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Journal articles on the topic 'Environmental and social health inequalities'

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Published: 1 June 2024

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1

Schulz, Amy, and Mary E. Northridge. "Social Determinants of Health: Implications for Environmental Health Promotion." Health Education & Behavior 31, no. 4 (August 2004): 455–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198104265598.

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In this article, the authors draw on the disciplines of sociology and environmental and social epidemiology to further understanding of mechanisms through which social factors contribute to disparate environmental exposures and health inequalities. They propose a conceptual framework for environmental health promotion that considers dynamic social processes through which social and environmental inequalities—and associated health disparities—are produced, reproduced, and potentially transformed. Using empirical evidence from the published literature, as well as their own practical experiences in conducting community-based participatory research in Detroit and Harlem, the authors examine health promotion interventions at various levels (community-wide, regional, and national) that aim to improve population health by addressing various aspects of social processes and/or physical environments. Finally, they recommend moving beyond environmental remediation strategies toward environmental health promotion efforts that are sustainable and explicitly designed to reduce social, environmental, and health inequalities.

2

Gomez, Carlos M., and Sônia Maria T. M. de Carvalho. "Social inequalities, labor, and health." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 9, no. 4 (December 1993): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1993000400010.

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This article presents a brief analysis of the social inequalities expressed in the relationship between health and labor. It focuses on the Brazilian context. It begins by approaching the conceptions present in the lines of investigation and intervention in this field of health. It considers an entire range of thinking, from the eminently biological and individual level to an understanding of the relationship between labor and health as a reflection of essentially social processes. The confrontation between conceptual advances, proposals for intervention, and the reality of health for Brazilian workers is the parameter for analyzing the activity of state institutions, companies, and workers' organizations. Based on the current situation outlined in this study, perspectives are identified for urgent and indispensable changes.

3

Ule, Mirjana, and Tanja Kamin. "Social determinants of health inequalities." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 51, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10152-012-0001-4.

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4

Petersen, Poul Erik. "Social inequalities in dental health." Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 18, no. 3 (June 1990): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1990.tb00042.x.

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5

Moore, Spencer, Steven Stewart, and Ana Teixeira. "Decomposing social capital inequalities in health." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 68, no. 3 (November 20, 2013): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-202996.

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6

Arntzen, Annett, Tormod Bøe, Espen Dahl, Nina Drange, Terje A. Eikemo, Jon Ivar Elstad, Elisabeth Fosse, et al. "29 recommendations to combat social inequalities in health. The Norwegian Council on Social Inequalities in Health." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 47, no. 6 (August 2019): 598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494819851364.

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All political parties in Norway agree that social inequalities in health comprise a public health problem and should be reduced. Against this background, the Council on Social Inequalities in Health has taken action to provide specific advice to reduce social health differences. Our recommendations focus on the entire social gradient rather than just poverty and the socially disadvantaged. By proposing action on the social determinants of health such as affordable child-care, education, living environments and income structures, we aim to facilitate a possible re-orientation of policy away from redistribution to universalism. The striking challenges of the causes of health differences are complex, and the 29 recommendations to combat social inequality of health demand cross sectorial actions. The recommendations are listed thematically and have not been prioritized. Some are fundamental and require pronounced changes across sectors, whereas others are minor and sector-specific.

7

McCarthy, Mark. "Urban development and health inequalities." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 30, no. 59_suppl (September 2002): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14034948020300031001.

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Urban development has historically been seen as both a cause and solution for social inequalities in health. However, environmental and individual gradients within urban areas occur everywhere, and are resistant to change. Environments are infl uenced by the degree and type of industrialization, quality of housing, accessibility to green space and - of increasing concern - transport. Individual behaviour, however, also contributes to social differences, both through migration and by the effects on individuals of cultural experiences through the life-course. Reduction on inequalities may be possible through larger social action, for example urban regeneration. There remains an important role for public health in addressing determinants of health at the population level.

8

Badin, Anne-Laure, Lucie Anzivino, Magali Venzac, and Xavier Olny. "Characterizing territorial environmental, social, and health inequalities in Lyon metropolis." Environnement Risques Santé 19, no. 4 (August 2020): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/ers.2020.1457.

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Barros, Marilisa Berti de Azevedo, Priscila Maria Stolses Bergamo Francisco, Margareth Guimarães Lima, and Chester Luiz Galvão César. "Social inequalities in health among the elderly." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 27, suppl 2 (2011): s198—s208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2011001400008.

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The aim of the present study was to assess social inequalities in health status, health behavior and the use of health services based on education level. A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out involving 1,518 elderly residents of Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. Significant demographic and social differences were found between schooling strata. Elderly individuals with a higher degree of schooling are in greater proportion alcohol drinkers, physically active, have healthier diets and a lower prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dizziness, headaches, back pain, visual impairment and denture use, and better self-rated health. But, there were no differences in the use of health services in the previous two weeks, in hospitalizations or surgeries in the previous year, nor in medicine intake over the previous three days. Among elderly people with hypertension and diabetes, there were no differences in the regular use of health services and medication. The results demonstrate social inequalities in different health indicators, along with equity in access to some health service components.

10

Moncada, S. "Working conditions and social inequalities in health." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 53, no. 7 (July 1, 1999): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.53.7.390.

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11

Martin, Chantel L., Lea Ghastine, Evans K. Lodge, Radhika Dhingra, and Cavin K. Ward-Caviness. "Understanding Health Inequalities Through the Lens of Social Epigenetics." Annual Review of Public Health 43, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-105613.

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Longstanding racial/ethnic inequalities in morbidity and mortality persist in the United States. Although the determinants of health inequalities are complex, social and structural factors produced by inequitable and racialized systems are recognized as contributing sources. Social epigenetics is an emerging area of research that aims to uncover biological pathways through which social experiences affect health outcomes. A growing body of literature links adverse social exposures to epigenetic mechanisms, namely DNA methylation, offering a plausible pathway through which health inequalities may arise. This review provides an overview of social epigenetics and highlights existing literature linking social exposures—i.e., psychosocial stressors, racism, discrimination, socioeconomic position, and neighborhood social environment—to DNA methylation in humans. We conclude with a discussion of social epigenetics as a mechanistic link to health inequalities and provide suggestions for future social epigenetics research on health inequalities.

12

Lima, Maria Luisa, and Rita Morais. "Lay perceptions of health and environmental inequalities and their associations to mental health." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 31, no. 11 (November 2015): 2342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00105714.

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Abstract Health inequalities are very well documented in epidemiological research: rich people live longer and have fewer diseases than poor people. Recently, a growing amount of evidence from environmental sciences confirms that poor people are also more exposed to pollution and other environmental threats. However, research in the social sciences has shown a broad lack of awareness about health inequalities. In this paper, based on data collected in Portugal, we will analyze the consciousness of both health and environmental injustices and test one hypothesis for this social blindness. The results show, even more clearly than before, that public opinion tends to see rich and poor people as being equally susceptible to health and environmental events. Furthermore, those who have this equal view of the world present lower levels of depression and anxiety. Following cognitive adaptation theory, this “belief in an equal world” can be interpreted as a protective positive illusion about social justice, particularly relevant in one of the most unequal countries in Europe.

13

Guarnizo-Herreño, Carol C., Richard G. Watt, Nathaly Garzón-Orjuela, Elizabeth Suárez-Zúñiga, and Georgios Tsakos. "Health insurance and education: major contributors to oral health inequalities in Colombia." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 8 (May 16, 2019): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-212049.

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BackgroundHealth inequalities, including inequalities in oral health, are problems of social injustice worldwide. Evidence on this issue from low-income and middle-income countries is still needed. We aimed to examine the relationship between oral health and different dimensions of socioeconomic position (SEP) in Colombia, a very unequal society emerging from a long-lasting internal armed conflict.MethodsUsing data from the last Colombian Oral Health Survey (2014), we analysed inequalities in severe untreated caries (≥3 teeth), edentulousness (total tooth loss) and number of missing teeth. Inequalities by education, income, area-level SEP and health insurance scheme were estimated by the relative index of inequality and slope index of inequality (RII and SII, respectively).ResultsA general pattern of social gradients was observed and significant inequalities for all outcomes and SEP indicators were identified with RII and SII. Relative inequalities were larger for decay by health insurance scheme, with worse decay levels among the uninsured (RII: 2.57; 95% CI 2.11 to 3.13), and in edentulousness (RII: 3.23; 95% CI 1.88 to 5.55) and number of missing teeth (RII: 2.08; 95% CI 1.86 to 2.33) by education, with worse levels of these outcomes among the lower educated groups. Absolute inequalities followed the same pattern. Inequalities were larger in urban areas.ConclusionHealth insurance and education appear to be the main contributors to oral health inequalities in Colombia, posing challenges for designing public health strategies and social policies. Tackling health inequalities is crucial for a fairer society in a Colombian post-conflict era and our findings highlight the importance of investing in education policies and universal health care coverage.

14

Heritage, Z. "Inequalities, social ties and health in France." Public Health 123, no. 1 (January 2009): e29-e34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2008.10.028.

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15

Veenstra, Gerry, and Thomas Abel. "Capital interplays and social inequalities in health." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 47, no. 6 (January 23, 2019): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494818824436.

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We explore the ramifications of applying Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of capitals to epidemiological research on socioeconomic health inequalities. Capitals are resources used by individuals and groups to maintain and enhance their positions in the social order. The notion of capital interplay refers to the interconnectedness of multiple forms of capital in the production of good health. We provide definitions of economic, cultural and social capitals and describe a variety of causally distal processes—namely, capital acquisition, multiplier and transmission interplays—from which new hypotheses can be developed to guide future study of socioeconomic health inequalities in modern societies.

16

Weiss, Daniel, and Terje Andreas Eikemo. "Technological innovations and the rise of social inequalities in health." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 45, no. 7 (November 2017): 714–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817711371.

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Social inequalities in health have been categorised as a human-rights issue that requires action. Unfortunately, these inequalities are on the rise in many countries, including welfare states. Various theories have been offered to explain the persistence (and rise) of these inequalities over time, including the social determinants of health and fundamental cause theory. Interestingly, the rise of modern social inequalities in health has come at a time of great technological innovation. This article addresses whether these technological innovations are significantly influencing the persistence of modern social inequalities in health. A theoretical argument is offered for this potential connection and is discussed alongside the typical social determinants of health perspective and the increasingly popular fundamental cause perspective. This is followed by a proposed research agenda for further investigation of the potential role that technological innovations may play in influencing social inequalities in health.

17

Kumari, Suneeta. "Gut Microbiome and Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)." International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews 4, no. 2 (November 6, 2020): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/060.

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With technological advancements in the medical field, new discoveries have been unfolded about the human microbiota. A tremendous amount of work has been studied within the last two decades. Some of the human microbiota sites include nonsterile areas such as mouth, skin, gut, nose, and vagina. Additionally, there are bacterial cells in areas that were considered sterile such as lungs and placenta before delivery. Out of all the sites, the gut houses the most with an amount of 100 trillion bacteria (Guinane, 2013). Environmental implications have been known to impact these new areas of medicine. There has been a growing interest by the social epidemiologists on how health inequalities impact the role of human gut microbiota.

18

Koskinen, Seppo, and Pekka Puska. "From social determinants to reducing health inequalities." International Journal of Public Health 54, no. 2 (March 20, 2009): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00038-009-7069-x.

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19

Schüle, Steffen Andreas, Lisa Karla Hilz, Stefanie Dreger, and Gabriele Bolte. "Social Inequalities in Environmental Resources of Green and Blue Spaces: A Review of Evidence in the WHO European Region." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 4, 2019): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071216.

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Residential green and blue spaces and their potential health benefits have received increasing attention in the context of environmental health inequalities, because an unequal social distribution of these resources may contribute to inequalities in health outcomes. This systematic review synthesised evidence of environmental inequalities, focusing on availability and accessibility measures of green and blue spaces. Studies in the World Health Organisation (WHO) European Region published between 2010 and 2017 were considered for the review. In total, 14 studies were identified, where most of them (n = 12) analysed inequalities of green spaces. The majority had an ecological study design that mostly applied deprivation indices on the small area level, whereas cross-sectional studies on the individual level mostly applied single social measures. Ecological studies consistently showed that deprived areas had lower green space availability than more affluent areas, whereas mixed associations were found for single social dimensions in cross-sectional studies on the individual level. In order to gain more insights into how various social dimensions are linked to the distribution of environmental resources within the WHO European Region, more studies are needed that apply comparable methods and study designs for analysing social inequalities in environmental resources.

20

Grabauskas, Vilius, and Ramune Kalediene. "Tackling social inequality through the development of health policy in Lithuania." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 30, no. 59_suppl (September 2002): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14034948020300030301.

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Aims: The major aim of this study was to assess existing inequalities in health of Lithuanian population and to present the process of health policy development as a major tool for reducing inequalities. The objectives were: to present life expectancy and mortality trend analysis in comparison with other European countries; to demonstrate risk profi le of Lithuanian population to major noncommunicable diseases related to social inequalities and inequities in health; and to present the process of National health policy development as potential for effective reduction of inequalities in health of Lithuanian population. Methods: Information about demographic, general health situation and inequalities in health was obtained from Lithuanian Department of Statistics, National Health Information Centre and research studies performed at Kaunas University of Medicine. Results: Considerable demographic, social and territorial inequalities in health were disclosed in Lithuania. Large proportion of them might be related to social inequalities in the society. Substantial improvements in health status of Lithuanian population could be expected if due attention was paid to social determinants of health. Conclusion: Implementation of balanced national health policy involving all sectors of the society is the solution.

21

Shareck, Martine, Eliana Aubé, and Stephanie Sersli. "Neighborhood Physical and Social Environments and Social Inequalities in Health in Older Adolescents and Young Adults: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 8 (April 11, 2023): 5474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085474.

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Poor health and well-being are prevalent among young people. Neighborhoods may play a role in promoting good health. Little is known on if and how neighborhood characteristics affect health, and social inequalities therein, among young people. In this scoping review, we asked: (1) what features of the neighborhood physical and social environments have been studied in association with the physical and mental health and well-being of young people 15 to 30 years old; and (2) to what extent have social differentials in these associations been studied, and how? We identified peer-reviewed articles (2000 to 2023) through database and snowball searches. We summarized study characteristics, exposure(s), outcome(s) and main findings, with an eye on social inequalities in health. Out of the 69 articles reviewed, most were quantitative, cross-sectional, conducted among 18-year-olds and younger, and focused on the residential neighborhood. Neighborhood social capital and mental health were the most common exposure and outcome studied, respectively. Almost half of the studies examined social inequalities in health, mostly across sex/gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. Evidence gaps remain, which include exploring settings other than residential neighborhoods, studying the older age stratum of young adulthood, and assessing a broader range of social inequalities. Addressing these gaps can support research and action on designing healthy and equitable neighborhoods for young people.

22

Emmanuel Nathaniel James and Goshen David Miteu. "A critical analysis of the extent to which social determinant of health explains health inequalities regarding maternal mortality in Nigeria." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 12, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2022.12.1.0188.

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This article critically analyzes and quantified the extent to which social determinants of health explains health inequalities regarding maternal mortality in Nigeria. Evidence suggests that maternal mortality is predominant in developing countries. This formed the rationale in using Nigeria as a case study for critical analysis. This study showed the relationship between social status/determinants, health inequalities and maternal mortality outcomes in Nigeria. Using a critical analytical approach, this study shows that access to a good health care by maternal patients depends on a number of social determinants (such as education/awareness, income level/unemployment, cultural beliefs, insecurity, environmental conditions and healthcare decline/lackadaisical attitude displayed by some health workers in some parts of Nigeria) which can be linked to explain health inequalities that results in maternal mortality in Nigeria. To tackle inequalities, this study recommends targeted social policy reforms and maternal program/education for affected populace in Nigeria.

23

Shrestha, Rehana, Johannes Flacke, Javier Martinez, and Martin van Maarseveen. "Environmental Health Related Socio-Spatial Inequalities: Identifying “Hotspots” of Environmental Burdens and Social Vulnerability." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 7 (July 9, 2016): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070691.

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24

Bozorgmehr, Kayvan, and Oliver Razum. "Social inequalities and health: monitoring in the era of non-communicable diseases." Public Health Forum 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pubhef-2016-0026.

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Abstract: Social inequalities in health have persisted or increased in the era of non-communicable diseases. They are sensitive to changes in underlying structural mechanisms which are ‘socialy produced’. Research in this field is increasingly concerned with changes over time in the magnitude of health inequalities between social groups and related structural mechanisms contributing to this change. Equity-oriented monitoring systems are essential for this task, but not yet well established in Germany.

25

Alvarez-Galvez, Javier, and Victor Suarez-Lledo. "Using Agent-Based Modeling to Understand the Emergence and Reproduction of Social Inequalities in Health." Proceedings 44, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecehs-2-06372.

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Studies on social inequalities in health present contradictory findings when they attempt to describe and identify the complex societal mechanisms that give rise to poor health outcomes and health inequalities. This work aims to study the mechanism of reproduction of health inequalities among different population groups using agent-based modeling. We combine evidence-based knowledge and survey data to set the simulation model. Our initial findings show that the combination of the most adverse contextual conditions (i.e., negative environmental exposure and the absence of health-care provision) combined with extreme social inequalities in health might increase mortality drastically. The model suggests that, although poor health outcomes may emerge through the action of individual determinants, social inequalities generally emerge and reproduce through non-linear associations and complex multivariate data structures.

26

Borrell, C. "Social inequalities in health related behaviours in Barcelona." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.1.24.

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27

Helmert, U., and S. Shea. "Social inequalities and health status in western Germany." Public Health 108, no. 5 (September 1994): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3506(05)80070-8.

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28

Muntaner, Carles. "Teaching social inequalities in health: barriers and opportunities." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 27, no. 3 (July 1999): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14034948990270030601.

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Siegrist, Johannes. "Reducing social inequalities in health: work-related strategies." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 30, no. 59_suppl (September 2002): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14034948020300030801.

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Despite reduced health risks in terms of physical and chemical hazards current trends in occupational life continue to contribute to ill health and disease among economically active people. Stress at work plays a crucial role in this respect, as evidenced by recent scientifi c progress. This paper discusses two leading theoretical models of work-related stress, the demand-control model and the model of effort-reward imbalance, and it summarizes available evidence on adverse health effects. As work stress in terms of these models is more prevalent among lower socioeconomic status groups, these conditions contribute to the explanation of socially graded risks of morbidity and mortality in midlife. Implications of this new knowledge for the design and implementation of worksite health-promotion measures are elaborated. In conclusion, it is argued that workplace strategies deserve high priority on any agenda that aims at reducing social inequalities in health.

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Siegrist, J. "Reducing social inequalities in health: work-related strategies." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 30, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14034948020300032501.

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Boström, Gunnel, and Mans Rosen. "Measuring social inequalities in health - politics or science?" Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 31, no. 3 (May 2003): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14034940210164911.

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Siegrist, Johannes. "Reducing social inequalities in health: work-related strategies." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 30, no. 3 (September 3, 2002): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/140349402760232661.

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33

Latour-Perez, J. "Social inequalities in severity of illness." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 53, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 599–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.53.10.599.

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de Abreu, Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães, Alex Junio Silva Cruz, Ana Cristina Borges-Oliveira, Renata de Castro Martins, and Flávio de Freitas Mattos. "Perspectives on Social and Environmental Determinants of Oral Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 13429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413429.

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Most oral conditions have a multifactorial etiology; that is, they are modulated by biological, social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors. A consistent body of evidence has demonstrated the great burden of dental caries and periodontal disease in individuals from low socioeconomic strata. Oral health habits and access to care are influenced by the social determinants of health. Hence, the delivery of health promotion strategies at the population level has shown a great impact on reducing the prevalence of oral diseases. More recently, a growing discussion about the relationship between the environment, climate change, and oral health has been set in place. Certainly, outlining plans to address oral health inequities is not an easy task. It will demand political will, comprehensive funding of health services, and initiatives to reduce inequalities. This paper sought to give a perspective about the role of social and physical environmental factors on oral health conditions while discussing how the manuscripts published in this Special Issue could increase our knowledge of the topic.

35

Burström, Bo, and Wenjing Tao. "Social determinants of health and inequalities in COVID-19." European Journal of Public Health 30, no. 4 (July 8, 2020): 617–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa095.

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Stansfield, Jude, and Ruth Bell. "Applying a psychosocial pathways model to improving mental health and reducing health inequalities: Practical approaches." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 65, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764018823816.

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Background: Mental health can help explain how social inequalities impact on health. Many current public health challenges are shaped by social, economic and environmental conditions that take a mental toll on society. Purpose: This article describes a conceptual framework illustrating the psychosocial pathways that link the wider conditions to health behaviours and outcomes. It draws out implications of this framework for mental health practice that aim to support policy and decision-making on future action to reduce health inequalities and presents practical examples of what can be done. Methods: This article expands on a report commissioned by Public Health England. A narrative review and synthesis of relevant evidence built on existing research by the Institute of Health Equity. A conceptual framework was developed and a consultation exercise with stakeholders helped to revise and illustrate it with practice examples. Conclusions: The field of mental health has much to contribute to prevention, not just of mental illness but also of physical health conditions and reduction of inequalities in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy, especially through collaborative public health action.

37

Fairbrother, Hannah, Nicholas Woodrow, Mary Crowder, Eleanor Holding, Naomi Griffin, Vanessa Er, Caroline Dodd-Reynolds, et al. "‘It All Kind of Links Really’: Young People’s Perspectives on the Relationship between Socioeconomic Circumstances and Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (March 19, 2022): 3679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063679.

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Meaningful inclusion of young people’s perceptions and experiences of inequalities is argued to be critical in the development of pro-equity policies. Our study explored young people’s perceptions of what influences their opportunities to be healthy within their local area and their understandings of health inequalities. Three interlinked qualitative focus group discussions, each lasting 90 to 100 min, with the same six groups of young people (n = 42) aged 13–21, were conducted between February and June 2021. Participants were recruited from six youth groups in areas of high deprivation across three geographical locations in England (South Yorkshire, the North East and London). Our study demonstrates that young people understand that health inequalities are generated by social determinants of health, which in turn influence behaviours. They highlight a complex interweaving of pathways between social determinants and health outcomes. However, they do not tend to think in terms of the social determinants and their distribution as resulting from the power and influence of those who create and benefit from health and social inequalities. An informed understanding of the causes of health inequalities, influenced by their own unique generational experiences, is important to help young people contribute to the development of pro-equity policies of the future.

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Garcia, I., and L. A. Tabak. "Global Oral Health Inequalities." Advances in Dental Research 23, no. 2 (April 13, 2011): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034511402015.

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Despite impressive worldwide improvements in oral health, inequalities in oral health status among and within countries remain a daunting public health challenge. Oral health inequalities arise from a complex web of health determinants, including social, behavioral, economic, genetic, environmental, and health system factors. Eliminating these inequalities cannot be accomplished in isolation of oral health from overall health, or without recognizing that oral health is influenced at multiple individual, family, community, and health systems levels. For several reasons, this is an opportune time for global efforts targeted at reducing oral health inequalities. Global health is increasingly viewed not just as a humanitarian obligation, but also as a vehicle for health diplomacy and part of the broader mission to reduce poverty, build stronger economies, and strengthen global security. Despite the global economic recession, there are trends that portend well for support of global health efforts: increased globalization of research and development, growing investment from private philanthropy, an absolute growth of spending in research and innovation, and an enhanced interest in global health among young people. More systematic and far-reaching efforts will be required to address oral health inequalities through the engagement of oral health funders and sponsors of research, with partners from multiple public and private sectors. The oral health community must be “at the table” with other health disciplines and create opportunities for eliminating inequalities through collaborations that can harness both the intellectual and financial resources of multiple sectors and institutions.

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Reidpath, D. D. "Social inequalities in health: new evidence and policy implications." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 62, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.059584.

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Nanninga, Sarah, Gesa Lehne, Tiara Ratz, and Gabriele Bolte. "Impact of Public Smoking Bans on Social Inequalities in Children’s Exposure to Tobacco Smoke at Home: An Equity-Focused Systematic Review." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21, no. 11 (July 7, 2018): 1462–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty139.

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Abstract Introduction A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the impact of public smoking bans on social inequalities in children’s secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home. Methods Five databases were electronically searched for articles on children’s SHS exposure at home related to public smoking bans. In addition, the gray literature and German public health journals were considered. Search was restricted to English and German publications. Of 3037 records screened, 25 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria by either measuring SHS exposure before and after public smoking ban introduction or by comparing exposure between regions with and without smoke-free legislation. Studies were further examined whether they additionally reported on impacts on social inequalities in SHS exposure. Information on children’s SHS exposure at home in relation to smoke-free legislation were extracted by one reviewer and checked for accuracy by a second reviewer. According to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-Equity (PRISMA-E) guidelines for equity-focused systematic reviews, the PROGRESS-Plus framework was applied to data extraction and analysis with focus on social inequalities in SHS exposure. Results were visualized by a harvest plot. Results Eight studies gave results on the impact of public smoking bans on social inequalities in children’s SHS exposure. Whereas only one study indicated widening of the social gap in exposure, seven studies showed no impact or a reduction of social inequalities in exposure. Conclusions First evidence on short-term impact of public smoking bans does not support the assumption of intervention-generated inequalities in children’s SHS exposure at home. Future studies should focus on long-term equity impacts of smoke-free legislation. Implications There are substantial social inequalities in children’s SHS exposure in many countries. Both hypotheses on the effect of smoke-free legislation on children’s SHS exposure at home, the displacement hypothesis and the social diffusion hypothesis, did not take social inequalities into account. Up to now, only few studies analyzed the effects of smoke-free legislation on social inequalities in children’s SHS exposure at home. Public smoking bans had overall no negative impact on social inequalities in children’s SHS exposure at home. More consistent reporting of absolute and relative inequalities is needed to comprehensively assess equity impact of smoke-free legislation.

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Aversano, Natalia, Giuseppe Nicolò, Giuseppe Sannino, and Paolo Tartaglia Polcini. "Corporate Social Responsibility, Stakeholder Engagement, and Universities." Administrative Sciences 12, no. 3 (July 12, 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030079.

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In recent decades, there have been increasing concerns about the role of organizations in society and their impact on climate change, environmental degradation, resource depletion, health crises, and human rights’ inequalities (Yanez et al [...]

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Hernández-García, Marta, Dolores Salas-Trejo, Ahti Anttila, Satu Lipponen, and Ana Molina-Barceló. "Contest of Best Practices tackling social inequalities in cancer prevention: an iPAAC initiative." European Journal of Public Health 32, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab206.

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Abstract Current health promotion and early cancer detection programmes yield different results depending on the social group and have a different impact among individuals. Thus, they may generate social inequalities in health. The Contest of Best Practices tackling social inequalities in cancer prevention is an initiative that emerged in the framework of the Innovative Partnership for Action Against Cancer Joint Action. This contest identifies interventions that have proven to be effective in reducing social inequalities in cancer prevention in European countries, with the aim of sharing lessons learned and inspiring solutions, as well as facilitating replication in other health systems and similar social settings.

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Kihal, Wahida, Cindy Padilla, and Séverine Deguen. "The need for, and value of, a spatial scan statistical tool for tackling social health inequalities." Global Health Promotion 24, no. 4 (July 19, 2016): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975916656358.

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Today, one important challenge in developed countries is health inequalities. Research conducted in public health policy issues supply little evidence for effective interventions aiming to improve population health and to reduce health inequalities. There is a need for a powerful tool to support priority setting and guide policy makers in their choice of health interventions, and that maximizes social welfare. This paper proposes to divert a spatial tool based on Kulldorff’s scan method to investigate social inequalities in health. This commentary argues that this spatial approach can be a useful tool to tackle social inequalities in health by guiding policy makers at three levels: (i) supporting priority setting and planning a targeted intervention; (ii) choosing actions or interventions which will be performed for the whole population, but with a scale and intensity proportionate to need; and (iii) assessing health equity of public interventions.

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Pevalin, D. J., and K. Robson. "Social determinants of health inequalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Public Health 121, no. 8 (August 2007): 588–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2007.01.012.

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Krasnik, Allan, and Niels Kristian Rasmussen. "Reducing social inequalities in health: evidence, policy, and practice." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 30, no. 59_suppl (September 2002): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14034948020300030101.

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Many policy documents have expressed concerns and intentions for action regarding inequity in health. However, the evidence on how to establish effective and acceptable interventions is rather scarce. During an international conference in Copenhagen September 2000 organised by the City of Copenhagen and the Danish Ministry of Health the present evidence was presented and possible policy measures and intervention strategies were discussed. This special issue of the Scandinavian Journal of Public Health includes selected papers and presentations from the conference. Four main arenas for interventions were outlined: the workplace; healthcare services; local communities and families; and urban development. Public health will have to move out of the present reactive position to say what its contribution is to shaping the society of the future with less inequity in health. The papers show that a number of theories, concepts, and tools are available, but also that we still have much to learn and do. At the end of the conference a fi nal declaration on reducing social inequalities was endorsed outlining important general themes that have universal relevance for action.

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Krasnik, A., and N. K. Rasmussen. "Reducing social inequalities in health: evidence, policy, and practice." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 30, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14034948020300031801.

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Krasnik, Allan, and Niels Kristian Rasmussen. "Reducing social inequalities in health: evidence, policy, and practice." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 30, no. 3 (September 3, 2002): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/140349402760232599.

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Alvarez, Camila H., and Clare Rosenfeld Evans. "Intersectional environmental justice and population health inequalities: A novel approach." Social Science & Medicine 269 (January 2021): 113559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113559.

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Mollborn, Stefanie, Elizabeth M. Lawrence, and Jarron M. Saint Onge. "Contributions and Challenges in Health Lifestyles Research." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 62, no. 3 (September 2021): 388–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146521997813.

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The concept of health lifestyles is moving scholarship beyond individual health behaviors to integrated bundles of behaviors undergirded by group-based identities and norms. Health lifestyles research merges structure with agency, individual-level processes with group-level processes, and multifaceted behaviors with norms and identities, shedding light on why health behaviors persist or change and on the reproduction of health disparities and other social inequalities. Recent contributions have applied new methods and life course perspectives, articulating health lifestyles’s dynamic relationships to social contexts and demonstrating their implications for health and development. Culturally focused work has shown how health lifestyles function as signals for status and identity and perpetuate inequalities. We synthesize literature to articulate recent advances and challenges and demonstrate how health lifestyles research can strengthen health policies and inform scholarship on inequalities. Future work emphasizing health lifestyles’s collective nature and attending to upstream social structures will further elucidate complex social processes.

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Faggiano, F., R. Zanetti, and G. Costa. "Cancer risk and social inequalities in Italy." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 48, no. 5 (October 1, 1994): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.48.5.447.

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