Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental and social health inequalities'
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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental and social health inequalities"
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Schulz, Amy, and Mary E. Northridge. "Social Determinants of Health: Implications for Environmental Health Promotion." Health Education & Behavior 31, no. 4 (August 2004): 455–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198104265598.
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In this article, the authors draw on the disciplines of sociology and environmental and social epidemiology to further understanding of mechanisms through which social factors contribute to disparate environmental exposures and health inequalities. They propose a conceptual framework for environmental health promotion that considers dynamic social processes through which social and environmental inequalities—and associated health disparities—are produced, reproduced, and potentially transformed. Using empirical evidence from the published literature, as well as their own practical experiences in conducting community-based participatory research in Detroit and Harlem, the authors examine health promotion interventions at various levels (community-wide, regional, and national) that aim to improve population health by addressing various aspects of social processes and/or physical environments. Finally, they recommend moving beyond environmental remediation strategies toward environmental health promotion efforts that are sustainable and explicitly designed to reduce social, environmental, and health inequalities.
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Gomez, Carlos M., and Sônia Maria T. M. de Carvalho. "Social inequalities, labor, and health." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 9, no. 4 (December 1993): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1993000400010.
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This article presents a brief analysis of the social inequalities expressed in the relationship between health and labor. It focuses on the Brazilian context. It begins by approaching the conceptions present in the lines of investigation and intervention in this field of health. It considers an entire range of thinking, from the eminently biological and individual level to an understanding of the relationship between labor and health as a reflection of essentially social processes. The confrontation between conceptual advances, proposals for intervention, and the reality of health for Brazilian workers is the parameter for analyzing the activity of state institutions, companies, and workers' organizations. Based on the current situation outlined in this study, perspectives are identified for urgent and indispensable changes.
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Ule, Mirjana, and Tanja Kamin. "Social determinants of health inequalities." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 51, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10152-012-0001-4.
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Petersen, Poul Erik. "Social inequalities in dental health." Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 18, no. 3 (June 1990): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1990.tb00042.x.
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Moore, Spencer, Steven Stewart, and Ana Teixeira. "Decomposing social capital inequalities in health." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 68, no. 3 (November 20, 2013): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-202996.
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Arntzen, Annett, Tormod Bøe, Espen Dahl, Nina Drange, Terje A. Eikemo, Jon Ivar Elstad, Elisabeth Fosse, et al. "29 recommendations to combat social inequalities in health. The Norwegian Council on Social Inequalities in Health." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 47, no. 6 (August 2019): 598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494819851364.
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All political parties in Norway agree that social inequalities in health comprise a public health problem and should be reduced. Against this background, the Council on Social Inequalities in Health has taken action to provide specific advice to reduce social health differences. Our recommendations focus on the entire social gradient rather than just poverty and the socially disadvantaged. By proposing action on the social determinants of health such as affordable child-care, education, living environments and income structures, we aim to facilitate a possible re-orientation of policy away from redistribution to universalism. The striking challenges of the causes of health differences are complex, and the 29 recommendations to combat social inequality of health demand cross sectorial actions. The recommendations are listed thematically and have not been prioritized. Some are fundamental and require pronounced changes across sectors, whereas others are minor and sector-specific.
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McCarthy, Mark. "Urban development and health inequalities." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 30, no. 59_suppl (September 2002): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14034948020300031001.
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Urban development has historically been seen as both a cause and solution for social inequalities in health. However, environmental and individual gradients within urban areas occur everywhere, and are resistant to change. Environments are infl uenced by the degree and type of industrialization, quality of housing, accessibility to green space and - of increasing concern - transport. Individual behaviour, however, also contributes to social differences, both through migration and by the effects on individuals of cultural experiences through the life-course. Reduction on inequalities may be possible through larger social action, for example urban regeneration. There remains an important role for public health in addressing determinants of health at the population level.
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Badin, Anne-Laure, Lucie Anzivino, Magali Venzac, and Xavier Olny. "Characterizing territorial environmental, social, and health inequalities in Lyon metropolis." Environnement Risques Santé 19, no. 4 (August 2020): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/ers.2020.1457.
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Barros, Marilisa Berti de Azevedo, Priscila Maria Stolses Bergamo Francisco, Margareth Guimarães Lima, and Chester Luiz Galvão César. "Social inequalities in health among the elderly." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 27, suppl 2 (2011): s198—s208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2011001400008.
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The aim of the present study was to assess social inequalities in health status, health behavior and the use of health services based on education level. A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out involving 1,518 elderly residents of Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. Significant demographic and social differences were found between schooling strata. Elderly individuals with a higher degree of schooling are in greater proportion alcohol drinkers, physically active, have healthier diets and a lower prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dizziness, headaches, back pain, visual impairment and denture use, and better self-rated health. But, there were no differences in the use of health services in the previous two weeks, in hospitalizations or surgeries in the previous year, nor in medicine intake over the previous three days. Among elderly people with hypertension and diabetes, there were no differences in the regular use of health services and medication. The results demonstrate social inequalities in different health indicators, along with equity in access to some health service components.
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Moncada, S. "Working conditions and social inequalities in health." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 53, no. 7 (July 1, 1999): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.53.7.390.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental and social health inequalities"
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Brijbag, Brian S. "Southern Chivalry: Perception of Health & Environmental Justice in a Small Southern Neighborhood." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5821.
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This paper analyzes heath risk and how it is communicated to, and understood within, a predominantly African American neighborhood in central Florida. Residents accuse the county department of public works of purposeful contamination and discrimination over a period of 30 years. I raise the questions of how risk is perceived and what roles race or class may play. I also developed a model for risk communication that includes all stakeholders. Finally, I expand the conversation of health disparities to include issues of widening gaps in perceptions of health.
This was examined by looking at the following:
1. The lack of documentation into the subjectivity of the health risk assessment process - i.e. the critique of science
2. The differing modes for creating, communicating, and receiving risk in which the resident's perspective is not valued - i.e. the critique of power
3. The impact of race and class on furthering inequities and disparities in the environmental health risks message - i.e. the critique of policy.
Underlining Key Factors:
1. The residents of Mitchell Heights (emic) perceive the contamination at the former Hernando County Department of Public Works site differently than the experts/officials (etic).
2. Race and class are factors in both the perception of risk and the communication of risk for the residents and the experts.
3. Policy concerning the determination and subsequent communication of risk is primarily concerning with the perspective of scientific data.
Recommendations:
1. As it relates to assessing environmental risks, there needs to be a development of a more holistic set of methodologies that incorporate diverse perspectives in a bi-directional knowledge exchange. This should allow for acceptable risk to be understood as co-created through negotiation and compromise between the measured and lived experiences. Ethnographic methods should partner with epidemiology and environmental sciences.
2. Once these mixed-method, holistic methodologies are field-tested, they need to be adopted as formal procedure by agencies responsible for the analysis and communication of risks. Risk should include the technical and the relational.
3. Policymakers must widen their understanding of what constitutes "policy relevant knowledge." In addition, policies targeted at eliminating health disparities and inequalities need to value the broad differences the often exist in perceiving "health."
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Loh, Hui Yee. "The Contribution of the Neighbourhood Environment to the Relationship Between Neighbourhood Disadvantage and Physical Function Among Middle-Aged to Older Adults." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2018. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/f874dd1116560426fc11fffab625631c655ea1a636cb03fb913415437e2378c7/11526170/LOH_2018_The_contribution_of_the_neighbourhood_environment.pdf.
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Background
With the continuing increases in life expectancies in developed countries, an important public health goal is to ensure successful ageing—morbidity compression, maintenance of physical functioning and active engagement in life. It is well established that the onset of physical function decline begins in mid-life, and functional capacity is critical to maintaining mobility, independence and quality of life. A growing body of literature has found that residents of more disadvantaged neighbourhoods have significantly poorer physical function, independent of individual-level factors. However, the mechanisms through which neighbourhood environments are associated with this relationship remain largely unknown.
The overarching aim of this thesis was to investigate the contributions of the neighbourhood environment to the relationship between neighbourhood disadvantage and physical function among middle-aged to older adults: this was accomplished in three studies. First, I examined the relationship between neighbourhood disadvantage and physical function in the Australian context (Study One). Second, I investigated if this relationship is explained by neighbourhood-level perceptions of safety from crime and walking for recreation (Study Two). Third, I examined the contribution of neighbourhood walkability and walking for transport to the relationship between neighbourhood disadvantage and physical function (Study Three).
Methods
This program of research utilized secondary data from the How Areas in Brisbane Influence HealTh and AcTivity (HABITAT) study. HABITAT is a multilevel longitudinal study underpinned by a social ecological framework. It was conducted in Brisbane among adults aged 45-70 years living in 200 neighbourhoods. HABITAT commenced in 2007 and had subsequent data collection waves in 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2016. For this thesis, the 2013 data were utilised as physical function was first collected in 2013 (n= 6,520). The measure of neighbourhood disadvantage was derived from the Australian Bureau of Statistics’ (ABS) Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (IRSD) scores. Physical function was measured using the Physical Function Scale (0 – 100), a component of the Short Form-36 Health Survey, with higher scores indicating better function. In Study Two, participants self-reported their perceptions of safety from crime using items from the Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) questionnaire, which were subsequently aggregated to the neighbourhood-level. Walking for recreation (minutes per week) was self-reported by participants. In Study Three, neighbourhood walkability measures (street connectivity, dwelling density and land use mix) was objectively measured and provided by the Brisbane City Council (the local government authority responsible for the jurisdiction covered by the HABITAT study). Walking for transport (minutes per week) was self-reported by participants.
The data were analysed using multilevel regression models (linear, binomial or multinomial). In instances where multilevel categorical models are undertaken, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation will be employed to estimate odds ratio and 95% credible intervals. All data were prepared in STATA SE 13 and analyses were conducted using MLwiN version 2.35.
Results
Findings from Study One found that residents of more disadvantaged neighbourhoods had significantly poorer physical function. These associations remained significant after adjustment for individual-level socioeconomic position (SEP). Moving forward from the descriptive findings, Study Two found that neighbourhood-level perceptions of safety from crime and walking for recreation partly explained (24% in men and 25% in women) neighbourhood differences in physical function. In Study Three, I found that neighbourhood walkability and walking for transport did not explain the relationship between neighbourhood disadvantage and physical function.
Conclusion
Given the growing proportion of the ageing population in Australia and the resultant increasing pressure on neighbourhood and city infrastructure in Australia, it is important to understand the contributions of the neighbourhood environment in the relationship between neighbourhood disadvantage and physical function. Despite the complexity in understanding neighbourhood socioeconomic differences in physical function, the findings of this thesis suggest that the neighbourhood in which we live is important to physical function. To reduce neighbourhood inequalities in physical function, attention needs to be given to improve the perceptions of safety from crime in more disadvantaged neighbourhoods to encourage more walking for recreation. Living in a walkable neighbourhood is important to support more walking for transport, but may not be sufficient to reduce neighbourhood inequalities in physical function. A multi-faceted intervention is needed to create a healthy, liveable and equitable community for successful ageing.
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Lalloué, Benoit. "Méthodes d'analyse de données et modèles bayésiens appliqués au contexte des inégalités socio-territoriales de santé et des expositions environnementales." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0205/document.
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Cette thèse a pour but d'améliorer les connaissances concernant les techniques d'analyse de données et certains modèles bayésiens dans le domaine de l'étude des inégalités sociales et environnementales de santé. À l'échelle géographique de l'IRIS sur les agglomérations de Paris, Marseille, Lyon et Lille, l'événement sanitaire étudié est la mortalité infantile dont on cherchera à expliquer le risque avec des données socio-économiques issues du recensement et des expositions environnementales comme la pollution de l'air, les niveaux de bruit et la proximité aux industries polluantes, au trafic automobile ou aux espaces verts. Deux volets principaux composent cette thèse. Le volet analyse de données détaille la mise au point d'une procédure de création d'indices socio-économiques multidimensionnels et la conception d'un package R l'implémentant, puis la création d'un indice de multi-expositions environnementales. Pour cela, on utilise des techniques d'analyse de données pour synthétiser l'information et fournir des indicateurs composites utilisables directement par les décideurs publics ou dans le cadre d'études épidémiologiques. Le second volet concerne les modèles bayésiens et explique le modèle « BYM ». Celui-ci permet de prendre en compte les aspects spatiaux des données et est mis en oeuvre pour estimer le risque de mortalité infantile. Dans les deux cas, les méthodes sont présentées et différents résultats de leur utilisation dans le contexte ci-dessus exposés. On montre notamment l'intérêt de la procédure de création d'indices socio-économiques et de multi-expositions, ainsi que l'existence d'inégalités sociales de mortalité infantile dans les agglomérations étudiéesThe purpose of this thesis is to improve the knowledge about and apply data mining techniques and some Bayesian model in the field of social and environmental health inequalities. On the neighborhood scale on the Paris, Marseille, Lyon and Lille metropolitan areas, the health event studied is infant mortality. We try to explain its risk with socio-economic data retrieved from the national census and environmental exposures such as air pollution, noise, proximity to traffic, green spaces and industries. The thesis is composed of two parts. The data mining part details the development of a procedure of creation of multidimensional socio-economic indices and of an R package that implements it, followed by the creation of a cumulative exposure index. In this part, data mining techniques are used to synthesize information and provide composite indicators amenable for direct usage by stakeholders or in the framework of epidemiological studies. The second part is about Bayesian models. It explains the "BYM" model. This model allows to take into account the spatial dimension of the data when estimating mortality risks. In both cases, the methods are exposed and several results of their usage in the above-mentioned context are presented. We also show the value of the socio-economic index procedure, as well as the existence of social inequalities of infant mortality in the studied metropolitan areas
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Lutters, Marie-Claire. "Explaining the Occupational Class Gradient in Health Among Swedish Employees: Physical and Psychosocial Work-Related Stressors." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för folkhälsovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157309.
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The work environment constitutes a key social determinant of health, yet previous research is relatively limited vis-à-vis the contribution of both physical and psychosocial work-related stressors on occupational class differences in health among Swedish employees. This study used cross-sectional data from the Swedish Level of Living Survey 2010 to assess the mediating effect of physical and psychosocial work-related stressors to occupational class differences in physical and mental ill health in Sweden. Disparities between gender were also considered. A sub-sample of 2,624 full- and part-time employed individuals aged 18-65 was analysed using logistic regression. Employees who belonged to higher occupational classes had a lower risk of physical ill health compared to employees from lower occupational classes when age, gender and part-time work is accounted for – but there was no evidence of an occupational class gradient in mental ill health. Similar results were observed among men and women. In line with previous research, differential exposure to physical work-related stressors explained most of the occupational class gradient in physical ill health, yet certain psychosocial work-related stressors were also influential. Future research should further examine what other work-related factors – or social determinants of health – can help explain the association between occupational class and mental health.
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Letellier, Noémie. "Déterminants sociaux et professionnels de la cognition." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT044.
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Le vieillissement cognitif est un processus lent et progressif influencé par de nombreux facteurs individuels mais aussi contextuels, dont les conditions de travail et les caractéristiques de l’environnement résidentiel. Cependant, l’impact de ces expositions environnementales sur la cognition reste largement sous-étudié. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d’étudier le rôle des déterminants sociaux et professionnels dans la cognition en population générale, en France. La mise en place en 2012 de la cohorte Constances permet d'étudier cette problématique de façon transversale sur une population âgée de 45 à 70 ans (~70 000 participants), la cohorte 3C (9 294 participants) quant à elle, nous permet d’analyser sous l’angle social une population âgée de plus de 65 ans suivie depuis les années 2000. Nous avons montré dans ces deux populations différentes, un effet des caractéristiques socioéconomiques du lieu de résidence sur le niveau de performances cognitives et le risque de démence, indépendamment du niveau socioéconomique individuel et de nombreuses autres caractéristiques individuelles. Dans Constances, nous avons observé que les performances cognitives sont précocement associées à une exposition professionnelle aux produits chimiques (solvants et formaldéhyde), indépendamment des caractéristiques individuelles et des facteurs de pénibilité au travail. Ces résultats suggèrent que les environnements dans lesquels nous vivons, l'environnement socio-économique et/ou l'environnement de travail, ont un impact sur le niveau de performances cognitives et la survenue de démence, et peuvent être source d’inégalités sociales de santé dans le domaine du vieillissement cognitifCognitive aging is a slow and progressive process influenced by many individual and contextual factors, including working conditions and residential environment characteristics. However, the impact of these environmental exposures on cognition remains largely under-studied. The main objective of this thesis is to study the role of social and occupational determinants on cognition, in the general French population. The implementation in 2012 of the Constances cohort allows us to study this issue on a population aged 45 to 70 years (~70,000 participants) in cross-sectional, while the 3C cohort (9,294 participants) allows us to analyze from a social perspective a population aged over 65 years followed since the 2000s. We have observed in these two different populations, an effect of socio-economic characteristics living environment on cognitive performances and risk of dementia, independently of individual socio-economic level and many other individual characteristics. In Constances, we have shown that cognitive performances is early associated with occupational exposure to chemicals (solvents and formaldehyde), regardless of individual characteristics and working conditions. These results suggest that living environments, socio-economic and/or work environment, have an impact on cognitive performances level and dementia, and can be a source of social health inequalities in cognitive aging
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Bouhadj, Laakri. "Développement d'outils de gestion pour la prise en compte des enjeux de santé dans les opérations d'aménagement urbain : atténuation des vulnérabilités et renforcement de la résilience des systèmes territoriaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS046.
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La conception de nos villes et régions est déterminante pour notre santé et bien-être. Elle impacte notamment la qualité de notre cadre de vie, de l'air que nous respirons, de l'eau que nous buvons, notre accès aux espaces verts, aux services de santé et aux opportunités d'emplois (OMS & ONU, 2021). En effet, notre santé est influencée par de nombreux facteurs qui dépassent le simple domaine de la pathologie. L'enjeu de cette thèse est de développer un outil d'aide à la décision dont les acteurs locaux pourront se saisir pour une meilleure prise en compte de la santé dans les plans, documents et projets d'urbanisme et d'aménagement.Le premier objectif de la thèse est de caractériser les Inégalités Environnementales et Sociales de Santé (IESS) à l'échelle infra-communale sur le périmètre du Schéma de Cohérence Territoriale (SCoT) de la Métropole Européenne de Lille (MEL). Une revue de la littérature ainsi que des ateliers thématiques avec des acteurs locaux et régionaux ont été organisés et un cadre méthodologique a été proposé pour la construction d'indices composites spatialisés de vulnérabilité et de résilience. De plus, une méthodologie d'analyse des profils des catégories de territoires, résultant de l'interprétation conjointe des deux indices, a été développée.Le second objectif est d'accompagner et de favoriser la prise en compte des enjeux de santé dans les projets d'aménagement urbain en proposant une approche expérimentale appliquée sur deux projets d'aménagement. L'analyse approfondie des enjeux de santé environnementale dans les deux quartiers, ainsi que la contribution du groupe de travail composé des deux équipes de projet et les observations sur le terrain, ont permis de mieux comprendre les facteurs de vulnérabilité et de résilience présents dans ces quartiers. Cela a également permis d'évaluer l'impact du projet d'aménagement sur ces quartiers et de proposer une modélisation théorique des perspectives d'amélioration pour les deux propositions d'aménagement.Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence l'importance de prendre en compte non seulement les facteurs de vulnérabilité et de résilience des territoires dans l'analyse de IESS, mais également la dimension spatiale. La division du SCoT en zones homogènes faciliterait la compréhension de la dynamique des IESS à une échelle fine. L'exploitation des indices composites à l'échelle d'un projet d'aménagement met en évidence la question de la transversalité et de l'impact de toutes les dimensions impliquées. À cette échelle, les indices composites permettent d'avoir une vision globale des enjeux au sein d'un quartier, ils soulèvent également les limites des politiques d'aménagement pour la réduction des IESSThe design of our cities and regions is crucial for our health and well-being. It notably impacts the quality of our living environment, the air we breathe, the water we drink, our access to green spaces, healthcare services, and employment opportunities (OMS & ONU, 2021). Indeed, our health are influenced by numerous factors that go beyond the scope of pathology alone. The focus of this thesis is to develop a decision support tool that local actors can use to better consider health in urban planning and development plans, documents, and projects.The first objective of the thesis is to characterize the environmental and social health inequalities (ESHI) at the sub-municipal level within the perimeter of the European metropolis of Lille's Territorial Coherence Scheme. A literature review and thematic workshops involving local and regional stakeholders were organized, and a methodological framework was proposed for constructing spatialized composite indices of vulnerability and resilience. Furthermore, a methodology for analyzing the profiles of territory categories resulting from the joint interpretation of the two indices was developed.The second objective is to support and promote the consideration of health issues in urban development projects by proposing an experimental approach applied to two development projects. The in-depth analysis of environmental health issues in the two neighborhoods, along with the contribution of the working group composed of the two project teams and field observations, helped to better understand the factors of vulnerability and resilience present in these neighborhoods. It also enabled the evaluation of the impact of the development project on these neighborhoods and the proposal of a theoretical modeling of improvement prospects for the two development proposals.The obtained results highlight the importance of considering not only the vulnerability and resilience factors of territories but also the spatial dimension. Dividing the European metropolis of Lille's Territorial Coherence Scheme into homogeneous zones would facilitate understanding the dynamics of ESHI at a fine scale. The use of composite indices at the scale of a development project brings to light the issue of transversality and the impact of all involved dimensions. At this scale, composite indices provide an overall vision of the issues within a neighborhood, they also reveal the limitations of development policies for reducing ESHI
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Rueda, Pozo Silvia. "Social Inequalities in health among the elderly." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31877.
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Aquesta tesi analitza les desigualtats en salut entre les persones grans a través d’un marc
d’anàlisi on es combinen la posició socioeconòmica, el gènere, el desenvolupament
socioeconòmic regional i el suport social. Està formada per tres articles, cadascun d’ells
centrat en les diferents dimensions de les desigualtats socioeconòmiques en salut entre
les persones grans. Algunes de les troballes més importants han estat que les
desigualtats socioeconòmiques i de gènere persisteixen entre les persones grans; que les
dones presenten una pitjor salut que els homes; que l’impacte de les característiques
familiars en la salut de les persones grans varia per gènere i segons l’indicador de salut
analitzat; que el suport social constitueix un determinant important de l’estat de salut; i
que tot i que el grau de desenvolupament regional constitueix un determinant de l’estat
de salut, no està relacionat amb les desigualtats de gènere en salut.This dissertation analyses socio-economic inequalities in health among the elderly through a combined framework of socio-economic position, gender, regional socioeconomic development and social support. It is made up of three papers focusing on the different dimensions of socio-economic inequalities in health among the elderly. The most important findings are that socio-economic and gender inequalities in health persist in old age; that women present a poorer health status than men; that the impact of family characteristics on the health of older people differs by gender and the health indicator analysed; that social support constitutes an important determinant of health status; and that whereas regional socio-economic development constitutes a determinant of health status, it is not related to gender inequalities in health.
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Bolam, Bruce Leslie. "Ideologies of health : towards a social psychology of health inequalities." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275831.
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This thesis works towards a social psychology of health inequalities in order to further understanding of the relations between structure and agency (re )producing these inequities. It does so by exploring the ideological construction of health and identities associated with the axes of inequality. Employing a material-discursive methodological standpoint to link work on inequality with that of 'lay health beliefs', it is argued that discourse is the semiotic moment of practices (re )producing health inequalities. Critical discourse analysis thereby provides a means to examine the ideological construction of health and identities associated with health inequalities. The interview and focus group methods used to generate text in interaction with a small, diverse sample of participants living in Bristol are described, paying particular attention to the reflexive issues embedded within the research process. F our competing ideologies within which health and illness were constructed as discursive objects are described: minimalism, associated with health as the absence of illness and medical ideology; psychological constructions of health as wellness or happiness relating to psychological ideology; lifestyle constructions of life ethics pertaining to health promotional ideology; and holism, the interdependency of mind, body and spirit, tied to alternative health ideology. The four interwoven health identities arising from these ideologies of health and respecting the key axes of inequalities in health, namely social class, gender, ethnicity and place, are considered. Resistance to class as prejudice is explored, alongside an examination the politics of class identity and a reading of working class and middle class health identities. Hegemonic gender identities of women as carers and men as uncaring, active agents are then examined. Ethnicity as health identity emerges as a site of solidarity and fragmentation closely linked to place via the concept of community. Finally, constructions of pollution, space and community provide a structural and spacial grounding to health identities associated with place. In conclusion, the usefulness of this social psychological analysis is evaluated in consideration of individualisation in ideologies of health, interpreted as 'internalised oppression', 'methodological product' and 'an assertion of agency' in the context of recent debate about identity in late modem society. In sum, the thesis both examines the social structuring of subjects and foregrounds the ethical and political dimensions of the ideologies of health within which inequalities research must recognise its' reflexive engagement
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Solé, Juvés Meritxell. "Working conditions and health: Evidence on inequalities in Spain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145835.
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This thesis is concerned with the relationship between disability and working conditions. In the first two chapters we investigate how past and current working conditions, in conjunction with other socio-demographic variables, contribute to disability. We focus on differences by migrant status (first chapter) and by period or cohort (second chapter) specifically, by comparing successive cohorts of young people aged 25 to 34. In the third chapter we take up the opposite perspective and we analyse the effect of permanent disability on the working life of the individual. The main result of the first chapter is that migrant status – with differences among regions of origin – significantly affects both disability and the probability of being employed in a high-risk occupation. In spite of immigrants’ working conditions being objectively worse, they exhibit lower probability of becoming disabled than natives because the impact of such conditions on disability is much smaller in their case. Our results also suggest that not only the risks of illness and injury, widely recognized, involve higher rates of disability. Unskilled labour and employment instability are also associated with increased risks of disability and its impact is greatest among later-born cohorts, as the second chapter reveals. Attending to differences by cohort, job insecurity has a significant and huge impact on disability for all birth cohorts. By contrast, the effect of temporary employment “per se” is controversial without considering other factors, like the changes in Employment Protection Legislation motivated by the labour market reforms of the last two decades. Finally, the results of the third chapter show that only 10% of disabled people remain in the labour market after the occurrence of the disability. The potential disincentives to employment are controversial. While it is true that higher disability pensions are associated with lower probabilities of employment, it is also observed that, in general, wages and income decreases as a result of a disability, being the decision of remaining out of the labour market not entirely attributable to the worker and his pension level. Conversely, it is plausible that the alleged disincentives to employment come too, and largely, from the labour market. The wage gap between workers with and without IP are high and significant, and only in part can be explained by differences in productivity, so that the unexplained difference could be attributed to discrimination in the labour market against people with disability. The data sets employed in the three chapters have been elaborated from the Continuous Sample of Working Lives, known as the MCVL in Spanish (from "Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales"), a Spanish administrative data set containing work histories of workers and pensioners available since 2004.Esta tesis se ocupa de la relación entre incapacidad permanente y condiciones de trabajo. En los dos primeros capítulos se investiga cómo las condiciones de trabajo, junto con otras variables sociodemográficas, contribuyen a la discapacidad. Nos centramos en diferencias asociadas a la condición de inmigrante (primer capítulo) y por periodo o cohorte (segundo capítulo), mediante la comparación de sucesivas cohortes de jóvenes entre 25 y 34 años de edad. En el tercer capítulo tomamos la perspectiva opuesta y analizamos el efecto de la incapacidad permanente en la vida laboral del individuo. Los resultados del primer capítulo indican que la condición de migrante - con diferencias por región de origen - tiene efectos significativos en la discapacidad y la probabilidad de estar empleado en una ocupación de alto riesgo. A pesar de que las condiciones de trabajo de los inmigrantes son objetivamente peores, presentan menor probabilidad de quedar discapacitados que los nativos. Nuestros resultados también sugieren que no sólo los riesgos de accidente y enfermedad profesional, ampliamente reconocidos, se asocian con probabilidades elevadas de discapacidad. Los trabajos poco cualificados y la inestabilidad en el empleo también se asocian con un mayor riesgo de discapacidad. En el segundo capítulo se muestra que el impacto de la inestabilidad laboral es mayor entre las cohortes de jóvenes actuales, si se comparan con los jóvenes en los años 80. Por último, los resultados del tercer capítulo muestran que sólo cerca del 10 % de las personas con discapacidad siguen trabajando después de la aparición de ésta. La brecha salarial entre trabajadores con y sin discapacidad es importante y significativa, y cerca del 30% de esta diferencia se atribuiría a discriminación de las personas con discapacidad. Nuestros resultados apuntan a que los efectos de esta discriminación en el empleo de las personas con discapacidad serían importantes, en particular para los hombres. Los conjuntos de datos utilizados en los tres capítulos se han elaborado a partir de la Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales (MCVL), un conjunto de datos administrativos que contiene las historias laborales de los trabajadores y pensionistas desde 2004 .
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Carrillo, Alvarez Elena. "Empirical approach to the effect of social capital on the lifestyle, eating habits and weight status of a sample of Catalan adolescents. A specific focus on the family environment in different socioeconomic contexts." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/352222.
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El capital social, definit com els recursos als quals es té accés gràcies a la participació en grups o xarxes, ha estat reconegut com un determinant social de la salut. No obstant, el seu efecte ha estat poc investigat en relació a l’obesitat i les conductes de salut relacionades en població adolescent. Els mecanismes a través dels quals el capital social influencia diferents aspectes de la salut no estan suficientment descrits. A més, un espai poc explorat en l’estudi del capital social és el context familiar. L’objectiu general d’aquesta tesi doctoral és, doncs, investigar l’efecte del capital social en l’estil de vida, hàbits alimentaris i estatus ponderal d’una mostra d’adolescents catalans de diferents contextos socioeconòmics, amb un focus específic en l’entorn familiar. Els resultats indiquen que els diferents constructes del capital social actuen de manera separada i ens han permès caracteritzar alguns dels diversos mecanismes a través dels quals influeixen en l’estil de vida i conductes de salut en adolescents. Així mateix, en el marc d’aquesta recerca, alts nivells de capital social familiar són el factor més protector vers als indicadors de salut estudiats, i la seva influencia preval sobre el nivell socioeconòmic com a principal predictor social de salut en el nostre estudi. Investigacions futures haurien de contribuir a redefinir el paper del capital social en diferents àmbits, especialment el familiar, com a determinant social de la salut en els adolescents i en relació a altres determinants de la salut.El capital social, definido como los recursos a los cuales se tiene acceso gracias a la participación en grupos o redes, ha sido reconocido como un determinante social de la salud. Sin embargo, su efecto ha sido poco investigado en relación a la obesidad y las conductas de salud relacionadas en población adolescente. Los mecanismos a través de los cuales el capital social influencia diferentes aspectos de la salud no están suficientemente descritos. Además, un espacio poco explorado en el estudio del capital social es el contexto familiar. El objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral es, pues, investigar el efecto del capital social en el estilo de vida, hábitos alimentarios y el estado ponderal de una muestra de adolescentes catalanes de diferentes contextos socioeconómicos, con un foco específico en el entorno familiar. Los resultados indican que los diferentes constructos del capital social actúan de forma separada y nos han permitido caracterizar alguno de los diversos mecanismos a través de los cuales influyen en el estilo de vida y conductas de salud en adolescentes. Así mismo, en el marco de esta investigación. Altos niveles de capital social familiar son el factor más protector hacia los indicadores de estudiados, y su influencia prevalece sobre el nivel socioeconómico como principal predictor social de salud en nuestro estudio. Investigaciones futuras deberían contribuir a redefinir el papel del capital social en diferentes ámbitos, especialmente el familiar, como determinante social de la salud en los adolescentes y en relación a otros determinantes de la salud.
Social capital, described as the resources that can be accessed thanks to the membership in groups or networks, has been recognized as social determinant of health. However, its effect has been little investigated in relation to obesity and its health related behaviors and in adolescent population. The pathways through which it influences different health outcomes are not sufficiently described. Furthermore, one glaring gap in the social capital related literature is the family domain. Thus, the overall aim of this dissertation is to investigate the effect of social capital on the lifestyle, eating habits and weight status of a sample of Catalan adolescents from different socioeconomic context, with a specific focus on the family environment. Results show that the different constructs of social capital act separately and have allowed to characterize some of the several mechanisms through which they influence lifestyle and health behaviors in adolescents. In the framework of this research, higher levels of social capital in the family domain are the most protective factor for the health outcomes included in this investigation, and its influence on health outplace socioeconomic status as the main social predictor of health in our study. Further research should contribute to refine the role of social capital in different domains, especially the family context, as a social determinant of health in adolescents and in relation to other determinants of health.
Books on the topic "Environmental and social health inequalities"
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1948-, Whitehead Margaret, Black Douglas Sir 1913-, Townsend Peter 1928-, Davidson Nick, and Great Britain. Working Group on Inequalities in Health., eds. Inequalities in health. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 1992.
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Understanding health inequalities. 2nd ed. Maidenhead, England: McGraw Hill/Open University Press, 2009.
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Hilary, Graham, ed. Understanding health inequalities. New York: Open University Press, 2000.
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Klärner, Andreas, Markus Gamper, Sylvia Keim-Klärner, Irene Moor, Holger von der Lippe, and Nico Vonneilich, eds. Social Networks and Health Inequalities. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97722-1.
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Davey, Smith George, ed. Health inequalities: Lifecourse approaches. Bristol: Policy Press, 2003.
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Mackenbach, Johan. Reducing Inequalities in Health. London: Routledge, 2002.
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Fox, John, 1946 Apr. 25- and European Science Foundation, eds. Health inequalities in European countries. Aldershot, Hants, [England]: Gower Pub. Co., 1989.
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Ellen, Annandale, and Hunt Kate 1959-, eds. Gender inequalities in health. Buckingham: Open University Press, 2000.
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Wagstaff, Adam. Inequality aversion, health inequalities, and health achievement. Washington, D.C: World Bank, Development Research Group, Public Services, and, Human Development Network, Health, Nutrition, and Population Team, 2002.
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Shively, Carol A., and Mark E. Wilson, eds. Social Inequalities in Health in Nonhuman Primates. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30872-2.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Environmental and social health inequalities"
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Klärner, Andreas, and Holger von der Lippe. "Social Network Mechanisms." In Social Networks and Health Inequalities, 49–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97722-1_4.
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AbstractThe influence and significance of social networks in health research are becoming widely discussed. Sociological network research meets the demand for a stronger consideration of “contexts” or the “environment” that influences health and care. Social networks are conceived as a mediating meso-level, which mediates between social macro-structures (e.g., healthcare systems, institutions, and organizations) and individual (not always) rationally acting actors. This perspective offers the possibility to analyze a variety of psychosocial mechanisms. These mechanisms can influence individual health in different ways, including (health) behavior, psyche, or physiology. In this chapter we present some central theoretical concepts, as well as empirical results, on network effects under the headings of “social support,” “social integration,” “social influence,” and “social contagion.”
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Gamper, Markus. "Social Network Theories: An Overview." In Social Networks and Health Inequalities, 35–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97722-1_3.
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AbstractRegarding network theory, John Scott argues: “[...] [T]heoretical work has long been underdeveloped in social network analysis. While the methods themselves do not require or imply any particular sociological theory, they do require theoretical contextualisation in wider debates” (Scott,2011, p. 24). Although the theorization of networks has long been neglected, there has been intensive theoretical debate on the concept of social relations and their structures since the early twentieth century. It is generally assumed that people are embedded in relationships and cannot be viewed in isolation from their social environment. Individual dyads, relationships between two actors, are connected to larger units, so-called networks. Networks are located at the meso-level. They are thus a link between the micro-level, or the individual action (agency), and the macro-level, or the institutions (Weyer, 2012, p. 241). Accordingly, networks consist of actors who build relationships with one another and those relationships create overall social structures. The theoretical interest is not based on so-called classical attributes of individuals, like gender, race, or age, or characteristics of institutions, but on relationships and their structures and the embedding of the actors within a network. The starting point of research questions includes relations, the embeddedness of the individuals within a network, and the interaction between social structure and individual attributes.
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Arminjon, Mathieu. "What’s Wrong with the Biologization of Social Inequalities in Health? A History of Social Epidemiology and Its Moral Economy of Objectivity." In Integrative Approaches in Environmental Health and Exposome Research, 65–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28432-8_4.
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Anguelovski, Isabelle. "(In)Justice in Urban Greening and Green Gentrification." In Studies in Ecological Economics, 235–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22566-6_20.
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AbstractLarge cities are increasingly using urban greening, nature-centered projects, and green infrastructure to address socio-environmental and health challenges and harness widespread benefits for citizens, industries, and investors, while protecting existing urban ecosystems, resources, environmentally-sensitive areas, and built infrastructure. This chapter starts with the argument that the alliance of urban redevelopment with greening creates a paradox and examines the production of inequalities as a result of greening projects. I argue that even while greening certainly provides economic, ecological, health, and social benefits to many, it may create new and deeper vulnerabilities and processes of green gentrification for historically marginalized residents – working-class groups, minorities, and immigrants – even in the many cases where interventions are meant to redress historic inequalities in the provision of parks or green spaces. Urban greening inequalities are thus particularly acute because of what can be defined as “green gaps” upon which municipalities, private investors, and privileged residents capture a “green rent” through new commercial and residential investments. As a result, as I show in this chapter, urban greening interventions targeting lower-income, minority, and immigrant neighborhoods risk being increasingly associated with a GreenLULU or green Locally Unwanted Land Use (Anguelovski, J Plan Lit, 1–14, 2016). Last, I examine civic responses to green inequalities and close this chapter with a broader discussion around the need to repoliticize urban greening practices.
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Bolger, Janine, and Pedro Morago. "Health and health inequalities." In Social Policy for Social Work, Social Care and the Caring Professions, 183–98. 2nd Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020. | Revised edition of Social policy for social work, social care and the caring professions, c2010.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429324598-14.
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McLeod, Jane D., Christy Erving, and Jennifer Caputo. "Health Inequalities." In Handbook of the Social Psychology of Inequality, 715–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9002-4_28.
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El Amrani, Moulay Hicham. "When Environmental Inequalities Lead to Social Inequalities!" In Social-Ecological Systems (SES), 201–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76247-6_11.
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Marmot, M. G. "Social inequalities in mortality." In Class and Health, 21–33. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003284673-2.
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Harding, Geoffrey, Sarah Nettleton, and Kevin Taylor. "Social Inequalities and Health." In Sociology for Pharmacists, 55–72. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21149-4_6.
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Constantinou, Costas S. "Social inequalities in health." In Applied Sociology of Health and Illness, 101–18. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003256687-7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Environmental and social health inequalities"
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Farias, Suzi Maria Fernandes de, Orido Luiz Rocha Pinheiro, Adilson Luiz Cunha de Aguiar Mariz, Felipe Areias Mourão, Tatiana Vieira Tolentino, Thiago de Freitas Santos, Juliane Vaz da Silva, Alessandra Amélia Silvério Sudré, and Flávio Vaz Machado. "Multidisciplinarity in health: Challenges and opportunities." In V Seven International Multidisciplinary Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenvmulti2024-151.
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Multidisciplinarity in healthcare has become an increasingly necessary approach to the sector's current challenges. The health issues we face today are characterized by their complexity and interconnectedness with diverse aspects of human and environmental life. Problems such as global pandemics, antibiotic resistance, chronic non-communicable diseases and health inequalities require an approach that goes beyond the traditional boundaries of specific health disciplines. The integration of knowledge from different areas, such as medicine, nursing, public health, social sciences, health economics and biomedical engineering, is essential to develop effective strategies for prevention, treatment and health promotion. However, despite recognizing the importance of multidisciplinarity, the practical implementation of this approach faces several challenges. Institutional barriers, lack of effective communication between experts from different areas and the difficulty in integrating different knowledge and methods are some of the obstacles that prevent truly efficient collaboration. Furthermore, health training and education often follows a traditional disciplinary approach, which can limit the ability of health professionals to work in a collaborative and integrated manner. In this context, it is essential to seek not only collaboration between different specialties within the health sector, but also integration with professionals from external sectors, such as technology, environment and public policies. This holistic approach can enhance the creation of innovative and sustainable solutions to complex health challenges. Promoting a culture of multidisciplinary collaboration, along with the development of policies and structures that facilitate this integration, is crucial to moving towards a more effective health system that is responsive to the needs of the population. Given this scenario, the objective of this study is to analyze the challenges and opportunities of multidisciplinarity in health, highlighting the barriers to effective integration between disciplines and the benefits of this approach for innovation in health care and research.
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Kihiu, Mercy Wairimu, Inviolata Njeri Njoroge, and Bernard Nyauchi. "Photovoice Analysis of Healthcare Access Challenges among Women Living with Disability’s in Nairobi’s Informal Settlement during the COVID-19 Pandemic." In 2nd International Conference on Women. iConferences (Pvt) Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32789/women.2023.1001.
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Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed greatly existing health care inequalities experienced by persons living with disabilities. Many persons living with disabilities in Kenya’s informal areas experienced numerous inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic, and this was exhibited in their difficulty accessing employment as a result of mass layoffs, education, and health services. This qualitative study explored the health and well-being of women living with disabilities in informal settlements in Nairobi during the COVID-19 pandemic. The photovoice technique was used to collect data from six purposively sampled participants that represented the vulnerable persons with disabilities living in the informal settlements of Korogocho and Viwandani in Nairobi. Additionally, in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted to further highlight how common the experiences described by the Photovoice participants were. Recordings were transcribed verbatim, translated to English, and coded using NVivo. Through thematic analysis of the transcripts, three main barriers were identified: challenges with access and affordability of health services for women living with disability; social and self-stigma as a contributing factor in access to health services for women living with disability; and the built and physical environment as a challenge in access to healthcare services for women living with disability. Attitudinal factors were explored, and unfavorable health-seeking behavior was found to be a barrier to access to healthcare for some participants during the pandemic. Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, women living with disability, informal settlements, photovoice, access to healthcare
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Xiang, Huasheng, Viviana Albani, Nasima Akhter, Louis Goffe, Amelia Lake, and Heather Brown. "P20 Evaluating the impact of planning guidance on the food environment, health outcomes, and inequalities: a quasi-experimental analysis using longitudinal data for a local authority in the North East of England." In Society for Social Medicine Annual Scientific Meeting Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2021-ssmabstracts.109.
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Bayrak Kök, Sabahat, and İbrahim Aksel. "Stance against Quantitative Success Descriptive in Professional Life: Virtue Ethics Approach." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01516.
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We argue that capitalist model in society and its success criteria as benefit and profit maximizations have been under heavy attacks these days. The argument in the center of the discussion in this paper is about there being serious distress in moral and socio-cultural indicators, though relatively rise in economical growth indicators. Thus, we argue that global economy suffers deepest moral crisis in line with the proportional shares that governments, international companies, big or small enterprises and their owners bear upon. Among the signs of this moral collapse, we point for unhealthy products to general health, unfair competitive actions, illusive commercials, price-quality inequalities, labor exploitations, bribery scandals and also environmental ruins around. In this point the sole solution for increase in societal trust of social and economical actors is, in our side, clear to take moral principles and standards as a reference. We argue that benefit, or profit maximization based approaches focusing on material gaining in professional life do not provide effective motivations. Rather approaches that putting internal character development forward and aiming good internal mood based on virtue should be placed in professional life. We see virtue based moral approach as a novel formula for regaining humanity where there are increasing rates of uncertainty and distrust. This study aims to show that commercial and economical activities could not be designed as exempted from moral codes and motives, rather it insists on that some notions as character, and virtue should be in heart in place of responsibility, duty, or benefit.
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Cheruiyot, Kirui Denis. "Food Systems in Sustainable Development." In 3rd International Nutrition and Dietetics Scientific Conference. KENYA NUTRITIONISTS AND DIETICIANS INSTITUTE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57039/jnd-conf-abt-2023-f.s.s.d-02.
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This journal focuses on the sub-theme of "Food Systems in Sustainable Development" within the broader context of the conference on Sustainable Food Systems, Diet, Health Inequalities, and Policy. The abstract provides a concise overview of the topic, outlining the scope of the study, significant data, major findings, and conclusions. It follows a structured format, starting with the background, objective, results, and conclusion. Background: Food systems play a crucial role in achieving sustainable development goals by addressing the interrelated challenges of food production, distribution, consumption, and environmental impact. This abstract presents key insights into sustainable agricultural practices, resource efficiency, and equitable access to nutritious food within sustainable development. Objective: This study aims to examine the role of food systems in sustainable development and explore strategies for enhancing their environmental, social, and economic dimensions. It aims to shed light on the challenges and opportunities associated with current food systems and provide evidence-based recommendations for transformative change. Results: The study highlights the urgent need to transition towards sustainable agricultural practices, including agroecological approaches such as organic farming, permaculture, and regenerative agriculture. These practices contribute to resource efficiency, biodiversity conservation, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. Moreover, the study emphasizes the importance of promoting equitable access to nutritious and culturally appropriate food for all individuals. It explores the effectiveness of local food systems, such as farmers' markets, community-supported agriculture, and urban agriculture initiatives, in enhancing food security, supporting local economies, and reducing the carbon footprint associated with long-distance food transportation. The role of technology in revolutionizing food systems is also discussed, focusing on innovative approaches like precision agriculture, vertical farming, and blockchain-based traceability systems. These technologies have the potential to enhance productivity, reduce waste, and ensure transparency and accountability throughout the food value chain. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study underscores the significance of food systems in sustainable development and the need for transformative change. It highlights the importance of collaborative partnerships, knowledge sharing, and evidence-based policies to address the challenges and opportunities associated with sustainable food systems. By prioritizing sustainable agriculture, enhancing food security, and addressing health and social inequalities, we can contribute to a future where our food systems promote the well-being of both people and the planet. Keywords: food systems, sustainable development, agriculture, resource efficiency, equitable access.
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Manescu, Camelia, Nicoleta Mateoc-Sirb, Oana Sicoe-Murg, Alina Manescu, and Hunor Vass. "STUDIES ON CLIMATE IMPACTS AND RISKS IN ROMANIA." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/5.1/s20.30.
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The purpose of this paper is to study the effects and risks of climate change in Romania. The research methodology used is based on the analysis and synthesis of information from the climate change literature. The main research method used in the paper is content analysis. The authors of the paper find that climate change is already having many negative consequences on health, environmental and economic issues in Romania, affecting all regions. The importance of publishing this study is to increase and improve the content of the literature in the field. The authors' analysis found that, in general, the effects of climate change jeopardise economic development prospects, increase the risks of famine and thus potentiate conflict and forced displacement, and deepen existing vulnerabilities, socio-economic inequalities and gender discrimination. In recent decades, countries around the world, including Romania, have focused their efforts both on mitigating the impact of climate change through measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and on increasing their capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change.
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Khorshidifard, Sara. "New Problematics and Prospects for Public Space: An Experiment with Cul-De-Sac." In 109th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.109.88.
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Times of rapid environmental and cultural change impelled by disasters, pandemics, and socio-political unrests deem essential broadened awareness and resilient tenacities for an urbanism that is set to act in post-traumatic modes. In times of precarity, urban public realm spaces in various shades and most mundane shapes are ever more vital to help cities heal by restoring their social longevity, improving people-environment relations and setting the pace for future generations. On top of effective micro and macro projects, successful cities stand out through vigorous middle-scale spaces in their boroughs, districts, and neighborhoods. This essay resumes discussions on the role of public realm in neighborhood commonplaces through experimentations via a didactic exercise reexamining cities’ contemporary cul-de-sac forms and spaces. The prevailing and familiar spatial layout of the cul-de-sac is explored and extrapolated. It is often the most obvious of things/topics around us that are not viewed critically or at all. Cul-de-sac as the topic of investigation is considered both literally and figuratively, a space with concrete dimensionalities, a symbol of designed seclusion as modern residential ideal and a metaphor for roadblock qualities cities and neighborhoods are facing today tangled with larger inequalities, uneven developments, and lacks in connectivity, permeability, sociability, etc. These effects have become emblematic of urbanizations sacked, disengaged, and close-ended conditions resulting in fear of the other, diminished public realm and depleted social life. Starting with background studies and synoptic understandings of the genre’s past and present, the essay follows through with a comparative undergraduate design studio exercise. The introductory, warm-up practice uses particular socio-spatial analysis methods in evaluating current conditions for stretching spatial opportunities. Advancing the cause, prospects and initiatives for the future public space, this piece concludes with a review of the pedagogical process, methodological application, and thoughts on the reexaminations of cul-de-sacs for enhanced and possibly unfamiliar experiences.
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de Oliveira Bastos, Isabela, and Patrícia Rodrigues Samora. "MORADIA E SAÚDE POR MEIO DA ATHIS: Limites e possibilidades a partir da experiência na Vila Brandina, Campinas-SP." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Grup de Recerca en Urbanisme, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.12212.
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Brazilian cities are unequal regarding housing access. About 6 million families live in precarious houses, in addition to other more than 24 million, in inadequate dwellings, environments that can cause and aggravate diseases. Historically, some initiatives have been developed to promote health through housing interventions. Since the emergence of COVID-19 pandemics, the Architecture and Urban Planning Council (CAU), has also been considering technical assistance to social housing (ATHIS) as a possibility to associate housing improvements and health promotion. This paper aims to discuss the limits and potentialities of this hypothesis from a practical experience carried out at Vila Brandina, in Campinas-SP. Besides field research, the investigation relies on literature review and data collection. The results, still partials, reveal the challenges to consolidating ATHIS and its difficulty in really contributing to health promotion. Keywords: housing inequalities, housing improvements, health promotion, building technical assistance (ATHIS) As cidades brasileiras são desiguais quanto ao acesso à habitação. Cerca de 6 milhões de famílias vivem em domicílios precários e mais de 24 milhões em casas inadequadas, ambientes que podem causar ou agravar doenças. Historicamente, algumas iniciativas foram desenvolvidas para promover saúde através de intervenções no espaço construído das moradias. Desde a eclosão da pandemia de COVID-19, o Conselho de Arquitetura e Urbanismo (CAU) têm considerado a ATHIS também como uma possibilidade de associar melhorias habitacionais e promoção de saúde. O artigo objetiva discutir os limites e possibilidades dessa hipótese a partir de uma experiência prática na Vila Brandina, em Campinas-SP. Além de pesquisa de campo, baseia-se em revisão de literatura e levantamento de dados. Os resultados, ainda que parciais, atestam os enormes desafios para se consolidar a ATHIS e sua dificuldade em contribuir para a promoção da saúde. Palavras-chave: desigualdade habitacional, melhorias habitacionais, promoção de saúde, ATHIS
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Araujo, Elking, Verónica Maldonado-garcés, and Nelson Salgado. "Inclusive dictionary for people with disabilities through an accessible technological platform." In Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2023) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002870.
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One of the greatest challenges for people with disabilities is the lack of accessibility to information, and communication, in addition, to learning processes, which results in few possibilities for labor and social inclusion. Currently, in this sense, research and projects are carried out to promote strategies that allow greater use of ICTs in the acquisition and exchange of knowledge to reduce inequalities in terms of accessibility, especially for people with disabilities and, in general, for priority care groups. However, sustained processes are required that allow comprehensive accessibility to people with disabilities.According to studies carried out by the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that 5% of the world’s population has a hearing impairment (World Health Organization, 2018). This community generally presents learning problems given the low effectiveness in the transmission of messages between listeners and non-listeners, and, regarding information and communication technologies, there are not enough computerized educational materials that facilitate communication and Autonomous Learning.It is important to mention that ICT plays a decisive role in teaching-learning in various educational environments. Undoubtedly, new technologies can supply means for improving teaching and learning processes, and managing educational environments in general, since they facilitate cooperation and collaboration between students. In addition, they contribute to overcoming social inequalities. Because sign language is the first language of the deaf community, and since it is expressed spatially and visually, it is necessary to produce multimedia content for the generation of computerized educational tools to properly transmit these messages. The present work is oriented toward facilitating sign language learning in people with hearing impairment, which contributes to their coexistence and interaction.We cannot fail to mention that the approach to nature is mediated by language. Without sufficient lexical background, any formative action is limited. It is essential to have a sufficient repertoire of terms that help the speaker understand and know her environment. Under regular conditions, vocabulary acquisition may be conditioned by diverse, but drawing events or conditions: access to physical or digital bibliography, limited educational experience, family environment little related to reading, etc. The increase in vocabulary in a speaker facilitates learning. Many reading comprehension problems begin with the impossibility of properly decoding words.The problem of access to vocabulary improvement is exacerbated for the deaf community and people with visual disabilities. The aggravation is because they do not exist in the Ecuadorian environment, dictionaries that offer information from the Ecuadorian lexicon not defined in general dictionaries and that, at the same time, contribute to the interpretation of sign language for the deaf community or that meets the standards of inclusion necessary to facilitate reading in users with visual disabilities.In this context, part of our work will be focused on determining which is the lexicon of Ecuadorian speech that deaf people do not know. We consider as a hypothesis that the lexicon unknown by deaf people mostly comprises terms with abstract or very localized references.In addition, we propose to propose the structure of the design of a technological platform of the dictionary. This web application would present the set of lexical entries defined in Spanish and expanded with an author appointment, accompanied by an image of the referent and a video with sign language interpretation of both the definition and the appointment. Each dictionary entry will offer automatic reading on the screen for the accessibility of no seers. The dictionary macrostructure will be composed of basic words and expressions of sign language to promote educational interest and facilitate and energize learning.The work will also be based on a methodology specialized in web applications such as OOHDM (Object Oriented Hypermedia Desing Methodology), on free tools for the manipulation of multimedia audio, video, and images such as Avidemux, Audacy, and Gimp respectively, in the Netbeans 14.0 development tool with JSF 2.0 framework. For integration with the database, PostgreSQL will be used.
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Qian, Sun, Deng Zhenzhong, Bao Jianyun, and Zhang Youguo. "Human rights and health inequalities of migrants." In 2015 International Conference on Social Science and Technology Education. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsste-15.2015.22.
Full textReports on the topic "Environmental and social health inequalities"
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Libertun de Duren, Nora Ruth, Benigno López Benítez, Juan Pablo Bonilla, Ferdinando Regalia, Usama Bilal, Ana María Ibáñez, Norbert Schady, et al. Inclusive Cities: Healthy Cities for All. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004459.
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This publication reports on some of the health challenges facing cities. It aims to serve as a guide for public managers and decision makers optimize the great potential of cities to improve the well-being of those who reside in the cities of Latin America and the Caribbean. It is organized in two parts. The first part, Health Inequalities in Latin American Cities, focuses on identifying the ways in which social inequality has led to negative health outcomes, in order to make visible the relevance of the challenge of inequality and the urgency to grapple with it. The second part, Urban Policies for Healthy Cities, focuses on how cities can contribute to improving the health standards in their population. The publication addresses critical issues for urban health, such as the interdependence between physical-social factors and health, the relationship between urban characteristics and the incidence of COVID-19, the connections between social inequality and exposure to pollution environment, the relationship between urban planning and gender violence, the power of urban interventions -such as public transport and social housing- to improve health indicators, and the relevance of having good data to improve the accessibility of health systems. All the contributions in this book are based on data and rigorous research, and present real cases of the cities of the region.
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Miall, Naomi, Gillian Fergie, and Anna Pearce. Health Inequalities in Scotland: trends in deaths, health and wellbeing, health behaviours, and health services since 2000. University of Glasgow, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36399/gla.pubs.282637.
Full textAbstract:
Following a global pandemic and entering a cost-of-living crisis, concern around how health inequalities in Scotland have and will be impacted is considerable. This report synthesises a wide range of existing data and new analysis to establish the magnitude of the problem, where improvements or deterioration is evident and who is most affected. Over four detailed chapters, trends in social inequalities in health, health-related behaviours and, health and social care services in Scotland are presented.
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Bouezmarni, Taoufik, Mohamed Doukali, and Abderrahim Taamouti. Copula-based estimation of health concentration curves with an application to COVID-19. CIRANO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mtkj3339.
Full textAbstract:
COVID-19 has created an unprecedented global health crisis that caused millions of infections and deaths worldwide. Many, however, argue that pre-existing social inequalities have led to inequalities in infection and death rates across social classes, with the most-deprived classes are worst hit. In this paper, we derive semi/non-parametric estimators of Health Concentration Curve (HC) that can quantify inequalities in COVID-19 infections and deaths and help identify the social classes that are most at risk of infection and dying from the virus. We express HC in terms of copula function that we use to build our estimators of HC. For the semi-parametric estimator, a parametric copula is used to model the dependence between health and socio-economic variables. The copula function is estimated using maximum pseudo-likelihood estimator after replacing the cumulative distribution of health variable by its empirical analogue. For the non-parametric estimator, we replace the copula function by a Bernstein copula estimator. Furthermore, we use the above estimators of HC to derive copula-based estimators of health Gini coeffcient. We establish the consistency and the asymptotic normality of HC’s estimators. Using different data-generating processes and sample sizes, a Monte-Carlo simulation exercise shows that the semiparametric estimator outperforms the smoothed nonparametric estimator, and that the latter does better than the empirical estimator in terms of Integrated Mean Squared Error. Finally, we run an extensive empirical study to illustrate the importance of HC’s estimators for investigating inequality in COVID-19 infections and deaths in the U.S. The empirical results show that the inequalities in state’s socio-economic variables like poverty, race/ethnicity, and economic prosperity are behind the observed inequalities in the U.S.’s COVID-19 infections and deaths.
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Bancalari, Antonella, Samuel Berlinski, Giancarlo Buitrago, María Fernanda García, Dolores de la Mata, and Marcos Vera-Hernández. Health Inequalities in Latin American and the Caribbean: Child, Adolescent, Reproductive, Metabolic Syndrome and Mental Health. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005208.
Full textAbstract:
Health constitutes a fundamental aspect of our well-being. It is also a key factor in determining our contribution to market and non-market output. Health inequality refers to the unequal realization of health outcomes between different groups in the population. Systematic disparities in health outcomes and in access to health resources not only undermine basic principles of fairness and social justice but also contributes towards perpetuating poverty and disadvantage. In this chapter, we start by presenting evidence on how the burden of disease in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has changed during the last 30 years. Consistent with the fall in fertility and population aging, the region has shifted from a burden of disease dominated by maternal, neonatal, and communicable disease in the 1990s to one dominated by cardiovascular disease, cancers, diabetes, and increasingly by mental health disorders. The poorest in the region are burdened by worst access to maternal care and higher levels of infant mortality and stunting. Despite being knowledgeable about contraceptive methods, young women in Latin America and the Caribbean have very high levels of teenage pregnancy with a steep socio-economic gradient. Noncommunicable diseases also affect the poor disproportionately in many countries. Finally, mental health is a growing source of lost days of healthy living among women and the poor. Overall, our results highlight that despite the epidemiological transition which is underway, socio-economic health disparities in the LAC region are still more important on early childhood and teenagerhood than in adulthood, at least as it pertains to the outcomes analyzed in this chapter. At the same time, we show that while socio-economic inequalities in child health are smaller in the richest countries, the contrary happens with inequalities in some adult outcomes.
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Klasky, Hilda, Heidi Hanson, Kevin Sparks, Matthew Whitehead, Blair Christian, Jodie Trafton, and Anuj Kapadia. Dataset Repository for Investigating Suicide Risk Using Social and Environmental Determinants of Health. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1997699.
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Arneson, Lynn, Hilary Hoagland-Grey, and Natasha Ward. Environmental and Social, Health and Safety Management System ESHSMS: Small Hotels and Resorts. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009062.
Full textAbstract:
When investing in small and mid-size hotel projects, the IDB, as a general rule, requires that the Sponsor develop and implement an environmental and social management system (ESHSMS). The ESHSMS is typically developed after completion of the Environmental Assessment Process which, depending on the project, would include development of either an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or an Environmental and Social Analysis (ESA). An ESHSMS is a framework developed to identify and manage environmental and social aspects of each principal phase of project development (i.e., siting and design, construction, and operation). Development of an ESHSMS ensures environmental and social issues associated with each phase of the project are identified, evaluated, and managed in a systematic way, and that management of those issues is integrated into every aspect of the project.
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Barbuscia, Anna, and Chiara Comolli. Gender and socioeconomic inequalities in health and wellbeing across age in France and Switzerland. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.res2.2.
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There is increasing evidence that wellbeing is unequally distributed across sociodemographicgroups in contemporary societies. However, less is known about thedivergence across social groups of trajectories of wellbeing across age groups.This issue is of great relevance in contexts characterised by changing populationstructures and growing imbalances across and within generations, and in whichensuring that everyone has the opportunity to have a happy and healthy life courseis a primary welfare goal. In this study, we investigate wellbeing trends in Franceand Switzerland across age, gender, and socioeconomic status groups. We use twohousehold surveys (the Sant´e et Itin´eraires Professionnels and the Swiss HouseholdPanel) to compare the unfolding inequalities in health and wellbeing across agegroups in two rich countries. We view wellbeing as multidimensional, followingthe literature highlighting the importance of considering different dimensions andmeasures of wellbeing. Thus, we investigate a number of outcomes, includingdifferent measures of physical and mental health, as well as of relational wellbeing,using a linear regression model and a linear probability model. Our findings showinteresting country and dimension-specific heterogeneities in the development ofhealth and wellbeing over age. While our results indicate that there are gender andeducational inequalities in both Switzerland and France, and that gender inequalitiesin mental health accumulate with age in both countries, we also find that educationalinequalities in health and wellbeing remain rather stable across age groups.
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Macura, Biljana, Sarah Dickin, Carla Liera, Adriana Soto, Karin Hannes, and Laura del Duca. Gender equality and social inclusion in WASH interventions: policy and practice insights from a systematic mapping exercise. Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/ceb5.
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Poor access to water, sanitation, and hygiene services threatens public health and contributes to a range of gender and social inequalities. Despite the disproportionate impacts of poor WASH, women and marginalised groups often have less say in the delivery and management of these services. Recognition of these inequalities has translated into growing attention to gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) mainstreaming in WASH programmes, thought to contribute to both more sustainable WASH services as well as to gender equality and women’s empowerment as a stand-alone goal. However, despite the potential contribution of WASH to achieving gender equality and social justice, WASH interventions are often evaluated using a narrow range of health outcomes, such as diarrhoea and child growth. This evidence brief provides policy-relevant insights from a comprehensive mapping of evidence of GESI outcomes related to WASH interventions.
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Signoria, Chiara, and Marco Barlettani. Environmental, Health, Safety, and Social Management of Green Hydrogen in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004888.
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This study analyzes the main risks, impacts, and mitigation measures for activities related to green hydrogen including production, transportation, storage and associated energy carriers, including ammonia and methanol. This technical note also summarizes, analyzes, and compares international best practices on Environmental, Health, Safety and Social matters for hydrogen management. Finally, the authors analyze these practices as they relate to the IDBs new Environmental and Social Policy Framework (ESPF) approved by the Bank in September 2020.
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Rohwerder, Brigitte, and Carolina Szyp. The Risks and Outcomes of Getting Help for Marginalised People: Navigating Access to Social Assistance in Crises. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.007.
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Crises exacerbate existing inequalities and vulnerabilities for marginalised people, including women and girls, children and youth, older people, people with disabilities, ethnic and religious minorities, and sexual and gender minorities. Many of them face multiple and intersecting inequalities, especially people who are forcibly displaced. Social assistance seeks to alleviate crisis impacts by protecting vulnerable people and averting them from deprivation, but the same structures and systems that make some people more exposed (and excluded) generally can exclude them from social assistance in crises and further undermine their situation. There is substantial literature that already discusses the benefits and opportunities of social assistance generally. The added value of this paper is in examining the risks of navigating access to social assistance in crises for these marginalised people, and the positive and negative outcomes of accessing or not accessing this assistance. The existing evidence suggests that social assistance can improve marginalised people’s food security, help households meet their basic needs, reduce stress and household tensions, reduce gender-based violence, improve health, education, and wellbeing, and reduce negative coping mechanisms. However, it can also disrupt their social support mechanisms and expose them to violence and further risks. Such risks – some of which also apply to those who are excluded from social assistance, and which do not apply to all marginalised people all the time similarly – include neglect, discrimination, sexual exploitation and abuse, increased household and community tensions, gender-based violence, stigma, theft, and accessibility issues.