Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Environmental disputes'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Environmental disputes.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Environmental disputes.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Holznagel, Bernd. "Environmental mediation and negotiation : new approaches to the resolution of environmental disputes." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65372.
Full text
2
Schoeman, Petrus Johannes Arnoldus. "Alternative dispute resolution methods as a tool for the resolution of inter-governmental environmental disputes / P.J.A. Schoeman." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/498.
Full text
3
Wongwuthikun, Krisdakorn. "An appraisal of third-party mechanisms in settling international environmental disputes." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/368e5d23-b96f-4c29-8a2c-9bfd6bf30e7b.
Full textAbstract:
International environmental disputes frequently have characteristics that distinguish them from other kinds of international disputes. Such characteristics of international environmental disputes include the following. Firstly, a dispute may be bilateral, multilateral or hybrid in character. Secondly, international environmental disputes frequently have a multi-dimensional character which includes the complexity of the scientific or technical information associated with a dispute and the complexity of questions relating to social, economic and political choice. Thirdly, international environmental disputes may entail difficulties in identifying the source of the alleged breach of an international environmental obligation. Fourthly, international environmental disputes may involve complex questions of quantifying damages. Lastly, international environmental disputes may involve the interpretation and application of procedural obligations. International environmental obligations of a procedural character. Given the characteristics of international environmental disputes, this thesis aims to study the suitability and effectiveness of the existing third-party mechanisms in settling such disputes. This thesis attempts to find suitable means by examining the nature of each dispute settlement mechanism and making an evaluation in order to find out how each mechanism can provide processes or procedures that correspond to the special characteristics of environmental disputes. With regard to the question of effectiveness, criteria of effectiveness will be established and then each of the mechanisms will be assessed in the light of those criteria. This thesis also proposes some recommendations that would have a chance of being carried out in practice in order to address problems or drawbacks that appear to be an obstacle to the better resolution of international environmental disputes. This thesis shows that judicial means are suitable for deciding bilateral environmental disputes and interpreting and applying procedural obligations. They are not suitable for deciding cases involving multiple parties, multidimensional disputes, quantifying environmental damages or identifying the sources of breach of environmental obligations, except ad hoc arbitration where parties can set up arbitral procedures which suit a specific characteristic of the environmental disputes at issue. Diplomatic means are suitable for deciding bilateral and multilateral disputes, multidimensional disputes but they are not suitable for awarding environmental damages and interpreting and applying procedural obligations. As far as the effectiveness is concerned, this thesis shows that most of the disputes brought before judicial and non-judicial means were settled and the parties complied with the judgments, awards, findings and recommendations. However, in most cases, they have had only a limited impact on the behaviour of the parties in the sense that they were not successful in changing States’ behaviour so discourage future violations and deter the emergence of future disputes. This thesis suggests that all of the dispute settlement mechanisms can be used in a collaborative manner. The fact that the parties decide to litigate in international courts does not mean that the other mechanisms would be excluded. Before or during the course of the judicial proceedings, diplomatic means can always be resorted to. Successful environmental dispute resolution depends partly on the readiness of the parties to end a dispute and partly on the structure of the dispute settlement mechanism. Governments would have to decide what mechanisms could accommodate the unique characteristics of international environmental disputes that are at issue, taking into account all of the considerations discussed in this thesis.
4
Darby, Jonathan Michael. "The role of adjudication in the resolution of international environmental disputes and the development of international environment law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607996.
Full text
5
Shortall-Page, Lisa Claire. "Towards a modern role for the tort system in environmental law : can alternative dispute resolution processes improve access to environmental justice in the tort system?" Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368650.
Full text
6
Mongkolnavin, Phuchphop. "Trade and environment in APEC : assessing the potential of the APEC's Dispute Mediation Service for resolving trade and environmental disputes in the Asia-Pacific rim." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401689.
Full text
7
Bendel, Justine. "Environmental disputes in international courts and tribunals : overcoming the obstacles through judicial adaption." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23597.
Full textAbstract:
International law regulating the protection of the environment has grown exponentially over the years, with the adoption of many conventions covering the protection of specific environmental issues at the global, regional and bilateral levels. The variety of rules and types of protection is vast, and the question then is how to resolve potential conflicts. Within the field of interstate dispute settlement, the mechanisms that exist to solve international environment conflicts present a critical pressure point. Instead of a smooth process of adjudication, conducive to timely judgments that benefit all parties, a disjointed system offering more stumbling blocks than solutions seems to exist. There is this idea that the interstate judicial settlement is old-fashioned, and therefore inadequate to respond to the new legal developments in international environmental law. This pessimistic view on the existing mechanisms and the development of parallel theories on how to achieve greater compliance with environmental rules have consequently led to the creation of alternative types of conflict resolution mechanisms, labelled as non-compliance procedures. Indeed, it is true to say that the roles of international courts and tribunals in environmental disputes have been challenged by certain specific features of environmental disputes, bringing into question their usefulness and effectiveness. However, we should not be too hasty in dismissing the role of courts and tribunals in this context. This thesis seeks to investigate whether there is a place on the international stage for international courts and tribunals when it comes to solving environmental disputes. In doing so, the analysis focuses on the design of interstate adjudication and arbitration. Some judicial mechanisms which are often not considered could be adequately used in the context of international environmental law. By concentrating on the various relevant legal tools available to international judicial bodies, this thesis argues that international courts and tribunals can be used favourably in an environmental context. This thesis adopts three main perspectives from which the role of international courts and tribunals is assessed. First, the analysis concentrates on how the judicial procedures can be triggered (or the question “how to get in”). Then it looks at the mechanisms and procedural problems attached to the judicial bodies (or “once you are in”). Finally, the research focuses on the location of judicial bodies within the broader dispute settlement regime relevant for the application of international environmental law (or “in/out relationships”). With these three elements, it is then possible to evaluate the role international courts and tribunals play, their limitations and their advantages.
8
Williams, Paul Robert. "International law and the resolution of Central and East European transboundary environmental disputes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.625033.
Full text
9
Alder, Juerg. "The use of mediation to resolve environmental disputes in South Africa and Switzerland." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4679.
Full textAbstract:
The minor dissertation is structured as follows: After a short overview about mediation as one mechanism to resolve environmental disputes and the advantages respectively disadvantages of this kind of alternative dispute resolution, the focus shifts in paragraph C to the use of mediation to resolve environmental disputes in Switzerland. On the basis 4 of several cases in which mediation or mediation-type activities were used to resolve the environmental conflict I want to show why, in the end, environmental mediation probably will never be so widespread in Switzerland as it is in other countries. The paragraph ends with a case study about mediation experiences in Switzerland over nuclear waste disposal. Nevertheless, this aforementioned case study shows that the Swiss decision-making system offers a good basis for mediation procedures in areas of politics where there is yet little participation as longs as certain preconditions for a successful procedure are fulfilled. In paragraph D I deal with the use of mediation in South Africa to resolve environmental disputes. The focus shifts in a first step on the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), especially Chapter 4 NEMA which deals with Alternative Dispute Resolution and, in particular, with environmental mediation. In a next step I examine if this Chapter has been already implemented or if there is still a big gap between theory and practice. Finally, paragraph D ends with two South African cases in which mediation was involved to resolve the dispute and a comparison of the two procedures.
10
Yi, Gi-Chul. "An analysis of disputants' environmental conflict frames relating to Ohio wetland conversion disputes /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487841548268861.
Full text
11
Zeller, David Russell Jr. ""There is No Planet B": Frame Disputes within the Environmental Movement over Geoengineering." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6787.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation examines frame disputes within the environmental movement over geoengineering proposals. Among other core framing tasks, social movement organizations must evaluate solutions and strategies for the social problems they seek to address. These framings are frequently disputed by those within the movement. Recent controversies regarding a set of climate intervention proposals commonly known as geoengineering offer the opportunity to document the ongoing construction of competing visions of environmental sustainability. The nascent quality of these proposals generate dissonant framings—episodes where organizations within the environmental movement exhibit disagreement about one or more core framing tasks—a situation Goffman referred to as a “frame dispute.” I present the results of a frame analysis of websites, blog posts, and other online discourse produced between 2005 and 2015 by 16 environmental movement organizations about geoengineering. The findings illustrate the influence of frame disputes on the realization of movement goals and the dynamic interdependence of movement framing activities. For example, increased attention to frame resonance did not attenuate prognostic frame disputes during the period analyzed. Analyzing frame disputes generates useful insights for studies seeking to analyze collective identity construction processes and dynamics within and between social movement organizations.
12
Furst, Kathinka. "Access to justice in environmental disputes : opportunities and obstacles for Chinese pollution victims /." Oslo : Senter for utvikling og miljø, Universitetet i Oslo, 2008. http://www.duo.uio.no/publ/sum/2008/79072/MA_FURST.pdf.
Full text
13
Kashima, Toru. "The prospect of a strategic environmental assessment in the atomic energy disputes in Japan /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envk191.pdf.
Full text
14
Martin, Brian Randall. "The causes of scientific disputes in impact assessment and management : the Utah mines case." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25467.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis identifies the causes of disputes between scientists who are involved in environmental impact assessment and management (EIAM), and suggests some critical elements of scientific dispute resolution processes, particularly peer review. It does this within the context of a case study, the environmental assessment, monitoring, and management of the Island Copper Mine marine tailings discharge into Rupert Inlet, B.C. The events of this case are analysed, drawing on literature on the scientist's role in impact assessment and management, and on the philosophy and sociology of science literature.
The case study and literature review indicate that the causes of such scientific disputes are complex. The complexity and uncertainty of the physical and biological processes of a fjord system are one cause. Logistical failings in integrating scientists into the process are another: poor timing of scientists' efforts; failures of communication; and lack of accountability are examples. Poor methodology and inadequate research design also caused disputes. The transdisciplinary nature of the scientific problems common to EIAM causes disagreements of a different nature-- over the relevance of various disciplines' research foci to the problem at hand, and over what constitutes acceptable scientific practice. Value and interest conflicts between scientists, which influence both the trajectory of research and the interpretation of its results, complete the typology of the causes of disputes.
The thesis recommends the elements of peer review processes necessary to resolve these disputes. Peer review should be pre-emptive, by focussing on research design where possible, and should be representative of the range of relevant scientific disciplines, and should facilitate constructive solutions rather than the defense of positions.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
15
Jakku, Emma, and n/a. "Murky Waters? Science, Politics and Environmental Decision-Making in the Brisbane River Dredging Dispute." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040810.131650.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental sociology and the sociology of scientific knowledge provide a strong theoretical foundation for investigating the role of science in environmental disputes. The field of environmental dispute resolution has built a body of literature, outlining the techniques and practices that underpin the successful resolution of disputes, over controversial environmental issues. However, the literature on dispute resolution has generally neglected the role of science in environmental disputes. This thesis develops a theoretical framework based on concepts from environmental sociology and the sociology of scientific knowledge in order to critically examine the role of science in environmental disputes. In particular, this thesis combines the theory on claims-making from environmental sociology with actor-network theory and the theory on boundary-work from the sociology of scientific knowledge, to analyse the way in which science was involved in the dispute over phasing out extractive dredging from the Brisbane River. Data were collected from qualitative in-depth interviews with key players in the Brisbane River dredging dispute and combined with analysis of relevant documents and newspaper articles. Each of the components of the theoretical framework developed in this thesis contributes to an in-depth analysis of the way in which science was involved in the dredging dispute. The environmental claims-making analysis examines the way in which the claim that extractive dredging was an environmental problem for the Brisbane River was constructed and contested. The actor-network analysis compares the two competing actor-networks that were developed by one of the major concrete companies and by the anti-dredging campaigners. The boundary-work analysis examines the social construction of the science / politics border as an important site of boundary-work, before exploring other related forms of boundary-work within the case study. When combined, these theories highlight the social and political processes that underpin the inherent difficulties associated with applying science to effective environmental dispute resolution. The theoretical framework developed in this thesis highlights the way in which an analysis of environmental claims-making, actor-networks and boundary-work, extends the literature on environmental dispute resolution. This thesis therefore makes a significant contribution to the field of environmental dispute resolution, by illustrating the advantages of drawing on theoretical perspectives from environmental sociology and the sociology of scientific knowledge.
16
Jakku, Emma. "Murky Waters? Science, Politics and Environmental Decision-Making in the Brisbane River Dredging Dispute." Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366055.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental sociology and the sociology of scientific knowledge provide a strong theoretical foundation for investigating the role of science in environmental disputes. The field of environmental dispute resolution has built a body of literature, outlining the techniques and practices that underpin the successful resolution of disputes, over controversial environmental issues. However, the literature on dispute resolution has generally neglected the role of science in environmental disputes. This thesis develops a theoretical framework based on concepts from environmental sociology and the sociology of scientific knowledge in order to critically examine the role of science in environmental disputes. In particular, this thesis combines the theory on claims-making from environmental sociology with actor-network theory and the theory on boundary-work from the sociology of scientific knowledge, to analyse the way in which science was involved in the dispute over phasing out extractive dredging from the Brisbane River. Data were collected from qualitative in-depth interviews with key players in the Brisbane River dredging dispute and combined with analysis of relevant documents and newspaper articles. Each of the components of the theoretical framework developed in this thesis contributes to an in-depth analysis of the way in which science was involved in the dredging dispute. The environmental claims-making analysis examines the way in which the claim that extractive dredging was an environmental problem for the Brisbane River was constructed and contested. The actor-network analysis compares the two competing actor-networks that were developed by one of the major concrete companies and by the anti-dredging campaigners. The boundary-work analysis examines the social construction of the science / politics border as an important site of boundary-work, before exploring other related forms of boundary-work within the case study. When combined, these theories highlight the social and political processes that underpin the inherent difficulties associated with applying science to effective environmental dispute resolution. The theoretical framework developed in this thesis highlights the way in which an analysis of environmental claims-making, actor-networks and boundary-work, extends the literature on environmental dispute resolution. This thesis therefore makes a significant contribution to the field of environmental dispute resolution, by illustrating the advantages of drawing on theoretical perspectives from environmental sociology and the sociology of scientific knowledge.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
Full Text
17
Lundqvist, Annika. "The Liming in Northern Sweden : the administrative handling of the scientific disputes." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2099.
Full textAbstract:
During the last four decades, acidifications has been seen as a great environmental hazard. To combat the effects of the acidification, the Swedish government is funding liming of affected areas. This practice has been questioned in northern Sweden, since there is no general agreement about the origin of the acidity there. This thesis aims to explain the administrative handling of the scientific disputes, and thereby the relation between the responsible authority, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) and the research exrecised on the matter. Research findings are therefore compared with the content of interviews, performed by civil servants at SEPA. It is concluded that the liming in northern Sweden is a very complicated issue, involving many groups and individuals - so much so that it might not just be an issue of acidification science.
18
Preller, Bórquez Sebastián. "The Strategic use of suitainable development to adequately address social and environmental issues in disputes involving transnational companies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669421.
Full textAbstract:
This work examines the place that sustainable development has in the field of international policy and law. The thesis argues that a narrative of balance between different economic, social and environmental aspects, and a narrative of prevention and mitigation of the adverse effects of economic activities upon social development and the environment are rooted at the core of the concept of sustainable development. The study proposes that such narratives can be strategically used in litigation to adequately weigh the social and environmental issues surrounding disputes arising between a private entity and a public authority. By this token, this thesis also aims to determine the extent to which the use of these narratives can bear any effect on claims concerning the determination of the responsibility and liability of the parties to the dispute. This evaluation is carried out using as backdrop to the analysis, the frameworks regulating the activities of deep seabed mining beyond national jurisdiction and foreign investment.Este trabajo examina el lugar que el desarrollo sostenible ocupa en el área de la política y el Derecho internacional. La tesis que se defiende sostiene que en el núcleo del concepto de desarrollo sostenible se encuentran arraigadas una narrativa de integración entre distintas cuestiones de orden económico, social y ambiental, y otra narrativa de prevención y mitigación de los efectos adversos que las actividades económicas pueden presentar sobre el desarrollo social y el medio ambiente. El estudio propone que estas narrativas pueden ser estratégicamente utilizadas en litigio con el objetivo de integrar adecuadamente las cuestiones sociales y ambientales que se comprenden en las controversias surgidas entre un sujeto privado y una autoridad pública. Así, la tesis busca determinar con qué alcance, el uso de las referidas narrativas puede tener un efecto sobre la determinación de la responsabilidad de las partes de la controversia. El contexto en el cual esta evaluación se lleva a cabo es, por una parte, el marco jurídico internacional que regula las actividades de minería realizadas en el fondo marino más allá de la jurisdicción nacional y, por otro, en aquel que regula la inversión extranjera.
19
Manjoro, Faith Tendayi. "International trade and environmental disputes : an analysis of Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994) and environmental policies of the developing and developed world." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007444.
Full textAbstract:
A major problem emanating from the trade/environment conflict is the use of trade measures, such as restrictions and sanctions, as tools for environmental protection. Proponents of free trade argue that the use of these measures is tantamount to abuse of environmental standards for protectionist ends. This is particularly so if the imposition of the standard amounts to a unilateral act which blocks the entry of a specified product into the market of another member state for reasons other than environmental protection. Environmentalists at the same time argue that free trade will lead to environmental degradation and therefore advocate for the use of trade-restrictive measures to safeguard against the destruction of the environment. The GATT has proved problematic when it comes to the resolution of trade/environment conflicts. The GATT aims at trade liberalisation yet most environmental policies are enforced through trade-restrictive devices like quotas and licences. Article XX of the GATT is anomalous: it does not explicitly mention the environment, yet member states rely on it as an environmental protection clause. This thesis discusses the various issues emanating from the trade/environmental debate. The history of Article XX is reviewed and the issues that arise in the adjudication of Articles XX (b) and (g) in a trade/environment context are analysed in light of the decisions by the GATTIWTO dispute settlement bodies. The role played by Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) in protecting the environment is discussed. However, the relationship between MEAs and the WTO is also scrutinised as these rule-making bodies often come into conflict: firstly, because they serve two differing interests - on the one hand, MEAs allow for the use of trade restrictive measures in environmental agreements and on the other, the WTO calls for unrestricted trade unless exceptional circumstances exist; and secondly, member states that are party to both the WTO and MEAs are often forced to subscribe to international trade rules that are incompatible with those in environmental agreements. The trade/environmental debate is important to both the developed and developing worlds. The developed world is in favour of environmental policies which protect the environment from degradation. On the other hand, the developing world is in desperate need of the benefits of trade liberalisation so as to cater for high unemployment rates and poor economic growth. The question thus arises as to whether, when environmental issues are promoted, developing countries will not suffer at the expense of developed nations which may engage in protectionist measures under the pretext of environmental conservation. The divide between developed and developing countries is illustrated in Chapter 5 through case studies on coal mining in the USA and South Africa. The conclusion reached is that total co-operation is essential between developed and developing states for success in safeguarding the environment from degradation. Accordingly, the trade/environmental debate cannot be isolated from the conflicting approaches in developed and developing countries. The conclusions in the final chapter seek to strike a balance between trade liberalisation and environmental protection. Recommendations are made on how the trade/environmental challenges could be dealt with and the regulation of trade restrictive devices to exclude, or at least limit, protectionism.
20
Borrie, N. C. "An evaluation of the use of mediation in environmental dispute resolution under s.268 of the Resource Management Act 1991." Lincoln University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/2118.
Full textAbstract:
Since the 1970s there has been a growing interest in, and utilisation of, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) techniques to resolve environmental conflicts in western societies. ADR was incorporated into one of New Zealand's main environmental statutes, the Resource Management Act 1991(RMA). Under s.268 of the RMA the Environment Court (the Court) may, if the parties agree, conduct mediation in order to facilitate settlement of resource management disputes. The RMA, which has now been in operation for ten years, gives no guidance as to the way in which mediation is to be conducted. The Court has developed procedures and processes for administering and conducting mediation. This study critically evaluates the practice of Court assisted mediation of environmental disputes under the RMA. A literature review and interviews with stakeholder groups are used in this evaluation. The study shows that mediation generates benefits for the Court and participants. It also identifies limitations with the current mediation procedures and processes. These may impact the effectiveness of participants in mediation, their satisfaction with, and support for, the mediated settlement and with the environmental outcomes. The study recommends a series of guidelines be prepared on the functions and administrative procedures of the Court and on the mediation process promoted by the Court. Further research is also recommended. It is considered that these recommendations, if implemented, will enhance the process for participants, ensure more equitable and consistent environmental outcomes, in terms of present and future generations, and retain public confidence in the mediation process.
21
Miranda, Natasha Martins do Valle. "A perspectiva da criação de um Tribunal Internacional do Meio Ambiente." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8888.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Natasha Martins do Valle Miranda.pdf: 1431946 bytes, checksum: ff71d5c4abb5ebecf121648ebc86cbfa (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2009-12-11Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
International Environmental Law emerged in the last century and is constantly the target of various transformations due to the dynamics that currently surround international relations. Recently, the major challenge of this branch of International Public Law is to establish its own mechanisms for dispute settlement considering that the existing mechanisms for dispute settlement with respect to disputes that involve the protection of environment are limited. This limitations concern, in particular, the non-compulsory nature and the inter-state character of procedures that are available. Despite the deficiencies of the law, International Courts and Tribunal have issued judgments involving the protection of the environment, as the International Court of Justice, the Appellate Body of World Trade Organization and the Tribunal for Law of the Sea. In this scenario, discussions to face this challenge have been emerged; including several arguments have been advanced to justify the establishment of an International Environmental Court. In the other hand, arguments against the establishment of an International Environmental Court have been advanced as well. Due to these facts, this paper will analyze whether the establishment of an International Court able to judge disputes involving international environmental questions may be one of the tools to face this challenge
O Direito Internacional do Meio Ambiente surgiu no século passado e, a todo o momento, está sendo alvo de diversas transformações decorrentes do dinamismo o qual hoje abrange as relações internacionais. Atualmente, o grande desafio desse ramo do Direito Internacional Público é conseguir estabelecer os seus próprios mecanismos para solucionar controvérsias, visto que os mecanismos de solução de controvérsias existentes aptos a julgar conflitos envolvendo a proteção do meio ambiente são limitados. Essa limitação está relacionada particularmente com a falta de jurisdição obrigatória e com o fato de, via de regra, apenas os Estados-Nações poderem participar desses procedimentos disponíveis. Apesar dessas limitações, Cortes e Tribunais Internacionais vêm atuando em disputas envolvendo a proteção do meio ambiente, como a Corte Internacional de Justiça, o Órgão de Apelação da Organização Mundial do Comércio e o Tribunal Internacional sobre o Direito do Mar. Nesse cenário, surgiram diferentes discussões sobre como enfrentar tais limites, inclusive com vários argumentos para justificar a criação de um Tribunal Internacional do Meio Ambiente. Por outro lado, argumentos contrários ao seu estabelecimento também se desenvolveram. Diante dessa conjuntura, a presente dissertação tem o objetivo de analisar se a criação de uma Corte Internacional apta a julgar disputas envolvendo questões de Direito Internacional do Meio Ambiente pode ser uma das ferramentas para enfrentar essas limitações
22
Ohlhoff, Stefan. "Methoden der Konfliktbewältigung bei grenzüberschreitenden Umweltproblemen im Wandel : Überwindung der Grenzen herkömmlicher Streitbeilegung durch systeminterne Flexibilität und systemexterne Innovation = Settlement of international environmental disputes /." Berlin ; Heidelberg [u.a.] : Springer, 2003. http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz103525459inh.htm.
Full text
23
Younis, G. E. "Minimizing construction disputes." Thesis, University of Salford, 2010. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26982/.
Full textAbstract:
The continuing incidence of costly disputes in the construction industry has led to a common interest of researchers in different countries to identify the generic aspects of conflicts, claims, disputes and their resolution. This thesis undertakes an extensive review of literature in the field of construction disputes examining the current understanding of the causes of disputes, as identified by other researchers in the field, and attempts made to minimize them. An analysis of the literature helps identify important themes for particular investigation: procurement methods, risk allocation, claims management and dispute resolution methods. A preliminary examination of 20 projects in Lebanon confirmed the existence and revealed the extent of disputes on Lebanese projects. Twenty-four semi-structured interviews with practitioners actively involved in construction projects in Lebanon at the project management level are conducted, from which a set of dispute influencing areas emerge. Fifty cases of disputes occurring on four live case study projects in Lebanon are also analysed to examine the risk allocation and occurrence, the behavioural attitudes of key stakeholders, and the factors which lead to disputes between the parties. The findings demonstrate the relationship between those risks which are addressed in the contract and their interaction (when they eventuate) with the behavioural traits of the project participants involved. Furthermore, the dispute factors encountered in these fifty cases are categorized into dispute influencing areas to establish any correlation with the areas raised in the twenty-four interviews. Following comparison of the evidence gained from the literature, the interviews and the case studies, a set of provisional recommendations to minimize disputes is proposed and organized under three themes: a pre-contract award workshop; the drafting of general and particular conditions of contract; and the potential for improvement based behavioural on compliance of project participants. The validity of the provisional recommendations is tested by the reviews of five experts in the field of construction disputes, in accordance with which the recommendations are amended.
24
Murray, Carol Elizabeth. "Transforming environmental dispute resolution in Jasper National Park." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ39571.pdf.
Full text
25
McCone, D. Sean. "Dispute resolution strategies for construction projects." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8309.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2002.Page 168 blank.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 160-167).
One of the most important, but often overlooked steps in developing a project is a plan to prevent and handle conflict, a Conflict Management Plan. Leading construction experts have identified Productivity, Innovation, Cost Control, Safety, and Litigation Expenses as critical areas in need of improvement in the construction industry of this next century. In the United States alone, $60 billion are spent every year on lawsuits, of which the construction industry accounts for nearly $5 billion. Various dispute avoidance and resolutions techniques are presented that aim to prevent disputes before they arise and minimize the impacts if they do. These techniques are the tools then used in the Conflict Management Plan. A Conflict Mitigation Plan looks at each project individually to establish a set of criteria for controlling conflicts. It assesses how much conflict you will encounter, how severe each conflict might be, then presents cost effective ways to avoid conflict and curb these disputes. Similar to the contract documents it should be complete, unbiased, understood, and accepted by all the parties involved. All of the project participants such as the owners, the owner's representatives, designers, lawyers, and contractors are responsible for designing, reviewing and revising it accordingly. No one person or field should be responsible for developing this plan. Designing a conflict mitigation plan compels the owner to contemplate the conflict that might arise. This will allow the owner to allocate these risks and develop a plan to handle discrepancies. By doing this upfront and with each subsequent review, everyone involved has agreed to follow this plan, reducing the push for lengthy, costly court proceedings. To implement a Conflict Management Plan one must assess the project situation by identifying the sources of conflict that might occur, then analyze the severity and impact each of these conflicts might have. Match the conflict with a corresponding DART, to reduce or avoid the conflict. Draft the plan. Review and revise it as needed.
by D. Sean McCone.
S.M.
26
Paixâo, Silva Oliveira Liziane. "Mercosur et protection de l'environnement." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1058.
Full textAbstract:
L'objet de cette thèse est de vérifier quelle est la place octroyée à la protection de l'environnement dans le Mercosur. Le développement de la matière environnementale jusqu'à présent dans le cadre juridique du Mercosur permet-il de parler d'un véritable système régional de protection environnementale en voie de consolidation? Pour répondre à ces questions, il est d´abord nécessaire d'identifier les règles de protection de l'environnement dans ce système juridique du Mercosur, pour ensuite analyser la relation entre les règles de libre échange et celles qui s'attachent à la protection de l´environnement (Première partie). Une fois ces règles environnementales identifiées, il conviendra de s'interroger sur leur mise en œuvre et leur effectivité (Deuxième partie)The purpose of this thesis is to verify what is the place granted to environment protection in the Mercosur. Does the development of environmental issues in the Mercosur allow us to speak of a regional system for environmental protection that is being strengthened? To answer these questions it is first necessary to identify the rules of environmental protection in the Mercosur's legal system in order to understand their relationship with its free trade rules (part I).It will be then necessary to analyse their implementation and effectiveness (Part Two)
27
Barmakhshad, Hamideh. "Settling environment-related investment disputes : current approaches and a way forward." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/96b73286-c686-487a-a6e2-45d7c9c76016.
Full textAbstract:
Several years have passed since the relationship between the laws governing foreign investment and environmental protection started to receive well-deserved attention. Despite a vast quantity of recommended methods and emphasis on the importance of environmental considerations, recent awards have proved that the outcomes can still be surprising. Within this context, and as a possible response to this fear of unsettled conflict, this study explores the possibility of application of one particular principle of international environmental law, namely the Precautionary Principle. The overarching aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the content and the function of the precautionary principle. This will to provide an interpretative tool for investment tribunals. To this end, this thesis adopts a two-pronged approach. The first approach will analyse environment-related investment disputes to find the current state of play and understand the existing patterns. This analysis will demonstrate that when interpreting treaty provisions in disputes with environmental components, tribunals need to take into account the peculiarities of environmental regulation and the different mechanisms in the field. Having concluded the current state of play in environment-related investment dispute settlement. The second part of this thesis, which consists of two chapters, will explore the evolution of environmental policing, and will identify the different mechanisms that have been established to ensure effective protection. It will examine the precautionary principle as one of the crucial methods for responding to the limitations of previous mechanisms. It will also discuss the principle's core elements and different functions (procedural and substantive) under the international law. Following a comprehensive analysis of different international environmental instruments, a precautionary test will be introduced, for application by investment tribunals. This study is first and foremost an attempt to contribute to the current dialogue by providing a conceptual framework for the precautionary principle. Despite some piecemeal studies on the role that the principle could play in investment treaty arbitration, no systemic research has yet been conducted to provide a conceptual framework for its application under an investment treaty. Moreover, while touching upon controversies regarding the status of the principle, this research will suggest different paths to apply the principle as a soft law instrument, capable of guiding the interpretation of treaty provisions. Most importantly, by providing a benchmark through the elements of the precautionary principle, this research will suggest that the principle could function as a double-edged sword by suggesting an objective test, which is a set of questions that could inform the tribunals' decision.
28
Haraway, William M. "Internal dispute resolution : the legal environment of complex public organizations /." Diss., This resource online, 1999. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02272007-092417/.
Full text
29
Fleury, Lorena Cândido. "Conflito ambiental e cosmopolíticas na amazônia brasileira : a construção da Usina hidrelétrica de Belo Monte em perspectiva." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/90184.
Full textAbstract:
Esta pesquisa analisa o conflito ambiental em torno da construção da Usina Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, no Pará, Amazônia brasileira. Tal conflito iniciou-se em meados da década de 1980, quando, a partir do inventário de bacias hidrográficas realizado visando o planejamento energético brasileiro, foi apontado no Plano Nacional de Energia Elétrica 1987/2010 que o aproveitamento energético do rio Xingu constituiria o maior projeto nacional daquele século e início do próximo. Desde então, uma ampla rede, conectando grupos sociais diversos – indígenas, ribeirinhos, agricultores, autoridades políticas, ambientalistas, socioambientalistas, celebridades –, relatórios e pareceres técnicos, instituições governamentais, organizações da sociedade civil, a floresta amazônica e a bacia do Rio Xingu, é associada, de forma instável e controversa, disputando-se a realização ou não deste projeto. Ancorando-se nas abordagens teórico-epistemológicas propostas por Bhabha (2007), Latour (1994), De la Cadena (2010), Stengers (2007), Viveiros de Castro (2002) e Boltanski (2009), é elaborada uma proposição do conceito de conflito ambiental, o interpretando como uma categoria híbrida, com o objetivo de reforçar a sua carga cosmopolítica. Além disso, considera-se que os conflitos são parte crucial do encontro de perspectivas e estão no centro das relações sociais, isto é, o mundo é um espaço de conflitos, que depende de agenciamentos e do encontro entre pontos de vista. A partir de pesquisa de campo realizada em Belém, Santarém, Brasília, Altamira e Volta Grande do Xingu, no período de novembro de 2010 a agosto de 2011, utilizando-se de registros etnográficos, entrevistas, observações, diário de campo, fotografias e análise de documentos, discutem-se os movimentos de entrecaptura (STENGERS, 2003) em torno da obra, adotando-se a noção de rede sociotécnica tal qual definida por Bruno Latour (LATOUR, 2003). Apresenta-se assim uma cartografia dos agentes envolvidos, visando-se demonstrar como o natural e o social são coproduzidos no conflito, discutindo-se os processos pelos quais o conflito e sua dinâmica em torno de pontos de vista divergentes têm se configurado. Contudo, para além da cartografia dos sujeitos, considera-se que há no processo entrecapturas distintas, caracterizadas por restrições lógicas e sintáticas diferentes. Essas distinções ficam claras no que se refere ao controle do tempo. Portanto, é associada à discussão da rede sociotécnica a análise das disputas cosmopolíticas pela definição de “ambiente” e “desenvolvimento”, conceitos centrais nas contestações entre os grupos confrontantes. Em suma, a partir dessa análise pode-se concluir que o conflito em torno de Belo Monte é um conflito no qual fica evidente que há diferenças maiores entre os pontos de vista dos diferentes sujeitos do que os estudos de impacto ambiental e as políticas de desenvolvimento podem abarcar. Ao explicitar demandas que alargam as noções convencionais de ambiente e política, pode-se afirmar que é em termos cosmopolíticos que o conflito se expressa, criando a abertura para uma nova circunscrição do tolerável.This research analyzes the environmental conflict regarding the construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant in the Pará State, Brazilian Amazon. This conflict started in the mid-eighties, when the watersheds were inventoried with the intention of establishing energy plans for the country; the Plano Nacional de Energia Elétrica 1987/2010 (National Electrical Energy Plan 1987/2010) established that the energetic leveraging of the Xingu river would be the largest national project of that century and the beginning of the next one. Since then, a network spanning diverse social groups – indigenous groups, ribeirinho populations, agriculturists, political authorities, environmentalists, socio-environmentalists, celebrities –, reports and technical opinions, governmental institutions, civil society organizations, the Amazon rainforest and the Xingu river basin has been associated in an unstable and controversial manner, contesting whether or not this project should be implemented. Based on the theoretical and epistemological approaches proposed by Bhabha (2007), Latour (1994), De la Cadena (2010), Stengers (2007), Viveiros de Castro (2002) and Boltanski (2009), this thesis elaborates a proposition of the related environmental conflict concept, interpreting this conflict as a hybrid category with the intention of stressing its cosmopolitical importance. In addition, we consider that these conflicts are a critical part of the observed clash of perspectives and are at the center of social relationships; i. e., the world is a stage for conflicts that depend on the negotiation and on the confrontation of points of view. Based on field researches carried out in Belém, Santarém, Brasília, Altamira and Volta Grande do Xingu, from November 2010 to August 2011, using ethnographical records, interviews, observations, field diaries, pictures and document analysis, we discuss intercapturing dynamics (STENGERS, 2003) around the project, adopting the notion of sociotechnical network as defined by Bruno Latour (LATOUR, 2003). Thus, this work presents a mapping of the involved agents with the intention of demonstrating how natural and social factors are co-produced in this conflict, also discussing the processes through which the conflict and its dynamics concerning diverging points of view have been arranging themselves. However, beyond the mapping of the subjects, we consider that the process presents distinct intercapturing forces, characterized by different logical and syntactical constraints. These distinctions are very clear in regards to time control. Therefore, the analysis of cosmopolitical disputes is associated to the discussion of the sociotechnical network through the definition of “environment” and “development”, which are core concepts in the arguments between confronting groups. In summary, this analysis allows us to conclude that the conflicts surrounding Belo Monte evidence that the differences between the points of view of the different subjects are greater than those encompassed by environmental impact studies and development policies. By identifying and revealing demands that expand the conventional notions of environment and politics, we are able to assert that this conflict expresses itself in cosmopolitical terms, opening space for a new delimitation for what is tolerable.
30
Giroux, André François. "The settlement of international environmental trade dispute in GATT : a case study of the European Union - United States gas guzzler tax Dispute." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26446.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis addresses the issue of international trade and environmental protection, more particularly within the framework of the GATT dispute settlement system. In May 1993, the European Union took issue with the U.S. taxes on automobiles aimed primarily at environmental concerns. The European Union claims that the gas guzzler tax, the luxury tax and the corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) payment are discriminatory and therefore contrary to the principles of GATT Article III.The study of this dispute and the prospective analysis of its outcome show that both the gas guzzler tax and the luxury tax do not constitute a violation of the General Agreement. However, the CAFE payment violate the national treatment obligation and is not justified under the GATT general exceptions. The CAFE payment, despite that it is primarily aimed at fuel conservation, constitute a means of arbitrary and unjustifiable discrimination.
The outcome of this dispute confirms the permissiveness and limits of the GATT rules toward legitimate environmental policies.
31
Mirindo, Frank. "Environmental Dispute Resolution in Tanzania and South Africa: A Comparative Assessment in the Light of International Best Practice." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9222_1263173869.
Full textAbstract:
This research examines the effectiveness of these dispute resolution mechanisms in environmental disputes and what improvements should be made in order to make those mechanisms suitable for these types of disputes.
32
Greyling, Minette Ilse. "The World Trade Organisation : international trade, dispute settlement & the environment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53695.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The norms governing international trade on the one hand, and sustainable development on the other, have both different origins and objectives. This is the central problem that will be addressed in this research assignment, by analysing the structure, functioning and future of the World Trade Organisation Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM). Though there has been a significant shift from politics to legality, the dispute settlement system is still far from perfect. When looking at recent environmental trade disputes, the stress placed on the system is revealed. •• The focus is on the impact of environmental disputes on the nature and functioning of the DSM, and how these disputes have contributed to the development of international trade law, and the concept of sustainable development. These will all contribute to a greater understanding of the interaction of the World Trade Organisation and the multilateral trading system, and the future role the WTO should play on the agenda for sustainable development.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die norme wat enersyds internasionale handel, en andersyds volhoubare ontwikkeling beheer, het uiteenlopende oorspronge en doelstellings. Hierdie is die sentrale probleem wat deur hierdie navorsingsverslag aangespreek word, te wete deur die struktuur, funksionering en toekoms van die Wereldhandelsorganisasie (WHO) Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) te analiseer. Hierdie dispuutskikkingstelsel is nog steeds nie volmaak nie, ten spyte daarvan dat daar reeds 'n betekenisvolle verskuiwing van politiek tot wetlikheid plaasgevind het. As daar na onlangse omgewingshandelsdispute gekyk word, kom die druk wat op die stelsel geplaas word, duidelik na vore. Die fokus word dus met hierdie navorsingsverslag geplaas op die impak wat omgewingsdispute op die aard en funksionering van die DSM het, en hoe die dispute bygedra het tot die ontwikkeling van internasional handelswette asook op die konsep van volhoubare ontwikkeling. Hierdie fokus behoort by te dra tot 'n groter begrip tot die interaksie tussen die Wereldhandelsorganisasie (WHO) en die multilaterale handelstelsels, asook op die toekomstige rol wat die WHO behoort te speel met betrekking tot die agenda vir volhoubare ontwikkeling.
33
Harris, Katharine. "Dispute resolution to help prevent or resolve groundwater conflict in rural southwestern Ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0030/MQ27352.pdf.
Full text
34
Janke, Nadja [UNESP]. "Política nacional de educação ambiental: contradições e disputas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102027.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2012-06-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:03:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
janke_n_dr_bauru.pdf: 1189142 bytes, checksum: 3865f6f11249121659ab598849b04adf (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O estudo das políticas públicas representa uma tendência das pesquisas contemporâneas, tornando-se um objeto de investigação pertinente, tanto para os sistemas sociais. A análise dessas políticas, que veem buscando projetos e ações nas diversas áreas, representa o entendimentoda conjuntura político-estrutual em que foram criadas, tanto do ponto de vista das manifestações téorico-metodológicas em que se baseiam, como das lutas destas mesmas concepções na consolidação objetivo-material de suas ações. Isso significa dizer que as políticas públicas se constituem em objetivos intencionais explícitos, baseados em conceitos teóricos, políticos, econômicos que se revelam tanto no discurso da lei como nas ações por ela pautadas. Assim, analisar o contexto das políticas, tanto de sua criação como implementação, seria compreender as possibilidades de sua atuação pública. Para nortear as políticas públicas em educação ambiental no Brasil, em 27 de abril de 1999, o então Presidente do Brasil, Fernando Henrique Cardoso sancionou a Lei nº 9.795 que dispõe sobre a educação ambiental e institui a Política Nacional de Educação Ambiental (PNEA). A PNEA é fruto de um Projeto de Lei proposto pelo então Deputado Federal Fábio Feldman em 1993, baseada no Artigo 225 da Constituição Federal do Brasil. Compreendemos que a PNEA é uma referência importante para as demais políticas e a ação pública do estado brasileiro na área. Observamos ainda sua importância no contexto educativo e de pesquisa, de criação de conhecimento e práticas educativas ambientais, o que referenda ainda mais sua relevância. Neste sentido, o presente estudo objetivou realizar um resgate histórico analítico da conjuntura de criação da Lei - Política Nacional de Educação Ambiental -, sua tramitação e aprovação; reconhecendo...
The study of public policy represents a trend of contemporary research, becoming an object of research relevant for both political and economic systems, as for the social systems. The analysis of these policies represents the understanding of the structural and political conjuntcture in which they were created, both of theoretical and methodological demonstration in which they are based, as the singgles of these same concepts in the consolidation of the social practicies. This means that public policies are constituted of intentional and explicit objectives, based on theoretical concepts, political and economic, that reveal the speech and the actions of the law. Thus, analyzing the context of policy, both its creation and as your implementation, we could understand the scope of his public performance. To guid public policy on environmental education in Brazil, on April 27, 1999, the then President of Brazil, Fernando Henrique Cardoso signed Law nº 9795 which provides for environmental education and establishing the National Politic of Environmental Education (PNEA). The PNEA is the result of a bill proposed by then-Congressman Fabio Feldman in 1993, based on Article 225 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil. We understand that the PNEA is an important reference for other policies and the public actions of the Brazilian state in area. We further note its importance in the educative practice and in research, in the creation of knowledges and enviornmental education practices, what define its relevance. In this sense, the present study aimed to perform an analyses of the historical juncture of the creation of the law - the Politic National of Environmental Education - its processing and approval; recognizing critically your content, in an attempt to understand the mechanisms that guided its creation. Furthermore, we seek to problematize... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
35
Janke, Nadja. "Política nacional de educação ambiental : contradições e disputas /." Bauru : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102027.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Marília Freitas de Campos Tozoni ReisBanca: Irineu Tamaio
Banca: Jandira Lira B. Talamoni
Banca: Jorge Sobral da Silva Maia
Banca: Maria de Lourdes Spazziani
Resumo: O estudo das políticas públicas representa uma tendência das pesquisas contemporâneas, tornando-se um objeto de investigação pertinente, tanto para os sistemas sociais. A análise dessas políticas, que veem buscando projetos e ações nas diversas áreas, representa o entendimentoda conjuntura político-estrutual em que foram criadas, tanto do ponto de vista das manifestações téorico-metodológicas em que se baseiam, como das lutas destas mesmas concepções na consolidação objetivo-material de suas ações. Isso significa dizer que as políticas públicas se constituem em objetivos intencionais explícitos, baseados em conceitos teóricos, políticos, econômicos que se revelam tanto no discurso da lei como nas ações por ela pautadas. Assim, analisar o contexto das políticas, tanto de sua criação como implementação, seria compreender as possibilidades de sua atuação pública. Para nortear as políticas públicas em educação ambiental no Brasil, em 27 de abril de 1999, o então Presidente do Brasil, Fernando Henrique Cardoso sancionou a Lei nº 9.795 que dispõe sobre a educação ambiental e institui a Política Nacional de Educação Ambiental (PNEA). A PNEA é fruto de um Projeto de Lei proposto pelo então Deputado Federal Fábio Feldman em 1993, baseada no Artigo 225 da Constituição Federal do Brasil. Compreendemos que a PNEA é uma referência importante para as demais políticas e a ação pública do estado brasileiro na área. Observamos ainda sua importância no contexto educativo e de pesquisa, de criação de conhecimento e práticas educativas ambientais, o que referenda ainda mais sua relevância. Neste sentido, o presente estudo objetivou realizar um resgate histórico analítico da conjuntura de criação da Lei - Política Nacional de Educação Ambiental -, sua tramitação e aprovação; reconhecendo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The study of public policy represents a trend of contemporary research, becoming an object of research relevant for both political and economic systems, as for the social systems. The analysis of these policies represents the understanding of the structural and political conjuntcture in which they were created, both of theoretical and methodological demonstration in which they are based, as the singgles of these same concepts in the consolidation of the social practicies. This means that public policies are constituted of intentional and explicit objectives, based on theoretical concepts, political and economic, that reveal the speech and the actions of the law. Thus, analyzing the context of policy, both its creation and as your implementation, we could understand the scope of his public performance. To guid public policy on environmental education in Brazil, on April 27, 1999, the then President of Brazil, Fernando Henrique Cardoso signed Law nº 9795 which provides for environmental education and establishing the National Politic of Environmental Education (PNEA). The PNEA is the result of a bill proposed by then-Congressman Fabio Feldman in 1993, based on Article 225 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil. We understand that the PNEA is an important reference for other policies and the public actions of the Brazilian state in area. We further note its importance in the educative practice and in research, in the creation of knowledges and enviornmental education practices, what define its relevance. In this sense, the present study aimed to perform an analyses of the historical juncture of the creation of the law - the Politic National of Environmental Education - its processing and approval; recognizing critically your content, in an attempt to understand the mechanisms that guided its creation. Furthermore, we seek to problematize... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
36
Leung, Brian Ming-yuen. ""What is the role of ADR in the existing and future environmental dispute mechanism in Hong Kong?"." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2003. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b18508315a.pdf.
Full text
37
Stephens, Tim. "The Role of International Courts and Tribunals in International Environmental Law." University of Sydney. Law, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/706.
Full textAbstract:
International environmental law is one of the most dynamic fields of public international law, and has rapidly acquired great breadth and sophistication. Yet the rate of global environmental decline has also increased and is accelerating. Halting and reversing this process is a challenge of effective governance, requiring institutions that can ensure that the now impressive body of environmental norms is faithfully implemented. This thesis explores whether and to what extent international courts and tribunals can play a useful role in international environmental regimes. Consideration is given to the threefold function of adjudication in resolving environmental disputes, in promoting compliance with environmental standards, and in developing environmental rules. The thesis is divided into three Parts. The first Part examines the spectrum of adjudicative bodies that have been involved in the resolution of environmental disputes, situates these within the evolution of institutions for compliance control, and offers a reassessment of their relevance in contemporary environmental governance. The second Part critically assesses the contribution that arbitral awards and judicial decisions have made to the development of norms and principles of environmental law, examining case law relating to transboundary pollution, shared freshwater resources and marine environmental protection. In the third Part of the thesis consideration is given to three looming challenges for international environmental litigation: accommodating greater levels of public participation in adjudicative processes, resolving practical problems stemming from the interaction among multiple jurisdictions, and ensuring that specialised courts and tribunals do not apply environmental norms in a parochial manner that privileges the policy objectives of issue-specific regimes.
38
Kulovesi, Kati. "The WTO dispute settlement system and the challenge of environment and legitimacy." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2173/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis analyses the legitimacy of the WTO dispute settlement system, especially in the context of disputes involving questions concerning environmental protection. It argues that since the early 1990s, such disputes have posed important challenges to the legitimacy of the WTO. From the legal point of view, they have fuelled a lively doctrinal debate on fragmentation of international law and the role of non-WTO norms in the WTO dispute resolution mechanism. The thesis conceives legitimacy as a notion consisting of various interlinked components, including social, substantive, formal and procedural ones, and analyses the operation of the WTO dispute settlement system in light of these criteria. It shows that the compulsory but materially restricted jurisdiction of the WTO dispute settlement limits its ability to solve disputes involving non-trade interests and legal norms. The dissertation argues, however, that some of the ensuing problems could be remedied if the WTO dispute settlement system approached international environmental law in a more constructive, consistent and transparent manner. Turning to the formal and procedural elements of legitimacy, the thesis conceives the situation of the WTO dispute settlement system as a dilemma between the pressure to improve substantive legitimacy by considering environmental norms and interests, and the need to observe the limits of its judicial function. It explores tensions at the boundary between the WTO and its Member States, arguing that only limited potential exists to enhance the authority of the WTO dispute settlement through 'importing' substantive legitimacy. Finally, the dissertation highlights institutional and systemic problems arising from fragmentation of international law. Using the relationship between the WTO and the international climate change regime as an example, it concludes that the WTO dispute settlement system's legitimacy challenge involves two dimensions. Certain unexploited potential exists to improve the situation through the judicial techniques at the disposal of the WTO dispute settlement system. However, the more profound and systemic problems are incapable of solution by the WTO dispute settlement system or even by WTO negotiators alone. Instead, they would require broader international efforts.
39
Kennedy, James F. (James Francis). "Computer supported negotiation and dispute resolution in the large scale civil engineering and construction domain." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10739.
Full text
40
Azarch, Anna. "Climate change negotiations and the North-South relationship : an exploration of continuity and change." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5202.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The politics of climate change has thus far been marked by controversy and a lack of consensus in regards to the best manner in which to comprehend and mitigate this problem. This is further aggravated by the characterisation of climate change as a global problem requiring a global solution which has served to only further complicate inter-state relations. While a number of analysts have remarked that the North-South relationship is no longer a meaningful analytical tool in international relations, it will be the purpose of this study to explore this contention within the field of climate change negotiations and to identify both the transformation and continuity within the relationship between the North and South. The unsuccessful nature of climate negotiations are largely held to be the result of the rift between the North and South, where the issues relating to the global political economy are largely responsible for the lack of consensus being reached between developing and developed countries. All climate negotiations since the 1972 UN Conference on the Environment and Development have showcased the tension between the two regions in regards to climate change mitigation and their inability to overcome this fissure. More importantly, the ensuing Copenhagen Summit of 2009 further highlighted a rift amongst the developing countries of the South, and between the developed and developing countries. As a consequence, the main aim of the research will be to understand the character of the global interactions between the North and South in terms of the context of global environmental politics. It is also the purpose of this research to gain a more comprehensive account of the sequence of causation within this relationship which stalled the negotiating process and lastly, to understand the conceptual demarcations of the two terms in the post-Cold War era so as to better understand the nature of the relationship between the two regions. What may be surmised by the study is that there is still a continuity to be found in the international arena pertaining to the North-South relationship. However, the Copenhagen Summit has been instrumental in showcasing the growing stratification that is found within the South and as a result has highlighted the cross-alliances that have formed between the North and South in order to maintain economic growth. Overall, while the North-South relationship does impact the nature of climate mitigation negotiations, the stratification of states based upon economic and developmental divergences will result in states forming alliances based upon economic self-interest.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die politiek van klimaatsverandering is tot dusver gekenmerk aan kontroversie en ‟n gebrek aan konsensus met betrekking tot die mees effektiewe wyse waarop hierdie probleem verstaan en gemitigeer kan word. Die probleem word verder vererger deur die kenmerk van klimaatsverandering as ‟n globale probleem wat ‟n globale oplossing verg, wat tot die verdere komplikasie van interstaat-verhoudings gelei het. Verskeie analiste het opgemerk dat die verhouding tussen die Noorde en Suide nie meer dien as betekenisvolle analitiese gereedskap op die gebied van internasionale verhoudings nie. Die doel van hierdie ondersoek is gevolglik om hierdie aanname in oënskou te neem, en om beide transformasie en kontinuïteit binne die verhouding tussen die Noorde en Suide te identifiseer. Die onsuksesvolle aard van klimaatsonderhandelinge word grootliks toegeskryf aan die onenigheid tussen die Noorde en Suide, met kwessies rondom die globale politieke ekonomie grootliks verantwoordelik vir die gebrek aan konsensus tussen die streke. Sedert die 1972 VN Konferensie oor die Omgewing en Ontwikkeling het alle klimaatsonderhandelinge die spanning tussen die twee streke met betrekking to klimaatveranderingsversagtings en hul onvermoë om hierdie skeur te oorbrug, ten toon gestel. Die 2009 Kopenhagen-beraad het ‟n onenigheid ontbloot tussen die ontwikkelende lande in die Suide en tussen ontwikkelende en ontwikkelde lande. Gevolglik is die hoofdoelstelling van hierdie studie om die aard van globale interaksies tussen die Noorde en Suide te verstaan met betrekking tot die konteks van globale omgewingspolitiek. Die doel van die navorsing is ook om ‟n meer omvattende verklaring te verkry oor die volgorde van oorsaaklike verbande binne hierdie verhouding wat die onderhandelingsproses tot stilstand gebring het en laastens, om die konseptuele afbakening van hierdie twee terme in die post-Koue Oorlog era en die aard van die verhouding tussen die twee streke beter te verstaan. Hierdie studie wys dat daar steeds kontinuïteit in die internasionale arena is met betrekking tot die verhouding tussen die Noorde en Suide. Die 2009 Kopenhagen-beraad was egter instrumenteel om die groeiende stratifikasie wat binne die Suide gevind word uit te lig, en die kruisalliansies wat tussen die Noorde en Suide gevorm is om ekonomiese groei in stand te hou, te beklemtoon. Alhoewel die verhouding tussen die Noorde en Suide tog ‟n impak op die aard van klimaatsversagtingsonderhandelings uitoefen, sal die stratifikasie van state wat op ekonomiese- en ontwikkelingsafwykings gebaseer is tot gevolg hê dat state alliansies vorm op grond van ekonomiese selfbelange.
41
Sosa, Carlos E. (Carlos Ernique) 1966. "State of the art review of methodologies for dispute avoidance and resolution in large scale engineering systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80179.
Full text
42
Daly, Craig S. "Russo-Japanese relations and the Kuril Islands dispute : the historical setting and the international environment /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ard153.pdf.
Full text
43
Majidi, Naz E. (Naz Emilie) 1979. "Evaluation framework of construction alternative dispute resolution methods through an integrated model of real options, probabilistic analysis and system dynamics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/85384.
Full text
44
Lopez-Silva, Christian Alejandro. "A Trade and environment conceptual framework to address biotechnology regulation and the EC Biotech dispute (2006)." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500185.
Full text
45
Oliveira, Adriano Junior Jacintho de. "A interpretação de espécies normativas do direito internacional do meio ambiente pelo Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-13102015-141252/.
Full textAbstract:
Os órgãos que compõem o Sistema de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC possuem competência para analisar reclamações fundadas nos denominados acordos abrangidos e formular conclusões e recomendações sobre a conformidade das medidas impugnadas com os referidos acordos. Para interpretar as disposições destes acordos, estes órgãos podem recorrer às regras costumeiras de interpretação previstas na Convenção de Viena sobre o Direito dos Tratados de 1969. Estas regras de interpretação, por sua vez, permitem àqueles órgãos recorrer a espécies normativas produzidas fora do contexto da OMC como subsídios para esclarecer o sentido dos termos das disposições dos acordos abrangidos. Ao se valer destas espécies normativas, os referidos órgãos estarão também, inevitavelmente, interpretando as disposições destes. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar de que forma as espécies normativas tradicionais de Direito Internacional do Meio Ambiente (convenções, costumes e princípios gerais de direito) foram interpretadas pelos órgãos do OSC em três casos escolhidos para representar o problema. Os resultados da análise dos casos demonstraram que espécies normativas do Direito Internacional do Meio Ambiente são efetivamente admitidas no processo interpretativo dos acordos abrangidos, o que pode se dar de forma vinculante ou não, bem como podem influenciar efetivamente na interpretação destes acordos, confirmando-lhes o significado ou lhes atribuindo um significado não explícito, embora as conclusões desta interpretação nem sempre resultem em posicionamentos totalmente favoráveis às medidas unilaterais adotadas pelos Membros da OMC a título de preocupação ambiental.The organs that make up the dispute settlement system of the WTO have power to examine complaints founded in so-called covered agreements and formulate conclusions and recommendations on the compliance of the contested measures with the agreements. To interpret the provisions of these agreements, these organs may make use of interpretation customary rules of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969. These rules of interpretation, in turn, allow those organs resort to normative species produced outside the context of WTO as subsidies to clarify the meaning of the terms of the provisions of the covered agreements. By borrowing these normative species, those bodies will also inevitably interpreting the provisions of these. In this context, this study aimed to examine how traditional normative species of International Law of the Environment (conventions, customs and general principles of law) were interpreted by the DSB organs in three cases chosen to represent the problem. The case analysis results showed that normative species of International Law of the Environment are effectively admitted in the interpretive process of the covered agreements, which can occur in binding or not, and can effectively influence the interpretation of these agreements, confirming them the meaning or assigning them a no explicit meaning, although the conclusions of this interpretation does not always result in favorable positions to fully unilateral measures adopted by WTO Members in respect of environmental concern.
46
Soares, Ana Paulina Aguiar. "Disputas Territoriais na Floresta Amazônica : o caso de Manicoré (Amazonas, Brasil)." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030087.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse constitue un essai de géographie régionale visant à expliciter les modalités d’occupation et les conflits qu’elles occasionnent dans une région de la haute Amazonie forestière, celle de la moyenne vallée du fleuve Madeira au sud-est de l’État d’Amazonas. Dans cette région de confins disputée dès l’époque coloniale, cet affluent de rive droite de l’Amazone forme à la fois une limite entre les empires portugais et espagnol et une voie de passage qui servira à dessiner un grand Brésil. Empruntant tour à tour les méthodes de la géohistoire et de la géopolitique, la thèse ouvre le débat sur la prise en compte de la composante environnementale, ici en particulier dans l’analyse du conflit entre une entreprise d’exploitation de bois et des communautés extractivistes vivant de la collecte des produits de la forêt. Avec difficultés, les luttes sociales incorporent la dimension de l’environnement et les entreprises des principes de responsabilité sociale et environnementale, RSE. C’est ce moment d’adaptation des normes que nous avons voulu saisir à plusieurs échelles : celle du cours moyen du fleuve Madeira, de l’immense municipalité de Manicoré et d’un village au nom prédestiné de Democracia [Démocratie]. Les bonnes pratiques d’une véritable gestion forestière, lentes à se mettre en place, ne sont pas pleinement maîtrisées ni acceptées localement et le défi de concilier des usages différenciés des forêts et des fleuves concerne tous les acteurs de la scène environnementaliste qui se préoccupent du devenir des forêts tropicales et de ses habitants, en particulier en prenant la défense de leur conception de l’occupation des territoiresThis thesis is an essay about Regional Geography, aiming at clarifying the modalities of occupation and the conflicts in Western Brazilian Amazonia, especially in the middle Madeira River valley, southern state of Amazonas. Since colonial times, this region is a disputed one: the right bank of the Amazon River became the boundary between the Portuguese and Spanish empires. Besides this passage way allowed to draw a boundary for a Grand Brazil. The thesis is grounded on the methods of geohistory and geopolitics. It opens a debate on how the actors take in account the environmental dimension, and bases its analysis on a conflict between a logging company and extractive communities, that live from collecting forest products. Social struggles hardly incorporate environmental dimension and the companies have difficulties in committing in the principles of social and environmental responsibilities. This work analyzes this time of adaptation to the standards and at various scales: the average course of the Madeira River, territorial vastness of the city of Manicoré and a community with a predestined name of Democracia [Democracy]. Good practices of a true forest management are slowly implemented and hardly handled or accepted in a local level. Nevertheless, all the actors of the environmental scene are challenged with bringing back the different uses of forests and rivers. And in particular those who care with the future of tropical forests and their inhabitants, and take the defense of their conceptions of territorial occupation
Esta tese consiste em um ensaio de Geografia Regional visando explicitar as modalidades de ocupação e os conflitos por elas ocasionadas na Amazônia Ocidental brasileira, especialmente no vale do médio rio Madeira, no sul do Estado do Amazonas. Nessa região disputada desde a época colonial, esse afluente da margem direita do rio Amazonas passou a ser o limite entre os impérios português e espanhol e uma via de passagem que serviu para desenhar um grande Brasil. Fundamentada nos métodos dageo-história e da geopolítica, a tese abre um debate sobre a tomada de consciência ambiental, aqui em particular com a análise do conflito entre uma empresa madeireira e comunidades extrativistas que vivem da coleta dos produtos florestais. As boas práticas de uma verdadeira gestão florestal, lentas quando aplicadas, não foram plenamente incorporadas nem aceitas localmente. Com dificuldades, as lutas sociais incorporaram a dimensão ambiental e, as empresas, os princípios das responsabilidades social e ambiental. É nesse momento de adaptação às normas que procuramos estudar nas diversas escalas: o curso médio do rio Madeira, a imensidade territorial do município de Manicoré e uma comunidade com um nome predestinado de Democracia. Enfim, fica o desafio de conciliar os usos diferenciados da floresta e dos rios que concerne a todos os atores da cena ambientalista que se preocupam com o futuro das florestas tropicais e de seus habitantes, em particular, em defesa das concepções de ocupação dos territórios pelos moradores
47
Heiman, James Robert. ""A solution to a worrisome problem" the rhetoric of scientific discourse in a public policy dispute about the environment /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2006.
Find full text
48
Cameron, Hugo Donald. "Two steps forward and one step back, the role of dispute settlement in elucidating the norm of environmental protection in the world trade organization." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0019/MQ37493.pdf.
Full text
49
Bedocs, Justin A. "Names and Geographic Features: An Internship with the U.S. Geological Survey." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1452529967.
Full text
50
Meira, Ana Cláudia Hebling. "“Ó!! Você vai construir por cima de mim!!” : desenvolvimento, conflito ambiental e disputas por justiça no litoral sul do Espírito Santo, Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/172545.
Full textAbstract:
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal problematizar as situações de disputas onde, de um lado estão os grandes projetos para o desenvolvimento do litoral sul do Espírito Santo, mais especificamente a construção dos terminais portuários da Itaoca Offshore e da Edson Chouest e a construção do Porto Central, e, de outro, as comunidades de pescadores artesanais das praias de Itaipava, do Pontal e de Marobá, questionando sobre a possibilidade de existência de acordos pacíficos, justos e justificáveis, assim como anseiam os pescadores atingidos. Para tanto, parte de dados empíricos coletados em pesquisa de campo, por meio de observação, diário de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise documental, com o objetivo de responder às seguintes questões: por que nos projetos de desenvolvimento existem parcelas da população que não partilham de suas “benesses”, ao contrário, sofrem consequências degradantes em que por vezes são impedidas de continuar exercendo seu trabalho ou até mesmo são expulsas de seu local de origem? Quais as características destas disputas considerando-se a relação sociedade e natureza? Elas podem ser configuradas como conflitos ambientais? Os sentimentos de justiça que motivam as críticas aos grandes projetos de desenvolvimento, ou que os justificam, são passíveis de fundamentarem acordos pacíficos, justos e justificáveis? Apoiando-se nas contribuições de Rist (2008), Foucault (1998), Massey; Keynes (2004), Escobar (2013), se interpreta o desenvolvimento do litoral sul do Espírito Santo como um mito construído a partir de práticas discursivas, que o elabora como um lugar “atrasado” e “vazio” e, portanto, como uma “entidad desarrollable”. O discurso do desenvolvimento oculta as diferenças presentes no espaço e pretende uma homogeinização imposta pelos interesses dos grandes empreendimentos, razão pela qual as “benesses” do desenvolvimento não são partilhadas com parcela significativa da população local. As diferenças locais mencionadas são interpretadas como uma diversidade de perspectivas que provoca um encontro problemático de práticas, característico dos conflitos ambientais. Esta conclusão se apoia nas contribuições de Fleury (2013), Latour (2007) e Stengers (2007), por meio, das categorias analíticas de “conflitos ambientais”, “pluriverso” e “cosmopolítica” e visa demonstrar que a relação entre humanos e não humanos desempenha um papel importante na configuração destas diferenças, o que permite concluir que as disputas em tela configuram-se como conflitos ambientais. Retomando Boltanski (1990; 1991; 2009), tomam-se as críticas empreendidas pelos agentes sociais a fim de verificar se os sentimentos de injustiça que as motivam - e que carregam consigo, portanto, uma concepção de justiça - encontram alguma semelhança com as concepções de justiça que embasam as justificativas para as ações de desenvolvimento. Não encontrando tal semelhança, conclui-se que a relação entre humanos e não humanos também cumpre papel importante para a construção de ideias de justiça, o que nos leva a sugerir um abandono da perspectiva de humanidade comum, ou de bem comum, como elemento pacificador e que permite então acordos justos, e sugere-se ampliar a visão de justiça, do ponto de vista da pragmática, para a noção de “cosmojustiça”.This paper aims to problematize disputes, in which, on one hand we will find large developmental projects for Espírito Santo state South coast, more specifically the construction of the Itaoca Offshore and Edson Chouest port terminals and the construction of the Central Port, and, on the other hand, artisanal fishing communities on the beaches of Itaipava, Pontal and Marobá, leading one to question about the possibilities of peaceful, fair and, justifiable agreements, as want the fishermen smited. Therefore, the research is based on empirical data collected on field research, by means of observation, field journal, semi structured interviews, and documental analysis, aiming at answering the following questions: why is it that in developmental projects there are parts of the population that never share the benefits, much on the contrary, suffer degrading consequences, being, at time, prevented from continuing on their work or even being expelled from their place of origin? What are the characteristics of such disputes, considering the relationship between society and nature? Can they be characterized as environmental conflicts? Are the feelings of justice that motivate the criticism to the large developmental projects, or that justify them, able to substantiate peaceful, fair, and justifiable agreements? Based on the contributions of Rist (2008), Foucault (1998), Massey; Keynes (2004), Escobar (2013), Espírito Santo state South coast development in interpreted as a myth built from discourse practices that elaborates it as an “underdeveloped” and “empty” space, therefore, as an “entidad desarrollable”. Development discourse hides the differences present in the space and intends to homogenize it based on the interests of the large undertakings, reason for which the benefits of such development are not shared with a significant part of the local population. The local differences mentioned above are interpreted as several perspectives that lead to a problematic clash of practices, characteristic of environmental conflicts. This conclusion is based on the contributions of Fleury (2013), Latour (2007), and Stengers (2007), through the analytical categories of “environmental conflicts”, “pluriverse”, and “cosmopolitics”, and aims at demonstrating that the relationship between human and non human palys an important role in the configuration of these differences, what enables us to conclude that such disputes can be regarded as environmental conflicts. As proposed by Boltanski (1990; 1991; 2009), criticism made by the social agents are taken aiming at verifying if feelings of justice that motivate them – and that they carry with themselves, therefore a concept of justice – some kind of similarity with the concepts of justice is found in order to explain the justifications for the developmental actions. Having found no similarities, one concludes that the relationship between humans and non humans also plays an important role for the construction of ideas of justice, which suggests an abandonment of the perspective of common humanity, or common good, as a pacifying element, and that will then allow for fair agreements, suggesting also that the view on justice, from a pragmatics point of view, be widened to encompass the notion of “cosmojustice”.