustainability to international environmental conventions. When the intergenerational fairness and altruism are taken into account, a coalition formation will be expanded. The numerical example indicates that the marginal cost of the total emissions is an important factor for the formation of IEAs. In contrast, the advanced level of technology development may lead a more efficient production per unit of emissions, but it also encourages countries to emit more in total and have a lower level of welfare. Only when the preference weighting attached by one generation to the welfare of the next generation is considered in international environmental conventions, a sustainable system could be succeed.

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Tu, Qingru. "International Trade and Environmental Regulation." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3727.

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This dissertation is composed of three chapters regarding international trade and environmental regulation. The first chapter focuses on the relationship between port ownership and the port R\&D investment. I investigate whether a larger degree of private involvement in the port sector makes for a higher level of welfare, as well as an improvement in port performance. I establish the stage games to analyze the reciprocal international trade. The theoretical findings indicate that the endowment of population plays an essential role in choosing the optimal port ownership. In the second chapter, I investigate the effect of port pollution regulation on port ownership. I incorporate the regulation tax on emissions from port cargo handling into the international duopoly trade model. The results of the stage games suggest the same ownership of the ports in both countries. I also extend the categories of port structures to include the transfer of port ownership to the other country. The policy implication is to have the small country own both ports, which is opposite to the port governance in reality. In the third chapter, I explore the equilibrium port ownership structures without other policy issues or regulation on the port sector being considered. The influence of country size per se suggests that a small country should privatize its port in the context of a privatized port in the large country. For a large country, it is better to choose a type of ownership different from the small country's. In addition, it is the country whose population is greater than a third of the scale in the other country that should own both ports.

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Ellis, Jaye. "Soft law as topos : the role of principles of soft law in the development of international environmental law." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37857.

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This dissertation addresses the impact of principles of soft law on the development of international regimes for environmental protection. It focuses on three such principles that have attracted a certain degree of consensus in international environmental law and are therefore influential in international environmental regimes: namely, the principle of common but differentiated obligations; the principle of common heritage of mankind and its corollary, the principle of common concern of humankind; and the precautionary principle. The regimes analysed are the Antarctic regime, the regime for control of trade in endangered species, the regime for protection of the stratospheric ozone layer, and the emerging regime governing conservation and management of straddling fish stocks. It is argued that these principles influence normative development in international environmental regimes through processes of discourse in which participants, both state and non-state actors, seek to determine the rules by which their mutual relations will be governed and their common interests protected. Such discourse also connects the evolution of legal rules with a broader set of concerns relating to the interest of human communities in achieving a certain level of environmental protection. In this respect, the legal rules may be contemplated within a moral framework in which members of international society seek to determine what they ought to do with respect to global environmental protection.

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Lozada, Vazquez Luz Maria. "Cooperation and coordination for landscape scale conservation : qualitative and experimental economics approach." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4322/.

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Researchers have highlighted the need for landscape scale management for biodiversity and other services such as recreation and pollination. Ecological networks have been proposed as a tool to deliver multifunctional services. Despite public policy interest, implementation of this tool is difficult because, as other public goods, ecological networks require land managers to be paid; in addition the creation of the spatial configuration of the network requires land managers’ cooperation across holdings. This thesis presents a methodological framework to test an economic incentive called ‘1-2-1 coordination bonus’ to stimulate cooperation. It also analyses existing cases of cooperation and the potential of adaptive co-management (ACM) to develop ecological networks. The research carried out in the Dee catchment, North-East Scotland, suggests the existence of processes that echo ACM, however this ACM-potential is hampered by the lack of local ecological knowledge, power-sharing and evaluation cycles. Attitudes to conservation suggested the identification of three clusters of land managers based on land tenure: states, tenants and smallholding owners. Cooperation was more frequently found within each group than across groups. The methodological framework proved to be innovative and informative for the design of the ‘1-2-1 coordination bonus’ which could stimulate cooperation for ecological networks such as field margins for pollination. But if a robust network is needed then the bonus has to be accompanied by coordination through third parties and/or spatial targeting of the incentive to achieve a specific desired network-pattern.

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Pevato, Paula Monica. "International law and the right to environment : encouraging environmental cooperation via the international protection of human rights." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286363.

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This thesis revolves around one central question, the thesis' leilmotif. 'What is a right to environment in contemporary internationalegal theory and practiceT In the course of determining a right to environment's legal status, historical and modem human rights theories are considered. The author demonstrates that most writers have fallen into various rights traps, for instance, when they refrain from considering a right to environment as something other than a human right, such as a non-right, a concept of international environmental cooperation (IEC), or simply one of many goals of international human rights and environmental law and policy (Chapter 2). The author continues the examination of the leitmotif by consulting the sources of internationall aw enumeratedin Article 38(l) of the Statuteo f the InternationalC ourt of Justice, viz., custom, convention, general principles of law, and subsidiary sources Oudicial decisions and teachings of highly qualified publicists), from the perspective of the policy science school of thought. From this legal philosophical perspective, international law is viewed as a process, a system of authoritative decision-making wherein policy choices play a role, thereby expanding the analysis from a strict positive law perspective. Thus, in addition to the 'traditional' sources, the author conducts an exhaustive analysis of 'soft law' sources, including resolutions and declarations; conventional and extra-conventional mechanisms to international human rights treaties (States parties periodic reports, concluding observations, summary records, views in communications, general comments); conference reports, background studies; and conceptso f EEC,p articularly sustainabled evelopment,a mong others,f or indications of any consensuso n a right to environment( Chapters3 and 4). t The author's research is completed by a thorough analysis of many human rights tensions, such as the inherent restrictions within human rights treaty regimes themselves (viz., derogations, limitations, reservations, the principle of legality, drittwirkung, among others), or due to other tensions in public international law, most notably sovereignty issues and competing interests manifested as anthropocentricity, property rights, international trade, development, and aboriginal issues (Chapter 5). These tensions add further hurdles to a human right to environment's fulfilment. The author deduces from an examination of specific human rights, IEC concepts, case law, States parties' periodic reports, and other sources of international law, that the characteristicsa genericr ight to environmentm ight possessa lready exist within various substantive and procedural rights, whilst other attributes are more suitably addressed via a plethora of conventional mechanisms and policies pertaining to international law for the environment. A right to environment does not exist in international law, whether described as a human right, general principle of law, or otherwise. Its recognition would merely duplicate rights and obligations and is thereforeu nnecessaryT. he author concludes that the ultimate goal of a right to environment -- the attainment of a satisfactory quality of life within a healthy, ecologically balanced environment for present and future generations, all thriving in the human and natural worlds -- are encouraged without an expressly recognized right to environment.

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Hosseini, Jamaladdin. "Global environment an emerging challenge for international cooperation building a legal regime for ozone layer depletion /." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/31166235.html.

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Beuck, Niels. "Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-77.

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The Thesis analyzes the effecvtiveness of international environmental regimes. A case study of four of the most important river regimes in Germany - the Commissions for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR), Elbe (ICPE), Oder (ICPO) and Lake Constance (IGKB)- was conducted. The first part of the thesis explains the theoretical foundation the thesis rests upon. Neoliberal Institutionalism was the chosen theory, accompanied by aspects of regime and game theory. A definition of effectiveness was generated, taking into account a legal, a historical and a political perspective. The Thesis is a qualitative case study, which uses mainly sources from books, essays, newspapers and few in-depth interviews with people inside the Commissions. In the second part the International Commissions are analyzed. In the end the findings are compared to find out what constitutes an effective regime. All four regimes have made an significant impact though. An effective regime is - according to the findings of this thesis - characterized by different factors: a small number of actors, a strong legal basis for the daily work routines, similar background of the member states, favorable national conditions.

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Wu, Mingge. "Essays on interaction of multilateral environmental agreements and international trade." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52287.

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This thesis studies the interaction between the environmental regulations/ agreements and international trade. I investigate and verify pollution haven hypothesis with panel regression with industries and country level data. The pollution haven hypothesis states that stringent environmental policies may drive the dirty industries to the countries with less stringent regulations. This paper verifies the pollution haven hypothesis from three aspects. Imports will increase for European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) members for dirty industries while exports decrease. Both the inward and outward foreign direct investments of dirty industries decrease for EU ETS countries. In the last chapter, I consider all types of multilateral environmental agreements and show that the presences of multilateral environmental agreements decrease countries total trade volume.

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George, Anna. "Bilateral interactions and governability of complex environmental issues : A case study of Swedish bilateral environmental cooperation." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-30728.

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While domestic environmental agencies are still responsible for follow up the progress of environmental policy, the context of complex and large-scale environmental problems strongly influence the possibility to fulfill policy objectives. This thesis explores a case of bilateral environmental cooperation carried out by Swedish environmental authorities, to analyze how it contributes to governance and governability of environmental issue areas. Qualitative interviews with concerned actors revealed that bilateral cooperation was perceived to fill specific functions for the governability of environmental issues, complementary to other international cooperation. Key perceived qualities of bilateral cooperation were that it enabled trustful relations on working level and served as a door opener for dialogue. Joint policy development by environmental agency peers and demonstrating successful examples were seen as useful for promoting policy change. Applying a perspective of interactive governance, the thesis highlights that goals and activity selection of the studied bilateral cooperation were formed through interactions between the involved agencies and with partner countries. Bureaucratic structure and discourses on international cooperation constitute important limitations to the development and use of bilateral environmental cooperation. The study recommends governability assessment as a tool for improving design and follow-up of international environmental cooperation. Governability assessment analyzes the role that the interaction, and the interacting organization play in a governing system of an environmental issue area. The thesis adds to previous research on global environmental governance with empirical examples of the role bilateral interactions plays in the governing systems, as well as the specific qualities perceived by actors as crucial to the role. It also provides recommendations on how to further analyze initiatives by actors aiming to exercise environmental leadership in a diverse or fragmented institutional context of global environmental governance.

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McGuire, William. "Essays on Voluntary Standards in International Trade." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343240479.

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Alongi, F. "ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN CHINA BETWEEN MODERNIZATION AND LEGAL TRANSPLANTS: THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COOPERATION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/465102.

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La ricerca si propone di ricostruire i più recenti sviluppi nel regime giuridico cinese di tutela ambientale, esaminando in particolare l’influenza sempre più importante esercitata dalla cooperazione giuridica internazionale. A tal fine, si esamineranno i principali programmi di cooperazione, illustrandone gli obiettivi e l’impatto sulla formulazione e sull’implementazione della legislazione in materia ambientale nella Repubblica Popolare Cinese. L’indagine procederà di pari passo con un’analisi dei principali trapianti giuridici promossi dai programmi di cooperazione internazionale e delle criticità (di ordine linguistico, culturale e giuridico) incontrate da tali programmi. L’indagine si soffermerà quindi sulle iniziative implementate da numerose organizzazioni internazionali al fine di assicurare l’accesso alla giustizia per le vittime di danni ambientali e di promuovere l’adozione di strumenti privatistici per la tutela dell’ambiente. Infine, si trarranno le conclusioni dell’analisi condotta, sottolineando l’impatto dei programmi di cooperazione esaminati sullo sviluppo del diritto dell’ambiente in Cina e prospettando le sfide future.
The objective of this research is to assess the role which international legal cooperation initiatives have played in the development of environmental law in the People’s Republic of China. To this end, the most significant cooperation programmes shall be examined, outlining their targets and scope and their impact on the drafting and implementation of Chinese environmental law. The analysis shall proceed in lockstep with an inquiry on the legal transplants which may have been channeled through these cooperation projects and on the tensions caused by the introduction of foreign models whenever insufficient attention was paid to the pitfalls of legal translation or to the existing legal and institutional framework. I will then try to show how, over the last decade, international actors have relied on legal cooperation projects to ensure access to justice for environmental tort victims and to carve out a bigger role for private enforcement mechanisms. Finally, I will draw some conclusions as regards the effectiveness of legal cooperation as a tool to influence policy and to channel foreign legal models into the Chinese legal system and I will examine some of the challenges which lay ahead.

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Purnama, Dadang. "The evaluation of transboundary environmental impact assessment : a case study of the Timor Gap." xi, 103 leaves : ill., map, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envp9849.pdf.

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Bibiography: leaves 91-96. The Timor Gap area is managed jointly by Australia and Indonesia through the Treaty of Timor Gap (1989). The Zone of Cooperation area A 's main activity is oil exploration and exploitation. The main concern of the research is the provisions for environmental protection and the procedure of environmental impact assessment in the Treaty.

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Maheo, Solen. "The prototype carbon Fund, a public/ private collaboration in the emerging environmental market." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7945_1254727852.

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This paper addresses the issue of the primary Prototype Carbon Fund objectives , which are High-Quality Emmissions reductions
knowledge dissermination
Public-private parterships. The researcher further invesigates whether, eight years after its creation, the Prototype Carbon Fund is a success.

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Seelarbokus, Chenaz B. "The Influence of State and Treaty Characteristics on Participation in International Environmental Agreements (IEAs)." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2005. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_diss/16.

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This study attempts to systematically analyze the determinants of state participation in International Environmental Agreements (IEAs). The study focuses on two core elements: (i) IEA characteristics; and (ii) state characteristics. Hypotheses for state participation in IEAs are formulated based on the two main International Relations theories dealing with cooperation – Realism and Liberalism. The study presents five different models for state participation in IEAs. The first model analyzes the influence of treaty variables, while the remaining four focus on state variables. The second and third models analyze the influence of Realist and Liberal variables respectively. The fourth model specifically focuses on variables which reflect the various socio-economic, political and logistical constraints of developing countries. The fifth model presents an integrated analysis of participation based on the previous models. Results of the study show that participation can be understood in terms of both the Realist and Liberal variables, and that there can be no rarefied partitioning of those factors on participation. More specifically, the study empirically demonstrates that state participation in IEAs is influenced by the following four main factors: (i) the impact of domestic and international institutions (ii) human development; (iii) power motivations; and (iv) IEA design. Policies proposed to increase participation in IEAs therefore have to enhance any positive influence exerted by these parameters, and mitigate their negative influences, if any.

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Allen, Linda J. "The politics of structural choice of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation : the theoretical foundations of the design of international environmental institutions /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3185389.

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Bowman, Megan. "Our tangled web : international relations theory, international environmental law, and global biodiversity protection in a post-modern epoch of interdependence." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78204.

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The global crisis of biodiversity depletion sets the stage for a necessary re-definition of State self-interest in the international milieu. That re-definition is effected by a changing perception of 'self'; one that occurs through the mental lens of interdependence and long-term vision. This thesis attempts to challenge conventional precepts and present a submission for change by drawing upon constructivist thought, which asserts that current perceptions are socially constructed and rooted in "collective intentionality", such that what has been human-made can be altered by the same processes through which it came into existence. In so doing, the author employs the notions of international ethics as a shared belief and international law as an ideational instrument to facilitate that change in favor of international cooperation toward the necessary amelioration of global biodiversity diminution in order to assure our future.

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Zhou, Qingshui. "Trade and the environment a political model of international public goods problem /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1106.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 112 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-106).

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Smith, Douglas A. "Trade and the environment : how are they related /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2005. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/dissertations/fullcit/1433111.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2005.
"August, 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-77). Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2005]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.

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Saylan, Ibrahim Baris. "Climate Change Regime Within The Context Of International Environmental Politics." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12610932/index.pdf.

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The objective of this thesis is to analyze the process of the development of climate change regime within the context of international environmental politics. In this context, this thesis aims to scrutinize how principles, norms, rules and decision-making procedures concerning climate change regime have been created during the course of the climate change cooperation. To this end, having started with the explanation of the emergence of environmental issues as a topic of international politics, the thesis focuses on the general assessment of climate change in terms of science and environmental politics. Then, international climate change negotiations together with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol that constitute the basis for climate change regime are studied in this thesis. Finally, the thesis will elaborate on the positions and policies of the key players in relation to climate change for the purpose of clarifying their roles in the formation of climate change regime. This thesis concludes cooperation on climate change constitutes an example of a regime established within the scope of international environmental politics.

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Ellis, Brown Rupert. "Environmental regulation as a determinant of trade: an empirical investigation of the "Pollution Haven Hypothesis" in the context of international trade." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20418.

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This paper applies an augmented version of the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model to a broad cross section of countries for the period 2001 to 2011, providing evidence that a country's environmental regulatory regime has an influence on the energy content of trade. These results conform to predictions made under the "Pollution Haven Hypothesis" and the notion of "Carbon Leakage", reiterating the importance of incorporating these issues to some extent in the formulation of future trade and climate policy.

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McNamara, Karen Elizabeth School of Biological Earth &amp Environmental Science UNSW. "The politics of ???environmental refugee??? protection at the United Nations." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/26972.

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This thesis seeks to better conceptualise how and why there is an absence of international protection for ???environmental refugees???, and to place these findings in the critical geopolitics literature. A poststructuralist framework, drawing on Foucault???s ideas of discourse, subjectivity, power and governance, was deemed most appropriate for this thesis, and provided a means of differentiation from previous literature on ???environmental refugees???. This thesis develops a genealogy of the subject category of ???environmental refugees??? since the 1970s, to better understand how the United Nations, Inter-Governmental Organisations (IGOs), Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and the media have constructed environmental issues and refugees in texts. Fieldwork undertaken in 2004 enabled me to conduct 45 semistructured interviews with United Nations diplomats and representatives from IGOs and NGOs. Critical scrutiny of these interview texts revealed the constructions of ???environmental refugees??? as various subject identities, particularly in relation to climate change. Pacific ambassadors to the United Nations were also interviewed in 2004 to explore how they negotiated discourses on climate change and ???environmental refugees???, and attempted to articulate their concerns at the United Nations. This thesis contends that an absence of policy at the United Nations to protect ???environmental refugees??? has been produced by a combination of discursive and institutional politics. Unequal power structures at the United Nations have limited the capacity of small island states to lobby and articulate concerns, while subject categories of ???environmental refugees??? have been constructed in ways that alter the terms of debate, evade legal response, or deflect blame away from the perpetrators of environmental damage. Reasons for this policy absence have been the shifting attitudes towards environmental issues and the role of multilateral political institutions. The overall contribution of this thesis is to critical geopolitics, through its examination of the role of multilateralism, representations of environmental issues causing population displacement, and how and why policy absences are created within multilateral institutions such as the United Nations.

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Franzén, Magnus. "From Resistance to Cooperation : The Evolution of Brazilian Foreign Policy in the Area of Environment." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för spanska, portugisiska och latinamerikastudier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-75412.

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Brazil has been one of the most active actors in international environmental negotiations and is an up-and-coming developing country with huge reserves of natural resources, biodiversity, and ecosystems that are of interest to the rest of the world, such as the Amazon rainforest. This pa- per provides an analysis of Brazilian foreign policy in the area of environment. By studying three major, international environmental conferences – Stockholm 1972, Rio 1992, and the COP 15 in Copenhagen, in 2009 – from a liberal-constructivist perspective, the objective is to inves- tigate how Brazil has contributed to, as well as has been affected by, the international environ- mental regime over time. With the Rio+20 conference around the corner, this paper can provide important insights to what processes are behind Brazil’s action and position in these issues. The paper takes an eclectic approach and analyzes the national and international contexts and the positions Brazil took at the time of each conference, in the light of a framework that emphasizes the reciprocal relationship between domestic and international structure and agent. The conclu- sion is that there is a clear trend of Brazil going from being defensive and confrontational to being open to cooperation and taking initiatives. The changes in Brazilian attitude at each of the three conferences can be connected to great transformations in national as well as international context. The social and material reality in which Brazil has found itself has affected the way it interprets its capabilities, as well as how it identifies its interests. Furthermore, it is identified that tradition in foreign policy has played an important part in constraining some alternatives and promoting others.

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Gutiérrez, Alexis Theresa. "The Sustainable Seafood Movement : bringing together supply, demand and governance of capture fisheries in the U.S. and U.K. to achieve sustainability." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ad3f9e68-0171-4f51-9a08-1361dcf1d6b7.

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The Sustainable Seafood Movement's "theory of change" is predicated on using markets to improve the supply of, demand for and governance of sustainable fisheries. Over four articles, this thesis will examine the implications of this approach. Article I evaluates the cultural model of seafood eco-labelling and demonstrates that while the theory of using market demand to motivate fishery improvements has been a powerful incentive, consumers have had a minimal role in incentivising that change. This is validated through semi-structured consumer interviews and structured surveys (n=196), which indicate consumers' general understanding of sustainability issues. Article II examines the roles of actors in the Sustainable Seafood Movement in facilitating the growth of sustainable seafood products in the supply chain, thus explaining how in the absence of large consumer demand, certified sustainable seafood product offerings have continued to grow. Article III examines the private governance mechanisms that the Sustainable Seafood Movement has established in the supply chain and how these are rivalling, complementing and substituting those of state-led fisheries governance mechanisms. At the same time both private and public governance mechanisms continue to monopolise certain spaces, such as flag state authority. Greater coordination between these two governance systems is needed to facilitate additional sustainability gains and strengthen the resilience of these governance systems. When public and private governance efforts to improve the supply, demand and governance of sustainable seafood are looked as whole, as in Article IV, it is evident that consumers/citizens are minimally engaged. Lack of consumer/citizen engagement could lead to an undervaluing of these governance systems by society. Civic engagement organizations are needed to bridge these systems and facilitate citizen/consumer/steward engagement. Public accountability mechanisms are one means to better engage the public in both governance systems, so that sustainable fisheries are realised by collective engagement of all actors.

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PAGANO, Mario. "Overcoming Plaumann : Environmental NGOs and access to justice before the CJEU." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/75102.

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Defence date: 05 December 2022
Examining Board : Professor Joanne Scott, (European University Institute, supervisor); Professor Claire Kilpatrick, (European University Institute); Professor Áine Ryall, (University College Cork); Professor Scott Cummings, (University of California, Los Angeles)
Since the early ‘90s, environmental NGOs have been fighting to be granted standing in actions for annulment. Direct access to the EU judiciary is hindered by the narrow interpretation given by the Court of the ‘individual concern’ requirement laid down under Article 263(4) TFEU. This narrow interpretation is known as ‘the Plaumann test’. By drawing from the literature on legal mobilisation and combining doctrinal and qualitative methods of analysis, the present dissertation explores how the European environmental movement has mobilised to overcome Plaumann in the last thirty years. In this regard, this thesis provides an empirical and theoretical contribution to the study of strategic litigation in the environmental domain. This by shedding light on the NGOs’ understanding of the legal opportunity structure in the EU, as well as on NGOs’ resources and legal strategies deployed to overcome Plaumann. This dissertation shows the relevance of networks membership in EU environmental litigation and argues that the lack of internal legal expertise does not necessarily prevent environmental organisations from resorting to legal mobilisation. Furthermore, this dissertation holds that, despite Plaumann, NGOs’ achievements are remarkable. In particular, the new Aarhus Regulation is expected to bring more legal mobilisation in Europe and deliver more disputes on the ‘science’ underlying EU environmental measures. Conversely, in the climate domain, NGOs are building what I conceptualised in terms of ‘transnational incremental judicial comfort’. The spreading of ‘judicial comfort’ in the climate context casts shadows on the CJEU, which looks increasingly ‘obsolete’ in the eyes of climate litigants. Finally, this dissertation argues that there is a demand within the European environmental movement for a different kind of EU environmental justice, which does not settle for administrative review of EU acts, but that rather strives for a more substantive judicial review of EU policy measures (including legislative acts).

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RoloÌn, SaÌnchez JoseÌ Eduardo. "International arenas for domestic environmental problems : the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation and public participation in the grey agenda in Mexico." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433615.

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Rutz, Samuel. "International environmental agreements much ado about nothing? /." Aachen : Shaker, 2002. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/359419127.pdf.

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Röttgers, Dirk [Verfasser]. "Cooperation in environmental protection : the economics of green trade, market-based instruments and community involvement / Dirk Röttgers." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2014. http://d-nb.info/105354085X/34.

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Sato, Atsuko. "Beyond boundaries Japan, knowledge, and transnational networks in global atmospheric politics /." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2002. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/53965208.html.

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Dalin, Carole. "Water for food| Evolution and projections of water transfers through international and domestic agricultural trade." Thesis, Princeton University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3626543.

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Freshwater resources are under increasing pressure from human and environmental constraints. Population growth and socio-economic development have intensified water withdrawals globally, in particular for irrigated agriculture, accounting for 70-80% of global water use. Furthermore, climate change is expected to strengthen water scarcity in some regions. Trade of water-intensive products, corresponding to a transfer of water resources, can reduce the spatial heterogeneity of water availability. As such, domestic or international trade may improve water-use efficiency at a global or national scale, by providing more efficiently produced goods to all consumers. This thesis quantifies, analyzes and models these virtual transfers of water, between the world's nations and among provinces of China. The impacts of future climate, socio-economic and policy changes on these systems are also estimated.

Chapter 1 describes the evolution of international food trade and associated water resources transfers, and provides an assessment of key impacts of policy, economic and biophysical factors on this global system. Chapter 2 develops a fitness model that determines which variables control the global virtual water trade network's structure and temporal evolution, and estimates changes in the network under future scenarios. Chapter 3 presents the construction and analysis of China's inter-provincial and foreign virtual water trade. The connectivity and flow structure of this network, as well as the efficiency of the system in terms of water resources, are quantified and analyzed. In addition, we identify provinces and commodities that could be targeted for improved efficiency. In Chapter 4, specific agricultural policy scenarios in China are considered, and their impacts on domestic and foreign virtual water trade are analyzed.

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Siegel, Karen Meike. "Regional environmental cooperation in the Southern Cone : which forms does it take and why?" Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5271/.

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The main objective of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the forms that environmental cooperation takes in regions of the South and the processes determining these different forms. Environmental cooperation has been researched extensively in other contexts, notably in relation to global environmental regimes, but the regional dimension and regions in the South in particular, have received very little attention. This thesis provides an in-depth exploratory study comparing three cases of regional environmental cooperation in one region of the South, the Southern Cone of South America. Based on the findings from two extensive fieldwork periods which served to conduct over 50 interviews with policy-makers, civil society representatives and researchers in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay and to collect relevant documentation, the thesis argues that regional environmental cooperation in the Southern Cone takes place in three main forms; regional organisations; regional resource regimes; and the regional implementation of global environmental conventions. These vary in terms of the type of institutional framework and its political purpose; the scope of issues addressed; and the way the membership is determined. Regional environmental cooperation in the Southern Cone is promoted by different types of drivers from within the region, notably civil society organisations and networks of government officials, as well as drivers from outside the region, most importantly donors and international organisations. The variation in the forms of cooperation is thus determined not only by the position of national governments, but also by the objectives and strategies used by the different drivers. In addition, regional environmental cooperation in the Southern Cone is marked by low political will and takes a marginal position in particular in relation to economic interests. While different drivers have been crucial in shaping the different forms that regional environmental cooperation takes, the marginality of this is an outcome of the political and economic context and the development strategy adopted by governments. Consequently, during the research process it became clear that it is important to distinguish between differing levels of strength of regional environmental cooperation and the thesis has developed the concepts of robustness and marginality to this end. These theoretical tools provide an important basis for further research and comparisons on environmental cooperation in regions of the South.

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O'Hare, Kevin M. "The Obstructive Power of Ideas: The Role of Ideational Conflict in Preventing International Coordination." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1344281173.

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Ooms, Erik. "International cooperation in the implementation of the Territorial Agenda 2020 in the Benelux." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för planering och mediedesign, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3731.

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Research consisting of two parts. The first part concerned the implementation of the Territorial Agenda 2020 and its relation with the economic oriented Agenda 2020 and Cohesion Policy. The second part concerned a more specific part of the implementation process, namely in structures of international cooperation in the Benelux. Using the theory of Europeanization (downloading, uploading, circular and horizontal) an analysis provided insights in the way the Netherlands and Flanders use the TA2020 and previous documents, as well as the VLANED group (a cooperation network of spatial planners from Flanders and the Netherlands) is using the TA2020 in their meetings.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Environmental economics – international cooperation'

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