Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Environmental and Natural Resources Law'
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1
Gardner, Alexander Walter. "Negotiation and agreements in integrated resources management." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26138.
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The purpose of this thesis is to propose a model of integrated resources management which uses techniques of negotiation and agreements to involve all interested parties in the decision making process. The thesis is developed in two parts. Part I defines the model and principles which are applied in Part II to a case study of forestry planning in community watersheds.
For some years now there have been calls for natural resources management on an ecological basis. To achieve this, the law must define legal rights and procedures which ensure that all affected human interests are taken into account in management decision-making. The decision-making is characterized as a bargaining process aimed at balancing the competing interests of all affected parties. Bargaining connotes a use of negotiation and agreement.
However, the established legal uses of these techniques are restricted to situations involving few parties. Complex integrated resources management has been conducted primarily through expert discretionary administration. But bureaucratic administration of complex issues is now understood as an inherently political process fraught with scientific and values uncertainties and lacking legitimacy because it is not effectively accountable to the parties whose interests are affected.
The recent experience with environmental alternative dispute resolution ("ADR") suggests techniques for all affected parties to be taken into account by representative negotiation and agreement. A review of examples of environmental ADR provides some principles about the use of negotiation and agreements to supplement the regulatory processes of integrated resources management. Those principles relate to the assertion of legal rights, the need to remedy dissatisfaction with judicial procedures and the adversary system as means to challenge regulatory decisions, the negotiation process itself, and the regulatory approval and implementation of negotiated agreements.
The case study commences with an analysis of the legal context. It reveals an uncertain regime of legal rights and authority. The Ministries involved have great discretionary authority; the forest licensee's legal relations are principally of a contractual nature with the Crown; and the water licensees' rights are ill-defined. This uncertain legal regime does not facilitate bargaining between the affected resource licensees.
The integrated resources management framework established under administrative authority does have the potential to facilitate bargaining. Whilst the new framework is innovative and establishes new institutions, rights and duties, it is difficult to determine authoritatively the elements of that framework because they are found only in a set of policy documents and are still subject to the uncertainty of administrative discretion.
Negotiation and agreements may occur in a number of different contexts in the integrated resources management framework, especially in the context of the Technical Review Committee which is the main arena for negotiation between the interested parties. There is a commentary on the negotiation process, much of the material for which was gathered in interviews with representatives of the parties involved. Various reforms of the framework should be considered to facilitate bargaining and confine administrative discretion. Principal among these are the right of all parties to appeal to an administrative tribunal when the regulatory decision is made without the consensus of the negotiating committee, and clarification of the method of adjudicating compliance with regulatory conditions.
In summary, the whole framework established by the policy documents should be revised and given a legislated base. In doing this, certain legal questions need to be considered. Ultimately, the utility of the model proposed depends upon the capacity of the law to define the various natural resource interests of all people in the community.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
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Farchakh, Loubna. "The concept of intergenerational equity in international law /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80918.
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The theory of intergenerational equity is closely linked to the notion of sustainable development. It is indeed considered to be one of its aspect. Intergenerational equity can be divided in two facets: the intergenerational component links the present generation to future generations, while the intragenerational aspect imposes, within the same generation, a duty for industrialized countries to help developing countries. The legal status of intergenerational equity appears to be limited because of its qualification as a concept. Therefore, this concept of intergenerational equity belongs to the realm of soft law. Nevertheless, legal implications can be drawn out from this theory. Different means of implementation can be envisioned, some belonging to the domain of soft law, other employing more classical tools, such as institutional mechanisms.
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Mugadza, Alois Aldridge. "The legal protection of forests in international environmental law, shortcomings and comparative analysis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672289.
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The thesis will investigate how the existing international environmental law relates to forest protection and what are the issues that have hampered the making of an important instrument for forest protection since forests’ functions are vital and important. Since there is no international binding instrument for forest protection, have countries done enough to protect forests. What forest protection efforts have been put in place in Spain, South Africa and Australia? Are these efforts sufficient and adequate to ignore the need of a forest instrument? What are some of the lessons from these countries and their legal regimes?La tesis investigará cómo el derecho ambiental internacional existente se relaciona con la protección de los bosques y cuáles son las cuestiones que han obstaculizado la creación de un instrumento importante para la protección de los bosques, ya que las funciones de los bosques son vitales e importantes. Dado que no existe un instrumento internacional vinculante para la protección de los bosques, ¿los países han hecho lo suficiente para proteger los bosques? ¿Qué iniciativas de protección forestal se han llevado a cabo en España, Sudáfrica y Australia? ¿Son estos esfuerzos suficientes y adecuados para ignorar la necesidad de un instrumento forestal? ¿Cuáles son algunas de las lecciones de estos países y sus regímenes legales?
Programa de Doctorat Interuniversitari en Dret, Economia i Empresa
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Hylla, Nicholas J. "Biodiversity conservation efforts in the complete education reform for Galapagos : a participatory approach to curriculum development in environmental education = Actividades para la conservacion de la biodiversidad en la reforma educativa integral en las islas Galapagos : un proceso participativo para el desarrollo de planes de estudio de educacion medioambiental /." Link to abstract, 2005. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/abstracts/2005/Hylla.pdf.
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Mulier, Vincent. "Pragmatism in the Columbia Basin : laws, values, and the emergence of a regional river ethic /." view abstract or download file of text, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3035572.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2001.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 225-231). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Ferguson, Mary C. "Sediment Removal from the San Gabriel Mountains." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/16.
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The issue of sediment removal from the San Gabriel Mountains has been a complex issue that has created problems with beach replenishment, habitat destruction and the need to spend millions of dollars at regular intervals to avoid safety hazards. Most recently 11 acres of riparian habitat, including 179 oaks and 70 sycamores, were removed for sediment placement. Other sites including Hahamongna Watershed Park and La Tuna Canyon also face a similar fate. This thesis questions: How did we get to this point of destroying habitat to dump sediment which is viewed as waste product? What are the barriers for creating long term solutions and progressive change? What are some other options? And how should we move forward? The issues with sediment management have stemmed from regulatory compliance issues, adversarial relationships within agencies and among NGO's and the public, and the lack of a comprehensive long-term plan to prevent further habitat loss and other sediment removal issues. A recommendation includes looking at a community forestry model to include a wide cross-section of the community, NGO's and government agencies to come up with a long term comprehensive and progressive solution.
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Botchway, Francis N. N. "The role of the state and good governance in energy resource management : the dialectics of change." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2000. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488328.
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The reforms initiated in the global energy industry since the late 1980s have been seen as phenomenal and radical. In the main, the changes are perceived as the manifestation of the inexorable retreat of the state, apparently due to its failings, from the energy business. This thesis argues that the real position in the industry is not conterminous with that postulate. The unique character of the energy industry guarantees that the state's influence may change, but not swept away. Even when methods change, the objectives of state participation - efficiency, equity and stability - remain unalterable. This is demonstrated in three forms: First, domestic regulation of the industry, second, the exploitation of energy resource from a source shared by two or more countries, and third, international trade in energy. Indeed, the ubiquitous presence of the state in the energy industry has yielded varying results in different countries, and as in the case of Ghana, for different utilities. This thesis proposes that good governance is the critical variable that accounts for the difference. The need for stable governance, not characterised by the endurance of dictatorship, but exhibited in the form of competitive democracy, effective bureaucracy, rule of law, discretion and decentralisation, form the macro foundation for the efficient, equitable and stable operation of the energy business.
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Heatherington, Tracey. "Environmental politics in a highland Sardinian community." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68102.
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The movement to protect wilderness resources can conflict with local intentions for land use and development, particularly in economically marginal areas. In rural Italy, on the island of Sardinia, the plan to create a Gennargentu National Park has incited active opposition on the part of the communities affected. In the town of Baunei, responses to environmental legislation are motivated by the desire to maintain communal control over common lands. Political action, both formal and informal, is organised by local understandings about the impact of certain laws and institutions on the town economy, principally by the restriction of residents' usi civici (traditional rights of usufruct). This thesis considers the role and meaning of the usi civici in Baunei, and the implications of this for environmental politics in Sardinia.
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Nikolaou, John. "Developing a model for effective community development agreements in the extractive industries." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2142.
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Natural resource development has tremendous potential to create inclusive economic growth in countries well-endowed with oil, mineral, and agricultural resources. At the same time, natural resource development can cause negative environmental externalities, and, in several cases, extractives companies can engage in labor abuse.
The intersection of the government’s and the corporation’s interest can lie in Corporate Social Responsibility Projects.This thesis will analyze an alternative model of CSR: community development agreements (CDAs). CDAs are voluntary, or sometimes government mandated, agreements between the project developer and the project affected community that define company commitments to issues such as environmental impact mitigation, benefit sharing, and local employment, for example. The objective of this thesis is to review the theoretical underpinnings of CDA process, analyze the application of CDAs in several case studies, and develop a framework of best practices for CDAs based on those analyses.
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Birgen, Rose Jeptoo. "Facilitating participation in natural resource governance in Kenya: a critical review of the extent to which Kenya’s contemporary legal framework enables indigenous community conserved areas." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15170.
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The goals of conserving nature have changed over the last decades, but setting aside areas for nature protection is still a major part of environmental efforts globally. Protected areas often include indigenous and local communities' territories, and although indigenous rights have been strengthened through international policies and laws, conflicts over land entitlement are still common. A couple of notable events internationally in the context of Human Rights and nature conservation discourses have marked a significant shift in the attitudes and approaches to the role of indigenous people and local communities in natural resource governance. Contemporary approaches enable them to define themselves and to own and manage land and natural resources. Domestic policy makers are faced with the challenge of creating national laws and policies to implement this contemporary approach. This thesis looks at the concept of ICCAs as a tool for facilitating participation of indigenous and local communities in natural resource management. It begins with an analysis of the form, nature, origins and value of ICCA's- and specifically key legal elements which should ideally be included in a legal framework to give domestic effect to them. This analysis indicates that in order to recognise and protect the indigenous people and local communities and for ICCAs to be a success, their land tenures and resource rights have to be legally secured, they have to be deliberately involved in management of natural resources and they have to enjoy the benefits that arise as a result of their input and use their traditional knowledge to protect and conserve natural resources. The dissertation then turns to consider whether these elements are present in Kenya's legal framework. 2010 is used as a benchmark because of the significant reform introduced giving an edge in the way indigenous people and local communities and their contribution to natural resource management were recognised.
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Ruru, Tania Suzanne, and n/a. "The Resource Management Act 1991 and Nga Iwi Maori." University of Otago. Faculty of Law, 1997. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070530.141814.
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This thesis describes the sections in the Resource Management Act 1991 of particular relevance for nga Iwi Maori and assesses how well these facilitate involvement for Maori in the management of New Zealand�s resources. The method of assessment used is one of comparison between the schemes and philosophies of 1991 Act, and the active involvement of Maori in decision-making for their resources which is requires by Article ii of the Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi).
Part i describes the Maori world view of the environment and outlines the Treaty of Waitangi and its relevance to resource management law.
Part ii describes the purpose and principles contained in sections 5, 6(e), 7(a), and 8 of the 1991 Act. Chapter Three provides an overview of the relationship between the purpose and principles. Chapter Four discusses the purpose in section 5 and proclaims that the inclusion of sustainability as a purpose in resource management legislation is advantageous in terms of the indirect furtherance of Maori conservation aspirations for the enviroment. It also describes how the cultural wellbeing of Maori has been interpreted to be an express part of the purpose of the Act. Chapter Five provides an analysis of section 6(e) which makes the relationship of Maori and their culture and traditions with their taonga a matter of national importance under the Act. Chapter Six describes section 7(a) and kaitiakitanga which must be given particular regard under the Act. Chapter Seven discusses section 8 and the content and meaning of the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. Part ii concludes that while the facilitation of Maori involvement in the management and protection of natural and physical resources is improved under this Act, these sections are an insufficient safeguard for Maori interests.
Part iii assesses the other sections in the Act which have a bearing on Maori involvement in resource management processes. Chapter Eight explores the planning system. Chapter Nine describes the resource consent processes in the 1991 Act. Chapter Ten comments on various procedural provisions which introduce tikanga Maori into the Act, and Chapter Eleven is devoted to exploring the sections in the Act which in the writer�s opinion provide the most potential for recognition of rangatiratanga in a limited form. This Part proclaims that the emphasis in the Act is very much on consultation with nga Iwi Maori as an effective means for their involement in resource management. It is submitted that this is not the active participation in decision-making that Maori seek and which is guaranteed under Article ii of the Treaty of Waitangi.
Chapter Twelve acknowledges that involvement of nga Iwi Maori in processes under the 1991 Act will rely to some extent on the content of policy statements and plans produced by the local authorities. An analysis of the Proposed Otago Regional Policy Statement is undertaken to explore how the concerns of Kai Tahu have been incorporated into the statement.
Chapter Thirteen ends by concluding that while the 1991 Act does provide for increased Maori involvement in resource management processes in New Zealand it does not facilitate the decision-making role guaranteed by Article ii of the Treaty of Waitangi.
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McGrath, Christopher James. "How to evaluate the effectiveness of an environmental legal system." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16661/1/Christopher_James_Mcgrath_Thesis.pdf.
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The principal research question addressed in this thesis is how the effectiveness of an environmental legal system can best be evaluated. A legal system is effective if it is achieving or likely to achieve its objectives. For an environmental legal system this means achieving sustainable development. The hypothesis tested in relation to this research question is that the pressure-state-response ("PSR") method of State of the Environment ("SoE") Reporting provides the best available framework for evaluating the effectiveness of an environmental legal system. A subsidiary research question addressed in this thesis is whether the environmental legal system protecting the Great Barrier Reef ("GBR") in north-eastern Australia is likely to achieve sustainable development of it. The hypothesis tested in relation to this research question is that the environmental legal system protecting the GBR is likely to achieve sustainable development of the GBR. The principal method used to address these research questions and test the hypotheses is a case study of the effectiveness of the laws protecting the GBR. Particular emphasis is given in the case study to climate change both because it is now recognised as the major threat to the GBR and is a topic of significant international and national interest. This thesis is intended to contribute, in particular, to the current public and policy debate on responding effectively to climate change by using the GBR as a yardstick against which to measure "dangerous climate change" and, conversely, acceptable climate change. There are five major findings of the research. First, most of the legal writing regarding environmental legal systems is descriptive, explanatory and interpretative rather than evaluative. Second, most legal writers who attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of part or the whole of an environmental legal system implicitly use the PSR method and refer to pressures, conditions, and responses but do not acknowledge this conceptual framework. Third, the best available conceptual and analytical framework for evaluating the effectiveness of an environmental legal system is the PSR method. It is the simplest, most systematic, comprehensive and meaningful framework with the greatest predictive power for evaluating the effectiveness of the total social and legal response to human-induced environmental degradation currently available. Fourth, current practice in SoE reporting, at least in relation to the GBR, is largely descriptive and rarely evaluates the effectiveness of the response. The fifth major finding of this research is that, while there are many effective parts of the response to pressures on the GBR, the current environmental legal system is not likely to be effective in preventing climate change from causing very serious damage to the GBR. Based on what we know at this point in time, particularly the technology that is currently available and current greenhouse gas emissions, the impacts of climate change appear likely to swamp the many good aspects of the legal system protecting the GBR. Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide in 2005 were approximately 379 parts per million ("ppm") and rising by 2 ppm per year. Including the effect of other greenhouse gases such as methane, the total concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases was around 455 ppm carbon dioxide equivalents ("CO2-eq") in 2005, although the cooling effect of aerosols and landuse changes reduced the net effect to around 375 ppm CO2-eq. Limiting the total increase in mean global temperature to approximately 1°C requires stabilization of atmospheric greenhouse gases and aerosols around 350 ppm CO2-eq. Increasing the net effect of greenhouse gases and aerosols to 450-550 ppm CO2-eq is expected to result in a 2-3°C rise in mean surface temperatures. There are currently no international or national legal constraints to hold greenhouse gas concentrations beneath these levels and they appear likely to be exceeded. These increases in mean global temperatures are expected to severely degrade the GBR by 2030-2040. Even the targets being set by the new Australian Government of reducing Australia's greenhouse gas emissions by 60% by 2050 appear insufficient to protect the GBR. If a 60% reduction in emissions can be achieved globally by 2050 a rise in mean global temperature of around 2.4°C is expected. This indicates the environmental legal system protecting the GBR is not likely to be effective in relation to climate change and, therefore, is failing to reach its objective of sustainable development. Three major recommendations arise from the research. First, legal writers attempting to evaluate the effectiveness of the whole or part of an environmental legal system should use and acknowledge the PSR method. Second, SoE reports should include a stand-alone chapter evaluating the effectiveness of the response. Third, the environmental legal system protecting the GBR should take strong and comprehensive measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions if the objective of sustainable development is to be achieved. Such measures should include setting policy targets for stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations around 350 ppm CO2-eq to limit increases in mean global temperature to 1°C. Policy targets of stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gases and aerosols at 450-550 ppm CO2-eq to limit increases in mean global temperatures to 2-3°C are likely to be too high to avoid severe impacts of coral bleaching to the GBR.
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McGrath, Christopher James. "How to evaluate the effectiveness of an environmental legal system." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16661/.
Full textAbstract:
The principal research question addressed in this thesis is how the effectiveness of an environmental legal system can best be evaluated. A legal system is effective if it is achieving or likely to achieve its objectives. For an environmental legal system this means achieving sustainable development. The hypothesis tested in relation to this research question is that the pressure-state-response ("PSR") method of State of the Environment ("SoE") Reporting provides the best available framework for evaluating the effectiveness of an environmental legal system. A subsidiary research question addressed in this thesis is whether the environmental legal system protecting the Great Barrier Reef ("GBR") in north-eastern Australia is likely to achieve sustainable development of it. The hypothesis tested in relation to this research question is that the environmental legal system protecting the GBR is likely to achieve sustainable development of the GBR. The principal method used to address these research questions and test the hypotheses is a case study of the effectiveness of the laws protecting the GBR. Particular emphasis is given in the case study to climate change both because it is now recognised as the major threat to the GBR and is a topic of significant international and national interest. This thesis is intended to contribute, in particular, to the current public and policy debate on responding effectively to climate change by using the GBR as a yardstick against which to measure "dangerous climate change" and, conversely, acceptable climate change. There are five major findings of the research. First, most of the legal writing regarding environmental legal systems is descriptive, explanatory and interpretative rather than evaluative. Second, most legal writers who attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of part or the whole of an environmental legal system implicitly use the PSR method and refer to pressures, conditions, and responses but do not acknowledge this conceptual framework. Third, the best available conceptual and analytical framework for evaluating the effectiveness of an environmental legal system is the PSR method. It is the simplest, most systematic, comprehensive and meaningful framework with the greatest predictive power for evaluating the effectiveness of the total social and legal response to human-induced environmental degradation currently available. Fourth, current practice in SoE reporting, at least in relation to the GBR, is largely descriptive and rarely evaluates the effectiveness of the response. The fifth major finding of this research is that, while there are many effective parts of the response to pressures on the GBR, the current environmental legal system is not likely to be effective in preventing climate change from causing very serious damage to the GBR. Based on what we know at this point in time, particularly the technology that is currently available and current greenhouse gas emissions, the impacts of climate change appear likely to swamp the many good aspects of the legal system protecting the GBR. Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide in 2005 were approximately 379 parts per million ("ppm") and rising by 2 ppm per year. Including the effect of other greenhouse gases such as methane, the total concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases was around 455 ppm carbon dioxide equivalents ("CO2-eq") in 2005, although the cooling effect of aerosols and landuse changes reduced the net effect to around 375 ppm CO2-eq. Limiting the total increase in mean global temperature to approximately 1°C requires stabilization of atmospheric greenhouse gases and aerosols around 350 ppm CO2-eq. Increasing the net effect of greenhouse gases and aerosols to 450-550 ppm CO2-eq is expected to result in a 2-3°C rise in mean surface temperatures. There are currently no international or national legal constraints to hold greenhouse gas concentrations beneath these levels and they appear likely to be exceeded. These increases in mean global temperatures are expected to severely degrade the GBR by 2030-2040. Even the targets being set by the new Australian Government of reducing Australia's greenhouse gas emissions by 60% by 2050 appear insufficient to protect the GBR. If a 60% reduction in emissions can be achieved globally by 2050 a rise in mean global temperature of around 2.4°C is expected. This indicates the environmental legal system protecting the GBR is not likely to be effective in relation to climate change and, therefore, is failing to reach its objective of sustainable development. Three major recommendations arise from the research. First, legal writers attempting to evaluate the effectiveness of the whole or part of an environmental legal system should use and acknowledge the PSR method. Second, SoE reports should include a stand-alone chapter evaluating the effectiveness of the response. Third, the environmental legal system protecting the GBR should take strong and comprehensive measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions if the objective of sustainable development is to be achieved. Such measures should include setting policy targets for stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations around 350 ppm CO2-eq to limit increases in mean global temperature to 1°C. Policy targets of stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gases and aerosols at 450-550 ppm CO2-eq to limit increases in mean global temperatures to 2-3°C are likely to be too high to avoid severe impacts of coral bleaching to the GBR.
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Mao, Jessica J. "California's War Over the Bay-Delta: Historic Failures and Current Battles." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/482.
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California has one highly-coveted possession: the Bay-Delta, which is the second largest estuary in the United States. Today, tensions are higher than ever as Southern California continues to grow and demand water from the Delta, agriculture suffers from drought and less-than-promised water allocations, and aquatic life diminishes due to environmentally damaging processes like pumping and exporting of water elsewhere. This paper will examine the historic policies that have shaped how the Delta has been managed, their successes and failures, and current plans in discussion for continuing improvement of the Delta. The Bay-Delta Conservation Plan and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley Water Reliability Act (HR 1837) are the specific current plans presented and analyzed for potential effectiveness. Despite some of the promising suggestions in HR 1837 and the Bay-Delta Conservation Plan, the Delta will remain a problem in the 21st century until stakeholders from all perspectives compromise enough to enact a single, clear-cut solution.
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Koller, David. "A Solution Under Pressure: Integrating Facilitative Practices into Water-Related Civil Litigations." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22745.
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The broad scope of this research concerns the field of conflict and dispute resolution, also referred to as alternative dispute resolution (ADR). ADR practices have developed in both executive and judicial branches of government since the early 1900’s. The goal of this paper is to evaluate how ADR practitioners working in water-related civil litigation can apply facilitative practices prior, during, and after the proceeding to reduce harm, cost, and time of litigation and increase the overall satisfaction of the parties when the proceeding has been resolved. To achieve this goal, a framework is constructed and applied to a case study in Cascade Locks, Oregon. This framework is not a way to avoid a court proceeding through use of alternative dispute resolution; instead this paper seeks to add facilitative practices to a civil litigation process to make the entire process more efficient to the parties and effective in resolving the dispute.
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Adams, Marshall Alhassan. "Analysis of European Union Forest Law Enforcement, Governance, and Trade Efficacy: A Multi-Scale Perspective." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch159006012650338.
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Oliveira, Vivian Gladys de. "Educação ambiental e manejo de recursos naturais em área de proteção ambiental: o caso dos extratores de samambaias da Ilha Comprida - São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-19082002-154303/.
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Esta pesquisa visa contribuir para a produção de conhecimentos no campo da Educação Ambiental através da descrição do processo de formação da Associação de Extratores de Plantas Nativas da Ilha Comprida (AMPIC) e do estabelecimento de parceria desta associação junto à Prefeitura deste município, como partes do processo de institucionalização do Manejo Participativo de Samambaias Silvestres (Ruhmora adiantisformis)emÁreade Proteção Ambiental. Seu foco está na análise da participação como dimensão essencial para que processos educacionais contribuam para a efetiva conservação do meio ambiente e melhoria da qualidade de vida. Além disso, pretende apresentar a organização comunitária em torno da extração da samambaia e contribuir na discussão sobre práticas educativas relacionadas à temática ambiental e sem esgotar as possibilidades auxiliar no direcionamento de tais iniciativas, destacando pontos importantes de reflexão para quem já atua ou pretende atuar em projetos com enfoque participativo. Para tanto, foram utilizados como referenciais metodológicos a pesquisa qualitativa, a pesquisa-intervenção.This research aims at adding to the knowledge in the field of environmental education by describing the creation process of the AMPIC Native Plants of Ilha Comprida Extractors Association, and the establishment of a partnership between this association and the local government as part of the institutionalization process of the participative management of wild fern (Ruhmora adiantisformis) in environmental protection area. Its main focus is the analysis of participation as a core issue in obtaining educational processes that effectively contribute to enhancing the quality of life, as well as the environmental conservation. Moreover, it presents the community organization around the extraction of wild fern therefore allowing the discussion about educational strategies concerning the environmental theme. It also highlights important aspects to be considered by those who are already working or intend to work in projects with a participative approach, with a view to orienting such initiatives without covering all the possibilities, though. Qualitative and intervention researches were used as methodological reference in this.
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Basurto, Gonzáles Daniel. "Mexican Environmental Legislation." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118481.
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The evolution of environmental law in Mexico has developed efficient mechanisms for environmental protection. Mexico’s legal system stems from the civil law tradition and therefore is a system of positivelaw. Thus, the Mexican legal system is based in written laws, regulations and other legalprovisions, created by the legislature (Federal Congress) and applicable in the Mexicanterritory, without losing sight of Mexican Official Standards (NOM’s) and Mexican Standards (NMX).The present article will make and overview on the transformation of environmental law since 1987’s constitutional reforms, to the present day.El tiempo y la experiencia en la aplicación de la Legislación Ambiental Mexicana ha sido detonante para el desarrollo de mecanismos cada vez más eficientes para la protección al medio ambiente.El Sistema Legal Mexicano es un sistema de derecho positivo. Así, el Derecho mexicano se encuentra basado en leyes escritas, reglamentos y otras disposiciones legales, creadas por el Congreso de la Unión y el Ejecutivo Federal; todas, aplicables en el territorio mexicano; sin perder de vista el rol de las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas (NOM’s) y las Normas Mexicanas (NMX).El presente artículo hará un recorrido en la transformación de la legislación ambiental desde las reformas constitucionales de 1987, hasta el día de hoy.
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Viegas, Eduardo Coral. "Gestão de recursos hídricos: uma análise a partir dos princípios ambientais." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2007. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/230.
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O presente trabalho versa sobre a gestão dos recursos hídricos sob a ótica dos princípios ambientais. O acesso à água é um direito humano fundamental. A implementação desse direito encontra-se dificultada em razão do contexto fático global de crise da água. As causas e conseqüências da escassez quali-quantitativa da água estão relacionadas diretamente ao homem, da mesma forma que seu necessário enfrentamento depende de mudanças de percepção e comportamento do próprio ser humano. Preconiza-se o rompimento do paradigma antropocentrista, que deve ser transmutado para uma visão ecocêntrica. A efetivação do direito fundamental de que se trata depende de inúmeras providências, destacando-se a publicização integral da propriedade da água pela Constituição de 1988. A finalidade dessa relevante alteração no regime de dominialidade hídrica foi dar ao Estado o meio para o adequado gerenciamento da água como forma de estabilizar ou reduzir a crise e promover justiça social. Compete ao Estado social a satisfação do bem-estar coletivo, o que é mais factível se tiver sob seu domínio o recurso atualmente escasso e de relevância pública. Os recursos hídricos ingressam no patrimônio estatal na categoria dos bens de uso comum do povo. Apesar disso, sua gestão se dá de forma descentralizada e participativa. Na tarefa de administrar as águas, o jurista utiliza-se dos princípios estruturantes do Direito Ambiental, notabilizando-se os princípios materiais do desenvolvimento sustentável, prevenção, precaução, poluidor-pagador e usuário-pagador. Todos eles estão previstos pela Constituição Federal. O desenvolvimento sustentável é um sobreprincípio, sendo mais do que um princípio. O critério de ponderação que é utilizado para solver o conflito entre princípios, no caso do ecodesenvolvimento aplica-se apenas entre seus elementos internos, não entre o desenvolvimento sustentável e outros princípios. Este princípio-reitor é muito útil na apreciação do modelo de produção de energia hidrelétrica, que causa degradações ambientais significativas, e sempre tem repercussão, também, nos planos econômico e social. Os princípios da prevenção e da precaução servem à proteção dos mananciais superficiais e subterrâneos. A precaução, porém, auxilia de forma mais apropriada na defesa das águas subterrâneas, uma vez que o estado da técnica não permite mensurar qual o impacto ambiental do consumo excessivo de água de poços, que consiste em uma realidade contemporânea crescente. Os princípios do poluidor-pagador e do usuário-pagador fundamentam teoricamente o instrumento da cobrança pela utilização dos recursos hídricos, que o legislador resolveu adotar como forma de incentivar a racionalização do uso da água. A pesquisa é do tipo bibliográfica. O método-base adotado é o analítico. Diversas formas de análise foram empregadas, registrando-se a estruturalista, a histórica e a descritiva. Como a adoção de um método-base não afasta a aplicação dos demais, pois cada trabalho científico acaba sendo construído de modo singular, utilizaram-se também, ao longo da dissertação, os métodos dialético, hermenêutico e sistêmico.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-15T16:32:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Eduardo C Viegas.pdf: 909624 bytes, checksum: 5542d0380064804357b53f30abdf1bfb (MD5)
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The present work concerns the natural water resource management under the evironmental principles. Access to water is a basic human right. The implementation of this right is made all the more difficult on account of the global water crisis. The causes and consequences of these quality and quantity shortages of fresh water are directly related to man, likewise, in adequately facing this problem, a change in perception and behavior must be undertaken by humankind. A move away from the pattern of anthropocentrism to a more ecocentric view is needed. Carrying out these basic laws depends on innumerable steps, clarified in the integral publication of water properties in the constitution of 1988. The objective of this relevant alteration in water property was to give the state the means for the adequate management of water as a form of stabilizing or reducing the crisis and promoting social justice. It is the responsibility of the state to see to collective well being, which is made easier when the resource, which is presently scarce, is held under it s domain of public relevance. Natural water resources are held under the category of common use resources within the patrimony of the state. Despite this, it is managed in a decentralized and collaborative fashion. In the task of managing these water resources, the jurist uses the structured principles of Environmental Law, observing the main principles of sustainable development, prevention, precaution, paying pollutant and paying user. All of which have been foreseen by the Federal constitution. Sustainable development is more than a principle. The basis of consideration used to solve the conflict between the principles, in the case of eco-development is only applied within its internal elements, not within sustainable development and other principles. This fundamental principle is very useful in the appreciation of the model of production of hydroelectric energy, which causes significant environmental degradation and always has repercussions within economic and social plans. Precaution, however, acts as a more appropriate method of protecting subterranean waters, whereby the technical state no longer permits the measuring of the environmental impact of excessive consumption of well water, which includes a growing contemporary reality. The principles of the paying pollutant and the paying user theoretically substantiate the instrument of collective use of natural water resources, which the legislator resolved to adopt in order to stimulate rationing in the use of water. The research is in a bibliographical format. The method-base is analytical. Various forms of analysis were used, including structuralistic, historic and descriptive types. As the adoption of a certain method-base does not dismiss the need of others, so each scientific project is formed in a singular fashion, including, within the dissertation, dialectic, hermeneutic and systemic methods.
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Caudill, Landon S. "PRESSURE-DRIVEN STABILIZATION OF CAPACITIVE DEIONIZATION." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/me_etds/113.
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The effects of system pressure on the performance stability of flow-through capacitive deionization (CDI) cells was investigated. Initial data showed that the highly porous carbon electrodes possessed air/oxygen in the micropores, and the increased system pressure boosts the gases solubility in saline solution and carries them out of the cell in the effluent. Upon applying a potential difference to the electrodes, capacitive-based ion adsorption occurs in competition with faradaic reactions that consume oxygen. Through the addition of backpressure, the rate of degradation decreases, allowing the cell to maintain its salt adsorption capacity (SAC) longer. The removal of oxygen from the pore space of the electrodes makes it no longer immediately accessible to faradaic reactions, thus hindering the rate of reactions and giving the competing ion adsorption an advantage that is progressively seen throughout the life of the cell. A quick calculation shows that the energy penalty to power the pump is fairly insignificant, especially in comparison to the cost of replacing the electrodes in the cell. Thus, operating at elevated pressures is shown to be cost effective for continuous operation through the reduced electrode replenishment costs.
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Sibane, Nomsa Virginia. "Environmental politics: the case of the Xolobeni Mining Project in Mbizana, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007574.
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This research explored the nature of conflict that arose in Xolobeni, a small area in the Mbizana Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and the environmental politics emanating from the arguments that supported development rather than environmental protection. The proposed mining project was known as the Xolobeni mining development project within the Amadiba Tribal Authority, an area dominated by Pondos or (Mpondos). The Xolobeni area is located between the Mzamba and Mtentu Rivers, covering some 2 867 hectares, and extends for 20km along the coast of the Mbizana Local Municipality, in the Alfred Nzo District Municipality. In 2005, the Minister of the National Department of Minerals and Energy (DME), now known as the Department of Minerals and Petroleum Resources, announced that an Australian company, Transworld Energy and Minerals (TEM) will establish a mining development project in Xolobeni to mine red sand dunes which are contained within five blocks, each named after the river at its southern boundary. These blocks were Mtentu, Sikombe, Kwanyana, Mnyameni and Mphalane. According to the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act (Act 28 of 2002), the Department of Minerals and Energy is the sole custodian of the mining licence and therefore the only Department that issues mining licences. The research investigated the nature of conflict that erupted in Xolobeni after this announcement, resulting in the formation of two groups namely, the Amadiba Crisis Committee (ACC) which represented the communities who were against the mining project in the area and the Xolobeni Local Community (Xolco) which was a Black Economic Empowerment company that represented the communities that supported the mining project and was to receive 26 percent of the proceeds from the mining company. The purpose of the Amadiba Crisis Committee was to channel complaints and grievances of local residents emanating from the mining development project and other development to all relevant authorities so that the Constitutional rights of residents can be respected. The research also investigated the role of each stakeholder in the proposed mining project, namely, local communities in the area, environmentalists, councillors, the National Department of Minerals and Energy, the National Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, the Eastern Cape Department of Economic Development and Environmental Affairs (DEDEA), the traditional authority and the Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature Portfolio Committee on Economic Development and Environmental Affairs. Central to this research was the level of consultation during the proposed mining project. Qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were used to collect data in Xolobeni. Interviews were conducted with the two opposing groups and other various stakeholders including the chieftaincy, environmentalists, councillors and officials in the Department of Economic Development and Environmental Affairs (DEDEA). The researcher used questionnaires in order to get the views of the targeted participants. Eighty questionnaires were distributed among the targeted participants but only forty five were returned. Some of the participants were reluctant to participate in this study because the mining project had not taken place. Secondary data from the Departments of Environment of Affairs nationally and provincially revealed that the Department of Minerals and Energy through its Minister, Bulelwa Sonjica, awarded the mining licence despite recommendations of both Departments not to do so. The Minister of the new Department of Mineral Resources, Susan Shabangu, withdrew the licence and gave three months to Transworld Energy and Minerals to address the outstanding issues raised in the environmental impact assessment (EIA). The data collected revealed that the proposed mining project affected all communities in the Amadiba Tribal Administrative area. The research also illustrated how the Xolobeni community organised themselves and protested against development that intended to force them to relocate from their ancestral land without proper consultation. Issues of sustainable development and environmental protection also formed part of the discussions in this research. While the mining project had stalled, it emerged that the majority of respondents in the area did not want the mining project to proceed.
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Chávez, Ames Ana Jimena. "El derecho ambiental, el tratamiento de los RR.NN. en Perú y la propuesta de la ecología de mercado." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655418.
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El Derecho Ambiental en el Perú comprende una serie de prerrogativas de protección y prevención del medio ambiente en el marco de un desarrollo sostenible que permita el crecimiento económico y social del país, pero todo ello a manos del Estado como único gestor de los recursos naturales que yacen en su territorio.
El presente trabajo de investigación comprende el estudio de las disposiciones constitucionales y legales que sustentan el derecho ambiental peruano, como la actuación de los entidades y funcionarios públicos competentes a lo largo del tiempo, en orden de identificar por qué no se han alcanzado los resultados esperados en materia ambiental y socioeconómica al 2020.
Asimismo, se desarrolla la propuesta de la ecología de mercado, como aquella perspectiva que pretende solucionar los problemas identificados previamente, en virtud a la asignación del derecho de propiedad privada sobre los recursos naturales, de modo tal que asegura una protección efectiva del medio ambiente y de su riqueza, toda vez que, los agentes económicos negociaran entre estos sin restricciones para obtener la mejor combinación win-win en el marco del desarrollo de sus actividades económicas. Por consiguiente, el Estado se limitará a intervenir únicamente como ente promotor del cumplimiento de prácticas ecoeficientes, antes, durante y después de la explotación de recursos naturales.Environmental law in Peru comprises a series of environmental protection and prevention prerogatives about sustainable development that enables the country's economic and social growth but all this at the hands of the State as the sole manager of the natural resources that lie in its territory This research work includes the study of the constitutional and legal provisions that underpin Peruvian environmental law, such as the actions of competent public bodies and officials over time, in order to identify why they are not achieving the expected environmental and socio-economic results by 2020. Furthermore, the proposal for free-market environmentalism is developed such as the perspective that aims to solve the problems previously identified, under the allocation of private property rights over natural resources, thus ensuring effective environmental protection and its wealth, inasmuch as economic operators will negotiate between them without restrictions to obtain the best win-win combination in the framework of development of its economic activities. Therefore, the State will simply intervene solely as a promoter of compliance with eco-efficient practices, before, during and after the exploitation of natural resources.
Trabajo de investigación
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Marques, José Roberto. "O desenvolvimento sustentável e sua interpretação jurídica." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8786.
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Previous issue date: 2009-10-07The environmental matter is a topic present in any line of discussion. It is a result of the laws of Biology, Chemistry and Physics, once we can not ignore that next generations quality of life is submitted to them, so, protecting the environment is really valuable. The current environmental degradation has many of its effects deferred to a time we can not precise. This process arises from the inevitability, at the moment, of satisfying the needs of the present generations and allowing them to harvest the benefits of their right to development. In order to do so, it must be considered that the environmental resources are limited and there are no conditions to assure for how long they will serve men. In such context, the role of Law is important, in charge of balancing the environmental preservation and the economic growth, without ignoring the necessary benefit that shall result from it to human being. This scenery constitutes what is called sustainable development. With such a purpose, the operators of Law, when interpreting juridical laws, must consider, first, the laws of nature, adjusting the legislation to them. Then, considering the constitutional orders observing the acknowledged social rights and the individual s dignity principle one has to interpret the rules so that the result favors the collectivity and, as much as possible to do such adjustment, promote the sustainable development. Considering that sustainability only can be ascertained a long time after the action, looking back to the past, the caution in the administration of the environmental resources available (Legislative, Executive and Judiciary Powers activities, each one performing its role), must guide all public and private politics, applying the principles of prevention, precaution and polluter pays
A questão ambiental é tema de qualquer pauta de discussão. É uma decorrência das leis da Biologia, da Química e da Física, pois não se pode ignorar que a qualidade de vida das futuras gerações está submetida a elas e, assim, o cuidado com relação ao meio ambiente é muito valioso. A degradação ambiental provocada atualmente tem muitos de seus efeitos diferidos para época que não sabemos precisar. Esse processo decorre da inevitabilidade, no momento, de satisfazer as necessidades das atuais gerações e permitir que colham os proveitos do direito ao desenvolvimento. Para tanto, deve ser considerado que os recursos ambientais são limitados, e não se tem condições de assegurar até quando servirão ao homem. Nesse contexto, é importante a função do Direito, encarregado de equilibrar a preservação ambiental e o crescimento econômico, sem se descuidar do necessário benefício que deve advir para o ser humano, constituindo, esse cenário, o que se chama de desenvolvimento sustentável. Com essa finalidade, os operadores do Direito, na interpretação das leis jurídicas, devem considerar, primeiramente, as leis da natureza, a elas ajustando a legislação. Depois, atentos aos mandamentos constitucionais com observância dos direitos sociais reconhecidos e do princípio da dignidade da pessoa , cumpre interpretar as normas de forma que o resultado favoreça a coletividade e, no quanto for possível fazer esse ajuste, promova o desenvolvimento sustentável. Levando-se em conta que a sustentabilidade somente pode ser apurada muito tempo depois da ação, voltando-se para o passado, a cautela na administração (atividades dos Poderes Legislativo, Executivo e Judiciário, cada um dentro de suas funções) dos recursos ambientais disponíveis deve orientar todas as políticas públicas e privadas, notadamente com aplicação dos princípios da prevenção, da precaução e do poluidor-pagador
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Bluffstone, Zoe. "Seeking Redemption in a World of Waste: A Comparative Analysis of Bottle Deposit Systems and Campaigns and a Consideration of Their Comprehensive Sustainability." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1462983935.
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Cardoso, Ana Lúcia Brunetta. "Implicações jurídicas e ecológicas do licenciamento ambiental para mineração." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2006. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/187.
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A necessidade de se estabelecer maiores garantias jurídicas na efetivação de uma busca de preservação do meio ambiente, tem nos levado a discutir suas diferentes abordagens pelas Ciências Jurídicas, uma vez que atuará o Poder Judiciário, como um mediador deste conflito. O direito a um meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado e sadio e o o desenvolvimento econômico cada vez mais se tornam pertinentes, ante a ausência de uma correta exploração dos recursos naturais. O sistema jurídico necessita possuir instrumentos jurídicos hábeis, como o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental e o Relatório de Impacto Ambiental, meios estes capazes a compatibilizar o desenvolvimento econômico e as atividades econômicas geradoras de riquezas, sob pena de uma perda da qualidade de vida existente no planeta. O sistema legal para a concessão do licenciamento ambiental na mineração assim, deverá atuar como um compatibilizador da permissão para a extração de minérios e a possibilidade de recuperação da área explorada, com o seu conseqüente plano de recuperação, que deverá avaliar a impactação necessária a sustentabilidade da atividade.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-14T16:06:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ana Lucia B Cardoso.pdf: 558454 bytes, checksum: 7cef7933a04888b09efa7ac911783230 (MD5)
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The need of establishing wider legal guarantees in the interest of environment preservation has raised the discussion of its different approaches in Legal Sciences, since the Judiciary Power would act as the mediator of this conflict. The entitlement of an ecologically and healthy balanced environment and the entitlement of the economic development have become more relevant because of the absence of a correct natural resources exploration. The juridical system must have clever juridical methods capable of making the economic development compatible with the economic activities that generate wealth, in risk of, otherwise, harming the quality of life existent in the planet. The juridical system of the environment licensing in mining must therefore act as a conciliator in the mining extraction allowance and the possibility of recovery of the explored area, including its regeneration plan that should evaluate the necessary effort to make this activity sustainable.
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Kovaka, A., and M. Barun. "Environmental marketing of natural resources." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/40738.
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Nowadays, more and more urgent need to preserve the environment,
as the pace of consumption grow, and this causes irreparable damage to the
biosphere. Therefore, many large companies began to think about the
environmental safety of its products, which led to the emergence of such a
thing as an environmental marketing, which is now becoming more
popular.
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Sani, Abdoulkarim. "Les enjeux contemporains de la protection de l'environnement au Niger." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0449/document.
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La dégradation de l’environnement au Niger, prend une ampleur de plus en pluspréoccupante. L’enjeu pour les politiques publiques est de changer la relation entre l’homme et sonmilieu afin de renverser la tendance. A cet effet, dans un contexte interne caractérisé par l’instaurationde la démocratie et de l’Etat de droit et un contexte international caractérisé par la mondialisation dudroit de l’environnement suite à la conférence de Rio notamment, le droit s’est naturellement imposécomme l’outil essentiel de ces transformations. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’identifier et analyser lesactions de transformation de la relation entre l’homme et son milieu de vie dans l’objectif de lapérennité des ressources naturelles et la viabilité du cadre de vie en tant qu’enjeux de la protection del’environnement dans un Etat en situation fragilité. Le Niger s’est engagé dans un processus deproduction normative, avec l’ambition de produire un droit alliant standards internationaux et normeset pratiques locales que ça soit dans les procédés de prise de décision ou de méthodes de protection del’environnement. Avec un approche quasi-empirique, l’analyse des enjeux contemporains de laprotection de l’environnement au Niger, nous permettra de révéler la nature de la relation de l’hommeavec son milieu telle qu’établie par le droit dans un contexte démocratique et de mondialisation dudroit de l’environnement, mais aussi de révéler comment la situation de fragilité générale de l’Etat etde la société commande la mise en oeuvre de ce droitThe environmental degradation in Niger, takes a scale of increasing concern. Thechallenge for public policy is to change the relationship between man and his environment inorder to reverse the trend. To this end, in an internal context characterized by theestablishment of democracy and the rule of law and an international context characterized bythe globalization of environmental law following the Rio Conference (1992) in particular, therule of law has naturally emerged as the key tool for these transformations. The objective ofthis thesis is to identify and analyze the actions of transformation in the relationship betweenman and his environment with the goal of sustainability of natural resources and sustainableliving environment as issues the environmental situation in a state fragility. Niger hasembarked on a normative production process, with the aim of producing a law combininginternational standards and local norms and practices that it is in the processes of decisionmaking and environmental protection methods. With an interdisciplinary approach, analysisof contemporary issues of environmental protection in Niger, allow us to reveal the nature ofman's relationship with his environment as established by law in a democratic context andglobalization of environmental law, but also reveal how the situation in general fragility of thestate and society control the implementation of this rule of law
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Anderson, Madison Lee. "Are we on the same page? Informing adaptive management of outdoor rock climbing using document analysis and cognitive mapping." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1619137676375621.
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O'Byrne, Nicole Colleen. "The answer to the 'Natural Resources Question' : a historical analysis of the Natural Resources Transfer Agreements." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99147.
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Seventy-five years ago the provincial governments of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta signed a series of Natural Resources Transfer Agreements (NRTAs) with the federal government. These agreements provided the answer to a contentious debate known as the 'Natural Resources Question'. Before the NRTAs, the three prairie provinces did not have control over their public domain lands and did not share equal constitutional status with the other Canadian provinces. In the early 1920s, Prime Minister King recognized the validity of the provincial arguments for constitutional equality and no longer wanted the federal government to be responsible for the administration of provincial natural resources. By this time, the policy ambitions which had previously justified the retention of the natural resources had been fulfilled. Thus, the constitutional rights arguments presented by the prairie provinces found a receptive audience when the control of the lands and resources were no longer a federal priority.
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Kirat, Yassine. "Economic and environmental impacts of natural resources abundance." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E056.
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Cette thèse étudie la façon dont les sociétés utilisent, entretiennent et préservent les ressources naturelles qui façonnent fondamentalement le bien-être de l'humanité, l'environnement et l'économie. Les liens entre la prospérité économique, ressources et impacts environnementaux et la protection environnementale sont complexes et variés. Cela signifie que, si toutes ces dimensions ne sont pas prises en compte dans l'élaboration des politiques publiques, tout progrès dans la réalisation des ambitions dans ces domaines peut être entravé par des conséquences négatives. Une question importante dans les études sur le développement est de savoir comment la richesse en ressources naturelles affecte la croissance économique à long terme. Dans la perspective de répondre à cette question, le premier chapitre étudie l'impact de l'exploitation des ressources non-conventionnelles sur le secteur manufacturier des États-Unis sur la période 1997-2013. Dans la même perspective, le troisième chapitre étudie l'impact de l'abondance de ressources naturelles fossiles et minérales sur l'économie en exploitant le canal de la volatilité de la rente due aux ressources naturelles sur un panel de 103 pays entre 1985-2014. Par ailleurs, l'extraction et la transformation des ressources naturelles sont souvent des activités à forte intensité énergétique qui impliquent des modifications à grande échelle des écosystèmes. Le deuxième chapitre de la thèse étudie l'impact de l'abondance des ressources naturelles sur l'intensité en CO2 dans les pays développés sur la période 1995-2014This thesis examines how societies use and sustain the natural resources that fundamentally shape human well-being, the environment and the economy. The links between economic prosperity, resources and environmental preservation are complex and diverse. This implies that, if all dimensions are not taken into account in public policy making, any progress in achieving objectives in these areas can be hindered by undesirable outcomes. A key issue in development studies is how natural resource wealth affects long-term economic growth. In order to address this question, the first chapter examines the impact of non-conventional resource development on the US manufacturing sector over the period 1997-2013. In the same veine, chapter 3 examines the impact of abundant natural resources on the economy by exploiting the volatility channel of natural resources rent on a panel of 103 countries between 1985-2014. Moreover, the extraction and processing of natural resources are often energy-intensive activities that involve large-scale ecosystem alterations. Chapter 2 of the thesis investigates the impact of natural resource abundance on CO2 intensity in developed countries over the period 1995-2014
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Calegari, Valerie Rose. "Environmental perceptions and local conservation efforts in Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila, México /." Access online version, 1997. http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/lit/calegari/thesis.html.
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Guzenko, D. D., Наталія Олегівна Байстрюченко, Наталия Олеговна Байстрюченко, and Nataliia Olehivna Baistriuchenko. "Approaches to economic valuation of natural resources." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31330.
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Over the last years use of natural resources in the world has increased. It is due to fast production development, progress of science and technology and increase of population. It puts extra pressure on nature and this in turn creates problems with environmental management. Creation of environmental economics is connected with economic solution of world problems. It is possible to ensure sustainable development by carrying out economic valuation of natural assets. The basis of evaluation of natural resources is social environment, natural environment and economic environment.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31330
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Missios, Paul C. "Three essays on environmental and natural resource management and policy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0017/NQ56248.pdf.
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Curtis, Ian Arthur. "Valuing ecosystem services in a green economy." Thesis, James Cook University, 2003. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/76/1/01front.pdf.
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SCOPE: Ecosystems are being degraded and destroyed worldwide at a rate unprecedented in human history. Accordingly a great deal of interest is currently being focussed on ecosystems, the role they play in planetary life support, and the need for a market mechanism to conserve these formerly regarded 'free' goods and services. This research project is concerned with the various divisions or branches within economics dealing with environmental valuation, including applied economics in the form of valuation practice, environmental science, and ecology. It is thus both multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary and has as its central theme the use of a surrogate market to establish shadow prices for ecosystem services.
METHODOLOGY: Twenty ecosystem attributes were identified as being common to all ecosystems depending on the level of integrity, and ranked in order of importance on the basis of a range of criteria. This was achieved by a systematic analysis, namely a multiple criteria analysis, and a social study, in the form of a Delphi philosophical inquiry. These two methods incorporated many different perspectives: namely anthropocentric, utilitarian (economic), ecological, aesthetics, equity, risk and uncertainty. The weightings provided by the panellists were non-pecuniary, and as such were not subject to any bias or odium that may have been associated with putting monetary values on nature’s gifts. The non-pecuniary weightings assigned by the panellists were converted to dollar values by empirically linking them to the surrogate market, namely the property market in the region, and calculating the value of a flow of benefits emanating from them (the economic rent). A valuation table was devised to assess the ecosystem integrity of individual ecosystems on private or public land and a conceptual model devised for landscapes. The case study area was the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area of northeast Queensland.
RESULTS: The Delphi panel reached consensus in all three rounds of questionnaires, and the weights provided for the twenty attributes for all three models in the multiple criteria analysis showed a significant level of agreement between the disciplines represented on the panel. The ten ecosystem services ranked most important were: biodiversity; refugia; erosion control/soil and sediment retention; genetic resources; gas regulation; climate regulation; biological control; purification (clean air, water); disturbance regulation; and aesthetics, in that order. The total value of ecosystem goods and services in all the tenure categories in the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area (8,944 km2) was determined to be in the range AUD$188 to $211 million year-1, or AUD$210 to $236 ha-1yr-1 across tenure categories. The individual ecosystem services mentioned above ranged from AUD$18.6 to $20.9 million year-1 for biodiversity down to AUD$10.2 to $11.4 million year-1 for aesthetics. The value of individual ecosystem services constrained within a fully intact suite of ecosystem goods and services was found to be consistent with the value of all other uses to which land is put in a bioregion and with other avenues of investment in the economic system, and will increase proportionate to the human population density, and hence scarcity of ecosystem services.
CONCLUSION: The combination of revealed preferences in a surrogate market as the empirical baseline for the whole suite of ecosystem services in a bioregion or Local Government Area, along with the expressed preferences of a group of experts as to the importance of each individual good or service, provides the theoretical and practical justification for the acceptance of the technique as a means of establishing opening prices in a future trading market. Being linked to the value of real property and hence population density in a region, it provides a key insight into the status and thus value of ecosystems services provided by public and private land, including scarcity. The most critical recommendation to policy and decision-makers emanating from this research is the requirement that environmental impacts arising from development projects, policies or proposals be properly identified, the magnitude of the impact properly assessed, and mitigation of the impacts strictly enforced. The same applies for environmental pollution, damage and degradation with legal liability apparent. Legislation is required to be enacted which will lead to the need for rigorous environmental valuation procedures that have empirical verification and will stand scrutiny in a court of law. The technique expounded in this thesis is such a procedure.
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Curtis, Ian Arthur. "Valuing ecosystem services in a green economy /." James Cook University, 2003. http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/76.
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Lanegra, Iván, and Verónica Hurtado. "State, natural resources and environmental policy: notes for Peruvian case." Politai, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/91866.
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This article is divided into three main sections that seek to provide a panoramic look at the relationship between the presence of important natural resources in the country and how this influences the state, particularly in the development of environmental policies. In that sense, in the first part, we made a theoretical introduction to the relationship between natural resource abundance and state building, with a brief mention of the ‘natural resource curse’. Following is a particular case of Peru and the particularities of the exploitation of their natural resources. Then we go on to explain how, through various factors, including social conflicts, have created conditions for institutional innovation in environmental matterEl presente artículo se divide en tres apartados principales que buscan brindar una mirada panorámica sobre la relación entre la presencia de importantes recursos naturales en el territorio del país y la manera como esto influye en el Estado, en particular en el desarrollo de las políticas ambientales. En ese sentido, en la primera parte se realiza una introducción teórica a la relación entre la abundancia de recursos naturales y la construcción del Estado; haciendo una breve mención a la llamada ‘maldición de los recursos naturales’. Seguidamente, se presenta el caso peruano y las particularidades del aprovechamiento de sus recursos naturales. Luego, se pasa a explicar cómo, a través de distintos factores, incluyendo los conflictos sociales, se han generado condiciones para la innovación institucional en materia ambiental, así como los efectos que genera la distribución de beneficios de la explotación de los recursos naturales sobre el Estado. Finalmente, el artículo concluye con la identificación de los desafíos que enfrenta el país en esta materia y las líneas de investigación que se abren para la Ciencia Política.
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Bouvet, Isabelle. "An international legal framework to govern space natural resources exploitation." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116877.
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Since the 1960s, there has been a very rapid development of space activities. Over the last 50 years, meteorology, telecommunication and Earth Observation satellites have become a necessity for our activities on Earth. At the same time, scientific exploration of the universe has produced extraordinary discoveries related to our solar system and also improved our knowledge of our home planet Earth. From the very first space exploration programmes and Apollo missions, the potential existence of space natural resources has generated an important scientific curiosity. The Sea, the Antarctic and the Arctic natural resources have generated a great commercial interest and continue to do so. The regimes regarding their natural resources differ as it will be analysed. Today, space natural resources are seriously considered for in-situ utilization in the context of both manned and unmanned future exploration missions. Beyond utilization, the question of their commercial exploitation is raised: several companies have released plans to study and exploit space natural resources: Planetary Resources Company, Golden Spike Company, Deep Space Industries and B612 Foundation to name a few. International space law was elaborated during the Cold War in order to define a framework for activities before they occur; commercial space activities are governed by a strong legal regime including notably Earth Observation, Telecommunication, Meteorology…. However, space natural resources have not been subject of a dedicated regime yet. The lack of a minimum rule agreed by all is a risk for the actors involved in this activity and the international relations. This dissertation explores the main legal issues related to the exploitation of space natural resources. Its objective is to analyze the fundamental principles of international space law that may apply and what would be the most appropriate framework. An analysis of the formation of international legal theory is conducted together with its impact on the topic of the thesis. Analogies are drawn from other international areas such as the deep seabed and Antarctica for purposes of proposing an international legal framework to govern the exploitation of space natural resources. The dissertation constitutes an original contribution to the development of law in the way it analyzes the issues related to the exploitation of space natural resources, the political dimension of the topic, and the use of a comparative analysis to define the necessary conditions for a solid legal regime.Le développement des activités spatiales a été fulgurant depuis les années 60. En un demi-siècle, les satellites de météorologie, de télécommunication et d'observation de la Terre sont devenus indispensables à l'activité humaine sur Terre. En parallèle, l'exploration scientifique de l'Univers a permis des découvertes extraordinaires sur notre système solaire tout en permettant d'améliorer nos connaissances concernant la Terre. Dès les premiers programmes d'exploration spatiale avec les missions Apollo, l'existence de ressources naturelles potentielles dans l'espace a généré une grande curiosité scientifique. Aujourd'hui, l'utilisation des ressources est sérieusement considérée pour un usage local dans le cadre de futures missions d'exploration robotiques et habitées. Au-delà de l'utilisation des ressources, la question de leur exploitation commerciale se pose: plusieurs sociétés ont fait part de leur intention d'étudier et d'exploiter les ressources naturelles dans l'espace: Planetary Resources Company, Golden Spike Company, Deep Space Industries et B612 Foundation pour en mentionner que quelques unes. Alors que le droit de l'espace a été élaboré en pleine Guerre Froide de manière à régler les questions juridiques avant qu'elles surviennent, l'exploitation commerciale de l'espace fait l'objet d'un régime solide, celle de ses ressources naturelles ne fait cependant pas l'objet d'un cadre juridique dédié. L'absence de règles minimales agréées par tous constitue un risque pour les acteurs concernés par cette activité et les relations internationales. Cette thèse explore les principales problématiques juridiques liées à l'exploitation des ressources naturelles dans l'espace. Son objectif est d'analyser les principes fondamentaux en droit de l'espace qui seraient susceptibles de s'appliquer ainsi que le cadre juridique le plus approprié. Elle fait ensuite une analyse de la théorie juridique et de son impact sur le sujet. L'analogie du droit international de l'espace existant avec les autres domaines internationaux que sont l'Antarctique et la mer permet enfin d'établir s'ils peuvent servir de base pour l'exploitation des ressources dans l'espace. Cette thèse constitue une contribution originale au développement juridique dans la manière d'aborder la problématique liée à l'exploitation des ressources dans un espace international, la dimension politique du sujet, puis l'approche par analogie indispensable pour définir les conditions nécessaires à un régime juridique solide. Son objectif est de convaincre que le politique doit s'emparer de cette problématique.
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Bradley, Catherine M. "Student involvement in the natural resources public participation process." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290134.
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Recent trends and research indicate a continuous decrease in civic involvement that impacts skills and abilities of individuals to participate in public decision-making in a meaningful way. Evidence indicates that student involvement in the public participation process can increase civic participation as adults. Gaps in the literature indicate a need to identify ways to increase student involvement in the public participation process, and to improve the process overall. Using a mail survey instrument, two groups in Arizona--planners and teachers grades 4 through 12--were queried to determine what methods are currently used to increase civic awareness and participation, and what each group needs to involve students more often in the public participation process. Survey results are compared between groups to understand compatibility of methods, and opportunities for planner/teacher partnership. Results indicate similarities in methods used but incompatibility regarding preference or frequency of use of methods. Both groups strongly agree there is student benefit from participation in the public planning process. They also agree that student involvement adds value to the planning process. Both groups' results suggest a need to learn more about how to involve students in the public participation process Two case studies are used to make a case for teacher-lead student involvement in the public participation process. Four goals from the environmental education field are modified and proposed, as an approach to structure effective student involvement.
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Rutabagisha, Rosine. "Environmental conservation and the right to natural resources of indigenous people." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46233.
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Ceesay, Juanita. "A law and development analysis of parallel law systems within the natural resources sector in Africa." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0043.
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La position normative de cette thèse est qu’il existe une contrainte légale en ce qui concerne le régime minier des pays riches en ressources en Afrique. Cela a abouti à la création d'un système de droit pluraliste qui continuera à prospérer dans les pays en développement en raison du contexte historique de la plupart de ces pays. Cependant, avoir un système mixte comprenant un régime juridique formel et informel n'équivaut pas nécessairement à un désavantage. Le problème se pose lorsqu'il y a une réticence à accepter l'un de ces systèmes. C’est le cas actuellement du régime informel qui existe principalement sous forme de système de droit non reconnu et donc illégitime. Cependant, les preuves tirées de cette thèse montrent les avantages que des règles et normes informelles peuvent offrir au régime juridique d’un pays. À cet égard, il est donc raisonnable de suggérer que quelque chose devrait être fait avec ce système, par opposition à sa marginalisation persistante dans l'ombre du régime formel. Cette thèse propose donc la formalisation de certains attributs du système informel qui régissent le secteur des ressources naturelles. De plus, la formalisation envisagée dans le secteur minier ne cherche pas à codifier les lois et s'inscrit dans une approche de la législation allant du local au international. À cet égard, l'objectif de la formalisation, tel que proposé par cette thèse, est de trouver des solutions possibles pour combler le hiatus entre les régimes formel et informel qui fonctionnent actuellement en parallèle dans l'espace minier. C’est dans l’espoir que la synchronisation de ces deux ensembles de lois faciliterait l’épanouissement du développement économique et humain / social basé sur le secteur minierThe normative position of this dissertation is that there is a constraint of the law with regards to the mining regime of resource rich countries in Africa. This has resulted in the creation of a pluralist system of law will continue to thrive in developing countries as a result of the historical context which most of these countries derive. However, having a mixed system comprising of a formal and informal legal regime does not necessarily equate a disadvantage. The problem arises when there is a reluctance in accepting one of these systems. This is the case currently with the informal regime which exists mostly as an unrecognized and therefore illegitimate system of law. Yet, evidence from this dissertation shows the advantages which informal rules and norms can offer to a country’s legal regime. In this regard, it is therefore reasonable to suggest that something ought to be done with this system as opposed to its continued marginalization in the shadows of the formal regime. This dissertation therefore proposes the formalization of selected attributes of the informal system which govern the natural resources sector of resouce rich countries in Africa. Moreover, the formalization envisioned in the mining sector, makes no attempt to codify laws and is in alignment with a local to international approach to law making. In this regard, the aim for formalization, as proposed by this dissertation, is in finding possible solutions for bridging the hiatus between the formal and informal regime which currently work in parallel with each other within the mining space. This is in hopes that the synchronizing of these two sets of laws would facilitate the flourishing of economic and human/social development based on the mining sector
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Arbulú, Villanueva Italo. "Environmental ethics and natural resources’ management: understanding the basis of economic issues." Politai, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/92582.
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The discussion about this global framework of rights and duties, between humans and other living things and nonliving things, has given rise to a fascinating body of literature in the field of ethics that has been called environmental ethics. The aim of this paper is twofold, first it seeks to present the current elements in the field of environmental politics governing the definition of economic policies on the use of environment and natural resources. Second, it suggests the appearance of other thinking that can influence the way society evaluates the human-nature relationship.La discusión sobre este marco global de derechos y deberes, entre los seres humanos y otros seres vivos y seres no vivos, ha dado origen a un cuerpo fascinante de la literatura en el campo de la Ética que se ha denominado ética del medio ambiente. El objetivo de este documento es doble; por un lado, se busca presentar los elementos vigentes en el campo de la ética ambiental que rige la definición de las políticas económicas relativas al uso del medio ambiente y los recursos naturales. Por otro lado, se plantea la aparición de otras vertientes de pensamiento que pueden influir en la forma como la sociedad evalúe la relación humano-naturaleza.
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Bayer, Elizabeth Anne. "A critical analysis of marine environmental indicators within regulatory and policy texts." Thesis, University of Hull, 2016. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16425.
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The use of indicators within marine legislation and policy is a developing phenomenon worldwide. What is less apparent, however, is the effectiveness of such policies in prompting regulatory or remedial responses and achieving particular conservation objectives. Even less well-understood are the relationships that develop between the science, policies, and law in these regulatory frameworks. As such, it is imperative to reach an understanding as to how scientific, economic and social goals are interconnected, and how they in turn influence indicator development. This gap in understanding provides the rationale for this work, which is to explore and explain the way in which law, policy and science interface in the context of marine regulations. The overall aim of this thesis is to provide a detailed, critical analysis of marine environmental indicators within regulatory and policy texts at the international, European and national levels. Furthermore, it measures the effectiveness of such indicators, as well as their foundation within science, by providing an examination of the operational efficiency of marine environmental indicators, with an emphasis on the techniques and approaches used to accommodate indicators and similar devices. It also analyzes the resultant relationships that have evolved between science, policy and legislation, with a particular focus on the utilization of indicators within national marine industries. The thesis also evaluates the understanding and application of indicators by non-technical personnel by demonstrating through case law review the courts’ stance on the utilization of evidence and expert testimony. This research also examines a variety of indicators used in support of the environmental management of the national marine aggregate-extraction industry. The central argument of this thesis is that indicators are relevant within policy and legislative agenda – they create dialogue and bridge communication gaps. This thesis demonstrates that when founded upon the discussed criteria, indicators allow for effective communication and provide the opportunity to gauge the success of current marine management techniques within international, European and national set agenda. Whether scientifically or politically driven, they are crucial to the successful development and implementation of environmental policies and legislation world-wide. They cross various disciplines (scientific, political, legal) and when properly understood and applied, can assess progress in achieving political and legal goals, ensuring that the needs of humans and the environment are equally balanced.
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Le, Quesne Tom. "The analysis of multi-tiered natural resource management institutions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670202.
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Calmette, Jean-François. "La rareté en droit public /." Paris [u.a.] : L'Harmattan, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/484023926.pdf.
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Bellmund, Sarah A. "Assessing Environmental Stress on the Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta) in Virginia Waters." W&M ScholarWorks, 1988. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617587.
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Dalbai, Anais. "Moving beyond natural resources as a source of conflict." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/23018.
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Trotz ihrer zunehmenden wissenschaftlichen und praktischen Bedeutung sind die Zusammenhänge zwischen Umwelt und Friedenskonsolidierung (engl. peacebuilding) noch wenig erforscht. Während in der Forschungsliteratur mehrere Möglichkeiten identifiziert werden, wie gemeinsam genutzte natürliche Ressourcen als Katalysatoren für den Frieden zwischen Konfliktparteien fungieren können, gibt es kaum empirische Belege für eine direkte Verbindung zwischen Umweltkooperation und nachhaltigem Frieden. Diese Dissertation untersucht umweltbezogene Friedenskonsolidierung (engl. environmental peacebuilding) und vertieft das theoretische Verständnis des Phänomens durch eine systematische Übersicht des Forschungsstands sowie zwei empirische Fallstudien. Auf diese Weise trägt die vorliegende Arbeit zur dringend benötigten konzeptionellen Schärfung und gleichzeitig zu einem empirisch fundierten Verständnis von Environmental Peacebuilding bei.
Die Dissertation ist kumulativ aufgebaut und besteht aus drei Forschungsarbeiten. Das erste Paper befasst sich mit den Bausteinen des Environmental Peacebuilding und nimmt eine Bestandsaufnahme des Phänomens vor. Es schlägt Wege und Möglichkeiten vor, wie der Fokus von Umweltkonflikten auf Umweltkooperation und Frieden verlagert werden kann. Die beiden Fallstudien basieren auf qualitativen Methoden und untersuchen, wie Environmental Peacebuilding in zwei unterschiedlichen Kontexten, dem Nahen Osten und Westafrika, abläuft. Mit diesen beiden Arbeiten leistet die Dissertation einen empirischen Beitrag zur Environmental-Peacebuilding-Forschung und schließt eklatante Forschungslücken insbesondere hinsichtlich der Rolle von lokalen Gemeinschaften und privaten Akteuren im Environmental Peacebuilding.Despite their increasing prominence in both research and practice, the interlinkages between the biophysical environment and peacebuilding remain under-researched. While the literature identifies several mechanisms through which shared natural resources can function as catalysts for peace between conflicting parties, empirical evidence asserting a direct link between environmental cooperation and sustainable peace remains scarce. This dissertation examines environmental peacebuilding. It does so by providing a better theoretical understanding of the phenomenon through a literature review and two empirical case studies. In so doing, this dissertation provides much needed conceptual clarity as well as empirical evidence on environmental peacebuilding. This dissertation is cumulative and consists of three research papers. The first paper deals with the building blocks of environmental peacebuilding and takes stock of the phenomenon. It proposes a coherent framework through which focus can be shifted from environmental conflicts to environmental cooperation and peace thereby also adding to the ‘how’ of environmental peacebuilding. The two case studies are based on qualitative methods. They explore how environmental peacebuilding unrolls in two different contexts, the Middle East and West Africa. With these two papers, this dissertation contributes empirical evidence to the environmental peacebuilding literature and fills gaps in the research, especially concerning the role of local communities and private actors in environmental peacebuilding processes.
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Romero, Guastavino Diego Alonso. "Development of the Chilean mining industry – its dependence of natural resources." Thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189232.
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The resource curse, also known as the “paradox of plenty”, basically states that countries that have natural resources in abundance, particularly in terms of non-renewable resources such as oil and gas and minerals, in the long run tend to have less economic growth and prosperity, than countries with relatively lesser endowments of natural resources. This research investigates the case of the Chilean economy; its erstwhile saltpeter mining industry and current copper mining industry. The study attempts to answer the research question of whether Chile is still under the resource curse. Through the facts of the case study, semi-structured formal and informal interviews and extensive literature review, the researcher identified four main outcomes of the resource curse which are true to the Chilean history and current events; plundering of national wealth by political leaders, weak policy enforcements and military challenges to the government and the subsequent threats to the country’s democracy. The results of the case study suggest that, Chile is indeed still under the resource curse. The researcher draws on economic theory by Joseph Schumpeter in his most celebrated publication, “The theory of Economic Development” to gain understanding into the Chilean reality of economic under development and any other possible factors besides the resource curse, mainly lack of entrepreneurial ambitions by the human capital of the economy. The study contrasts, Schumpeter’s economic theory to Marxist economic theory of total control of nation states’ resources by governments and the Keynesian economic theory of government intervention aimed at supporting growth.
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Lyshall, Linda. "Collaboration and Climate Action at the Local Scale." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1303754240.
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Istvan, Laurence Bryce. "Communicating the arcane : a conceptual framework for environmental interpretation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5552.
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Godden, Lee, and n/a. "Nature as Other: The Legal Ordering of the Natural World: Natural Heritage Law and Its Intersection With Property Law and Native Title." Griffith University. Griffith Law School, 2000. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050831.095124.
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This thesis argues that the legal ordering of the natural environment represents a culturally contingent 'order of things'. Within this process of categorisation, Nature is constructed as an 'other' to the human subject. This opposition allows nature to be conceived as either an object of control, as found in property law, or as a wilderness to be preserved apart from human society. This latter view is implicit to the principles informing early environmental laws for the protection of natural heritage in international law and within Australia. More recently, this distinctively western legal ordering has been challenged to be more culturally inclusive and to include concepts that incorporate human interaction with the natural environment. In making this argument, the thesis adopts a theoretical framework derived from Foucault's 'Order of Things'. Modem western understanding of the natural environment is directly informed by western science. Scientific discourses, with origins in the Enlightenment, have been extremely influential in determining the legal ordering of the natural environment. In this context, the thesis provides an overview of the conceptual shift from a pre-scientific, organic conception of the relationship between people and nature to a people/nature dichotomy that persists as the nature/culture meta-narrative in modern society. The rise of a more holistic conception of the natural environment, based in ecological principles, has only partially displaced the latter view. The thesis also examines the manner in which property law constitutes the 'proper' order of the natural world within western culture. The bundle of rights concept, implicit to modern conceptions of property, finds resonances in western scientific understanding of the natural world. In particular, property law replicates the subject /object distinction that is central to modern western thought. The positing of nature as an object of control through the property relationship has been a resilient ordering of the natural environment. It has directly contributed to an instrumental perception of the natural environment. Indeed, the property concept was the central way of 'constructing' the Australian natural environment at law from colonisation to well into the twentieth century. The initial legal designation of Australia as 'terra nullius' allowed received English property law to form the template for ordering the occupation of the Australian natural environment by British civilisation. In the second half of the 20th century the wilderness ideal, in concert with ecological 'balance' concepts, gained currency in international and domestic law as the foundation for the protection of natural heritage. Natural heritage protection was a high profile aspect of early environmental laws in Australia. Thus the World Heritage Convention assumed an importance for natural heritage protection within Australia due to specific historical, political and constitutional factors. The adoption of 'holistic' definitions of environment in many pieces of Australian legislation has served to partially displace the instrumental, proprietary view of nature. However, the legal recognition of natural heritage, when based around wilderness ideals, remains predicated upon the western people/nature dichotomy. More recently, reforms to early environmental laws have been instituted and case law reveals a state of flux in how natural heritage areas are to be identified and valued. The traditional western legal constructions of nature have served to occlude Aboriginal and Tones Strait Islander peoples' relationships with 'country'. Such legal frameworks continue to be problematic if a more culturally inclusive and holistic conception of heritage, such as cultural landscapes, is to be adopted. Further, while the recognition of native title has led to a re-examination of many fundamental legal principles, reexamination of our western legal constructs remains incomplete. One of the crucial areas yet to be fully worked through is how to accommodate western dualistic notions of the relationship between people and the natural environment with the legal requirements to establish native title. The need for accommodation has direct practical ramifications in that many world heritage, national estate and other 'wilderness' areas are, or may be, subject to native title claims. Therefore, the thesis considers the need to re-assess western, scientifically derived conceptions of natural heritage as the prevailing principles for environmental preservation. Finally the thesis discusses the contingency of any legal ordering of the natural world. Western representations of nature have exerted tremendous influence upon the legal regimes that have regulated and ordered nature across the Australian continent. These classifications are embedded within a particular cultural narrative. Parts of the Australian natural environment that are designated as property, as natural heritage, as native title, or as cultural heritage do not achieve this legal characterisation due to any inherent value or features of the natural environment itself. These areas are not necessarily property or heritage or native title until incorporated within, or recognised by, western legal frameworks. As such, any decision to ascribe a given legal status to the natural environment as part of the legal ordering needs to be seen as involving issues of choice that have direct distributive justice implications.