Relevant bibliographies by topics / Environment and Earth Sciences

Academic literature on the topic 'Environment and Earth Sciences'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Environment and Earth Sciences"

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Sousa, C. "Inquiry learning for gender equity using History of Science in Life and Earth Sciences’ learning environments." Multidisciplinary Journal for Education, Social and Technological Sciences 3, no. 1 (March 22, 2016): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/muse.2016.3762.

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<p>The main objective of the present work is the selection and integration of objectives and methods of education for gender equity within the Life and Earth Sciences’ learning environments in the current portuguese frameworks of middle and high school. My proposal combines inquiry learning-teaching methods with the aim of promoting gender equity, mainly focusing in relevant 20th century women-scientists with a huge contribute to the History of Science.</p><p>The hands-on and minds-on activities proposed for high scholl students of Life and Earth Sciences onstitute a learnig environment enriched in features of science by focusing on the work of two scientists: Lynn Margulis (1938-2011) and her endosymbiosis theory of the origin of life on Earth and Inge Leehman (1888-1993) responsible for a breakthrough regarding the internal structure of Earth, by caracterizing a discontinuity within the nucleus, contributing to the current geophysical model. For middle scholl students the learning environment includes Inge Leehman and Mary Tharp (1920-2006) and her first world map of the ocean floor. My strategy includes features of science, such as: theory-laden nature of scientific knowledge, models, values and socio-scientific issues, technology contributes to science and feminism. </p><p>In conclusion, I consider that this study may constitute an example to facilitate the implementation, by other teachers, of active inquiry strategies focused on features of science within a framework of social responsibility of science, as well as the basis for future research. </p>
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Naeher, Sebastian, Xingqian Cui, and Roger E. Summons. "Biomarkers: Molecular Tools to Study Life, Environment, and Climate." Elements 18, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.18.2.79.

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Life on Earth produces innumerable structurally diverse biomolecules. Biomarkers, a subset of these compounds, are sufficiently specific in the structure that they serve as tracers of organisms present in the environment or preserved in the geological record. Biomarkers can be used as proxies for organisms and the biogeochemical processes they mediate or to which they respond. They can help to document and understand processes that are otherwise difficult to study, and their fossil derivatives can be used to reconstruct past ecosystems, environmental conditions, and climate variations. Biomarker science interfaces with biology, chemistry, environmental, and Earth sciences, and provides valuable opportunities to learn more about how the Earth system has evolved over time.
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Wenceslau, Eliza C., and Joseli M. Piranha. "Earth system sciences and permaculture: contributions to environmental." Terrae Didatica 14, no. 4 (October 30, 2018): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/td.v14i4.8653827.

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In view of the environmental crisis that plagues the world today, resulting from the dissociation of man and environment and the low effectiveness of educational policies, especially regarding Environmental Education, the need for a paradigm shift is evident, transforming the way of teaching and thinking about Environmental Education. In that respect, it is believed that the concepts advocated by Earth System Sciences, applied to Permaculture, can contribute to the development of a more humanistic and respectful culture, besides providing man with a new outlook on the environment. Thus, the present work exposes the foundations of these two theoretical references (Earth System Sciences and Permaculture), aiming to contribute to the reform in thought, and allowing the teaching and learning process in Environmental Education to be more effective and consistent. While Earth System Sciences allow the systemic understanding of the planet as well as the complex relationships between its various constituents, Permaculture seeks a harmonious coexistence of man and the environment. They value, in an analogous way, the interrelations between the constituents of the system, revealing alternatives that enable changes in the way the natural environment is occupied, making it more sustainable and raising consciousness.
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Viktor, Iakovlev, and Galianov Aleksei. "Mining sciences in the branch of Earth sciences." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2021-1-9-14.

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Problem statement. What is mining science? Is it craft, art of “treasure hunters”, or science? What underlies the theory of mineral extraction? What is its place within the system of knowledge of the environment? Discussion. Today there is no precise, clear, and conventional definition of mining science, its matter and object. Certain attempts by numerous leading mining experts to become involved in the discussion 14 "Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal". No. 1. 2021 ISSN 0536-1028 extended significantly the range of applied problems, but generally the problem hasn’t been fully shaped. The ideology of the market is pragmatic (goods-money-goods), while the ideology of science is radiant as soon as it tries to cognize something unbounded. Obvious practical focus of mining historically convinces us of the fact that the mining effectiveness and wide knowledge of the interior, rock properties, law and forms of labor management are inextricably linked. Summary. Mining science should take rightful place among Earth sciences not only because mining is a stimulus to civilization, but also due to a range of life-support problems which mining knowledge deals with.
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Iakovlev, Viktor. "Mining sciences in the branch of Earth sciences." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2021-1-5-14.

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Problem statement. What is mining science? Is it craft, art of “treasure hunters”, or science? What underlies the theory of mineral extraction? What is its place within the system of knowledge of the environment? Discussion. Today there is no precise, clear, and conventional definition of mining science, its matter and object. Certain attempts by numerous leading mining experts to become involved in the discussion 14 "Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal". No. 1. 2021 ISSN 0536-1028 extended significantly the range of applied problems, but generally the problem hasn’t been fully shaped. The ideology of the market is pragmatic (goods-money-goods), while the ideology of science is radiant as soon as it tries to cognize something unbounded. Obvious practical focus of mining historically convinces us of the fact that the mining effectiveness and wide knowledge of the interior, rock properties, law and forms of labor management are inextricably linked. Summary. Mining science should take rightful place among Earth sciences not only because mining is a stimulus to civilization, but also due to a range of life-support problems which mining knowledge deals with.
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Allègre, Claude, and Vincent Courtillot. "Revolutions in the earth sciences." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1392 (December 29, 1999): 1915–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0531.

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The 20th century has been a century of scientific revolutions for many disciplines: quantum mechanics in physics, the atomic approach in chemistry, the nonlinear revolution in mathematics, the introduction of statistical physics. The major breakthroughs in these disciplines had all occurred by about 1930. In contrast, the revolutions in the so–called natural sciences, that is in the earth sciences and in biology, waited until the last half of the century. These revolutions were indeed late, but they were no less deep and drastic, and they occurred quite suddenly. Actually, one can say that not one but three revolutions occurred in the earth sciences: in plate tectonics, planetology and the environment. They occurred essentially independently from each other, but as time passed, their effects developed, amplified and started interacting. These effects continue strongly to this day.
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Omar Riyad Al-Qaqah and Hussein Abdellateef Ba'arah. "The Degree to Which Earth and Environmental Science Teachers Practice Twenty-First-Century Skills in Jordan." Britain International of Humanities and Social Sciences (BIoHS) Journal 4, no. 3 (November 2, 2022): 531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/biohs.v4i3.785.

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The study was aimed at revealing the degree to which earth and environmental science teachers practice the skills of the twenty-first century in Jordan. The researchers used the descriptive approach. The study population consisted of all 886 teachers of earth sciences and environment in the northern region of Jordan. The sample study was selected in a simple random manner, with 201 teachers and 23% of the study population. The researchers used the 21st Century Skill identification study instrument applied to the sample study. The results of the study showed that the degree of the practice of the 21st Century Earth and Environment Science Teachers was at the intermediate level and at average (3.52). The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the extent to which Earth and Environment Science Teachers practiced twenty-first-century skills in the light of their gender, scientific qualification, and experience.
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Sharma, Rekha. "VEDIC SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3165.

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In the Veda’s natural elements play a pivot role but the international ship of creation was always within the context of its relationship with the creator. The Vedic sages believed that everything in this world stems from divine knowledge (the world) which was first revealed to the group of seers, who then passed this knowledge to successive generations of Vedic seers. The Gala-hypothesis postulates that planet earth is a living organism that adjusts and regulates itself like any other organism, and that for 3.5 billion years, microbes, plant and animals have co-evolved with the environment as one globally integrated super organism. In much the same vein, Deep ecology believes in the essential ecological equality of all species man and mouse, elephant and earthworm. In an interconnected indivisible ecosystem each part is as crucial as the next. The Vedas have categorically explains the role of nature, principle of food, life, intellect, and immortality. Earth, constellations and their roles are also defined in the Vedas. For sun and moon are celestial god air, water and sky, are aerial gods. Earth, river and fire are the terrestrial god. The universe is composed of five elements earth, sky, water, wind and fire. Vedic science urges people to pursue the path of ethical and sustainable economy, which coincides with the philosophy of ecological economics for sustainable development. The conventional economics always favours maximizing the material wealth so that individual will have a better quality of life. In the Vedic tradition, it is clearly stated that the life of each species is meant for well-being of all other species all of the 8,40,000 species on the planet live for each other except for one.
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Kevles, Daniel J. "The contested Earth: science, equity & the environment." Daedalus 137, no. 2 (April 2008): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed.2008.137.2.80.

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Wang, Ning, Robert J. Stern, Mary L. Urquhart, and Katherine M. Seals. "Google Earth Geoscience Video Library (GEGVL): Organizing Geoscience Videos in a Google Earth Environment to Support Fieldwork Teaching Methodology in Earth Science." Geosciences 12, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12060250.

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Fieldwork teaching methodology (FTM) and active learning are effective strategies for geoscience education. However, traditional field trips require significant resources, time, physical abilities, and the expertise of teachers. In this study, we provide a supplementary virtual field trip experience by showing how different kinds of geoscience videos can be spatially organized into one digital interactive virtual environment. Here, we present the Google Earth Geoscience Video Library (GEGVL) which uses Google Earth and location-specific videos about Earth events, to create a virtual field-based learning experience. Using Google Earth, GEGVL organizes field-based videos by location and links pertinent non-field-based videos, and allows users to roam the globe in search of geoscientific videos that are pertinent to them or their students. Currently, GEGVL contains 150 videos organized into ten different geoscience disciplines: Plate Tectonics, Minerals, Structural Geology, Metamorphism, Magmatism, Hydrology, Environmental Science, Sedimentology, Paleontology, and Paleomagnetism. Despite stability challenges with Google Earth integration, results of user surveys among lower-division undergraduates show that the design logic of GEGVL is a promising virtual field-based learning organizer for increasing students’ interest in and helping them learn about Earth sciences.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environment and Earth Sciences"

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Black, Benjamin A. (Benjamin Alexander). "Volatiles as a link between planetary interiors and the environment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84920.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 163-179).
Volatiles derived from planetary interiors influence magma evolution and environmental processes. Over appropriate timescales, Earth's mantle, crust, ocean, and atmosphere constitute coupled systems. The apparently synchronous Siberian Traps eruption and end-Permian mass extinction offer an ideal test case to study the interactions between magmatism and climate. In this thesis, I use experimental petrology, numerical modeling, geochemical measurements, and field observations to investigate the petrologic sources, eruptive transfer, and climatic effects of volatiles released during emplacement of the Siberian large igneous province. In an extreme variation on terrestrial volatile cycling, I also explore the erosional history of Titan as recorded in valley networks carved by rivers of liquid hydrocarbons.
by Benjamin A. Black.
Ph.D.
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Johnson, Sarah Stewart. "Mars in the late Noachian : evolution of a habitable surface environment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45605.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2008.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references.
This dissertation addresses whether simple life forms might have existed on Mars during the late Noachian epoch, and whether those life forms, or their traces, can be detected today. It begins by analyzing the ancient Martian climate in light of new evidence that sulfur chemistry played a prominent role in the planet's early evolution. It finds that sulfur-induced greenhouse warming could have periodically heated the planet enough to support liquid water, thereby creating warm, wet, clement conditions. Moreover, it finds that those warming pulses, while short-lived over geologic time, may have persisted for hundreds of years. If sulfur helped create environmental conditions capable of hosting life, however, it also created conditions that were adverse to sustaining it. In particular, dissipation of sulfur volatiles cooled the climate, and sulfur rainout contributed to the acidity of Martian surface waters. The dissertation therefore proceeds to analyze the potential for persistence and detection of life in terrestrial environments with Mars-like characteristics. It first investigates the potential for detecting ancient life by searching for lipid biomarkers in sulfur-rich acid salt lakes, concluding that a variety of biomarkers may be more resistant to decay than previously believed. It then analyzes soil samples from permafrost, discovering the oldest independently authenticated viable organisms ever found, and positing low-level metabolic activity and DNA repair as a survival mechanism in ancient cells. Finally, the dissertation uses deep sequencing to examine prokaryotic diversity in a terrestrial Mars-like river characterized by low pH and high concentrations of iron and sulfur, with results considered in light of the implications for life detection approaches incorporating new, in situ "PCR in a chip" technology. The dissertation concludes by proposing future work, including the ultimate goal of developing a life detection instrument for Mars.
by Sarah Stewart Johnson.
Ph.D.
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Mloszewski, Aleksandra. "Environmental and microstructural controls of short-term shell degradation in temperate, macrotidal environments." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40807.

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Depositional conditions early post-mortem influence net shell alteration prior to fossilization. This study assesses the progressive degradation of experimentally deployed Mytilus edulis shells and natural aragonite crystals during 13 months at and 10 - 20 cm below the sediment surface in High- and Mid-Marsh Salt Marsh Ponds, a Beach and a Cove (Bay of Fundy, NB, Canada). Changes in net weight, macroscopic, and microstructural features are examined in the context of environmental conditions. Results show that: 1) early degradation processes act very quickly, causing significant changes in shell condition within 13 months post-deposition. 2) The sloughing off of shell crystallites loosened by maceration, bioerosion and maceration, in order of importance, dominate shell degradation in the study environments. 3) Dissolution contributes relatively little to the overall taphonomic signature during early shell degradation.
L’état de préservation des coquilles d’organismes marins dépend directement des conditions environnementales dans lesquelles elles se dégradent. Cette étude a pour but de déterminer les conditions de dégradation progressive de coquillages (Mytilus edulis) et de cristaux abiotiques d’aragonite déployés à l’interface eau-sédiment ainsi qu’enfouis (à 10-20 cm) durant treize mois, dans les zones haute et moyenne d’un marais salant, une plage et une crique de la Baie de Fundy (NB, Canada). Les changements macroscopiques, microscopiques et de masse sont discutés relativement aux conditions environnementales. Nos résultats montrent que: 1) la dégradation et les processus agissent très tôt après la déposition, et produisent des changement d’état significatifs en deçà de 13 mois post-mortem. 2) Dans les environments ci-dessus, la mue des tablettes de nacre de la surface de la coquille est le processus le plus efficace, suivi par la bioérosion, et la macération. 3) La dissolution joue un rôle secondaire durant la dégradation précoce des coquillages.
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Dunn-Sigouin, Etienne. "Evaluation of northern hemisphere blocking climatology in the global environment multiscale (GEM) model and in the present and future climate as simulated by the CMIP5 models." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110589.

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The performance of the Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model, Canadian operational numerical model, in reproducing atmospheric low-frequency variability is first evaluated in the context of Northern Hemisphere blocking climatology. The validation is conducted by applying a comprehensive but relatively simple blocking detection algorithm. Comparison to reanalysis reveals that the maximum blocking frequency over the north Atlantic and western Europe is generally underestimated and its peak season is delayed from late winter to spring. This contrasts with the blocking frequency over the north Pacific which is generally overestimated during all seasons. The biases in blocking frequency are found to be largely associated with the biases in climatological background flow. Specifically, modelled stationary wave shows a seasonal delay in zonal wavenumber 1 and an eastward shift in zonal wavenumber 2 components. Next, we extend our methodology to preliminary analyses of Northern Hemisphere blocking climatology from a subset of climate models participating in the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). Historical integrations reveal that the maximum Euro-Atlantic blocking frequency is generally underestimated during the cold season and that significant overestimation of maximum Pacific blocking frequency occurs throughout the year in some models, as compared to reanalysis. In contrast, RCP8.5 integrations show a weak hint of reduced blocking frequency over the Pacific sector in comparison to historical integrations. However, no significant trend in terms of block duration within the RCP8.5 integrations is found.
Les performances du modele Global Environment Multiscale (GEM), qui est le modele numerique operationel Canadien, a reproduire les variabilites atmospheriques de basse frequence sont evaluees en premier lieu dans le contexte de la climatologie de bloquage atmospherique dans l'hemisphere Nord. Afin de valider le modele, un algorithme de detection de bloquage qui est a la fois comprehensif et relativement simple est applique aux donnees atmospheriques. Les resultats montrent que la frequence maximum de bloquage au dessus de l'Atlantique Nord et l'Europe de l'Ouest est generalement sous-estimee et il y un delai dans la saison d'amplitude maximale puisqu'elle se produit au printemps au lieu de tard en hiver. De plus, la frequence de bloquage est generalement sur-estimee au dessus du Pacifique Nord. Il a ete trouve que les erreurs dans la frequence de bloquage sont grandement associees aux erreurs dans la circulation climatologique de l'atmosphere. En fait, les ondes stationnaires modelisees montrent un delai saisonnier dans le nombre d'onde zonal 1 et un deplacement vers l'Est des composantes du nombre d'onde zonal 2. Ayant confiance en la capacite de notre index pour identifier des bloquages atmospheriques, nous appliquons notre methodologie sur des analyses preliminaires de bloquage climatologique dans l'hemisphere Nord a partir d'un sous-ensemble de modeles climatologiques faisant partie du Coupled Model Inter-Comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Les integrations historiques revelent que la frequence maximale de bloquage sur l'Euro-Atlantique est generalement sous-estimee durant la saison froide et que la sur-estimation de la frequence maximale de bloguage sur le Pacifique se produit tout au long de l'annee dans certains modeles. En comparaison, les integrations de type RCP8.5 montrent un leger indice d'une reduction de la frequence de bloquage sur le Pacifique meme si aucune tendance significative en terme de duree de bloquage n'a ete trouvee.
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Meredith, Laura Kelsey 1982. "Field measurement of the fate of atmospheric H₂ in a forest environment : from canopy to soil." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79283.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 245-254).
Atmospheric hydrogen (H₂ ), an indirect greenhouse gas, plays a notable role in the chemistry of the atmosphere and ozone layer. Current anthropogenic emissions of H₂ are substantial and may increase with its widespread use as a fuel. The H₂ budget is dominated by the microbe-mediated soil sink, and although its significance has long been recognized, our understanding is limited by the low temporal and spatial resolution of traditional field measurements. This thesis was designed to improve the process-based understanding of the H₂ soil sink with targeted field and lab measurements. In the field, ecosystem-scale flux measurements of atmospheric H₂ were made both above and below the forest canopy for over a year using a custom, automated instrument at the Harvard Forest. H₂ fluxes were derived using a flux-gradient technique from the H₂ concentration gradient and the turbulent eddy coefficient. A ten-fold improvement in precision was attained over traditional systems, which was critical for quantifying the whole ecosystem flux from small H2 concentration gradients above the turbulent forest canopy. Soil uptake of atmospheric H₂ was the dominant process in this forest ecosystem. Rates peaked in the summer and persisted at reduced levels in the winter season, even across a 70 cm snowpack. We present correlations of the H₂ flux with environmental variables (e.g., soil temperature and moisture). This work is the most comprehensive attempt to elucidate the processes controlling biosphere-atmosphere exchange of H₂ . Our results will help reduce uncertainty in the present-day H₂ budget and improve projections of the response of the H₂ soil sink to global change. In the lab, we isolated microbial strains of the genus Streptomyces from Harvard Forest and found that the genetic potential for atmospheric H₂ uptake predicted H₂ consumption activity. Furthermore, two soil Actinobacteria were found to utilize H₂ only during specific lifecycle stages. The lifecycle of soil microorganisms can be quite complex as an adaptation to variable environmental conditions. Our results indicate that H₂ may be an important energetic supplement to soil microorganisms under stress. These results add to the understanding of the connections between the environment, organismal life cycle, and soil H₂ uptake.
by Laura Kelsey Meredith.
Ph.D.
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Chan, Gabriel Angelo Sherak. "Trade and the environment : the political economy of CO₂ emission leakage with analysis of the steel and oil sands industries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115466.

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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2009.
Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Political Science, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 113-116).
Introduction: In 2007, scientists and governmental officials from around the world contributed to the United Nations-authorized Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. Through peer-reviewed scientific research and governmental review, the IPCC came to the conclusion that "warming of the climate system is unequivocal," and that "most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations." The IPCC Fourth Assessment states that humans have "more likely than not" contributed to the phenomena of more frequent "warm spells/heat waves," larger "area[s] affected by droughts," more "intense tropical cyclones.. .and heavy precipitation events," and "extreme high sea level[s]." Citing "high agreement" and "much evidence," the IPCC states that "with current climate change mitigation policies and related sustainable development practices, global GHG [greenhouse gas] emissions will continue to grow over the next few decades." (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007)
by Gabriel A. Chan.
S.B.
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Rapopo, Mafusi. "Petrogenesis of the syntectonic Matok Pluton in the Limpopo Belt (South Africa) and its implications of the geodynamic environment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17993.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The ~2.67 Ga Matok pluton comprises calc‐alkaline pyroxene (px)‐bearing and px‐free granitoids. The pluton was constructed by means of two episodes of intrusion each of which had co‐magmatic px‐bearing and px‐free granitoid groups. All the granitoid groups (px‐bearing and px‐free) are characterised by non‐porphyritic and porphyritic varieties. The phenocrysts in both episodes of intrusion are plagioclase ± alkali feldspar and are aligned parallel to the trend of the Limpopo Belt, attesting to a syntectonic emplacement. The time gap between the first and second intrusion is insignificant and magma was most likely stored in the chamber after the first intrusion. Petrography and geochemical signature of both px‐bearing and px‐free granitoid samples have been studied and a petrogenetic model which accounts for the coeval px‐bearing and px‐free granitoids is proposed. The relevance of the syntectonic emplacement of the Matok pluton ie n the Limpopo Belt is also addrssed. Px‐bearing granitoids always have clinopyroxene but orthopyroxene is not always present. Magnetite and ilmenite are present in both px‐bearing and px‐free granitoids but are more abundant in the px‐bearing granitoids and subordinate in the px‐free granitoids. Plagioclase in both px‐bearing and px‐free granitoids is of oligoclase (An12‐30) composition but is relatively more calcic and increases in modal abundance in the px‐bearing granitoids. Alkali feldspar is more dominant in the px‐free granitoids. Hornblende is present in all the px‐bearing granitoids and the px‐free granitoids with ≤71 wt.% SiO2 but is absent in the px‐free granites with >71 wt.% SiO2. Both magmatic epidote and titanite occur exclusively in the px‐free granitoids with ≤71 wt.% SiO2 and are absent in all the px‐bearing granitoids as well as the px‐free gra nites with >71 wt.% SiO2. Px‐bearing granitoids are mainly of dioritic and granodioritic and have subordinate granitic composition while px‐free granitoids are mainly of granitic and granodioritic and have subordinate dioritic composition. All the rocks define well correlated variation of SiO2 with the rest of the major elements. However, there is always a hiatus between the granites with >71 wt.% SiO2 and all other rocks. Px‐bearing and px‐free granitoids at the same SiO2 concentrations tend to have approximately equal concentrations of MgO, CaO and TiO2, whereas K2O concentration is distinctively higher for the px‐free granitoids. The distribution of the high field strength elements (HFSE; Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf) and rare earth elements (REE) is similar in both px‐bearing and px‐free granitoids. On contrary, Th, U, Cs and Rb are characteristically higher in the px‐free granitoids. All granitoids are characterised by negative anomalies of the HFSE (Nb, Ta and Ti) and the LILE (Th, U and Sr) on primitive mantle normalised diagrams. On the one hand, concentrations of compatible elements (Cr, Ni and Mg) in the Matok pluton granitoids are rather low for a mantle source. On the other hand, all the granitoids have superchondtritic Nb/Ta ratios that overlap with those of the Ventersdorp continental flood basalts which extruded in the Kaapvaal Craton at ~2.7 Ga. The continental crust typically has subchondritic Nb/Ta ratio, and superchondtritic Nb/Ta ratios are widely accepted to resemble a mantle source. The implication is that the Matok pluton granitoids had inherited the superchondtritic Nb/Ta ratio from their source; juvenile underplated mafic magmas that had ponded owing to the impact of the Ventersdorp mantle plume. The large volumes of ponded magma s probably induced the high grade metamorphism in the Limpopo Belt. All the granitoids of the Matok pluton are probably products of one partial melting event. One possible way to account for the co‐existence of px‐bearing and px‐free granitoids in the Matok pluton is by means of, at least, two magma chambers; one which was filled with anhydrous magma and the other which was filled with hydrous magma. An alternative model would be that in which there was only one chamber. In the one chamber scenario, the magma was hydrodynamically sorted into zones that differed mostly in fH2O and concentrations of highly fluid‐mobile elements but conserved the uniformity in fluid immobile elements. Regardless of the number of chambers, magma batches intruded in the form of feeder dikes which minimally interacted, thus avoiding the hydration of pyroxene in the px‐bearing granitoids.
SELELEKELA: Plutone ya Matok e fumanehang profinsing ya Limpopo sebakeng seo ho digeologist se tsebahalang ka hore ke Lebanta la Limpopo e ile ya aheya dilemong tse 2.67 biliyone tse fetileng. Plutone ena eile ya aheya ka mekgahlelo e mmeli, mme mokgahlelo ka mong o ne o bopilwe ka majwe a nang le pyroxene le a senang yona. Majwe kaofela ke a mofuta wa calc‐alkaline. Phapang e kgolo dipakeng tsa mefuta ena e mmedi ya majwe ke boteng ba pyroxene le boteng ba epidote le titanite majweng a nang le pyroxene le a senang pyroxene ka ho latellana. Ha e le diminerale tse ding kaofela tsona ha likgethe mofuta wa lejwe; liteng mefuteng ya majwe ka bobedi. Kgonahalo ya hore plutone ya Matok e ahwe ka mefuta ena e mmedi (px‐bearing and px‐free) e tlile ka mekgoa e mmedi kapa o mong wa mekgwa ena yo ka bobedi e ka etsahalang. (1)Tlaase semelong sa lesheleshele moralla (magma) hone ho ena le didiba tse pedi, seseng se tshetse lesheleshele le chesang haholo ebile le le metsi a fokolang (anhydrous magma) ha se seng se ne se tshetse lesheleshele le metsi a mangata (hydrous magma). Ho tloheng moo didibeng tse pedi ho tla moo plutone ea Matok eleng teng kajeno masheleshele ana a ne a tla ka mokgwa wa di‐dike tseo kaofela phello ya tsona e neng e le sebakeng se le seng‐plutone ya Matok. (2) Mokgwa wa bobedi ke haeba ho ne ho ena le sediba se le seng sa lesheleshele moralla, mme ka sedibeng ka moo ho ne ho ena le maqulwana (zones) a neng a fapane ka bongata ba metsi. Ho tloha sedibeng moo masheleshele ana a ne a tloha ka bona boqulwana boo entse ele ka mokhwa wa di‐dike, mme kaofela phello ya di‐dike ene ele plutone ya Matok. Kaofela majwe a plutone ya Matok a na le feldspar eo boholo ba nako e patlameng ho ya nqa bophirimela‐bochabela (W‐E), e leng nqa eo Lebanta la Limpopo le phatlaletseng ka teng. Hona ho tiisa hore plutone ya Matok e aheile nakong yo Lebanta la Limpopo le neng le ntse le aheya le lona. Ke dilemong tse kabang 2.7 biliyone tse fetileng ha dikarolong tse ding tsa Cratone ya Kaapvaal ho ne ho aheya majwe a moralla a Ventersdorp. Majwe ana ke a hlahang tlaase botebong ba lefatshe (mantle), mme a susumeditswe ke plumo. Karolo boholo ya lesheleshele moralla hae ya ka ya nyoloha ho fihla hodimo lefatsheng. Empa mofuthu o mongata ho nyoloha leshelesheleng moo ke ona oileng wa 'pheha' majwe ho phatlalla le Lebanta la Limpopo. Ho nyoloha hona ha plumo ho etsahetse ka nako e lengwe le ho tsukutleha ho hoholo ho potapota le Cratone ya Kalahari, mme bobedi diketsahalo tsena diile tsa tswala Lebanta la Limpopo. Hobane plutone ya Matok e aheile hanghang ka mora hore lesheleshele la moralla le dule tlaase ho lekgapetla la lefatshe (crust), dielemente tse ratang haholo diminerale tsa ditemperetjha tse hodimo diile tsa feela jwalo di nkile lefa hotswa lesheleshele moralleng la Ventersdorp.
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Wilkinson, John L. "Occurrence, bioaccumulation, fate and transport of pharmaceuticals, plasticisers, illicit drugs and perfluorinated compounds in the aquatic environment." Thesis, Kingston University, 2017. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/39283/.

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Mass produced chemicals have revolutionised the way in which humans live and has led to both a significant increase in quality of life and a concomitant change in the way we pollute our habitats. Such chemicals include pharmaceuticals, plasticisers, perfluorinated compounds and metabolites which enter rivers via sources such as sewage treatment works (STW) effluent outfalls. The presence and distribution of these contaminants is of concern due to their increasing use and ability of some to biologically affect non-target aquatic organisms at trace (ng/L) levels. This work investigated the fate and distribution of selected pharmaceuticals, plasticisers, illict drugs, perfluorinated compunds (PFCs) and metabolites are investigated in three rivers of southern England. Specific objectives included establishing spatial distribution patterns of selected contaminants along the entire course of rivers receiving inputs from multiple STWs, their partition between bound (to suspended particulate material) and dissolved phases of river water, accumulation in sediment, bioaccumulation in primary producers including plants and biofilm/ periphyton, bioaccumulation in benthic aquatic organisms, adsorption of studied contaminants to polyethlene microparticles (similar to those used in cosmetic products) both in the lab and in rivers, and adsorption to 'natural' replacements for polyethylene microparticles (MPs). Spatial distribution analysis showed that selected contaminants are ubiquitous in the studied rivers with trace levels of plasticisers and perfluorinated compounds identified in river headwaters and beyond. Within the rivers studied in this work, pharmaceuticals were shown to be exclusively introduced by STW effluent and persisted exclusively in the dissolved phase of river water through the studies areas. Plasticisers and PFCs however were additionally introduced via runoff from streets, at times at higher concentrations than in SFWs effluent outfall and bound to suspended particulate material. Only PFCs and plasticisers were found to be bioaccumulative or very bioaccumulative in aquatic plants, biofilm. periphton and benthic organisms, and accumulated in sediment. Illicit drugs were only found in STW effluent and downstream river flow, almost exclusively in the dissolved phase of collected water. Laboratory assessment of adsorption to polyethylene MPs showed adsorption largely occurred via a linear isotherm and only for PFCs. However, trace levels of pharmaceuticals and an illicit drug urinary metabolite were extracted from polyethylene MPs deployed downstream from STW effluent outfalls in three rivers. Investigation of a 'natural' alternative to polyethyle MPs (walnut husk Mps) showed adsorption to these replacement particles occurred to a greater amount with more of the studied contaminants than to polyethylene MPs. This work significantly contributes to the knowledge of organis contaminant occurrence, bioaccumulation, fate and distribution in the aquatic environment. Future research should focus on elucidating the fate and distribution of conugated pharmaceuticals and metabolites in the aquatic environment, establishing organism-specific contaminant bioaccumulation guideline, the effect of microparticle fragmentation on contaminant adsorption, identification of adsorption-free MPs for use in cosmetic products and developing study designs to incorporate environmental epigenetics with toxicology and chemistry in the aquatic environment.
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Adelman, Jessica. "Mineral interactions in a gold mining environment: change in oxidation rate of stibnite as affected by the addition of varying amounts of pyrite in an oxygenated flow through system." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=92390.

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It is thought that a significant mechanism of stibnite (Sb2S3) oxidation in mine wastes is through contact with a mineral of greater rest potential (whereby the outer valence shell electrons operate at a higher energy level), such as pyrite (FeS2). The goal of this research is to determine if the oxidation of stibnite in an oxygenated flow through system was increased through contact with minerals of greater rest potential such as pyrite and arsenopyrite (FeAsS) and whether this electro-chemical reaction was affected by various ratios of stibnite to pyrite (or arsenopyrite) and slightly acidic (pH 5) to alkaline (7.5) pH conditions. Four column leaching experiments were carried out using various ratios of stibnite and pyrite (or arsenopyrite). When the two minerals were mixed in columns and leached with water, the treatment with the greatest amount of pyrite and least amount of stibnite (95% pyrite) had the highest cumulative amount of dissolved Sb (Exp #2- 16 730 mg Sb/kg stibnite). X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis of the solid phase revealed that the 95% pyrite treatment had the highest proportion of total Sb as Sb(V)-O species compared to all other mixed treatments and 100% stibnite. These results indicate that galvanic interactions had occurred between stibnite and pyrite. Using a solution buffered to pH 7.5, it was possible to determine the effect of a high pH environment on these galvanic interactions between stibnite and pyrite. Under slightly alkaline pH conditions, the 95% pyrite treatment had the highest cumulative amount of dissolved Sb (Exp #3- 18 090 mg Sb/kg stibnite) and this amount was similar to the 95% pyrite treatment in experiment #2. XANES analysis revealed a smaller proportion of total Sb as oxide species in this experiment compared to experiment #2, possibly due to the formation of a soluble Sb complex with HCO3-. In Experiment #4, the leaching with deionized water of a mixed system containing stibnite and arsenopyrite
On croit qu'un des mécanismes importants de dissolution de la stibnite (Sb₂S₃) dans les résidus miniers est par contact avec un minéral ayant un plus fort potentiel électrique, tel que la pyrite (FeS₂). L'objectif de la recherche était de déterminer l'impact du ratio stibnite vs. pyrite et l'effet du pH sur le taux de dissolution de la stibnite. Quatre essais de lessivage en colonnes ont été réalisés. Les deux premiers essais de lessivage avec de l'eau déionisée ont montré que le traitement contenant la plus forte proportion de pyrite (95% pyrite) a résulté en la plus grand quantité cumulative de Sb dissous (Exp #2-16730 mg Sb/kg stibnite). L'analyse spectroscopique par absorption des rayons-X (XANES) de la phase solide a révélé que la proportion de Sb total sous forme Sb(V)-O était plus importante dans le traitement 95% pyrite comparé à tous les autres traitements mixtes et au traitement contrôle de 100% stibnite. Ces observations indiquent que des interactions galvaniques ont eu lieu entre la stibnite et la pyrite. En utilisant une solution tamponnée à pH 7.5, il fut possible de déterminer l'effet d'un pH légèrement alcalin sur ces interactions entre la stibnite et la pyrite. Dans ces conditions, la quantité maximale de Sb dissous a été atteinte dans le traitement 95% pyrite (Exp #3-18090 mg Sb/kg stibnite), ce qui est comparable au traitement 95% pyrite dans l'expérience #2 de lessivage à l'eau. Cependant, l'analyse XANES a révélé une proportion moindre du Sb total sous forme d'oxide dans l'essai de lessivage à pH 7.5, possiblement en raison de la formation d'un complexe soluble entre Sb et HCO₃-. L'expérience #4 a testé l'impact de l'arsenopyrite sur la dissolution de la stibnite lors d'un lessivage à l'eau. Dans ce cas, le traitement 95% arsenopyrite (Exp #4-10311 mg Sb/kg stibnite) a libéré moins de Sb en solution comparé au traitement 95% pyrite de l'expérience #2, et ce résultat s'explique par la plus p
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Williams, Jeni Kimberly. "Inquiry learning in the earth science classroom." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2641.

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Books on the topic "Environment and Earth Sciences"

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Jonathan, Turk, ed. Earth science and the environment. 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2007.

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Jonathan, Turk, ed. Earth science and the environment. 2nd ed. Fort Worth: Saunders College Pub., 1999.

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Thompson, Graham R. Earth science and the environment. Fort Worth: Saunders College Pub., 1995.

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Jonathan, Turk, ed. Earth science and the environment. Fort Worth, TX: Saunders College Pub., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.

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Jonathan, Turk, ed. Earth science and the environment. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2005.

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National Geographic Society (U.S.) and Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, eds. Earth science: Geology, the environment, and the universe. New York, N.Y: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2005.

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Johnson, Matthew S. (Matthew Stanley), 1966-, ed. Chemistry and the environment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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Groundwater in the environment: An introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2007.

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Sarre, Philip. One world for one earth: Saving the environment. Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2009.

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Paul, Smith, and Morris Eleanor, eds. One world for one earth: Saving the environment. London: Earthscan Publications in association with the Open University, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Environment and Earth Sciences"

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Kumar Maity, Swapan, and Ramkrishna Maiti. "Environment of Sediment Deposition." In SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences, 39–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71315-1_3.

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Hamacher, H., B. Fitton, and J. Kingdon. "The Environment of Earth-Orbiting Systems." In Fluid Sciences and Materials Science in Space, 1–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46613-7_1.

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Trauth, Martin H., and Elisabeth Sillmann. "Scientific Information in Earth Sciences." In Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, 1–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56203-1_1.

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Trauth, Martin H. "Data Acquisition in Earth Sciences." In Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, 1–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74913-2_1.

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Trauth, Martin H., and Elisabeth Sillmann. "Visualizing 2D Data in Earth Sciences." In Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, 99–118. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56203-1_5.

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Trauth, Martin H., and Elisabeth Sillmann. "Visualizing 3D Data in Earth Sciences." In Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, 119–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56203-1_6.

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Trauth, Martin H. "Data Analysis in the Earth Sciences." In Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07719-7_1.

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Bakke, Jostein, and Øyvind Paasche. "Sediment Core and Glacial Environment Reconstruction." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 979–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_471.

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Zou, Hao, Shou-Ting Zhang, Min Li, and Zhan-Zhang Xu. "Petrological Characteristics and Sedimentary Environment." In Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences, 65–76. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7562-1_3.

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Lemoalle, Jacques. "Lake Chad: A Changing Environment." In NATO Science Series: IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences, 321–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0967-6_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Environment and Earth Sciences"

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Maldonado, Carlos A., and Andrew D. Ketsdever. "Drag Measurements in a Simulated Low-Earth Orbit Environment." In 53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-1392.

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"Flood Vulnerability Classification of Lafia Township, Nasarawa State, Nigeria." In International Conference on Earth, Environment and Life sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c1214016.

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"Dynamic of Reproductive Qualities of Japanese Quails." In International Conference on Earth, Environment and Life sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c1214033.

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"Regulation of Second Messenger Signaling in Hypoxic Neonatal Rats: Effect of Glucose, Oxygen and Epinephrine Resuscitation." In International Conference on Earth, Environment and Life sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c1214035.

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"Microblological Quality Assessment of Meat Samples Sold In Kaura Namoda." In International Conference on Earth, Environment and Life sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c1214058.

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"Linkage Model between Sustainable Consumption and Household Waste Management System." In International Conference on Earth, Environment and Life sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c1214068.

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"Locating Suitable Sites for Construction of Underground Dams through Analytic Hierarchy Process." In International Conference on Earth, Environment and Life sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c1214072.

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"Green Buildings." In International Conference on Earth, Environment and Life sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c1214074.

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"A Future Prospect for Domestic Waste Management in Qatar." In International Conference on Earth, Environment and Life sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c1214080.

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"A comparison of vegetation composition within and surrounding gravel borrow pit sites around Gaborone, Botswana." In International Conference on Earth, Environment and Life sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c1214088.

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Reports on the topic "Environment and Earth Sciences"

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Davis, J. C., L. Younker, I. Proctor, B. Bannevik, D. Layton, K. Jackson, and J. Hannon. Protecting environment, national security, and health, earth and environment sciences 1996 annual report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/643281.

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Davis, J. Protecting environment, national security, and health earth and environmental sciences 1997 annual report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2643.

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Coblentz, David. Earth and Environmental Sciences (EES) Division Solid Earth Programs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1083092.

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Younker, L. Earth and environmental sciences annual report 1998. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15173.

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Author, Not Given. Earth and Environmental Sciences Area Strategic Vision 2025. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1344535.

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Yonker, L., and B. Dannevik. Earth and Environmental Sciences 1999 Annual Report Meeting National Needs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/791660.

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Geernaert, Gary, Shaima Nasiri, Jeff Stehr, Ashley Williamson, Sally McFarlane, Rick Petty, Xujing Davis, et al. Biological and Environmental Research, Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences Division (formerly Climate and Environmental Sciences Division) Strategic Plan: 2018–2023. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1616535.

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Iatsyshyn, Andrii, Anna Iatsyshyn, Valeriia Kovach, Iryna Zinovieva, Volodymyr Artemchuk, Oleksandr Popov, Olha Cholyshkina, Oleksandr Radchenko, Oksana Radchenko, and Anastasiia Turevych. Application of Open and Specialized Geoinformation Systems for Computer Modelling Studying by Students and PhD Students. [б. в.], November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4460.

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The article contains research on use of open and specialized geoinformation systems to prepare students and postgraduates on specialties: 101 “Environmental Sciences”, 103 “Earth Sciences”, 122 “Computer Sciences”, 183 “Environmental Technologies”. Analysis of the most common world open geoinformation systems is done. Experience of geoinformation systems use for students and postgraduates teaching for different specialties is described. Predominant orientation towards the use of geoinformation systems in educational process is determined based on the analysis of scientific publications and curricula of the most popular Ukrainian universities. According to the authors the material that is given narrows knowledge and skills of students and postgraduates, particularly in computer modeling. It is concluded that ability of students and postgraduates to use geoinformation systems is interdisciplinary. In particular, it develops knowledge and skills in computer modeling of various processes that may arise in the further professional activity. Examples of professional issues and ways to solve them using geoinformation systems are given. Recommendations are given on the use of open and specialized geoinformation systems in the educational process. It is recommended to use both proprietary (ArcGis, MapInfo) and open GIS (uDIG, QGIS, Whitebox GAT) to teach students. Open GIS (uDIG, QGIS, Whitebox GAT) and specialized (Modular GIS Environment, GEO + CAD, GeoniCS, AISEEM) can be used to teach both students and postgraduates.
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Voisin, Nathalie, Andrew Bennett, Yilin Fang, Grey Nearing, Bart Nijssen, and Yuhan Rao. A science paradigm shift is needed for Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences (EESS) to integrate Knowledge-Guided Artificial Intelligence (KGAI) and lead new EESS-KGAI theories. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1769651.

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Younker, L. W., and S. J. Peterson. Earth Sciences report, 1989--1990. Edited by M. E. Price. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5455473.

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