Books: 'Environmental Association Analysis'

1

Montana. Department of State Lands. Sapphire Village Permit Holders Association environmental assessment. Helena, Mont: Dept. of State Lands, 1993.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Arctic Science Conference (43rd 1992 Valdez, Alaska). American Association for the Advancement of Science 43rd Arctic Science Conference, program and proceedings: Environmental change--natural and man-made, September 8-12, 1992, Valdez, Alaska. [Alaska]: Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1992.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Smith, Jeff P. Recommendations for improved raptor nest monitoring in association with oil and gas development activities. Salt Lake City, Utah: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 2011.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Consultants, Cobham Resource. An environmental assessment of fish farms: Final report to [the] Countryside Commission for Scotland, Crown Estate Commissioners, Highlands and Islands Development Board, Scottish Salmon Growers' Association. [S.l.]: [Countryside Commission for Scotland], 1987.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Conference, International Association for Impact Assessment European Chapter. Impact forecasting and assessment: Methods, results, experiences : proceedings of the First Conference of the European Chapter of the International Association for Impact Assessment IAIA, Leiden and Delft, The Netherlands, June 16 and 17, 1988. Delft: Delft University Press, 1989.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Weaver, Christopher S. Prospects for meeting low emission vehicle standards: A comparison of natural gas and reformulated gasoline : prepared for the Policy and Analysis Group, American Gas Association. Sacramento, Calif. (3050 Fite Circle, Suite 212, Sacramento 95827): Engine, Fuel, and Emissions Engineering, 1993.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

J, Barham Anthony, Macphail Richard, and University of London. Institute of Archaeology., eds. Archaeological sediments and soils: Analysis, interpretation and management : papers from the Tenth Anniversary Conference of the Association for Environmental Archaeology held at the Institute of Archaeology, UCL, July 1989. London: The Institute, 1995.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Howards, Steven. Developing a company "action plan" for cleaning the air and expanding gas use at the state and local levels: A report to the Planning and Analysis Group of the American Gas Association. Arlington, Va. (1515 Wilson Blvd., Arlington 22209): The Association, 1991.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

European Association of Agricultural Economists. Seminar. Economic transition and the greening of policies: Modeling new challenges for agriculture and agribusiness in Europe : proceedins of the 50th European Seminar of the European Association of Agricultural Economists (EAAE) and the folow-up Conference of the European Short Course in Global Trade Analysis, October 15-17, 1996, Giessen, Germany. Kiel: Vauk, 1998.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Office, General Accounting. Nuclear safety: Safety analysis reviews for DOE's defense facilities can be improved : report to the ranking minority member, Subcommittee on Energy, Nuclear Proliferation, and Government Processes, Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1986.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

1935-, Robbins Lynn Arnold, Hurley Kathleen M, and Huxley College of the Environment., eds. Sudden Valley UGA environmental impact assessment. Bellingham, Wash: Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, 2001.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

McNair, Catherine M. Dynamic deep chlorophyll maxima and their association with environmental gradients: A multivariate analysis. 1995.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Lake Louise recreational enhancement: Environmental impact assessment. Bellingham, Wash: Huxley College of Environmental Studies, 1997.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Bellingham Farmers' Market: Environmental impact assessment. Bellingham, Wash: Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, 1993.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Christian Relief & Development Association (Ethiopia), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources., and CRDA Workshop on Environmental Impact Assessment (1990 : Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), eds. CRDA Workshop on Environmental Impact Assessment: October 15-16, 1990. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: CRDA, 1990.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Haiman, Christopher, and David J. Hunter. Genetic Epidemiology of Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0004.

Full text

Abstract:

This chapter explores the genetic epidemiology of cancer: the identification and quantification of inherited genetic factors, and their potential interaction with the environment, in the etiology of cancer in human populations. It also describes the techniques used to identify genetic variants that contribute to cancer susceptibility. It describes the older research methods for identifying the chromosomal localization of high-risk predisposing genes, such as linkage analysis within pedigrees and allele-sharing methods, as it is important to understand the foundations of the field. It also reviews the epidemiologic study designs that can be helpful in identifying low-risk alleles in candidate gene and genome-wide association studies, as well as gene–environment interactions. Finally, it describes some of the genotyping and sequencing platforms commonly employed for high-throughput genome analysis, and the concept of Mendelian randomization and how it may be useful in the study of biomarkers and environmental causes of cancer.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Dryzek, John S. 4. Leave it to the Experts: Administrative Rationalism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199696000.003.0004.

Full text

Abstract:

This chapter examines administrative rationalism, a discourse of environmental problem solving which captures the dominant governmental response to the onset of environmental crisis. Administrative rationalism emphasizes the role of the expert rather than the citizen or producer/consumer in social problem solving, and which stresses social relationships of hierarchy rather than equality or competition. The chapter first considers the manifestations of administrative rationalism in various institutions and practices, including environmental impact assessment, planning, and rationalistic policy analysis techniques, before discussing the discourse analysis of administrative rationalism. It then explains the justification of administrative rationalism and problems of administrative rationalism, caused in part by its association with bureaucracy. It also explores the implications of the transition from government to governance for administrative rationalism.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Self-regulation of environmental management: An analysis of guidelines set by world industry associations for their member firms. New York: United Nations, 1996.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

United Nations Conference On Trade and D. Self-Regulation of Environmental Management: An Analysis of Guidelines Set by World Industry Associations for Their Member Firms (Geneva Timber and Forest Study Papers,). United Nations, 1996.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Kameri-Mbote, Patricia, Alexander Paterson, Oliver C. Ruppel, Bibobra Bello Orubebe, and Emmanuel D. Kam Yogo, eds. Law | Environment | Africa. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845294605.

Full text

Abstract:

Law | Environment | Africa compiles the proceedings of the 5th Symposium and the 4th Scientific Conference of the Association of Environmental Law Lecturers from African Universities (ASSELLAU) in cooperation with the Climate Policy and Energy Security Programme for Sub-Saharan Africa run by the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The book’s aim is to explore, review and analyse recent developments at the point where the law and the environment in Africa overlap. The collection comprises 32 chapters by legal experts from central, eastern, southern and western Africa. It is divided thematically into four parts: 1.) Climate change and energy 2.) Natural resource governance 3.) Water governance, management and use 4.) The role of the law in regulating social and environmental impacts associated with human activity These subjects are discussed in the context of national, regional and international law frameworks, which are central to Africa’s quest to attain its desired and sustainable development trajectory within the confines of the continent’s valuable yet fragile ecological infrastructure. With contributions by Dr. Oluwatoyin Adejonwo-Osho, Dr. Lanre Aladeitan, Dr. Jean-Claude Ashukem, Dr. Godard Busingye, Prof. Dr. Mark B. Funteh, Dr. Elizabeth Gachenga, Prof. Dr. Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Prof. Dr. Emmanuel D. Kam Yogo, Prof. Dr. Emmanuel Kasimbazi, Prof. Dr. Michael Kidd, Gift Dorothy Makanje, Amanda Mkhonza, Prof. Dr. Ayoade Morakinyo Adedayo, Dr. Kariuki Muigua, Dr. Phiona Muhwezi Mpanga, Andrew Muma, Dr. Joseph Magloire Ngang, Dr. Marie Ngo Nonga, Chidinma Therese Odaghara, Edna Odhiambo, Dr. Collins Odote, Dr. Irekpitan Okukpon, Dr. Erimma Gloria Orie, Prof. Dr. Bibobra Bello Orubebe, Daniel Armel Owona Mbarga, Prof. Dr. Alexander Ross Paterson, Olivia Rumble, Prof. Dr. Oliver C. Ruppel, Dr. Esther Effundem Njieassam, Dr. Pamela Towela Sambo, Prof. Dr. Christopher Funwie Tamasang, Prof. Mekete Bekele Tekle, Robert Alex Wabunoha, Nerima Akinyi Were, Hadijah Yahyah.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Holdaway, Simon, and Patricia Fanning. Geoarchaeology of Aboriginal Landscapes in Semi-arid Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643108950.

Full text

Abstract:

This book provides readers with a unique understanding of the ways in which Aboriginal people interacted with their environment in the past at one particular location in western New South Wales. It also provides a statement showing how geoarchaeology should be conducted in a wide range of locations throughout Australia. One of the key difficulties faced by all those interested in the interaction between humans and their environment in the past is the complex array of processes acting over different spatial and temporal scales. The authors take account of this complexity by integrating three key areas of study – geomorphology, geochronology and archaeology – applied at a landscape scale, with the intention of understanding the record of how Australian Aboriginal people interacted with the environment through time and across space. This analysis is based on the results of archaeological research conducted at the University of New South Wales Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station between 1999 and 2002 as part of the Western New South Wales Archaeology Program. The interdisciplinary geoarchaeological program was targeted at expanding the potential offered by archaeological deposits in western New South Wales, Australia. The book contains six chapters: the first two introduce the study area, then three data analysis chapters deal in turn with the geomorphology, geochronology and archaeology of Fowlers Gap Station. A final chapter considers the results in relation to the history of Aboriginal occupation of Fowlers Gap Station, as well as the insights they provide into Aboriginal ways of life more generally. Analyses are well illustrated through the tabulation of results and the use of figures created through Geographic Information System software. Winner of the 2015 Australian Archaeology Association John Mulvaney Book Award

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Schroeder, Wolfgang, and Michaela Schulze, eds. Wohlfahrtsstaat und Interessenorganisationen im Wandel. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845281223.

Full text

Abstract:

Interest groups within the context of changing welfare states have gained widespread attention within the social sciences. Welfare states and interest groups are being faced with new challenges (e.g. in the context of several changes, such as new social risks). Schwache Interessen (weak interests) (such as poorly qualified ones) are also gaining more attention. This book discusses several different fields of interest representation in the welfare state. It analyses in what way constellations of interest representation have changed in modified welfare state environments. Several different organisations are analysed, including labour unions, the employers’ association and political parties. Moreover, the book also takes umbrella organisations of municipalities, social courts and educational policymakers into account. Until now, they have gained little attention from scholars. With contributions by: Lena Brüsewitz, Imke Friedrich, Sascha Kristin Futh, Tanja Klenk, Ulrike A.C. Müller, Frank Nullmeier, Sabine Ruß-Sattar, Friedbert Rüb, Wolfgang Schroeder, Benedikt Schreiter, Michaela Schulze, Florian Steinmüller, Christoph Strünck, Felix Welti

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Resolution Trust Corporation: Data limitations impaired analysis of sales methods : report to the Honorable Bruce F. Vento, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Drevon, Jerome. Institutionalizing Violence. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197643693.001.0001.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Institutionalizing Violence offers a detailed focus on the two most influential Egyptian jihadi groups—al-Jama‘a al-Islamiyya and Islamic Jihad. From the killing of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in 1981 to their partial association with al-Qaeda in the 1990s, the two groups illustrate the range of choices that jihadis make overtime including creating political parties. Jerome Drevon argues that these groups’ comparative trajectories show that jihadis embracing the same ideology can make very different strategic decisions in similar environments. Drevon’s analysis of these groups’ histories over the past four decades illustrates the evolution of jihadism in Egypt and beyond. Institutionalizing Violence develops an institutional approach to radicalization to compare the two Egyptian groups’ trajectories based on ethnographic field research and hundreds of interviews with jihadi leaders and militants in Egypt. Drevon provides a unique perspective on how jihadi groups make and implement new strategic decisions in changing environments, as well as the evolution of their approaches to violence and non-violence.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Samuels, Jack, Marco A. Grados, Elizabeth Planalp, and O. Joseph Bienvenu. Genetic Understanding of OCD and Spectrum Disorders. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0025.

Full text

Abstract:

This chapter reviews the evidence for the genetic etiology of OCD and spectrum conditions. A genetic basis is supported by the familial aggregation of OCD; evidence for involvement of genes of major effect in segregation analyses; and higher concordance for OCD in identical than non-identical twins. Recent studies also support linkage of OCD to specific chromosomal regions and association of OCD with specific genetic polymorphisms. However, specific genes causing OCD have not yet been firmly established. The search for genes is complicated by the clinical and etiologic heterogeneity of OCD, as well as the possibility of gene–gene and gene–environmental interactions. Despite this complexity, developments in molecular and statistical genetics, and further refinement of the phenotype hold promise for further deepening our genetic understanding of OCD and spectrum disorders in the coming decade.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Profiles of and associations among learning styles and teaching characteristics of environmental interpretive technicians and learning styles of campers in Pennsylvania state parks. 1986.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Profiles of and associations among learning styles and teaching characteristics of environmental interpretive technicians and learning styles of campers in Pennsylvania state parks. 1988.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Profiles of and associations among learning styles and teaching characteristics of environmental interpretive technicians and learning styles of campers in Pennsylvania state parks. 1988.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Profiles of and associations among learning styles and teaching characteristics of environmental interpretive technicians and learning styles of campers in Pennsylvania state parks. 1988.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Forrestal, Alison. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785767.003.0014.

Full text

Abstract:

This book undertakes a close analysis of de Paul’s wide-ranging activities during the principal decades of Catholic reform in France, offering unprecedented insights into the ways in which de Paul engaged with it, and influenced its direction. The conclusion confirms that de Paul stands out amongst a host of distinguished peers in the dévot environment, because he succeeded in articulating and applying traditional teachings and existing practices in new, enterprising, and systematic ways. It also concludes that he exploited the potential for association and collaboration that lay amongst a cross-section of his contemporaries to realize his goals to carve out a particularly distinctive and popular manifestation of religious activism. The Lazarist Congregation was endowed with multifaceted features of pastoral care, and stood at the heart of an enterprise geared towards the reform of contemporary religious practices.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Hazarika, Manjil. Northeast India as an Indigenous Centre for the Domestication of Plants and Animals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474660.003.0006.

Full text

Abstract:

Northeast India is situated at the nexus of the South Asian, Southeast Asian, and East Asian biogeographical realms and harbours diverse biota, providing a unique opportunity to archaeologists and anthropologists for the study of the relationship between humans and their environment over the ages. Moreover, this region, the abode of diverse ethnic groups with diverse cultures and customs, hints at a long history of continuous and close association between humans and nature, which is important in the understanding of plant and animal domestication. Genetic analysis of present-day domesticates with their wild counterparts provides valuable insights into their differentiation, time of domestication, and changes in their morphological traits through control by humans. The chapter also elucidates the role played by rice in Northeast Indian culture and highlights the long-term history of rice agriculture in the region.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Richiardi, Lorenzo, Giovenale Moirano, and Pagona Lagiou. Testicular Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0021.

Full text

Abstract:

Testicular cancer is highly curable and, though relatively rare, it is the most common cancer among young men. Incidence of testicular cancer has been increasing constantly around the world since the beginning of the twentieth century, but factors responsible for the rise in incidence remain enigmatic. Only few risk factors for testicular cancer are established, including age, ethnic group, cryptorchidism and hypospadias, contralateral testicular cancer, family history, and height. While analytic epidemiologic research has provided numerous etiologic clues, many of them remain tentative. Overwhelming evidence indicates the fundamental importance of environmental factors in the etiology of this enigmatic cancer. Prenatal exposures seem to be instrumental in shaping the risk of testicular cancer, but postnatal exposures acting in childhood, adolescence, and very early adulthood are also important. Testicular cancer has also a strong genetic component that is studied through international collaborations and genome-wide association studies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Gribben, Crawford, and Graeme Murdock, eds. Cultures of Calvinism in Early Modern Europe. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190456283.001.0001.

Full text

Abstract:

Calvinism has been associated with distinctive literary cultures, with republican, liberal, and participatory political cultures, with cultures of violence and vandalism, with enlightened cultures, with cultures of social discipline, with secular cultures, and with the emergence of capitalism. Despite these many associations, this volume recognizes that Reformed Protestantism did not develop as a uniform tradition with straightforward social, cultural, or political implications. This book assesses the complex character and impact of Calvinism in early modern Europe. It analyzes the ways in which Calvinism related to the multi-confessional cultural environment that prevailed in Europe after the Reformation, while also considering the objectives, as well as the unintended and unexpected consequences, of the cultures of Calvinism in early modern Europe.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Lewis, Myles, and Tim Vyse. Genetics of connective tissue diseases. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0042.

Full text

Abstract:

The advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has been an exciting breakthrough in our understanding of the genetic aetiology of autoimmune diseases. Substantial overlap has been found in susceptibility genes across multiple diseases, from connective tissue diseases and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, and psoriasis. Major technological advances now permit genotyping of millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Group analysis of SNPs by haplotypes, aided by completion of the Hapmap project, has improved our ability to pinpoint causal genetic variants. International collaboration to pool large-scale cohorts of patients has enabled GWAS in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis and Behçet's disease, with studies in progress for ANCA-associated vasculitis. These 'hypothesis-free' studies have revealed many novel disease-associated genes. In both SLE and systemic sclerosis, identified genes map to known pathways including antigen presentation (MHC, TNFSF4), autoreactivity of B and T lymphocytes (BLK, BANK1), type I interferon production (STAT4, IRF5) and the NFκ‎B pathway (TNIP1). In SLE alone, additional genes appear to be involved in dysregulated apoptotic cell clearance (ITGAM, TREX1, C1q, C4) and recognition of immune complexes (FCGR2A, FCGR3B). Future developments include whole-genome sequencing to identify rare variants, and efforts to understand functional consequences of susceptibility genes. Putative environmental triggers for connective tissue diseases include infectious agents, especially Epstein-Barr virus; cigarette smoking; occupational exposure to toxins including silica; and low vitamin D, due to its immunomodulatory effects. Despite numerous studies looking at toxin exposure and connective tissue diseases, conclusive evidence is lacking, due to either rarity of exposure or rarity of disease.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Ren, Xuefei. Governing the Urban in China and India. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691203393.001.0001.

Full text

Abstract:

Urbanization is rapidly overtaking China and India, the two most populous countries in the world. One-sixth of humanity now lives in either a Chinese or Indian city. This transformation has unleashed enormous pressures on land use, housing, and the environment. Despite the stakes, the workings of urban governance in China and India remain obscure and poorly understood. This book explores how China and India govern their cities and how their different styles of governance produce inequality and exclusion. Drawing upon historical comparative analyses and extensive fieldwork (in Beijing, Guangzhou, Wukan, Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata), the book investigates the ways that Chinese and Indian cities manage land acquisition, slum clearance, and air pollution. It discovers that the two countries address these issues through radically different approaches. In China, urban governance centers on territorial institutions, such as hukou and the cadre evaluation system. In India, urban governance centers on associational politics, encompassing contingent alliances formed among state actors, the private sector, and civil society groups. The book traces the origins of territorial and associational forms of governance to late imperial China and precolonial India. It then shows how these forms have evolved to shape urban growth and residents' struggles today. As the number of urban residents in China and India reaches beyond a billion, this book makes clear that the development of cities in these two nations will have profound consequences well beyond their borders.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Broad, Matthew. Harold Wilson, Denmark and the Making of Labour European Policy, 1958-72. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940483.001.0001.

Full text

Abstract:

In 1958, Britain and Denmark both advocated closer European cooperation through the looser framework of the Free Trade Area (FTA) rather than membership of the nascent European Economic Community (EEC). By 1972, however, the situation had changed drastically. The FTA was a long-forgotten concept. Its replacement, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), was deemed economically and politically inept. Now, at the third time of asking, both countries were on the verge of joining the EEC as full members. This book offers a compelling comparative analysis of how the European policies of the British Labour Party and the Danish Social Democrats (SD) evolved amid this environment. Based on material from twelve archives in four countries, it updates our knowledge of how the parties reacted to key moments in the integration process, including the formative stages of the EEC in 1958–60 and the negotiations for British and Danish EEC membership in 1961–63, 1967 and 1970–72. More innovatively, this book argues that, amid an array of national and international constraints, the reciprocal influence exerted by Labour and the SD on each other via informal party contacts was itself a crucial determinant in their European policymaking. In so doing, this work sheds light on the sources of Labour European thinking, the role of small states like Denmark in the European integration process, and the place of Anglo-Scandinavian relations in the broader story of contemporary British foreign policy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Miano, Daniele. Fortuna. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786566.001.0001.

Full text

Abstract:

This book focuses on the Latin goddess Fortuna, one of the better known deities in ancient Italy. The earliest forms of her worship can be traced back to archaic Latium, and she was still a widely recognized allegorical figure during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The main reason for her longevity is that she was a conceptual deity, and had strong associations with chance and good fortune. When they were interacting with the goddess, communities, individuals, and gender and age groups were inevitably also interacting with the concept. These relations were not neutral: they allowed people to renegotiate the concept, enriching it with new meanings and challenging established ones. The geographical and chronological scope of this book is Italy from the archaic age to the late Republic. In this period Italy was a fragmented, multicultural and multilinguistic environment, characterized by a wide circulation of people, customs, and ideas, in which Rome played an increasingly dominant role. All available sources on Fortuna have been used: literary, epigraphic, and archaeological. The study of the goddess based on conceptual analysis will serve to construct a radically new picture of the historical development of this deity in the context of the cultural interactions taking place in ancient Italy. The book also aims at experimenting with a new approach to polytheism, based on the connection between gods and goddesses and concepts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Frew, Anthony. Air pollution. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0341.

Full text

Abstract:

Any public debate about air pollution starts with the premise that air pollution cannot be good for you, so we should have less of it. However, it is much more difficult to determine how much is dangerous, and even more difficult to decide how much we are willing to pay for improvements in measured air pollution. Recent UK estimates suggest that fine particulate pollution causes about 6500 deaths per year, although it is not clear how many years of life are lost as a result. Some deaths may just be brought forward by a few days or weeks, while others may be truly premature. Globally, household pollution from cooking fuels may cause up to two million premature deaths per year in the developing world. The hazards of black smoke air pollution have been known since antiquity. The first descriptions of deaths caused by air pollution are those recorded after the eruption of Vesuvius in ad 79. In modern times, the infamous smogs of the early twentieth century in Belgium and London were clearly shown to trigger deaths in people with chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In mechanistic terms, black smoke and sulphur dioxide generated from industrial processes and domestic coal burning cause airway inflammation, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and consequent heart failure. Epidemiological analysis has confirmed that the deaths included both those who were likely to have died soon anyway and those who might well have survived for months or years if the pollution event had not occurred. Clean air legislation has dramatically reduced the levels of these traditional pollutants in the West, although these pollutants are still important in China, and smoke from solid cooking fuel continues to take a heavy toll amongst women in less developed parts of the world. New forms of air pollution have emerged, principally due to the increase in motor vehicle traffic since the 1950s. The combination of fine particulates and ground-level ozone causes ‘summer smogs’ which intensify over cities during summer periods of high barometric pressure. In Los Angeles and Mexico City, ozone concentrations commonly reach levels which are associated with adverse respiratory effects in normal and asthmatic subjects. Ozone directly affects the airways, causing reduced inspiratory capacity. This effect is more marked in patients with asthma and is clinically important, since epidemiological studies have found linear associations between ozone concentrations and admission rates for asthma and related respiratory diseases. Ozone induces an acute neutrophilic inflammatory response in both human and animal airways, together with release of chemokines (e.g. interleukin 8 and growth-related oncogene-alpha). Nitrogen oxides have less direct effect on human airways, but they increase the response to allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma. Nitrogen oxide exposure also increases the risk of becoming ill after exposure to influenza. Alveolar macrophages are less able to inactivate influenza viruses and this leads to an increased probability of infection after experimental exposure to influenza. In the last two decades, major concerns have been raised about the effects of fine particulates. An association between fine particulate levels and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity was first reported in 1993 and has since been confirmed in several other countries. Globally, about 90% of airborne particles are formed naturally, from sea spray, dust storms, volcanoes, and burning grass and forests. Human activity accounts for about 10% of aerosols (in terms of mass). This comes from transport, power stations, and various industrial processes. Diesel exhaust is the principal source of fine particulate pollution in Europe, while sea spray is the principal source in California, and agricultural activity is a major contributor in inland areas of the US. Dust storms are important sources in the Sahara, the Middle East, and parts of China. The mechanism of adverse health effects remains unclear but, unlike the case for ozone and nitrogen oxides, there is no safe threshold for the health effects of particulates. Since the 1990s, tax measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have led to a rapid rise in the proportion of new cars with diesel engines. In the UK, this rose from 4% in 1990 to one-third of new cars in 2004 while, in France, over half of new vehicles have diesel engines. Diesel exhaust particles may increase the risk of sensitization to airborne allergens and cause airways inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive epidemiological work has confirmed that there is an association between increased exposure to environmental fine particulates and death from cardiovascular causes. Various mechanisms have been proposed: cardiac rhythm disturbance seems the most likely at present. It has also been proposed that high numbers of ultrafine particles may cause alveolar inflammation which then exacerbates preexisting cardiac and pulmonary disease. In support of this hypothesis, the metal content of ultrafine particles induces oxidative stress when alveolar macrophages are exposed to particles in vitro. While this is a plausible mechanism, in epidemiological studies it is difficult to separate the effects of ultrafine particles from those of other traffic-related pollutants.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Karmali, Mohamed A., and Jan M. Sargeant. Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) infections. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0008.

Full text

Abstract:

Verocytotoxin (VT)-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC), also known as Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC), are zoonotic agents, which cause a potentially fatal illness whose clinical spectrum includes diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis, and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). VTEC are of serious public health concern because of their association with large outbreaks and with HUS, which is the leading cause of acute renal failure in children. Although over 200 different OH serotypes of VTEC have been associated with human illness, the vast majority of reported outbreaks and sporadic cases of VTEC-infection in humans have been associated with serotype O157:H7.VTs constitute a family of related protein subunit exotoxins, the major ones implicated in human disease being VT1, VT2, and VT2c. Following their translocation into the circulation, VTs bind to endothelial cells of the renal glomeruli, and of other organs and tissues via a specific receptor globotriosylceramide (Gb 3), are internalized by a process of receptor-mediated endocytosis, and cause subcellular damage that results in the characteristic microangiopathic disease observed in HUS.The incubation period of VTEC-associated illness is about 3–5 days. After ingestion VTEC (especially of serotype O157:H7) multiply in the bowel and colonize the mucosa of probably the large bowel with a characteristic attaching and effacing (AE) cytopathology. Colonization is followed by the translocation of VTs into the circulation and the subsequent manifestation of disease.The majority of patients with uncomplicated VTEC infection recover fully with general supportive measures. Historically, the case-fatality rate was high for HUS. However, improvement in the treatment of renal failure and the attendant biochemical disturbances has substantially improved the outlook, although long-term sequelae may develop.Ruminants, especially cattle, are the main reservoirs of VTEC. Infection is acquired through the ingestion of contaminated food, especially under-cooked hamburger, through direct contact with animals, via contaminated water or environments, or via personto-person transmission.The occurrence of large outbreaks of food-borne VTEC-associated illness has promoted close scrutiny of this zoonoses at all levels in the chain of transmission, including the farm, abattoir, food processing, packaging and distribution plants, the wholesaler, the retailer and the consumer. While eradication of VTEC O157 at the farm may not be an option, interventions to increase animal resistance or to decrease animal exposure are being developed and validated. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Programmes are being implemented in the processing sector and appear to be associated with temporal decreases in VTEC serotype O157 illness in humans. Education programmes targeting food handling procedures and hygiene practices are being advocated at the retail and consumer level. Continued efforts at all stages from the farm to the consumer will be necessary to reduce the risk of VTEC-associated illness in humans.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Books on the topic 'Environmental Association Analysis'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles