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Academic literature on the topic 'Environment Behaviour Research'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Environment Behaviour Research"

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Dayaratne, Ranjith. "Creating Places through Architecture: Can environment-behaviour research help?" Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v1i2.28.

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For quite some time, architects have been struggling to benefit from the vast body of environment-behaviour research to produce meaningful architecture. Written examples of such efforts are few and far between. In this context, this paper presents an attempt by a student of architecture to employ environment-behaviour research in the design of an elder’s home and discusses the potentials and problems of the approach. It shows that if theory of architecture, design practices and environment-behaviour research could be re-orientate towards and employ the idea of place as a bridging concept,it will facilitate such a link between the environment-behaviour research and design.2398-4295 © 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning ; Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Architectural design; place; environment-behaviour research; design studio
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Khan, Smita. "Research-Practice Liaison in the Asian Scenario." Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v1i2.30.

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This keynote paper examines the position of global south in world scenario and calls attention to the urgent need of a responsive architecture to counter the negativities and callousness that is seeping into the built developments due to rapid economic growth. It discusses the nature of a responsive self-practice & observations of a recent research on learning environments, with focus on environ-behavior studies. It discusses the dire need of vital enrichment of policy and practice. The paper makes a case for E-B studies by exposing new challenges, nascent fields and the need to fine tune application of local and traditional learning enriched through people’s experience and feedback in the Asian context.2398-4295 © 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Global south; E-B studies; challenges; responsive practice & research
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Savage, Debbie, Gareth Loudon, and Ingrid Murphy. "Impact and the Research Environment." Journal of Research Management and Administration 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18552/jorma.v1i1.708.

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How to successfully create impact from academic research is the focus of much debate. Discussions often centres on the role of discipline, researcher skills and behaviour, or institutional systems to capture impact evidence, but little consideration is given to the relationship between research impact and the research environment. Focussing on the Impact Case Studies submitted to Unit of Assessment 34: Art & Design: History, Practice and Theory, this research used Content and Narrative Analysis to review a sample of the most and least successful Impact submissions as ranked by Times Higher Education. The aim was to identify the characteristics of high-scoring Impact Case Studies to inform strategies for supporting the generation of research impact, but what emerged was evidence of a nuanced relationship between research environment and research impact. For Research and Management Practitioners, these findings highlight a need to extend beyond the development of training, advice and databases and respond directly to the core purpose and ethos of research impact. This can be achieved through the cultivation of an open, flexible and dynamic research environment capable of responding to institutional and researcher needs in order to allow impact to flourish.
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Nishiwaki, Koichi, James Kuffner, Satoshi Kagami, Masayuki Inaba, and Hirochika Inoue. "The experimental humanoid robot H7: a research platform for autonomous behaviour." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 365, no. 1850 (November 17, 2006): 79–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1921.

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This paper gives an overview of the humanoid robot ‘H7’, which was developed over several years as an experimental platform for walking, autonomous behaviour and human interaction research at the University of Tokyo. H7 was designed to be a human-sized robot capable of operating autonomously in indoor environments designed for humans. The hardware is relatively simple to operate and conduct research on, particularly with respect to the hierarchical design of its control architecture. We describe the overall design goals and methodology, along with a summary of its online walking capabilities, autonomous vision-based behaviours and automatic motion planning. We show experimental results obtained by implementations running within a simulation environment as well as on the actual robot hardware.
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Kristiyono, Yokie Radnan, and Caroline Felim. "PENGARUH INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCE, ALTRUISM, DAN ENVIRONMENT KNOWLEDGE TERHADAP GREEN PURCHASING BEHAVIOUR KONSUMEN THE BODY SHOP YANG DIMEDIASI OLEH ENVIRONMENT ATTITUDE." Ultima Management : Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/manajemen.v13i1.1912.

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Abstract-This research was conducted to determine the relationship between interpersonal influence, altruism, environmental knowledge and green purchasing behaviour mediated by environmental attitudes towards consumers of The Body Shop in the Jakarta, Tangerang, Depok, Bekasi and Bogor areas. This research will focus on consumers of The Body Shop where the researchers conducted this research because the awareness of young consumers towards environmentally friendly products is still low. This research was conducted using a quantitative approach. The data used in this study were collected through an instrument in the form of an electronic questionnaire, namely Google Form that was spread on social media. The findings of this research show that interpersonal influence has a positive and significant effect on environment attitude; altruism has a positive effect on environment attitude; environment knowledge has no positive effect on environment attitude; and environment attitude has a positive effect on green purchasing behaviour. The managerial implication that can be given from this research is that marketers can increase consumer knowledge of the environment so that it can encourage consumers to pay attention to their attitudes towards the environment and can lead to consumer buying behaviour for environmentally friendly products. Keywords: Interpersonal Influence; Altruism; Environment Knowledge; Green Purchasing Behavior; Environment Attitude
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Borrego, Ángel, and Lluís Anglada. "Faculty information behaviour in the electronic environment." New Library World 117, no. 3/4 (March 14, 2016): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nlw-11-2015-0089.

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Purpose – This study aims to investigate how the transition from print to electronic scholarly communication has affected faculty’s information behaviour and their perception of academic libraries. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey was distributed among academics affiliated to the member universities of the Consortium of University Services of Catalonia. A total of 2,230 replies were received. Findings – Journal articles are the most relevant information resource used for research and teaching purposes. Databases are the preferred starting point for bibliographic searches, although a significant proportion of scholars rely on Internet search engines. The main source for gaining access to documents is libraries, followed by free materials available online. Scholarly journals are the preferred channel for disseminating research outputs, with the open access being a factor of marginal interest when deciding where to publish. Originality/value – The results of this study should be useful to guide policies regarding scientific information and research and, more specifically, policies regarding academic libraries.
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Chokor, B. A. "Research Policy and Review 13. Environment-Behaviour-Design Research Techniques: An Appraisal and Review of the Literature with Special Reference to Environmental and Planning-Related Information Needs in the Third World." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, no. 1 (January 1987): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a190007.

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Environment-behaviour-design research has contributed to the contextual understanding of man – environment interaction and promoted a more people-centred approach to environmental planning and design. Much of research, however, has concentrated on European and North American environments, and research techniques developed to date have not been fully assessed in the context of the Third World to stimulate an appropriate research focus and help provide much needed information on planning and designing Third World environments. In the present review, basic techniques in environmental research are explored to assess the various ways in which they may be best applied to provide a context for the growth of studies in the Third World. It is demonstrated that needed man – environment – behaviour – design information may be best derived by focusing on mundane analysis of environmental attitudes, values, and preferences of ordinary people, using a range of social survey and verbal interviews centred on surrogate stimuli environments.
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Abdullah, Siti Intan Nurdiana Wong, Zaiton Samdin, Phuah Kit Teng, and Bernard Lim Jit Heng. "Unraveling Tourists’ Responsible Behaviour Intention Towards the Environment." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 2, no. 3 (December 2, 2018): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v2i3.244.

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Research Highlights Despite the awareness on global climate change and reminder on environmental protection, it remains a challenge to promote sustainable tourism. The existing literatures on tourists’ sustainable behaviours pinpointed the emergence of environmentally-conscious tourists, yet the antecedents of their behaviours have not been fully established. Responsible environmental behavioral intentions are expected to be relevant predecessors for sustainable tourism. Thus, this study applies Responsible Environmental Behaviour model (REB) by Hines et.al (1986), which is tested alongside with Consumption Values Theory (Sheth et al., 1991) and destination image. This research proposed four hypotheses along with environmental consumption values and environmental attitude. In comparison, tourists that have higher levels of environmental knowledge and positive image of the destination will have higher intention to behave in an environmentally responsible manner.
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Ruoxi, Meng, and Xu Leiqing. "A Review of the Restorative Environment Research in the Mainland of China." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 1, no. 3 (August 3, 2016): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v1i3.358.

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More and more Chinese experts focus on the research field of the restorative environment and public health. We reorganized the theories of restorative environment and proposed a theory framework which consists of Attention Restorative Theory(ART) and psycho-evolutionary theory and other three auxiliary hypothesis included Biophilia Theory, Prospect-Refuge Theory and Stress: The "fight or flight" response We classified the experiments methods into three types; the psychological, subjective evaluation, physiological objective indicators, and behavior improvements .We could figure out some shared questions at the current research in mainland China, such as limited research methods, limited senses used in the current research.© 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords : Restorative; Theory;Questionnaire;Experiments
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Aziz, Nor Fadzila, and Ismail Said. "The Trends and Influential Factors of Children’s Use of Outdoor Environments: A Review." Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies 2, no. 5 (October 26, 2017): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/aje-bs.v2i5.226.

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In the past two decades, there has been a raft of research on children’s behaviour and their interaction with outdoor environment. The aim of this paper is to present a synthesis of 30 studies from 1985 to 2010 on children’s use of outdoor environments. The aspects taken into consideration include methodological issues and factors that influence the use of outdoor environments. The trends of the studies are discussed. In summary, the children’s place preferences and play behaviours in the outdoor environments are influenced by their developmental needs, individual, physical and social factors. Keywords: Children, outdoor environments; influential factors; Ecological Model eISSN 2514-751X © 2017 The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environment Behaviour Research"

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Tilikidou, Irene. "Ecologically conscious consumer behaviour : a research project conducted in Thessaloniki, Greece." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327317.

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McCormack, Gavin Robert. "Modelling the relationship between the built environment and psychosocial correlates of physical activity behaviour." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0183.

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[Truncated abstract] The main purpose of this research was to conduct a series of studies with the aim of contributing information about methods for measuring and analyzing physical environmental attributes of neighbourhoods and the influence of these attributes on specific types of physical activity behaviour. Furthermore, this research examined the moderating affect of the objective physical environment on the relationship between cognitions and physical activity behaviours and the mediating role of the cognitions on the associations between the objective physical environment and physical activity. The research included secondary analyses of data collected as part of the Studies of Environmental and Individual Determinants of Physical Activity (SEID1 and SEID2: Corti 1998; Pikora 2003) and the Physical Activity in Localities and Community Environments study (PLACE: Leslie et al. 2005a; Leslie et al. 2005b). Demographic, cognitive, social and behavioural data from the baseline and follow-up surveys from SEID1 (Corti 1998), and objectively measured built environmental data from SEID2 (Pikora 2003) were analyzed. ... A stronger association between frequency of past trying and recreational walking was also found for respondents residing in neighbourhoods with more recreational destinations (β = 0.11), compared with fewer destinations (β = 0.00). These findings show some evidence that the built environment can affect exercise-related cognitions, which in turn influence physical activity. Findings of this and other research (Owen et al. 2000; Humpel et al. 2002; Saelens et al. 2003b; Foster & Hillsdon 2004; McCormack et al. 2004; Owen et al. 2004; Badland & Schofield 2005; Duncan et al. 2005; Heath et al. 2006) support the need to create supportive environments that encourage both recreational and transport-related physical activity. Providing more opportunities and a greater variety of destinations close to home could encourage physical activity participation, and may even assist some individuals to achieve sufficient levels to accrue health benefits. However, additional research is necessary to understand how both the perceived and objectively measured built environment influences physical activity and to provide evidence of temporal causality between environments, cognitions, and physical activity behaviour.
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Thielman, Justin. "Do Characteristics of the Built Environment Influence Walking Behaviour Among Urban Adults? A Conceptual Framework, Systematic Review, and Research Plan." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31716.

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Objectives were to improve conceptualization of associations between built environment characteristics (BECs) and walking, synthesize evidence on associations, and propose future research that addresses limitations in existing studies. I designed a conceptual framework of hypothesized BEC - walking associations. I conducted a systematic review, searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and TRID for studies investigating BEC - walking associations. Two reviewers screened articles for inclusion. I assessed methodological quality and extracted data from included studies. I used the framework’s hypothesized associations to categorize and synthesize results, then analyzed study limitations and proposed future research that would address many limitations. The review identified 13 studies with 64 estimates that met all criteria. None of the framework’s hypothesized associations had a statistically significant majority of estimates that were statistically significant. Evidence is lacking on BEC – walking associations and more research is needed that addresses methodological issues such as heterogeneous BEC measures and geographic homogeneity.
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Langthorne, Paul David. "Antecedent influences on negatively reinforced behaviour : an examination of person-environment interplay : Volume 1 - research component and Volume 2 - clinical componenet : five clinical practice reports." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3709/.

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Motivating operations (MOs) exert value- and behaviour-altering effects on problem behaviour. To date, there has been no systematic review of the literature regarding the influence of MOs on negatively reinforced problem behaviour. The current review adopted a systematic strategy to identify and review papers relevant to this area published between 1999-2011. Fifty nine papers were identified that met inclusion criteria for the review. Papers were grouped according to themes and reviewed to: 1) identify recent trends in the literature, 2) provide a critique of the methodological strengths and weaknesses of the field, 3) examine implications for the assessment, understanding and treatment of negatively reinforced problem behaviour and 4) provide suggestions for future research. A model of negatively reinforced problem behaviour is presented that emphasises the importance of the interaction between person and environment.
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Edwards, Sarita. "Student preferences for accommodation at a Cape Town University: an application of the stated preference approach." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/3003.

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Thesis (Master of Marketing)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019
This thesis sought to investigate students’ preferences regarding university accommodation. The object was to identify the aspects and elements of housing that students deemed most desirable. The research also aimed to ascertain which socio-demographic variables might serve as predictors of preference in student housing. The thesis focused on student housing at a university in Cape Town, South Africa. The researcher adopted a stated preference approach, applying direct measurement and conjoint analysis methods to answer the research questions. The study commenced with qualitative exploratory research, including a literature review and focus group interviews with students. This was followed by collection of cross-sectional quantitative data using person-administered, structured questionnaires distributed among students at the university. SPSS software was used to analyse a total of 457 completed questionnaires. The direct measurement results indicated that most students prioritised convenience, safety, cost and privacy when it came to choosing accommodation. The three most important attributes as ranked by respondents were having unlimited free WiFi, the inclusion of a 24-hour computer lab in the building, and 24-hour on-site security. In addition, respondents favoured the presence of a convenience shop/kiosk in the residence, followed by sharing showers with students of their own gender, and being within walking distance of campus. Preferences for some but not all the dimensions of accommodation appeared to be influenced by gender, age group and study level. When indicating their willingness to pay (WTP) for a variety of elements relating to accommodation, it emerged that the question of sharing the space in their room – their living and learning space – was very important to the students. The results showed that, apart from having unlimited WiFi and 24-hour on-site security, the aspects for which respondents were prepared to pay most concerned the private space of the individual, e.g. room privacy and room size, as well as having their own toilet and shower. WTP attributes also varied among students according to age group, gender and level of study. Results from the stated preference (conjoint) experiment analysis showed that students were most sensitive about the sharing of ablutions and number of roommates, strongly preferring private rooms and facilities, or sharing with fewer other students. Monthly rent is next most influential, followed by distance from campus. The model also showed significant differences in the preferences of students based on their gender. Research in this field is overdue because, owing to recent increases in the tertiary student population in South Africa, there is a growing shortage of student accommodation. Current and future student housing needs must be assessed, and any such assessment requires a thorough grasp of current student accommodation preferences. The results of this research thus contribute to the knowledge and understanding available to managers and developers of student accommodation regarding students’ requirements and preferences. The findings can serve as a set of guidelines for developers of student housing and as a foundation for formulating associated marketing strategies. Despite the existence of extensive research on student housing, few studies have focused on the preferences of students in developing countries, and even fewer in South Africa. This research seeks to fill this gap by increasing awareness and understanding of students’ preferences with regard to university accommodation.
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Richards, James. "Developing a theoretical basis for the concept of organizational behaviour." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/185.

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Workplace misbehaviour is seen to be a neglected feature of organizational study (Ackroyd and Thompson; Vardi and Weitz, 2004). Where research has been undertaken into misbehaviour the emphasis tends fall into two broad categories. First of all, organizational behaviour theorists use the term misbehaviour as a means to highlight how the ‘negative’ behaviour of employees gets in the way of formal organizational goals. Secondly, radical sociologists tend to use the term misbehaviour as a means to critique Foucauldian labour process theory. Here an argument is made that suggests the disciplinary affects of new management practices associated with human resource management and total quality management have been overstated. Furthermore, radical sociologists also use the term misbehaviour as means to critique organizational behaviour accounts, which are believed to paint overly optimistic accounts of organizational life. However, on further examination it was discovered that neither a radical sociological approach, nor a traditional organizational behaviour approach, sufficiently addresses the current deficit in our understandings and explanations for workplace misbehaviour. Hence, one of the main themes of this thesis was to design a theoretical and methodological framework to address the deficit in our understandings and explanations. As such, a view was taken of how a radical sociological approach (orthodox labour process analysis) combined with an emerging social psychological perspective (a social identity approach (Haslam, 2001)) could help overcome previous theoretical problems associated with researching misbehaviour. Empirical support for this approach is provided by the detailed examination of the objective and subjective working conditions of four different sets of low status workers. The findings are based on longitudinal covert participant observations, as well as covert interviews and the covert gathering of company documents. The findings depart from previous insights into workplace misbehaviour in stressing the importance of acknowledging and investigating both the organizational and sub-group social identities of low status workers, in relation to such activities. As such, a great deal of the misbehaviour noted in the findings can be attributed to the poor treatment of low status workers by management, yet misbehaviour is equally if not more attributable to the empowering or inhibitive qualities of the many psychological groups that worker can associate with or disassociate themselves from. Recommendations are made about the direction of future research into workplace misbehaviour. There are many suggestions made and include examining misbehaviour in a wider range of settings, sectors and levels of organizations.
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Filmer, Andrew Robert. "Backstage Space: The Place of the Performer." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1415.

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This thesis presents a systematic investigation of the backstage spaces of theatres in the city of Sydney, Australia, combining the documentation of eight specific theatre buildings with ethnographic accounts of performers’ activities within them. As the title of the thesis suggests, my focus throughout is to better understand the ‘place’ of performers, the ways in which performers inhabit certain physical, social, and imaginative realms. Through this thesis I assess the impact of backstage spaces on performers’ work processes, their performances, and their own understandings of what it is to be a performer. To undertake this assessment I conduct a tripartite survey of the backstage spaces afforded performers, taking into consideration ‘perceived’ space (space as it is empirically measured), ‘conceived’ space (space as it is represented), and ‘lived’ space (space as it is experienced). Approaching this survey via Edward Casey’s understanding of ‘place,’ my analysis is informed by a range of theories, notably, spatial syntax analysis, discourse analysis, and phenomenology. Through this thesis I develop two overarching and interconnected arguments. The first is that theatrical performance is profoundly affected by the features of backstage support spaces and by performers’ backstage practices. Building on this, the second is that a study of backstage spaces offers a particularly apposite approach to further understanding the ‘place’ of theatrical performers. I contend that the backstage spaces performers inhabit can be characterised by their very poverty and that these poor conditions testify to a widespread ignorance and ambivalence on the part of society at large towards performers’ needs. Furthermore, noting the way in which performers valorise their own abilities to compromise and adapt, I argue that backstage areas largely inform performers’ dominant discourses of professionalism and worth. Ultimately, I identify the ‘place’ of the performer as one of flux that necessitates the constant negotiation of significant tensions. [Please note: The photographic documentation and building plans referred to in the text of this thesis are not available online. Please contact the Department of Performance Studies at the University of Sydney or the Sydney eScholarship Repository.]
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Filmer, Andrew Robert. "Backstage Space: The Place of the Performer." Arts, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1415.

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Doctor of Philosophy
This thesis presents a systematic investigation of the backstage spaces of theatres in the city of Sydney, Australia, combining the documentation of eight specific theatre buildings with ethnographic accounts of performers’ activities within them. As the title of the thesis suggests, my focus throughout is to better understand the ‘place’ of performers, the ways in which performers inhabit certain physical, social, and imaginative realms. Through this thesis I assess the impact of backstage spaces on performers’ work processes, their performances, and their own understandings of what it is to be a performer. To undertake this assessment I conduct a tripartite survey of the backstage spaces afforded performers, taking into consideration ‘perceived’ space (space as it is empirically measured), ‘conceived’ space (space as it is represented), and ‘lived’ space (space as it is experienced). Approaching this survey via Edward Casey’s understanding of ‘place,’ my analysis is informed by a range of theories, notably, spatial syntax analysis, discourse analysis, and phenomenology. Through this thesis I develop two overarching and interconnected arguments. The first is that theatrical performance is profoundly affected by the features of backstage support spaces and by performers’ backstage practices. Building on this, the second is that a study of backstage spaces offers a particularly apposite approach to further understanding the ‘place’ of theatrical performers. I contend that the backstage spaces performers inhabit can be characterised by their very poverty and that these poor conditions testify to a widespread ignorance and ambivalence on the part of society at large towards performers’ needs. Furthermore, noting the way in which performers valorise their own abilities to compromise and adapt, I argue that backstage areas largely inform performers’ dominant discourses of professionalism and worth. Ultimately, I identify the ‘place’ of the performer as one of flux that necessitates the constant negotiation of significant tensions. [Please note: The photographic documentation and building plans referred to in the text of this thesis are not available online. Please contact the Department of Performance Studies at the University of Sydney or the Sydney eScholarship Repository.]
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Hipólito, Joana Ferreira. "Emotion-oriented interventions for environment and the facilitation of pro-environmental behavior." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8213.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Ambiente, pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
This research aimed at studying the facilitating pro-environmental behavior problem by approaching new pro-environmental interventions. The following elements make this study particularly relevant: a) the actual debate concerning the impact of scientific and technological innovations and b) the consideration of new emotional research findings, which stress that emotion is an essential part of information processing. However, the role of emotions is still largely absent from most pro-environmental studies. This situation highlights the importance of conceiving personal and professional initiatives aimed at encouraging reflection and supporting proenvironmental behaviors research while focusing on emotional issues. The study involved an interpretative approach of a qualitative nature, organized in two complementary phases. The first phase evaluated the possible impact of the purposed research. It involved different collaborations and the first experimental research study was implemented as a proof-of-concept approach. In addition, this phase research advanced a new model of proenvironmental behavior and a design framework. The second phase of the study, motivated by the results of the first phase, led to advancing emotion-oriented interventions scenarios and also planning and implementing their evaluation. This initiative showed two technological opportunities to consider for future developments: Affective images rewarding systems using digital material and sensorial feedback tools using non-digital material. The planned qualitative research included questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, panels, observation and the analysis of documents. The results of this study have several implications. Among the most relevant are: a) the potential of combined research methods in investigating individuals conceptions and perceptions about environmental behavior; b) the importance of discussions about new pro-environmental interventions for facilitating pro-environmental behavior; c) the importance of multi-disciplinary research approaches for advancing new technological options; and d) the relevance of considering an emotion-oriented approach.
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT/MCTES)- (SFRH/BD/21408/2005)
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Hay, Duncan C. "Zircon behaviour in low temperature environments." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis. Move to record for print version, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/70/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2007.
Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Faculty of Physical Sciences, Department of Geographical and Earth Sciences , University of Glasgow, 2007. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Books on the topic "Environment Behaviour Research"

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Rapoport, Amos. Thirty-three papers in environment-behaviour research. Pune, India: Urban International Press, 1994.

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Bohte, Wendy. Residential self-selection and travel: The relationship between travel-related attitudes, built environment characteristics and travel behaviour. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2010.

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Environment-behaviour (conference) (3rd 1990 Kyoto). Current issues in environment-behaviour research: Proceedings of the third Japan - United States seminar, held in Kyoto, Japan, July 19-20, 1990. Tokyo: University of Tokyo, 1990.

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1937-, Golledge Reginald G., and Stimson R. J, eds. Person-environment-behavior research: Investigating activities and experience in spaces and environments. New York: Guilford Press, 2008.

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Wapner, Seymour, Jack Demick, Takiji Yamamoto, and Hirofumi Minami, eds. Theoretical Perspectives in Environment-Behavior Research. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4701-3.

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Wapner, Seymour, Jack Demick, Takiji Yamamoto, and Takashi Takahashi, eds. Handbook of Japan-United States Environment-Behavior Research. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0286-3.

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F, Gibbons Edward, ed. Naturalistic environments in captivity for animal behavior research. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.

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Cherulnik, Paul D. Applications of environment-behavior research: Case studies and analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

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1917-, Wapner Seymour, ed. Handbook of Japan-United States environment-behavior research: Toward a transactional approach. New York: Plenum Press, 1997.

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Scott-Webber, Lennie. In sync: Environmental behavior research and the design of learning spaces. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Society for College and University Planning, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Environment Behaviour Research"

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Schönfelder, Ralph. "VR/AR — Applications, Limitations and Research in the Industrial Environment." In Human Behaviour in Design, 253–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07811-2_25.

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Ryazanova, Olesya E., and Vera A. Gnevasheva. "Environmental Behaviour: Aspects of Definition in the Modern System of “Man–Environment” Interaction." In Advances in Global Change Research, 417–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19979-0_44.

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Han, Heesup. "Consumer behavior and environmental sustainability in tourism and hospitality: a review of theories, concepts, and latest research." In Sustainable Consumer Behaviour and the Environment, 1–22. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003256274-1.

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Pitikakis, E., K. Katsanou, and N. Lambrakis. "The behaviour of REE in Agios Nikolaos karstic aquifer, NE Crete, Greece." In Advances in the Research of Aquatic Environment, 161–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24076-8_19.

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Crespo, R. Sanchez, and J. Prada Alvarez-Buylla. "Research and Behaviour of Organic Micropollutants from Waste Distilery Wine in Anaerobic Treatment." In Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment, 323–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2989-0_41.

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Lappas, I., P. Sabatakakis, and M. Stefouli. "The hydrodynamic behaviour of the coastal karst aquifer system of Zarakas - Parnon (Southeastern Peloponissos)." In Advances in the Research of Aquatic Environment, 451–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19902-8_53.

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Crespo, R. Sanchez, and J. Prada Alvarez-Buylla. "Research and Behaviour of Organic Micropollutants in Natural Ponds of Waste Water from Olive Oil Production." In Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment, 511–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3356-2_62.

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Doll, R. "Epidemiological Evidence of the Effects of Behaviour and the Environment on the Risk of Human Cancer." In Recent Results in Cancer Research, 3–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46870-4_1.

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Strasser, R. J., R. Schwarz, and P. Eggenberg. "Fluorescence Routine Tests to Describe the Behaviour of a Plant in Its Environment." In Applications of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Photosynthesis Research, Stress Physiology, Hydrobiology and Remote Sensing, 181–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2823-7_22.

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Zube, Ervin H. "Landscape Research." In Environment and Behavior Studies, 291–313. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7944-7_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Environment Behaviour Research"

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Mazur-Wierzbicka, Ewa. "Consumer Behaviour against the Changeability of the Environment." In International Conference on Applied Research in Business, Management and Economics. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/bmeconf.2019.12.908.

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Rosinský, Rastislav, Miroslava Čerešníková, Maria Sapouna, Leyla De Amicis, Francine Dehue, Trijntje Vollink, Roy Willems, Georgios Nikolau, and Ioannis Dimakos. "PERCEIVED MANIFESTATIONS OF BULLYING BEHAVIOUR IN SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT." In 11th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2018.0617.

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Kanagarajan, Sujith, and Sivakumar Ramakrishnan. "Development of ontologies for modelling user behaviour in Ambient Intelligence environment." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccic.2015.7435736.

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Jewels, Tony, and Nina Evans. "Ethical IT Behaviour as a Function of Environment." In InSITE 2005: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2881.

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Research is currently being undertaken to compare attitudes and behaviour towards ethics in information technology between students at an Australian and a South African university. This work provides a background to ethics from the literature from which a behavioural model for micro-level ethical standards is proposed. Using a theoretical underpinning of Fishbein & Azjen’s Theory of Reasoned Action, a survey document has been developed to identify and compare what constructs most affect an individual’s intention to behave in situations requiring ethical considerations.
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Markkanen, Piia, Niels van Berkel, Aku Visuri, Arthur LeSaint, Denzil Ferreira, and Aulikki Herneoja. "Exploring Work Environment Usage Behaviour through Context-Aware Mobile Methods." In 37 Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe and XXIII Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Joint Conference (N. 1). São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/proceedings-ecaadesigradi2019_330.

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Hamou-Lhadj, Abdelwahab, Syed Shariyar Murtaza, Waseem Fadel, Ali Mehrabian, Mario Couture, and Raphael Khoury. "Software behaviour correlation in a redundant and diverse environment using the concept of trace abstraction." In the 2013 Research in Adaptive and Convergent Systems. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2513228.2513305.

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Baxter, D. P., S. J. Maddox, and R. J. Pargeter. "Corrosion Fatigue Behaviour of Welded Risers and Pipelines." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29360.

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The fatigue design of pipelines or risers in deepwater oil and gas developments, is often critically dependent on quantifying the extent to which aggressive service environments affect performance. Girth welds in these structures are often exposed to seawater on the external surface, and sweet or sour production fluids on the internal surface. All of these environments can lead to higher rates of fatigue crack growth and lower overall life compared to performance in air. The seawater environment has been studied in some depth, and design codes provide advice on how steel structures are likely to behave under conditions of either free corrosion or cathodic protection. However, it is important to note that there are limits to how widely these guidelines can be applied, and for more complex environments, such as production fluids which are inevitably project specific, design guidance is rarely available. Laboratory testing provides a means of quantifying material behaviour in a simulated service environment, and allows the impact of various environmental variables to be explored. This is important as parameters such as temperature, H2S concentration or loading frequency can have a significant effect on the extent to which performance is affected. This paper provides a review of published information and recent research data, and highlights particular areas where existing data are limited and design challenges remain.
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Kruger, Frank, Sebastian Bader, Albert Hein, and Thomas Kirste. "A Virtual Research Environment to Support Remote Behaviour Monitoring from Data Collection to Analysis." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdmw.2017.99.

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Eisenberg, Alona, and Jelena Davidova. "Measurement and Analysis Issues in Research of Interrelation between Organizational Learning Culture and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour." In 13th International Scientific Conference "Rural Environment. Education. Personality. (REEP)". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. Institute of Education and Home Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/reep.2020.047.

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Miljan, Martti-Jaan, Rain Allikmäe, Andres Jürgenson, Matis Miljan, and Jaan Miljan. "Hygrothermal Behaviour of the Timber-Framed Sauna with Straw-Bale Walls." In Civil engineering '17 : 6th International Scientific Conference "Research for Environment and Civil Engineering Development 17”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/ce.2017.017.

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Reports on the topic "Environment Behaviour Research"

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Taylor, Oliver-Denzil, Amy Cunningham,, Robert Walker, Mihan McKenna, Kathryn Martin, and Pamela Kinnebrew. The behaviour of near-surface soils through ultrasonic near-surface inundation testing. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41826.

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Seismometers installed within the upper metre of the subsurface can experience significant variability in signal propagation and attenuation properties of observed arrivals due to meteorological events. For example, during rain events, both the time and frequency representations of observed seismic waveforms can be significantly altered, complicating potential automatic signal processing efforts. Historically, a lack of laboratory equipment to explicitly investigate the effects of active inundation on seismic wave properties in the near surface prevented recreation of the observed phenomena in a controlled environment. Presented herein is a new flow chamber designed specifically for near-surface seismic wave/fluid flow interaction phenomenology research, the ultrasonic near-surface inundation testing device and new vp-saturation and vs-saturation relationships due to the effects of matric suction on the soil fabric.
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Hou, Jenny Zhengye, Amanda Lotz, Greg Hearn, and Kelly Lewis. Social Media: The Real Impact on Food Waste Reduction Beyond the Swipe or the Click. Queensland University of Technology and Fight Food Waste CRC, NSW Environment Protection Authority, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.228653.

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This Summary Report presents key insights from a 2020-2021 research project addressing the challenge of evaluating the multifaceted impact of social media communication and/or campaigns as interventions for changing domestic food waste behaviour. It was funded by the Fight Food Waste Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) and NSW Environment Protection Authority.
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Rajarajan, Kunasekaran, Alka Bharati, Hirdayesh Anuragi, Arun Kumar Handa, Kishor Gaikwad, Nagendra Kumar Singh, Kamal Prasad Mohapatra, et al. Status of perennial tree germplasm resources in India and their utilization in the context of global genome sequencing efforts. World Agroforestry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp20050.pdf.

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Tree species are characterized by their perennial growth habit, woody morphology, long juvenile period phase, mostly outcrossing behaviour, highly heterozygosity genetic makeup, and relatively high genetic diversity. The economically important trees have been an integral part of the human life system due to their provision of timber, fruit, fodder, and medicinal and/or health benefits. Despite its widespread application in agriculture, industrial and medicinal values, the molecular aspects of key economic traits of many tree species remain largely unexplored. Over the past two decades, research on forest tree genomics has generally lagged behind that of other agronomic crops. Genomic research on trees is motivated by the need to support genetic improvement programmes mostly for food trees and timber, and develop diagnostic tools to assist in recommendation for optimum conservation, restoration and management of natural populations. Research on long-lived woody perennials is extending our molecular knowledge and understanding of complex life histories and adaptations to the environment, enriching a field that has traditionally drawn its biological inference from a few short-lived herbaceous species. These concerns have fostered research aimed at deciphering the genomic basis of complex traits that are related to the adaptive value of trees. This review summarizes the highlights of tree genomics and offers some priorities for accelerating progress in the next decade.
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Gillison, Fiona, Gemma Lannon, Bas Verplanken, Julie Barnett, and Elisabeth Grey. A rapid review of the evidence on the factors underpinning the consumption of meat and dairy among the general public. Food Standards Agency, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bmk523.

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Willingness to reduce meat and dairy consumption across the population is relatively low (12.8%-25.5%), albeit increasing. While women and higher socio-economic groups tend to show greater awareness of an environmental rationale and subsequent willingness for change, this difference does not emerge strongly in studies reporting behavioural outcomes. A broad set of search terms was used to identify literature in this area, but focused on: Evidence of the potential for behaviour change in response to sustainability, environmental and climate change agendas. The reduction of meat or dairy consumption, rather than stopping altogether. Motives and barriers to reduction rather than stopping could differ considerably. Research was also specifically searched to explore the impact of socio-demographic characteristics on willingness to reduce meat and dairy consumption. This study was used to inform the primary research on Psychologies of Food Choice: Public views and experiences around meat and dairy consumption.
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Balali, Vahid. Connected Simulation for Work Zone Safety Application. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2137.

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Every year, over 60,000 work zone crashes are reported in the United States (FHWA 2016). Such work zone crashes have resulted in over 4,400 fatal and 200,000 non-fatal injuries in the last 5 years (FHWA 2016, BLS 2014). Apart from the physical and emotional trauma, the annual cost of these injuries exceeds $4 million-representing significant wasted resources. To improve work zone safety, this research developed a system architecture for unveiling high-risk behavioral patterns among highway workers, equipment operators, and drivers within dynamic highway work zones. This research implemented the use of a connected virtual environment, which is an immersive hyper-realistic and virtual environment where multiple agents (e.g. workers, drivers, and equipment handlers) control independent simulators but experience an interactive and shared experience. For this project, the team conducted an in-depth analysis of accident investigation, simulated accident scenarios, and tested diverse interventions to prevent high-risk behavior. Overall, the research improved understanding of behavioral patterns that lead to injuries and fatalities of highway workers in order to better protect them in high-risk work environments. As part of making transportation smarter, this project contributes to smart behavioral safety analysis.
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Balali, Vahid, Arash Tavakoli, and Arsalan Heydarian. A Multimodal Approach for Monitoring Driving Behavior and Emotions. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1928.

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Studies have indicated that emotions can significantly be influenced by environmental factors; these factors can also significantly influence drivers’ emotional state and, accordingly, their driving behavior. Furthermore, as the demand for autonomous vehicles is expected to significantly increase within the next decade, a proper understanding of drivers’/passengers’ emotions, behavior, and preferences will be needed in order to create an acceptable level of trust with humans. This paper proposes a novel semi-automated approach for understanding the effect of environmental factors on drivers’ emotions and behavioral changes through a naturalistic driving study. This setup includes a frontal road and facial camera, a smart watch for tracking physiological measurements, and a Controller Area Network (CAN) serial data logger. The results suggest that the driver’s affect is highly influenced by the type of road and the weather conditions, which have the potential to change driving behaviors. For instance, when the research defines emotional metrics as valence and engagement, results reveal there exist significant differences between human emotion in different weather conditions and road types. Participants’ engagement was higher in rainy and clear weather compared to cloudy weather. More-over, engagement was higher on city streets and highways compared to one-lane roads and two-lane highways.
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Jung, Carina, Karl Indest, Matthew Carr, Richard Lance, Lyndsay Carrigee, and Kayla Clark. Properties and detectability of rogue synthetic biology (SynBio) products in complex matrices. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45345.

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Synthetic biology (SynBio) aims to rationally engineer or modify traits of an organism or integrate the behaviors of multiple organisms into a singular functional organism through advanced genetic engineering techniques. One objective of this research was to determine the environmental persistence of engineered DNA in the environment. To accomplish this goal, the environmental persistence of legacy engineered DNA building blocks were targeted that laid the foundation for SynBio product development and application giving rise to “post-use products.” These building blocks include genetic constructs such as cloning and expression vectors, promoter/terminator elements, selectable markers, reporter genes, and multi-cloning sites. Shotgun sequencing of total DNA from water samples of pristine sites was performed and resultant sequence data mined for frequency of legacy recombinant DNA signatures. Another objective was to understand the fate of a standardized contemporary synthetic genetic construct (SC) in the context of various chassis systems/genetic configurations representing different degrees of “genetic bioavailability” to the environmental landscape. These studies were carried out using microcosms representing different environmental matrices (soils, waters, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) liquor) and employed a novel genetic reporter system based on volatile organic compounds (VOC) detection to assess proliferation and persistence of the SC in the matrix over time.
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Zimmerman, Emily, and Jana Smith. Behavioral tactics to support providers in offering quality care: Insights from provider behavior change research and practice. Population Council, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2022.1043.

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This document offers a synthesis of insights from recent research and design activities conducted by ideas42 through Breakthrough RESEARCH, Breakthrough ACTION, and other projects across nine different low- and middle-income settings about the behavioral roots of challenges health care providers face in providing high quality services. We discuss how the physical and social environment in which they work and live sends signals to providers about what is important, how they can navigate difficulties, and how well they are performing. We discuss how experiences outside the health facility impact how providers approach their professional duties. We also discuss how pervasive time and resource constraints create a cognitive and emotional burden that gets in the way of what they can do, even within these constraints. For each challenge, we also share lessons emerging from this research about about how global health practitioners can address these challenges through program design and implementation.
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Pulugurtha, Srinivas S., and Raghuveer Gouribhatla. Drivers’ Response to Scenarios when Driving Connected and Automated Vehicles Compared to Vehicles with and without Driver Assist Technology. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.1944.

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Traffic related crashes cause more than 38,000 fatalities every year in the United States. They are the leading cause of death among drivers up to 54 years in age and incur $871 million in losses each year. Driver errors contribute to about 94% of these crashes. In response, automotive companies have been developing vehicles with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) that aid in various driving tasks. These features are aimed at enhancing safety by either warning drivers of a potential hazard or picking up certain driving maneuvers like maintaining the lane. These features are already part of vehicles with Driver Assistance Technology, and they are vital for successful deployment of connected and automated vehicles in the near future. However, drivers' responses to driving vehicles with advanced features have been meagerly explored. This research evaluates driver participants' response to scenarios when driving connected and automated vehicles compared to vehicles with and without Driver Assistance Technology. The research developed rural, urban, and freeway driving scenarios in a driver simulator and tested on participants sixteen years to sixty-five years old. The research team explored two types of advanced features by categorizing them into warnings and automated features. The results show that the advanced features affected driving behavior by making driver participants less aggressive and harmonizing the driving environment. This research also discovered that the type of driving scenario influences the effect of advanced features on driver behavior. Additionally, aggressive driving behavior was observed most in male participants and during nighttime conditions. Rainy conditions and female participants were associated with less aggressive driving behavior. The findings from this research help to assess driver behavior when driving vehicles with advanced features. They can be inputted into microsimulation software to model the effect of vehicles with advanced features on the performance of transportation systems, advancing technology that could eventually save millions of dollars and thousands of lives.
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Wang, Chih-Hao, and Na Chen. Do Multi-Use-Path Accessibility and Clustering Effect Play a Role in Residents' Choice of Walking and Cycling? Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2011.

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The transportation studies literature recognizes the relationship between accessibility and active travel. However, there is limited research on the specific impact of walking and cycling accessibility to multi-use paths on active travel behavior. Combined with the culture of automobile dependency in the US, this knowledge gap has been making it difficult for policy-makers to encourage walking and cycling mode choices, highlighting the need to promote a walking and cycling culture in cities. In this case, a clustering effect (“you bike, I bike”) can be used as leverage to initiate such a trend. This project contributes to the literature as one of the few published research projects that considers all typical categories of explanatory variables (individual and household socioeconomics, local built environment features, and travel and residential choice attitudes) as well as two new variables (accessibility to multi-use paths calculated by ArcGIS and a clustering effect represented by spatial autocorrelation) at two levels (level 1: binary choice of cycling/waking; level 2: cycling/walking time if yes at level 1) to better understand active travel demand. We use data from the 2012 Utah Travel Survey. At the first level, we use a spatial probit model to identify whether and why Salt Lake City residents walked or cycled. The second level is the development of a spatial autoregressive model for walkers and cyclists to examine what factors affect their travel time when using walking or cycling modes. The results from both levels, obtained while controlling for individual, attitudinal, and built-environment variables, show that accessibility to multi-use paths and a clustering effect (spatial autocorrelation) influence active travel behavior in different ways. Specifically, a cyclist is likely to cycle more when seeing more cyclists around. These findings provide analytical evidence to decision-makers for efficiently evaluating and deciding between plans and policies to enhance active transportation based on the two modeling approaches to assessing travel behavior described above.
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