Dissertations / Theses: 'Environmental challenge'

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Powell, Ryan R. "Outback Nevada| Public Domain and Environmental Challenge." Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10633860.

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With the arrival of Euro-Americans to Nevada, settlers and travelers experienced struggles and opportunities on Nevada’s marginal lands. These lands did not fit well with Euro-American ideas of progress and resource-use throughout the second part of the nineteenth century. After 1848, these marginal lands became part of America’s public domain with little promise for permanent settlements. Between 1860 and 1905, Euro-Americans imposed unsustainable land-uses on Nevada’s marginal lands. Due to increased competition on limited rangelands, federal land managers working for the United States Forest Service (USFS) came to Nevada after 1905 and secured the water resources in the highest mountains to promote favorable conditions of water flows for preferred local settlers. These settlers were the cattle ranchers with permanent home ranches that depended on water from the high mountains for summer grazing and haymaking. In the early twentieth century, beginning with the creation of the USFS in 1905 and ending with the Taylor Grazing Act in 1934, federal land managers were critical to maintaining successful settlements on a challenging environment in outback Nevada.

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Palmer, Clare. "Process theology and the challenge of environmental ethics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7592ee99-6439-4bd9-82cb-a8d47077911a.

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The aim of this thesis is to examine process theology in the light of questions raised by environmental issues. To facilitate this study, different approaches to the nonhuman natural world developed in environmental philosophy - in particular in environmental ethics - are compared with the work of process theologians. The primary focus is on the systems of A.N.Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne, but John Cobb, Jay McDaniel and Daniel Dombrowski are also considered. In Chapter 1, the derivation of value and the formation of ethics in process thinking is examined, and its ethical methodology and content compared with classical utilitarianism and more recent consequentialist approaches to the nonhuman natural world. Ensuing problems including justice, replaceability, the identification of value with experience and the subjectivity of value judgments are considered. In Chapter 2, process ethics is compared with deontological approaches to environmental ethics which focus on the value of individual organisms and natural objects: in particular, the work of Paul Taylor. Problems generated by egalitarianism, individualism and the inability to affirm environmental restitution are examined. The capacity of process thinking to resist such criticisms is assessed. Collective consequentialist ethical approaches to the environment, characterized by Aldo Leopold and J.Baird Callicott, are laid alongside process ethics in Chapter 3. This raises questions concerning the nature of species and ecosystems, and the use of metaphors such as organism, community and society to describe them. The focus moves in Chapter 4 onto a comparison of the metaphysics and ethics of the Deep Ecology movement with that of process theology. This comparison concentrates on two main themes: attitudes to 'holism' and to the 'extension and realization of the self'. Finally, the question whether process theology should reform itself as a better response to environmental ethics is examined. Some suggestions about possible reformation are proffered, but it is tentatively concluded that process thinking is an inappropriate basis for environmental philosophy.

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Soo, Elaine H. L. "The environmental movement : marketing challenge, opportunity and impact." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.561277.

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Bao, Yong Liang. "Meeting the challenge of EU enlargement : approximation of Environmental legislation." Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2185450.

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Lindberg, Johanna. "Swedish environmental quality criteria : the challenge of classifying surface waters /." Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv, 2001. http://info1.ma.slu.se/IMA/Publikationer/internserie/2001-11.pdf.

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Mmusinyane, Boitumelo Obert. "Africa's environmental protection challenge : social responsibility and liability of non-state actors." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1068.

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"In Africa non-state actors (NSAs) are causing an alarming concern with the destruction of the environment and indigenous communities in the name of development; such environmental degradation leaves indigenous or economically marginalized groups in an unsatisfactory environment to their health, standard of living and basic necessitites of life and the land for future development. In most instances, the host country does not get good value from the vast amount of resource extraction. In other words, this kind of investment does not benefit the affected people; rather, it transfers a country's resources outside. In the end the poor pays for the lust of the rich. In some cases, African governments are simply not interested in the impact of the activities of NSAs on the people as they personally benefit from their presence due to corruption. As a result, it is correct to note that 'the local partners (African governments)' are selling indigenous communities on for their personal gain. In spite of the fact that some of these African countries have strong environmental laws in operation, they are often unwilling to force NSAs to comply with environmental rights and labour standards since they badly need the investment and capital that NSAs bring into their economies. Some of these NSAs pressurise national governments and even threaten them with lawsuits to open their doors for them. Others completely close down and relocate in order to blackmail the governments to follow through on the permits after exploration had started. Globalisation and an increase in international trade have joined with the growth of the human rights movement. These dual trends have cast an increasing attention on the role that NSAs play in environmental rights violation throughout the Sub-Saharan African region. The criitical issue in this period of globalisation, and which is also a challenge to it, is the liability and social responsibility of NSAs in times of violation of enviornmental rights, since today they figure prominently within the human rights field. Most of their activities are not in accordance with national or international environmental standards. While NSAs enjoy sovereign immunity within local jurisdictions, primary responsibility lies with states, which in most cases, are held liable for wrongful acts committed by NSAs, since they are regarded as the ultimate guardian of the welfare of their populations. As state authority declines, NSAs play a direct and indirect role in a wide range of environmental human rights violations, and this has now led to a point where there is a need to attach more concrete obligations to them. The thesis provides a framework with which th NSAs can be held directly and indirectly accountable for their role in fuelling the instability in the Sub-Saharan African region. The purpose of the thesis is to determine the approaches or guidelines that can be followed in order to ensure that NSAs behave appropriately in host states in realisation of the right to development by preserving the harmonious environment that local communities are entitled to. The creation of a viable and sustainable environment for everyone is of paramount importance in today's society." -- Introduction.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2003.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

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Robertson, John Graham Stuart. "Meeting optimally the environmental challenge : a methodology for the lead industry." Thesis, Brunel University, 2001. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5405.

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Does the lead industry have a future, in the face of the developing environmental challenge? This thesis addresses this question and concludes, it should have for the foreseeable future, providing it adopts the changes detailed. These changes are posited within a framework, which consists of a strategy, approaches and tools. The changes are both technical and philosophical. They are technical, in the sense that the tools and approaches provide practical means whereby the environmental `risks' may be identified, assessed and managed. They are philosophical, because they set out and identify the features of a new conceptual paradigm, whose basis is in the concept of the `risk society'. The paradigm is significantly more holistic, multi-dimensional, inherently flexible, and is intended to be reflexive. Adoption of the elements of the framework, will facilitate a more effective establishment, and management of environmental `risk' credentials, which will help encourage better environmental decision making. Hence, it will facilitate, the balancing of resource consumption and environmental impact costs, versus social and economic benefits, in an improved manner. The modelling approaches, and selected inventory and environmental impact assessment tools, enclosed within this thesis, have been designed to facilitate the development of, and to function within, the new paradigm. These have been developed for BRM and MIM case studies, and function at the site-specific and the cradle-to-gate scales. The former consider the company site of Britannia Refined Metals (BRM) Ltd., where refining to produce primary and secondary refined lead products takes place, whilst the latter consider the life-cycle of the refined primary lead products of MIM Ltd. The modelling approaches have also been designed so, that they may be re-aggregated into models able to operate at many different scales, as required. The framework, and its elements, are applicable for all industries facing similar challenges.

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Bristow, Sarah Dell. "The political ecology of environmental displacement and the United Nations' response to the challenge of environmental refugees." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505578.

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Currently there are approximately 25 million people displaced by environmental conditions, including resource scarcity, natural hazards and ecosystem degradation. By 2050, as many as 200 million people are predicted to be forced from their homes by changing environmental conditions brought about or exacerbated by climate change. Yet despite the scale of this problem, there is no international policy on their status. This thesis aims, first, to investigate some of the challenges to devising international political solutions to the problem and second, investigate these challenges empirically by undertaking a comprehensive analysis of the United Nations' current approach to the problem. Drawing on political ecology, the thesis analyses debates and approaches to the problem of environmental displacement. Part 1 of the thesis investigates academic debates, particularly within International Relations. Part 2 provides a critical evaluation of how the United Nations approaches environmental displacement. Although its main agency responsible for refugees does not recognise environmentally displaced people as refugees there are nevertheless a number of United Nations' bodies concerned with this growing problem. The study argues that the United Nations' main approach, namely sustainable development, has serious limitations because it does not recognise the underlying socio-political causes of environmental displacement, including how the distribution of resources and the socio-environmental costs and benefits of development drive this phenomenon. The thesis concludes that as environmental displacement is likely to increase in the near future, a supplemental category of environmental refugee that recognises these socio-political causes is an important step to establishing coherent international responsesto the problem. In this regard,a nd despitet he political difficulties of states accepting a new refugee category, the United Nations can nevertheless play a constructive role in promoting dialogue and establishing a formal operational framework for action on environmental displacement in the international system

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Duru, Christian Udogadi. "Environmental Degradation: Key Challenge to Sustainable Economic Development in the Niger Delta." ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/114.

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Geraldeli, Gizele M. R. "Microtensile bond strength after environmental challenge of peak SE with proteolytic inhibitor." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2874.

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In vivo and in vitro degradation of resin-dentin interfaces can occur and accounts for poor clinical performance of adhesive dentin interfaces/restorations. Interfacial degradation results from several factors, to include, but not limited to: water sorption, hydrolysis of ester linkages of methacrylates resins, and activation of endogenous dentin matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in non-infiltrated collagen fibrils. Reduction of collagenolytic and gelatinolytic activity in dentin has been shown to be effective both in vivo and in vitro upon application of proteases inhibitors, such as chlorhexidine. This study compared the in vitro durability of resin-dentin bonds using microtensile testing over 12-month of water storage among five adhesive systems, including an experimental adhesive system, which had 2% chlorhexidine incorporated into the material. The results showed that all adhesive systems had a significant decrease in bond strength after 6 months, and that this reduction in bond strength was not significant different among the five adhesive systems studied. It is possible that chlorhexidine might have its inhibitory activity against MMPs lost or reduced due to chemical interaction with the adhesive system components. Also, to assess resin-dentin bonds degradation process, laboratorial studies use long-term water storage, which is labor-intense and time consuming process, therefore this study tested the possibility of accelerating the resin-dentin degradation process using water storage at 50° C. A significant reduction in microtensile bond strength occurred for specimens after 12-month storage at 50° C. The higher temperature may have increased the rate of water sorption and hydrolytic activity within the polymer network leading to adverse consequences to the interface.

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Lundmark, Carina. "Eco-democracy : a green challenge to democratic theory and practice." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-96659.

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Syndercombe, Elizabeth J. "Japanese applications of the Green Building Challenge and Tool between 1996 and 2002." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6946.

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Bibliography: leaves 100-108.
This research determines that the Green Building Tool (GBTool) may be sufficiently flexible to be implemented in Japan. Even so, the locally developed system has been adopted as the preferred building environmental assessment method for Japan. Pressing building environmental concerns in Japan are identified, and performance criteria for building assessment tools in Japan established. A distinction is drawn between building performance assessment criteria and assessment tool performance criteria. This is central to understanding Japanese attitudes towards the GBTool. The Japanese Green Building Challenge (GBC) process is discussed -including the testing, customisation and use of the GBTool and the subsequent development of a Japanese alternative (CASBEE - the Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency). A comparative assessment of the GBTool and CASBEE system for Japanese commercial application is undertaken. User-friendly tools that can slot into existing building processes and regulations are most suitable for commercial use in Japan. Building professionals prefer a set of tools designed for use in specific building stages such as CASBEE. The study consequently finds that the GBTool is suitable for research, but has limited commercial application because of the size of the assessment framework. The development of a Japanese tool for nationwide implementation has been a consensus based decision-making process. The development of assessment frameworks acceptable to local users may enable the promotion of building environmental priorities while addressing established commercial building concerns.

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Bishop, Davide. "The challenge of creating an effective and equitable legal regime to cover transboundary protected areas considering the challenge through the lens of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4465.

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Includes bibliographical references.
Contemporary recognition of the need to expand existing protected area systems has culminated in the formulation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 by the parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). This Strategic Plan incorporates 20 ambitious 'Aichi Biodiversity Targets'; with Target 11 specifically requiring that by 2020 'at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas, as well as, other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscape and seascape.' Target 11 requires compliance with a number of preconditions, two of which will be discussed in this dissertation. First, well-governed protected areas provide an established mechanism for both safeguarding habitats and populations of species, as well as, delivering important ecosystem services. It is, therefore, imperative that governance and planning measures are implemented effectively and equitably. Secondly, protected areas are required to be well-connected to the wider landscape through the use of corridors and ecological networks facilitating connectivity, adaption to climate change and the application of the ecosystem approach. Transboundary Natural Resource Management (TBNRM) provides a unique opportunity for realising both conditions.

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Melotti, Luca. ""Coping personalities" in pigs : behavioural and physiological responses to social and environmental challenge." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546216.

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Yuen, Miu-chun Christine. "The challenge of conservation, development and sustainable development in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21042007.

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Hosseini, Jamaladdin. "Global environment an emerging challenge for international cooperation building a legal regime for ozone layer depletion /." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/31166235.html.

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Mitic, Ljiljana. "Enviropreneurial management : an effective approach to cope with the ecological challenge." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2521.

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Humankind is the major force influencing our planet earth. Irreversible environmental degradation are a widespread problem. Atmospheric changes, worsening climate, ozone depletion, etc. is accompanying our daily life. From the ecological perspective the future of the 21's century is endangered. A change of consumption pattern, material thinking, lifestyles have to change fundamentally. It may even require to break with 'business-asusual'. In the age of continuously and rapidly changing competitive environments, companies are increasingly forced to be highly flexible and responsive to changes having an impact on their competitiveness or even affecting the firm's viability. "Entrepreneurship" is an emerging practice, which involves the application of an entrepreneurial spirit to established businesses. The management style is seen to embody the appropriate characteristics for surviving or even growing in a constantly changing environment. A major objective of this research is to determine whether an entrepreneurial management style has an impact on the ecological approach a firm may adopt. For this purpose a mail survey of 500 German firms across all industries was undertaken in the first phase. The aim is to further determine whether firms adopting a proactive ecological approach meet the ecological challenge in a strategic manner. In order to achieve this objective a case study approach was chosen in the second phase based on ten interviews conducted in the food & allied industry. The survey aimed at examining the management style, organisational structure and the business environment of 212 firms to determine firms' nature and style of strategic response to their business environment. Moreover, firms' ecological orientation and ecological environment is measured to determine to which degree firms are proactively oriented. Based on this, the relationship between the management style adopted by firms and the ecological approach is analysed. The results of the survey suggest that firms' response to the ecological issue is strongly influenced by the way in which they respond to business challenges or changes in the business environment. Furthermore, the case study aimed at identifying the degree to which firms integrate the ecological issue into their strategic behaviour. Another aim is to analyse if the relationship between management style and ecological approach can be confirmed further, thus supporting the results of the first phase. The results indicate that a proactive ecological approach demands a comprehensive way of realisation. The ecological issue should be an integral part of the firms' strategic management process and be approached in a strategic manner. Thus, the research project strongly suggests that an entrepreneurial style supported by organic organisational structures is seen as the appropriate approach to follow the path of an ecologically sustainable future. An entrepreneurial approach will enable firms to be innovative and thus inducing fundamental changes with regard to ecological matters. Far-reaching environmental improvements are needed to take a large step towards a sustainable society. An entrepreneurial environmental approach enables firms to anticipate and give fresh impetus to the ecological development. However, it has to be kept in mind that all forces upsetting the equilibrium of the global system have to be handled sustainably.

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Yuen, Miu-chun Christine, and 袁妙珍. "The challenge of conservation, development and sustainable developmentin Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31260172.

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Feygina, Irina. "The Challenge of System Justification for Acknowledging and Responding to Environmental Dilemmas and Climate Change." New York University, 2013.

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Heo, Kyoungsun. "Assessing the effectiveness of the voluntary environmental programs three essays on the Climate Challenge Program /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3386682.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, 2009.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 15, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-12, Section: A, page: 4847. Advisers: Kerry Krutilla; David H. Good.

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Daykin, Margot M. "Ecosystem management, the institutional challenge : an analysis of the Burrard Inlet Environmental Action Program (BIEAP)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0027/MQ51329.pdf.

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Lait, Michael. "A Utopian failure The One-Tonne Challenge, climate change and consumer conduct." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28292.

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The object of this study is a program of government that has, as its immediate objective, the modification and regulation of consumer conduct deemed pertinent to climate change. Drawing from the analytical grid and conceptual tools of governmentality, this study has organized and analyzed an archive of documents related to the One-Tonne Challenge, a 'public education' program implemented by the Government of Canada from 2003 to 2006. There are numerous forms of conduct targeted by this program, involving many of the mundane and routine practices of everyday life. Despite their heterogeneity, the targeted forms of conduct can all be measured and evaluated according to the greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory, an ecological technology of government that has had its application extended to the 'personal' level. As consumers increasingly engage in practices that are energy efficient, a 'low intensity GHG emission lifestyle' will emerge as a new societal norm, which is declared to be the 'ultimate strategic objective' of the program.

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Kogon, Susan J. Coonin. "Seeds of change the roots of Jewish environmental ethics as a challenge to the technical paradigm /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 153 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1456295651&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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A. "Seeds of change the roots of Jewish environmental ethics as a challenge to the technical paradigm /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 153 p, 2008.

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Benn, Suzanne Harriette Science &amp Technology Studies UNSW. "The Environmental Challenge to the Overloaded State: The Politics of Toxic Chemicals in NSW since the late 1970s." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Science and Technology Studies, 1999. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/32639.

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This thesis is a regional interdisciplinary analysis of the environmental challenge to the liberal democratic state. It situates these new problems of governance in one of the dominating political conflicts of our time, the battle between market and state for the 'commanding heights'. By the end of the 1970s, environmental concerns had added to the social crises associated with the overloaded, welfare state. The study sets the political context through an exposition of the perceived problems of the overloaded state, analysed by neo-Marxist theorists in terms of rationality and legitimacy deficits and by public choice theorists in terms of the incentives and calculations confronting rational individuals. It draws out the association between these alternative perspectives on 'state overload' and the political philosophies of corporatism and neo-liberalism, showing that, on the neo-Marxist understanding, corporatism addresses the functional requirements of late capitalism, while public choice precepts are strongly influential on leading elements of neo-liberalism. This political analysis is developed through the history of a landmark piece of legislation, the Environmentally Hazardous Chemicals Act (NSW) 1985, in toxic chemicals policymaking from the late 1970s to the end of 1997. The interpretation of the case material shows that the response in NSW to the environmental problematic has been driven by the reform agenda of the successive political programs of corporatism and neo-liberalism for the state, the bureaucracy and the democratic process. Neither the corporatist nor the neo-liberal programs succeeded in meeting environmental criteria. Examination of the inadequate responses of both corporatism and neo-liberalism, when measured against sustainability criteria, leads to a deeper understanding of the institutional reforms required if these criteria are to be addressed. The thesis concludes that the failure to effect successful reform of toxic chemicals policy in NSW reflects the failure of leading political theorems of the liberal democratic state to incorporate sustainability criteria successfully into their reform agenda for the state, the bureaucracy and the democratic process. These regional issues are shown to be thematic for the nation-state when raised in the context of the globalisation of the environmental challenge and the inter nationalisation of market forces. The thesis concludes with a brief review of some recent political theory in relation to the programmatic issues of sustainability and democracy which it has pursued.

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Vergunst, Petra. "Liveability and ecological land use : the challenge of localisation /." Uppsala : Dept. of Rural Development Studies, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a373.pdf.

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Leck, Hayley. "Rising to the adaptation challenge? : responding to global environmental change in eThekwini and Ugu municipalities, South Africa." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2012. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/cf9036cb-30e6-ade5-208f-8cae054a9f02/9/.

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In response to rising concerns about adverse global environmental change (GEC), or climate change (CC) impacts, adaptation and mitigation measures are being widely implemented. However, much still needs to be understood about how these measures manifest in reality at various scales and the drivers and barriers to action in specific contexts. This thesis uses multiple social science research methods to investigate responses to GEC/CC, with a particular emphasis on adaptation and underlying development contexts, within the neighbouring Ugu and eThekwini local government districts in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. The study's focus on local authorities and communities is pertinent given that many adaptation and some mitigation actions are ultimately undertaken at local scales. The thesis comprises two main layers of analysis: first, a comparative analysis of Ugu and eThekwini municipalities' GEC/CC responses and an investigation of the relationship between these municipalities regarding environmental and GEC agendas, and the likely effect of collaboration or lack thereof on GEC adaptation initiatives. Second, incorporating these municipal-scale findings, I explore understandings and responses to climate variability and change and their likely effects within several diverse local study sites across rural-urban continua within both municipalities. The results show that, despite their close proximity, the two municipalities have responded to GEC in very different ways and that municipal authorities, together with their respective diverse local populations, have divergent adaptive capacities. The research also reveals that horizontal inter-municipal collaboration and vertical collaboration between multiple government spheres is weak. The thesis suggests that strengthening such collaboration within a multi-level governance framework can facilitate effective adaptation and address current divergent municipal adaptive capacities. The thesis also reveals the importance for GEC measures to account for the diversity of understandings, responses and vulnerabilities to GEC amongst local populations, shaped by multiple climatic and non-climatic stresses, including cultural beliefs.

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Purvis, Jody. "A New Approach to Texas Groundwater Management: An Environmental Justice Argument to Challenge the Rule of Capture." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4941/.

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Texas is the last remaining state to utilize the rule of capture, a doctrine based on English Common Law, as a means of regulating groundwater resources. Many of the western states originally used the rule of capture to regulate their groundwater resources, but over time, each of these states replaced the rule of capture with other groundwater laws and regulations. The Texas Water Development Board (TWDB) State Water Plan, Water for Texas-2002, warned Texans if current water usage and laws do not change, there will be an unmet need of 7.5 million acre-feet of water annually by 2050. This caused individuals in state and local government to begin asking the question, "How are we going to meet our future water needs?" In the search for a solution to the water shortage problem people have divided themselves into two groups: one wants to consider the implementation of water conservation measures to reduce per capita water use in order to meet future demands; while the other group wants to spend millions of dollars to build reservoirs and dams along with laying thousands of miles of pipeline to move water around the state. The fact that Texas has yet to come up with a definitive answer to their water shortage peaked my curiosity to research what caused the State of Texas to get to a point of having a shortage of fresh water and then look at possible solutions that incorporate water conservation measures. In my thesis I present a historical overview of the rule of capture as Texas's means of groundwater management in order to illustrate the role it played in contributing to the water shortage Texans now face. I also take a historical look at the environmental justice movement, a grass-roots movement by environmentalists and Civil Rights activists working together to guarantee the rights of low-income and minority communities to clean and healthy environments, focusing on several acts and policies enacted by the federal government as a direct result of this movement. I then demonstrate how the rule of capture is in conflict with these acts and policies along with being in violation of both state and federal regulations in an attempt to establish a sound argument as to why we need to replace the rule of capture not only from an environmental standpoint, but from a legal standpoint as well. After considering groundwater legislation in other states, I offer a possible alternative to the rule of capture as part of the solution to the approaching shortage of Texas's fresh water supply. The implementation of new laws, regulations and conservation measures will help conserve water for future Texans, but we must also consider a change in our relationship to water along with the attitudes and ideas that resulted in a water shortage not only in Texas, but on a global scale if we truly want to solve our future water crisis.

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Ruiz, Cayuela Sergio. "Rejecting Fate : The challenge of a subaltern community to the creation of a sacrifice zone in Can Sant Joan, Catalonia." Thesis, KTH, Historiska studier av teknik, vetenskap och miljö, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-225837.

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It was my first visit ever to the neighborhood association – in February 2017 – and the phone rang again in the contiguous room. “I’m sorry” apologized José Luis “but our colleagues are not here yet and I need to answer the phone”. Manolo, who stayed with me, responded to my curious look: “we just sent the monthly invoice of the cooperative committee of funerals and this month is higher than usual. Three people died only last week. The neighbors are calling to check if the invoice is right, and some of them are trying to postpone the payment. But we try not to do exceptions, it’s the only way to keep working”. When José Luis came back, they both explained to me what exactly was the cooperative committee of funerals. Facing an increase in the number of deceased people and the high expense that is usually incurred by families in burial services, in 1987 the neighborhood association came up with the idea of creating a group of people that would share those costs. The project, though, would only make sense with widespread support from the community. Despite the strict age limit of 50 years old, almost 4.000 people responded when the call was launched, and the number of associates has remained steady through the years. This anecdote reflects very well the identity of the Can Sant Joan community, to which José Luis and Manolo passionately introduced me during that first meeting. The two men talked straight about the many social and environmental problems that the neighborhood had faced during the years and the ways in which the community had organized to confront them. Yet, they did not speak in a plaintive way, their speech challenged corporate and institutional power and claimed fearlessly for social justice. The Can Sant Joan community – not unlike many others in the Vallès region – has faced many adversities of different kind since its very creation, but its inhabitants have always confronted them and have restlessly fought for improving the living conditions in the neighborhood. Can Sant Joan stands out among other sacrifice zones in the Vallès area because of the long list of locally unwanted land uses that is burdened with, but especially because of its strong subaltern identity that has led the community to partially revert their condition. My research is grounded on the acknowledgment of Can Sant Joan’s environmental and social burdens, as a representation of all those communities around the world whose livelihoods are contaminated and impoverished in the name of neoliberal capitalism, and especially to those that decide to stand up and fight against power inequalities and social injustices. I foresee my research not just as an intellectual exercise, but as a process grounded in real life experiences of contamination and neglect that ultimately seeks to make a difference in the community, where it starts. This study is, thus, a transdisciplinary – almost antidisciplinary – piece where different disciplines with ambitions of challenging the sociopolitical status quo in order to achieve social and environmental justice intertwine. My research is built on existing literature in the fields of subaltern environmentalism – and other forms alternative environmentalism – political ecology and environmental humanities. Much have been written about polluted communities in different fields, but there are still crucial gaps that need to be filled. My ambitions are to better understand the sociopolitical processes that lead to the creation of sacrifice zones, to expand the definition of violence by uncovering different forms of slow violence that take place in them, to analyze the environmental movements embraced by affected communities, and to evaluate the potential benefits 1 that a subaltern environmental movement could have to those communities. The outcome of my research will be shared with the movement against waste incineration of Can Sant Joan and with the community in an attempt to realize the main aspiration of my research: to inform and enhance the activist movement in the neighborhood. This will be done by co-organizing at least one public event in the neighborhood together with members of the movement against incineration, in which the outcomes of my research will be presented to the local audience. Additionally, I keep personal relationship with the key informants, who have been integrated in the activist-scholar circle of the KTH Environmental Humanities Laboratory. If successful, this study could be the first stage of an action research in which local activists would not only be treated as a group of study, but their needs and actions would reframe the questions and scope of my research. In turn, the local movement against incineration would make use of the research outcomes in order to reach its goal, eventually creating a symbiotic feedback process potentially fruitful for both parts. This study is organized in seven chapters and six interludes. In chapter 2 I present the rationale behind the choice of case study as a research methodology, introduce the writer to the case study design, and share the ethical considerations at stake. Chapter 3 contains the theoretical toolbox where I conduct a literature review of the material that serves as theoretical frame for this study. I start with different visions on subalternity to later define subaltern environmentalism, and pointing out to some commonalities among different forms of alternative environmentalism. Then, I explore the concept of sacrifice zone and present the street science process that is being used by affected communities in order to uncover the infliction of slow violence in a variety of forms. In chapter 4 I introduce the reader to the case study through a short historical revision of the origins of Can Sant Joan and the development of the neighborhood until our days. Thereafter I thoroughly analyze the socio-political positionality of the community in different terms to verify if Can Sant Joan is a subaltern community. Chapter 5 is dedicated to discussing the neighborhood of Can Sant Joan as a sacrifice zone, as well as different forms of slow violence that the community has suffered. First, I revise the long list of locally unwanted land uses (LULUs) that the community has been burdened with and uncover a pattern based on political criteria for the placing of those LULUs. Thereupon, I analyze the different forms of slow violence that Can Sant Joan is being inflicted, including environmental, structural and narrative violence. In chapter 6, I document the movement against waste incineration in the cement plant that is taking place in Can Sant Joan, present the main forms of activism that the movement is using, and discuss the features that make it fit into the frame of subaltern environmentalism. Then, I discuss the central role of street science and forming coalitions: while the former is used to contest narrative violence and legitimize the claims of the community, the latter enhances public visibility and helps to forge a common subaltern identity that goes beyond the borders of the neighborhood. The study concludes with chapter 7, where I summarize the outcomes of this thesis by answering the research questions posed in chapter 2. Finally, I briefly present potential future research in Can Sant Joan that could keep contributing to the mobilized scholarly fields and to the movement against incineration as well, and close with a short update of the last months of struggle. The study is complemented with a series of six 2 interludes inspired by the Toxic Bios1 project, which compiles in an interactive open access online platform toxic autobiographies from communities affected by environmental injustices in several European countries and beyond. In the interludes the scale of the unit of analysis shifts from the community of Can Sant Joan to the individuals affected by the studied phenomena and thus, I use storytelling in order to complement my research with insights from a different perspective. In the first interlude, I highlight the importance that bodily experiences of toxicity can have in contesting narrative violence through toxic storytelling and I discuss the new guerrilla narrative methodology. The rest of the interludes comprise six toxic autobiographies by six different members of the local community that are to different extents active in the movement against waste incineration in Can Sant Joan.

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Harlow, Brittany E. "Changes to the Equine Hindgut Microflora in Response to Antibiotic Challenge." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/12.

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Antibiotics are important to equine medicine, but can cause detrimental side-effects including reduced feed intake, allergic reactions, and diarrhea. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is attributed to disruption of the hindgut microflora, permitting proliferation of pathogenic microbes. The objectives were to evaluate the effects of antibiotics on beneficial fecal bacteria, AAD-associated pathogens, microbial species richness and fermentation. Horses were assigned to treatment groups: control (no antibiotics, n=6), trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (oral, n=6), or sodium ceftiofur (IM, n=6). Fecal samples were taken during adaptation (3 wk), antibiotic challenge (1 wk), and withdrawal (1 wk). Fecal cellulolytics decreased by >99% during challenge and did not recover during withdrawal (P < 0.0001). Lactobacilli decreased by >60% during challenge (P = 0.0453). Salmonella spp. increased 94% with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine challenge (P = 0.0115). There was no detectable Clostridium difficile during adaptation or in any control horse. C. difficile increased (P < 0.0001) when horses were challenged, and remained elevated 7 d after withdrawal. There was no effect of challenge on in vitro digestibility or microbial species richness as evaluated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (P > 0.05). These results indicate that antibiotics can disrupt the normal flora and allow proliferation of pathogens, even without affecting digestibility and causing AAD.

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Riley, Laura. "Expansion of the Performance Capabilities of the USF Inhalation Challenge Chamber." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6575.

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The purpose of this research was to evaluate the capability and performance of the University of South Florida’s (USF) Human Exposure Chamber (HEC) using aerosols in the thoracic range. The goals of this research were two-fold: to obtain an average particle size of 10 µm (thoracic-size range) inside the chamber during dust production and to test for evenness of dust concentration within the chamber. The USF HEC can be used for studies using gases and/or particulates. The chamber measurements are 4.16 ft x 2.67 ft x 6.75 ft, for a total volume of 75 ft3 or 2.13 m3. This research has public health significance since outdoor air pollution is found most commonly in the thoracic size range; future studies with the HEC could focus on the impact of outdoor air pollution on human subjects under various exposure conditions, and various particle size ranges. Soda lime glass beads were used in this study due to their uniformity in shape and size. A Wright Dust Feeder (WDF) was used to generate the glass beads aerosol in the chamber. Nitrogen gas and HEPA-filtered fresh air were used to transport the aerosol through the system and into the chamber. A total of nine different chamber configurations were made in order to increase the average particle size closer to the goal of 10 µm. Chamber reconfiguration provided statistically significant effect on increasing particle size with the exception of two intermediate settings. It was concluded that aerosol distribution within the chamber was even during operation of the chamber, and modification steps utilized in the study provided size distribution within +/- 6% of the target particle size.

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Grimaldi, Jordan. "The Living Community Challenge: An unCase Study in Biophilic Master Planning." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2020. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/219.

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In a world that is quickly urbanizing with a climate that is rapidly changing, the International Living Future Institute’s (ILFI) Living Community Challenge (LCC) offers a whimsical yet highly relevant model for sustainable development—creating cities that are as connected and beautiful as forests. As no certified Living Community exists yet, this thesis serves as an “uncase study” of North Rainier, a neighborhood in Seattle that has registered for the Challenge. In an effort to assess the LCC’s perceived effectiveness as a model for sustainable development, this thesis first summarizes nearly 400 centuries of U.S. developmental history to give greater context to the current moment and how we can quickly, effectively, and fundamentally transform the built environment to support a more sustainable future. A comparative analysis with EcoDistricts and LEED for Neighborhood Development revealed strengths (i.e., advocacy and capacity building) and weaknesses (i.e., equity and stasis) of predominant urban assessment tools in the U.S. The case study then uses a combination of GIS analysis, community surveys, and semi-structured interviews with members of the neighborhood association overseeing the pursuit of the LCC in North Rainier as well as with staff members at ILFI to assess the LCC’s effectiveness. Environmental health disparities in North Rainier found within the GIS analysis were echoed in the surveys and interviews, which indicated feelings of neglect from the city of Seattle who is occupied with record-setting growth, demonstrates how the LCC can be considered as an “act of optimism” and as a rejection of historically imposed top-down planning. Overall, in theory, several of the LCC’s Petals address many of the systemic issues facing the built environment (i.e., sprawl and dependence on automobiles and fossil fuels). However, despite its vision for a socially just and culturally rich future, the LCC—specifically the Equity Petal—does not offer a guarantee that displacement of low-income and communities of color and/or environmental injustices will not be perpetuated.

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Reyer, Christopher. "The cascade of uncertainty in modeling forest ecosystem responses to environmental change and the challenge of sustainable resource management." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16749.

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Projektionen der Effekte von Umweltveränderungen auf sozio-ökologische Systeme sind ein fester Bestandteil der Nachhaltigkeitsforschung. Solche Projektionen beruhen auf Modellen und Modellketten. In jedem Modellierungsschritt werden modelspezifische Unsicherheiten bezüglich Parameterwerten, Eingabedaten und Modelstruktur akkumuliert und führen zu einer Kaskade der Unsicherheiten. Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, die Kaskade der Unsicherheiten der Wirkungen von Umweltveränderungen am Beispiel der Waldökosystemmodellierung zu behandeln. Dies führt zu zwei übergreifenden Forschungsfragen: 1. Wie beeinflussen unterschiedliche Typen von Unsicherheiten die Projektionen der Wirkungen sich verändernder Umweltbedingungen auf Waldökosysteme? 2. Gibt es einen übergeordneten Rahmen für nachhaltiges Ressourcenmanagement in sozio-ökologischen Systemen, in den Unsicherheiten eingebettet werden können? Diese Dissertation zeigt, dass die Produktivität von Wäldern unter Bedingungen des Klimawandels in kühleren und feuchteren Regionen zunehmen und in wärmeren und trockeneren abnehmen kann. Diese Ergebnisse sind qualitativ konsistent über eine Vielzahl von Modellstrukturen, Klimaszenarien und Modelparameter, die jedoch quantitativ zu nennenswerten Unsicherheiten in Projektionen führen. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass es Methoden gibt, um bestimmte Unsicherheiten einzuschätzen, aber auch, dass viele Klimawirkungsstudien die Wirkung von Veränderungen im Mittelwert von Klimavariablen betrachten und nicht die von Extremwerten. Außerdem zeigt diese Arbeit, dass adaptive, sektorenübergreifende Strategien für ein nachhaltiges Ressourcenmanagement existieren, die mit Unsicherheiten von Klimawirkungen umgehen können und nachhaltige, regionale Entwicklungen fördern. Die Kaskade der Unsicherheiten ist eine zentrale Herausforderung für nachhaltiges Ressourcenmanagement. Eine systematischere Behandlung von Unsicherheiten ermöglicht robuste Projektionen der Wirkungen sich verändernder Umweltbedingungen.
Projecting the effects of environmental change on social-ecological systems is a crucial component of sustainability science. Such projections rely on models and modeling chains. At each modeling step, model-specific uncertainties about parameter values, input data or structure accumulate and lead to a cascade of uncertainty. The aim of this thesis is to explore the cascade of uncertainties in responses to environmental change in a structured way at the example of forest ecosystem modeling. This leads to two overarching research questions: 1. How do different types of uncertainties affect projections of the effects of environmental change on forest ecosystems? 2. What is the general framework of sustainable natural resource management in coupled social-ecological systems in which uncertainties need to be integrated? This thesis shows that forest productivity under climate change may increase in cool and wet regions and decrease in already warm and dry regions. These findings are robust despite large differences in model structure, climate change scenarios and model parameters that induce considerable uncertainty into future projections. It also stresses that there are methods available to assess uncertainties but also that many climate change impact studies have focused on testing the response of plants to changes in mean climate rather than climatic extremes. Finally, this thesis shows that adaptive, cross-sectoral natural resource management strategies exist that accommodate uncertain impacts of environmental and societal change and foster sustainable regional development. I conclude that the cascade of uncertainty challenges sustainable natural resource management and that a more systematic treatment of uncertainties is strongly needed to generate robust projections of the impacts of environmental change. The findings of this thesis provide a general framework in which both modelers and decision-makers can integrate model results and assess their robustness.

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Moore, Joseph G. "Two struggles into one? : Labour and environmental movement relations and the challenge to capitalist forestry in British Columbia, 1900-2000 /." *McMaster only, 2001.

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Deutschmann, Björn Verfasser], Henner [Akademischer Betreuer] [Hollert, and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Schäffer. "Potential and challenge : biomarker response analyses in environmental risk assessment - case studies with fish / Björn Deutschmann ; Henner Hollert, Andreas Schäffer." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1221373498/34.

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Deutschmann, Björn [Verfasser], Henner [Akademischer Betreuer] Hollert, and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Schäffer. "Potential and challenge : biomarker response analyses in environmental risk assessment - case studies with fish / Björn Deutschmann ; Henner Hollert, Andreas Schäffer." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1221373498/34.

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Silvestru, Alexandra. "Decolonizing Ecology: How Do Indigenous Knowledge and Decolonization Contrast and Challenge Eurocentric Conceptions of Ecological Moral Worth?" Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Religionsvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-35297.

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In a world on the brink of climate apocalypse the question if modern conceptions on the moral worth of nature are failing is no longer rhetorical. During this time of reckoning questioning core ideologies and the places where they originate from is necessary. In matters of ecology, Eurocentric colonial paradigms dominate the scientific and philosophical narrative. Increasing in reach and exposure, Indigenous people and the environmental movements they support, point to a coherent body of knowledge which teaches humans how to live in better relationship to the natural world. This inquiry will be comparing, contrasting, re-evaluating these radically different worldviews and value sets, while seeking to understand the differences between Indigenous knowledge and Eurocentric environmental ethics. The tool with which this will be attempted is decolonization, chosen for its radical questioning of the entrenched colonial and Eurocentric status quo. Perhaps by showing how Indigenous knowledge challenges and contrasts the dominant ecological culture, it can then guide and inform Eurocentric environmental ethics toward a new ecological epistemology and the work of decolonizing ecology can begin in earnest.

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Kokame, Kelli. "More Than Just a Glass Face: What Makes a "Green" or "Sustainable" Building, Exactly?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/176.

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Buildings are responsible for a wide range of environmental impacts. In response to this, several green building standards have been developed. Each standard uses different strategies and has different approaches to defining what features should make up a green building. This thesis uses the LEED, BREEAM, EEWH, and Living Building Challenge standards as a lens through which this question of what makes a green building is explored, with an emphasis on the distinction between greenness and sustainability in the built environment.

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Meyer, Nathaniel Flaschner. "A Baseline Greenhouse Gas Inventory for Oberlin: Stepping Up to the Challenge of Climate Neutrality." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1244303099.

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Nzeyimana, Lazare. "Rusumo dam-social challenge in Kagera River Basin : Participation of the affected people." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7959.

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From long ago, rivers have always sustained livelihoods of the peoples through the utilisation of different natural resources available in the basin. All over the world, many rivers have been dammed in the spirit of performing various purposes: agricultural irrigation, domestic water supply and power generation or flood control.

By the year 2001, the World Commission on Dams brought into focus the debate on damrelated impacts on local economies, societal cultures, livelihoods security and environmental conservation. The outcome of the World Commission on Dams consultation strongly recommended the governments to involve all stakeholders to address appropriately all issues associated with dams.

The overall focus of this master thesis is the projected Rusumo Falls dam in the Kagera River Basin (East Africa). Based on literature documentation completed by on-ground observations and qualitative interviews at Rusumo, various issues connected with the dam are presented.

In the first part, the Kagera River Basin background information is provided. It gives an overview of the physical and human characteristics of the Kagera watershed and subcatchments. A brief history and socio-economic indicators are given to enlighten the outsiders about the development challenges of the riparian countries of Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. Regional frameworks for the development and management of Kagera Basin natural resources are presented: The Kagera Basin Organisation and the Nile Basin Initiative.

Section two analyses the likely social problems around the Rusumo Hydro Electric Project resulting from the land issue and the electricity needs and posing a dilemma for the governments committed to reverse the poverty and developing the economies. Benefits and drawbacks of the dam as perceived by the beneficiaries are thoroughly listed.

Based on the overwhelming supports from the Rusumo people, the governments of Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania together with the international community, a public participation scenario is suggested in the last chapter. It encourages the governments to come together with all interested groups and the affected people of Rusumo and address any matters associated to the dam management process.

The conclusion of this study draws some strategies and methods to ensure full popular participation in the dam management. It provides some ways to involve all stakeholders to address the related issues. As the Rusumo people perceptions of the dam possible effects might not be realistic, the popular participation can offer them a good opportunity to handle socio-economic problems such as the land issue, the economy restructure and the nature conservation. In this case study, the government of Rwanda is therefore responsible for the establishment of platforms for a broad popular consultation.

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Grebmer, Carmen [Verfasser], and Sarah [Akademischer Betreuer] Diefenbach. "The challenge of green marketing communication : consumer response to communication channel in environmental friendliness perceptions and product evaluation / Carmen Grebmer ; Betreuer: Sarah Diefenbach." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/120687824X/34.

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Hasse, John W. "Biophilic Design at Pomona College: An Analysis of the New Sontag and Pomona Residence Halls." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/46.

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The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for New Construction (or LEED-NC) has become one of the most commonly used green building standards during the turn of the 21st century. While many champion LEED-NC, certain architects and academics believe that its low-environmental impact design approach toward green building isolates people from nature and thus cannot achieve sustainable development over the long-term. Pomona College’s green buildings, including its newest LEED Platinum certified Sontag and Pomona Residence Halls, exemplify this fact, as their designs fail to communicate their sustainable goals or inspire sustainable behavior. By examining the LEED-NC standards, the history of environmental conservation, Modern architecture, biophilia, and the Living Building Challenge, this thesis seeks to provide recommendations for how Pomona College can alter its existing green buildings as well as improve its green building policies for future projects so that its built environment better fosters positive human-nature interactions.

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Versano, Sara. "The Challenge of Sanitation in India : An assessment of Clean India Mission in the Gram Panchayat of Badkulla I and II, West Bengal, India." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-171058.

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Sanitation continues to represent one of the most significant problems threatening the world population. In this scenario, India still encounters several difficulties in guaranteeing generalized access to adequate sanitation and, for this reason, in 2014, Clean India Mission was launched. In order to provide an assessment of the campaign, semi-qualitative interviews were carried out with two different target groups – Gram Panchayat representatives and household heads – in the rural area surrounding the Gram Panchayat of Badkulla I and II. The analysis of the data collected reported that the Gram Panchayat representatives had a central and active role in the promotion, realization and monitoring of the guidelines of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan program. However, the SBA implementation did not wholly follow the campaign guidelines, and it did not appear totally in line with what suggested by the community-led approach. Moreover, the different initiatives included in the campaign presented some problematics, such as difficulties in accessing the campaign incentives, low-quality construction of the latrines, uneven spread of the communication activities and low sustainability of the campaign results. At the same time, the community members seemed more aware of the importance of better sanitation standards but generally unsatisfied with the campaign performance. The assessment of the campaign highlighted the significant influence that context and actors involved played in the campaign realization and how the missing focus on critical aspects, such as prioritizing the numbers of toilets over their quality, profoundly affected the campaign results and sustainability over time. A future sanitation campaign should be focusing on addressing the shortcomings of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan by also taking into consideration the potential challenges represented by financial constraints, continuous change in households’ structure, local social norms and climatic conditions.

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Miller, Daniel, and Simon Schaller. "A Leader’s Challenge – Are Environmental Frindliness and Business Compatible? : An investigation of eco-friendly managerial behaviour in Swedish and German small and midsize enterprises." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-19446.

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Due to the global warming, the increase in greenhouse gases and the resulting threat for the environment, not only private households have to rethink their behaviour towards the environment, but also companies and organisations have a responsibility towards their environment. Therefore, we investigated several small and midsize enterprises in order to understand their way of implementing strategies of eco-friendliness and thus contributing to the ‘green revolution’ which is apparently in progress. The managers and company leaders provided us with their personal experiences in implementing environmental certificates and Environmental Management Systems. We learned that the trigger point for the implementation of certificates or management systems is often a stakeholder demand. Therefore, our theoretical framework presents our personal understanding of leadership, an example of the relationship of leadership and eco-friendliness, the conflicts of interest within different roles leaders are often captured in, the presentation of personally chosen environmental certificates and stakeholder theory.

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Nilsson, Viktor, and Ola Serck. "A comparative study of manually and remote-controlled valves in Dar es Salaam : Efficiency of remote-controlled water valves in water supply systems." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-256332.

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Water is an essential resource for basic human survival, but today several cities and people lack access to both reliable and clean water. Dar es Salaam in Tanzania is undergoing a rapid population growth and need to improve their current water delivery system in order to provide water to the city’s inhabitants. This report’s objective is to examine if Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authority (DAWASA) manual water valve operation is improved with the usage of remote-controlled valves instead. The remote-controlled system will consequently be evaluated and compared against the manually controlled valves. In order to obtain necessary data for this study interviews and field trips were conducted at DAWASA as well as at the local market at Kariakoo. Additionally, information has also been gathered from the collaboration partners at College of Information and Communication Technologies (CoICT). The results provided information that a remote-controlled system could, in the measured reference area of 52 km of water pipes, save up to 900 U.S dollar monthly and 46 m3 of water daily for DAWASA. These savings would consequently contribute to an increase in resources which leads to further improvements to the current water distribution system. Because, today’s system is in need of a development in order to sufficiently provide potable water to the city. The remote-controlled system could also help to reduce the spread of waterborne diseases, destruction of roads and create a more reliable source of water since the water valves would be regulated more efficiently. A remote-controlled system would however need a sufficient amount of funding in order to be installed, but is both simpler to install and a more feasible solution compared to other alternatives. For these reasons, the designed system is concluded to be a more effective, sustainable and economical feasible solution for handling and managing the outdated valves.

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Grenna, Marco. "Maternal effects in birds : the role of some environmental stressors on egg quality." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100044/document.

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L'étude porte sur l'allocation de ressources aux œufs d’oiseaux selon les caractéristiques du male partenaire ou de l’environnement. les données étudiées sont : taille de la ponte et caractéristiques des œufs (masse, masse des constituants, concentration de testostérone, lysozyme, ovotransferrin). les caractéristiques du male prises en compte sont s'il est choisi ou non par la femelle et son statut social. en plus, l’effet du bruit et d’un vaccination couple avec un surproduction des œufs sont pris en compte. Deux expériences ont été menées sur le canari domestique (Serinus canaria) en laboratoire, au sein du LECC de Paris Ouest Nanterre. Deux expériences ont eu lieu en milieu semi-naturel au DiSIT de l’Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale (Italie) sur la perdrix grise (Perdix perdix) et rouge (Alectoris rufa).Chez la perdrix grise, nous observons effets positifs de la préférence et du statut social sur la testostérone et sur le taux d’éclosion. cette hormone peut rendre les oisillons nidifuges plus compétitifs vis-à-vis des couvées voisines. Chez le canari, on observe un effet positif de la préférence sur le poids des œufs et sur le lysozyme, important substance antimicrobienne. en plus, on a trouvé un influence négative du bruit sur la sélection sexuelle et sur le numéro des œufs pondues.Chez la perdrix rouge, nous observons variations significatives des components de l’oeuf en relation a la surproduction des œufs (épuisement des ressources). En conclusion, la femelle n'est pas seule à déterminer les caractéristiques des œufs. le male partenaire et l’environnement ont aussi une influence sur leur composition et donc sur le développement des jeunes
The study focuses on the allocation of resources to eggs of birds according to the characteristics of the male partner or the environment. The data studied are: clutch size and egg characteristics (mass, mass constituents, testosterone, lysozyme, ovotransferrin). Male characteristics taken into account are if it is selected or not by the female and his social status. In addition, the effect of noise and a vaccination coupled with an overproduction of eggs are taken into account.Two experiments were conducted on the domestic canary (Serinus canaria) in the LECC laboratory of Paris Ouest Nanterre.Two experiments were carried out in semi-natural condition to DiSIT laboratory of the Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale (Italy) on grey partridge (Perdix perdix) and red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa).In the grey partridge, positives effects of preference and social status are observed on testosterone and hatchability. This hormone can make precocial chicks more competitive with neighboring broods.In canaries, there is a positive effect of preference on egg weight and lysozyme, an important antimicrobial substance. In addition, a negative influence of noise is found on sexual selection and number of eggs laid.In the red-legged partridge, significant changes in the egg components are observed in relation to the overproduction of eggs (depletion).In conclusion, the female is not only to determine the characteristics of eggs. The male partner and the environment also have an influence on their composition and therefore on the development of chicks

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Nguyen, Ngoc Phuoc. "Enviromental factors affecting the pathogenesis of Edwardsiella ictaluri in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/20644.

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Bacillary Necrosis of Pangasius (BNP) caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri is considered to be the most serious disease occurring in farmed striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) in Vietnam. This disease has had an increasing impact over the last ten years and has been reported to cause 50-90% mortality of stocks during a single outbreak. Data obtained from natural outbreaks of E. ictaluri in striped catfish showed the role of environmental factors in the establishment and progression of this disease. At present, factors affecting the virulence and transmission of E. ictaluri in striped catfish are poorly understood. The central hypothesis of this thesis focuses on the complex picture of the environmental factors and infectivity of E. ictaluri in striped catfish. In this study, 80 isolates of E. ictaluri recovered from natural clinical disease outbreaks occurring in striped catfish farms between 2002 and 2011 located in 4 distinct geographical areas within Vietnam were characterised using a variety of methods. The biochemical profiles showed that E. ictaluri isolates from striped catfish in Vietnam have similar phenotypic characteristics to other E. ictaluri isolates from other infected fish species. These data showed high levels of phenotypic homogeneity between the E. ictaluri isolates investigated. The status of isolates recovered from natural infections over time and from geographically distinct farms was evaluated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid profile identification and antibiotic sensitivity tests. The PFGE results showed 6 main groups with a similarity of 82% and the corresponding genotypes of the prevalent isolates illustrated annual differences. Three plasmid groups were identified distributed among the isolates investigated, in which high molecular weight plasmids of approximately 35 and 140 kb were found in two of the groups. Plasmid profiles of the present study did not show any trend of geographical region or year of isolation. The 140 kb plasmid has been considered as a multi-antibiotic resistance plasmid which confers resistance to tetracycline, trimethoprim and sulphonamides. All Vietnamese isolates showed a high level of resistance to Oxolinic acid, Sulfadimethoxine/Ormetoprim (Romet), Oxytetracycline and Amoxicillin. A reproducible bacterial immersion challenge model was developed and the LD60 estimated prior to performing subsequent experimental challenge studies. Fish were exposed to 107 cfu ml-1 of E. ictaluri by immersion for up to 30 seconds, resulting in a cumulative percentage mortality of 63%. Edwardsiella ictaluri was recovered and identified from all the dead and moribund fish during these experiments and affected fish showed similar clinical signs and pathology to those reported from natural E. ictaluri infections. The present study resulted in a successful experimental immersion challenge model for E. ictaluri infection in healthy striped catfish. Cohabitation challenges were also developed and produced 15-40% mortality, typical clinical signs and pathology, and successful recovery of the challenge organism demonstrating horizontal transmission of E. ictaluri in striped catfish. Experimental studies were then conducted to investigate the association between pH or salinity of water and susceptibility to E. ictaluri infection in striped catfish. The first experiments were performed in in vitro conditions in which E. ictaluri isolates were cultured in a variety of pH and salt concentrations. In vivo experiments were then designed where striped catfish were exposed to 107 cfu ml-1 of E. ictaluri for 30 seconds and then held at 4 different water pHs (5.5, 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5) or NaCl concentrations (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%). The results of in vitro experiments showed that a pH value between 5.5 to 6.5 and salt concentration between 0-0.5% were optimal for the growth of E. ictaluri. The in vivo experiments demonstrated that the cumulative mortality of striped catfish in water at pH 5 and pH 6 was significantly higher than that of fish maintained in more alkaline water (p<0.05). By contrast, the cumulative mortality of the striped catfish maintained in 0.5% salt concentration was significantly lower than those kept in 0%, 1% and 1.5% salt concentration (p<0.05). Clinical signs, lesions and histopathological changes in the affected fish were consistent with those reported in natural infections. This study highlighted the use of pH 8.5 and salinity of 0.5% NaCl as a means of decreasing the susceptibility of striped catfish to E. ictaluri. In conclusion, this study used a variety of methods in order to enhance the understanding of the biochemical, biophysical characteristics, plasmid profile and antibiotic resistance as well as the relatedness of E. ictaluri isolates recovered from farmed striped catfish in Vietnam. This study provided two reliable and reproducible bacterial challenge models (immersion and cohabitation) and emphasised the link between pH and salinity with the infectivity and pathogenicity of E. ictaluri in striped catfish.

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48

Baban, Serwan M. J. "Location, people and the environment : explorations of geo-based environmental challenges." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539339.

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49

BISWAS, KALLOL KUMAR. "Changing Climate; Bangladesh Facing the Challenge of Severe Flood Problems; A Comparison of Flood Management between Bangladesh and the Netherlands." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för planering och mediedesign, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-5927.

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Both Bangladesh and the Netherlands are the most flood prone countries in two continents Asia and Europe. Bangladesh is known to be highly vulnerable to floods. Frequent floods have put enormous constraints on its development potential. Unfortunately, the frequency of high intensity floods is increasing every year. So far the country has struggled to put a sizeable infrastructure in place to prevent flooding in many parts of the country with limited success. Where, the Netherlands has developed a massive success in their flood management. The paper will represents the present flood management situation of the two countries Bangladesh and the Netherlands and by making comparison of flood management between these two countries, give some recommendation for further flood management. Historically Bangladesh has developed the flood management laws but lack of implementation and continuous inconsistencies of these laws make Bangladesh backward in their flood management, in compare to the Netherlands. Bangladesh has been practicing the construction of earthen flood control embankments is an established practice for protecting people’s lives and homes, agriculture and infrastructures since the beginning of flood management. Where, the Netherlands has developed spatial construction to control flood and different strategies have been implementing to minimize the flood hazards according to their needs. On the basis of overall present situation in Bangladesh, the paper also tried to suggests some solutions to minimize the extent of flood hazards in the long run.

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Reyer, Christopher [Verfasser], Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Lucht, Dagmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Haase, and G. M. J. (Frits) [Akademischer Betreuer] Mohren. "The cascade of uncertainty in modeling forest ecosystem responses to environmental change and the challenge of sustainable resource management / Christopher Reyer. Gutachter: Wolfgang Lucht ; Dagmar Haase ; G.M.J. (Frits) Mohren." Berlin : Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1035695227/34.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Environmental challenge'

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