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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

YF, Chang. "Information, Entropy Decrease and Simulations of Astrophysical Evolutions." Physical Science & Biophysics Journal 5, no. 2 (2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/psbj-16000181.

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Entropy is a great development in science. We proposed that entropy decrease due to internal interactions in the isolated system is possible. We define the entangled scale, which mainly involves the number n and entangled degree. Since coherence, entanglement and correlation are all internal interactions in information systems, we discuss quantitatively entropy decrease along coherence, and entropy increase only for incoherence. From beginning quantum heat engine, we must systematically study quantum thermodynamics. Based on some astrophysical simulation models, they shown that the universe evolves from disorder to structures, which correspond to entropy decrease. This is consistence with theoretical result. The simulation must be an isolated system only using internal gravitational interactions.
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2

Walters, Doug. "Decrease your entropy!" Chemical Health and Safety 7, no. 1 (January 2000): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1074-9098(99)00078-7.

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3

Mukohyama, Shinji. "Can Ghost Condensate Decrease Entropy?" Open Astronomy Journal 3, no. 1 (2010): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874381101003010030.

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4

Gordon, Lyndsay. "The Decrease in Entropy via Fluctuations." Entropy 6, no. 1 (March 21, 2004): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e6010038.

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5

Chen, Jin-Duo, Ai-Ming Shi, and Tong Shen. "Study of entropy decrease phenomenon in shock layer." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 14n16 (June 3, 2020): 2040117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220401177.

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An entropy decrease phenomenon in the shock wave is studied. The statistical entropy of a unit mass system (UMS) is constructed based on statistical mechanics. Two terms in the microscopic statistical entropy are connected with the macroscopic entropy increment. In order to obtain the number density and velocity distribution function of argon gas, the direct simulation Monto Carlo method is adopted. The physical mechanism for entropy decrease phenomenon in the shock layer is revealed as compression work winning internal energy to produce the heat loss of a UMS.
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6

Page, Don N. "Will entropy decrease if the Universe recollapses?" Physical Review D 32, no. 10 (November 15, 1985): 2496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.32.2496.

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7

Engel-Herbert, H., and M. Schumann. "Entropy Decrease during Excitation of Sustained Oscillations." Annalen der Physik 499, no. 6 (1987): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.19874990602.

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8

Yun, Hye-Young. "Simulation of Entropy Decrease in Puzzle Game Play." Journal of Korea Game Society 13, no. 5 (October 20, 2013): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7583/jkgs.2013.13.5.19.

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9

Marín, Dolores, Mercedes Martín, and Bartolomé Sabater. "Entropy decrease associated to solute compartmentalization in the cell." Biosystems 98, no. 1 (October 2009): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2009.07.001.

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10

Johari, G. P. "Decrease in the configurational entropy during a melt’s polymerization." Chemical Physics 305, no. 1-3 (October 2004): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.06.056.

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11

Kanaya, Noriaki, Naoyuki Hirata, Saori Kurosawa, Masayasu Nakayama, and Akiyoshi Namiki. "Differential Effects of Propofol and Sevoflurane on Heart Rate Variability." Anesthesiology 98, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200301000-00009.

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Background Propofol is reported to reduce both sympathetic and parasympathetic tone; however, it is not clear whether the changes in heart rate variability are associated with depth of anesthesia. The purposes of the present study were (1) to evaluate the changes in heart rate variability at different depths of hypnosis and (2) to compare the effects of propofol on heart rate variability with that of sevoflurane. Methods Thirty patients were randomly allocated into the propofol or sevoflurane for induction of anesthesia. The depth of hypnosis was monitored by the Bispectral Index (BIS). Spectral analysis of heart rate variability using a maximum-entropy method resulted in a characteristic power spectrum with two main regions, a high frequency (HF) and a low frequency (LF). Hemodynamics, entropy, LF, HF, and LF/HF were monitored when the patients were awake and after induction of anesthesia. Results Both propofol and sevoflurane decreased blood pressure in a BIS-dependent manner, whereas heart rate showed no significant changes during the study period. In the propofol group, entropy and HF decreased with a reduction in the BIS value. Although LF decreased after induction of anesthesia, propofol caused no further decrease in LF in spite of a reduction in the BIS value. In the sevoflurane group, LF decreased with a reduction in the BIS value. Entropy and HF decreased after induction of anesthesia (BIS at 80); however, no further decreases were observed in spite of a reduction in the BIS value. Conclusions Induction of anesthesia with propofol decreased blood pressure, entropy, and HF in a BIS-dependent manner, indicating that propofol reduces cardiac parasympathetic tone depending on the depth of hypnosis. Conversely, sevoflurane did not show the BIS-dependent decreases in heart rate, blood pressure, HF, and entropy, indicating that sevoflurane has little or no effect on cardiac parasympathetic tone.
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12

Çetin, F. H., M. B. Usta, S. Aydın, and A. S. Güven. "Decrease in brain complexity with methylphenidate treatment in boys diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An entropy-based qeeg analysis." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S633—S634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1685.

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IntroductionAttention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder is a common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder, and Methylphenidate (MPH) is a first-line therapeutic option for treating ADHD.However, how brain complexity and entropy changes with methylphenidate treatment the clinical implications of possible changes in entropy and the clinical implications of possible changes in entropy have yet to be studied.ObjectivesThis study aimed to reveal how the MPH treatment affects the complexity in the brain of children with ADHD by entropy-based qEEG analysis. In addition, the presence of the relationship between possible neurophysiological changes to be detected with clinical variables and how they are two other important questions of this study to be answered.MethodsDuring eyes-open resting, EEG signals were recorded from 25 boys with ADHD-combined type before MPH administration and at the end of the 1st month of the treatment. Approximate entropy (ApEn), sample entropy (SampEn), permutation entropy (PermEn) were used to analyse.ResultsA statistically significant decrease in entropy level was found with MPH treatment in the F4 channel according to approximate entropy (ApEn) and sample entropy (SampEn) analysis (p<0.05). In addition, according to permutation entropy (PermEn) analysis, the decrease in entropy with MPH treatment in the regions indicated by F3, F4, P4, T3, T6, and O2 channels was found to be statistically significant (p <0.05).ConclusionsThis is the first study to investigate how MPH treatment affects the complexity in the brain of children with ADHD. Entropy-based qEEG analysis may be a new method that can be used in diagnostic, clinical and prognostic predictions in ADHD.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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13

Porta, Alberto, Tomaso Gnecchi-Ruscone, Eleonora Tobaldini, Stefano Guzzetti, Raffaello Furlan, and Nicola Montano. "Progressive decrease of heart period variability entropy-based complexity during graded head-up tilt." Journal of Applied Physiology 103, no. 4 (October 2007): 1143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00293.2007.

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Complexity (or its opposite, regularity) of heart period variability has been related to age and disease but never linked to a progressive shift of the sympathovagal balance. We compare several well established estimates of complexity of heart period variability based on entropy rates [i.e., approximate entropy (ApEn), sample entropy (SampEn), and correct conditional entropy (CCE)] during an experimental protocol known to produce a gradual shift of the sympathovagal balance toward sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal (i.e., the graded head-up tilt test). Complexity analysis was carried out in 17 healthy subjects over short heart period variability series (∼250 cardiac beats) derived from ECG recordings during head-up tilt with table inclination randomly chosen inside the set {0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90}. We found that 1) ApEn does not change significantly during the protocol; 2) all indices measuring complexity based on entropy rates, including ad hoc corrections of the bias arising from their evaluation over short data sequences (i.e., corrected ApEn, SampEn, CCE), evidence a progressive decrease of complexity as a function of the tilt table inclination, thus indicating that complexity is under control of the autonomic nervous system; 3) corrected ApEn, SampEn, and CCE provide global indices that can be helpful to monitor sympathovagal balance.
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14

Wang, Pan-Pan, Ju-Xiang Shao, and Qi-Long Cao. "Melting properties of Pt and its transport coefficients in liquid states under high pressures." International Journal of Modern Physics B 30, no. 01 (January 10, 2016): 1550250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979215502501.

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Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the melting and transport properties in liquid states of platinum for the pressure range (50–200 GPa) are reported. The melting curve of platinum is consistent with previous ab initio MD simulation results and the first-principles melting curve. Calculated results for the pressure dependence of fusion entropy and fusion volume show that the fusion entropy and the fusion volume decrease with increasing pressure, and the ratio of the fusion volume to fusion entropy roughly reproduces the melting slope, which has a moderate decrease along the melting line. The Arrhenius law well describes the temperature dependence of self-diffusion coefficients and viscosity under high pressure, and the diffusion activation energy decreases with increasing pressure, while the viscosity activation energy increases with increasing pressure. In addition, the entropy-scaling law, proposed by Rosenfeld under ambient pressure, still holds well for liquid Pt under high pressure conditions.
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15

Lourenço, G. M., F. Keesen, R. Fagundes, P. Luna, A. C. Silva, S. P. Ribeiro, and E. Arashiro. "Recruitment and entropy decrease during trail formation by foraging ants." Insectes Sociaux 67, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-019-00728-6.

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16

Chichigina, O. A. "Entropy decrease in a thermodynamically isolated system: Light-induced drift." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 89, no. 1 (July 1999): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.558951.

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17

Chang, Yi-Fang. "Hypercycle of Geoscience, Nonlinear Whole Geoscience and Possible Entropy Decrease." World Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31586/wjgg.2023.523.

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18

Baker, Ian. "Interstitials in f.c.c. High Entropy Alloys." Metals 10, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050695.

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The effects of interstitials on the mechanical properties of single-phase f.c.c. high entropy alloys (HEAs) have been assessed based on a review of the literature. It is found that in nearly all studies, carbon increases the yield strength, in some cases by more than in traditional alloys. This suggests that carbon can be an excellent way to strengthen HEAs. This strength increase is related to the lattice expansion from the carbon. The effects on other mechanical behavior is mixed. Most studies show a slight reduction in ductility due to carbon, but a few show increases in ductility accompanying the yield strength increase. Similarly, some studies show little or modest increases in work-hardening rate (WHR) due to carbon, whereas a few show a substantial increase. These latter effects are due to changes in deformation mode. For both undoped and carbon doped CoCrFeMnNi, the room temperature ductility decreases slightly with decreasing grain size until ~2–5 µm, below which the ductility appears to decrease rapidly. The room temperature WHR also appears to decrease with decreasing grain size in both undoped and carbon-doped CoCrFeMnNi and in nitrogen-doped medium entropy alloy NiCoCr, and, at least for the undoped HEA, shows a sharp decrease at grain sizes <2 µm. Interestingly, carbon has been shown to almost double the Hall–Petch strengthening in CoCrFeMnNi, suggesting the segregation of carbon to the grain boundaries. There have been few studies on the effects of other interstitials such as boron, nitrogen and hydrogen. It is clear that more research is needed on interstitials both to understand their effects on mechanical properties and to optimize their use.
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19

Hara, Tetsuya, Keita Sakai, Shuhei Kunitomo, and Daigo Kajiura. "The entropy increase during the black hole formation." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, S238 (August 2006): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307005534.

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AbstractThe entropy increases enormously when a star collapses into a black hole. For the radiation dominated star, the temperature has decreased from the almost gravitational equilibrium one to the so-called black hole temperature. If we interpret this temperature decrease as the volume increase of the black hole, the entropy increase could be understood as the free expansion of radiation throughthe increased volume. The expected volume size is tentatively estimated. Under this interpretation, it is derived that the entropy is proportional to the horizon surface area and the microscopic states of the black hole entropy could be understood as the statistical states of the enlarged phase space.
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20

Hou, Junling, Qiang Li, Chuanbao Wu, and Limei Zheng. "Atomic Simulations of Grain Structures and Deformation Behaviors in Nanocrystalline CoCrFeNiMn High-Entropy Alloy." Materials 12, no. 7 (March 27, 2019): 1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071010.

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Using the molecular dynamics method, the melting character, mechanical properties, microstructures, and strain deformation mechanisms of nanocrystalline CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy are systematically investigated in the present work. The simulation results suggest that the melting point in CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy decreases with the grain size, decreasing from 3.6 to 2.0 nm. The grain size has a significant effect on shear and Young’s modulus compared to bulk modulus. The stress-strain simulation demonstrates that the ultimate tensile strength decreases with the decrease of the grain size, while the plastic deformation increases with the decrease in grain size. While the average grain size decreases to 2.0 nm, the amorphization induced by small grain size reduces plastic deformation. The common neighbor analysis shows that the face-centered cubic (FCC) composition of CoCrFeNiMn decreases gradually with decreasing grain size. For the sample with a grain size of 2.0 nm, the FCC composition is about 19% at a strain of 20%, accompanied by severe amorphization. The inverse Hall-Petch effect is observed for nanocrystalline CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy in the present simulations. The atomic snapshot of CoCrFeNiMn with a grain size of 2.0 nm under the uniaxial strain confirms that the grain shape change, stacking fault formation, and amorphization are important mechanisms of plastic deformation in nanocrystalline high-entropy CoCrFeNiMn.
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21

Tang, Brian H. "Coupled Dynamic–Thermodynamic Forcings during Tropical Cyclogenesis. Part II: Axisymmetric Experiments." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, no. 7 (June 29, 2017): 2279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0049.1.

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Abstract An ensemble of axisymmetric model experiments with simplified physics is used to evaluate the diagnostic framework presented in Part I. The central piece of the framework is understanding what causes decreases in the ratio of bulk differences of moist entropy over differences of angular momentum between two defined regions, the boundary between the two demarcating the approximate location of the emergence of the radius of maximum wind of the developing meso-beta-scale protovortex. Within a day before tropical cyclogenesis, the moist entropy forcing results in a decrease of this ratio. Net advective fluxes act to export moist entropy from the outer region and import moist entropy into the inner region, resulting in a positive radial gradient in gross moist stability that is maximized around the time of genesis. While surface moist entropy fluxes are needed for genesis to occur, they act synergistically with the net advective fluxes to decrease the ratio before and during genesis. Within a day after tropical cyclogenesis, surface moist entropy fluxes directly amplify the positive difference in moist entropy between the inner and outer regions, and radial fluxes of angular momentum reduce the magnitude of the negative difference in angular momentum between the inner and outer regions. Both of these processes act to reduce the ratio further. The framework highlights differences in processes occurring before, during, and after genesis as the meso-beta-scale protovortex develops and intensifies.
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22

Khordad, R. "Effect of temperature on magnetic susceptibility and thermodynamic properties of an asymmetric quantum dot in tilted magnetic field." Modern Physics Letters B 29, no. 23 (August 30, 2015): 1550127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984915501274.

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In this paper, the specific heat, entropy and magnetic susceptibility of an asymmetric GaAs quantum dot (QD) are studied under the influence of temperature and a tilted external magnetic field. We first calculate the analytical wave functions and energy levels using a transformation to simplify the Hamiltonian of the system. Then, we obtain the analytical expressions for specific heat, entropy and magnetic susceptibility as the function of temperature, magnetic field and its direction for various anisotropy of the system. According to the results obtained from the present work, we find that (i) the specific heat and entropy are decreased when the magnetic field increases. (ii) When anisotropy is increased, the specific heat and entropy decrease. (iii) At large magnetic fields, the anisotropy has not important effect on specific heat and entropy. In briefly, the magnetic field, magnetic field direction and anisotropy play important roles in the specific heat, entropy and magnetic susceptibility of an asymmetric QD.
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23

Bilal, B. A., and E. Müller. "Thermodynamics of the HSO4– Formation in Aqueous Solutions up to 473 K and 975 bar." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 48, no. 11 (November 1, 1993): 1073–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1993-1103.

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Abstract The equilibrium constant, partial molal volume, entropy and enthalpy of the formation of HSO4- ion in aqueous solutions have been determined up to 473 K and 975 bar at the ionic strengths 1 = 0 as well as in NaCl solutions having I = 1, 0.5 and 0.1 mol kg-1 At 473 K, for instance, the thermodynamic formation constant K0 decreases by ≈ 0.75 log units from saturation pressure to 975 bar. The corresponding decrease of the apparent formation constant Q at I = 1 m is ≈ 0.6 log units. The increased dissociation at higher pressure leads to a decrease of the partial molal volume and entropy due to the resulting higher electrostriction in the system.
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24

Popovic, Marko. "Entropy change of open thermodynamic systems in self-organizing processes." Thermal Science 18, no. 4 (2014): 1425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140424065p.

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The thermodynamic models available in the literature predict that during self-organizing processes the entropy of a cell considered as an open thermodynamic system decreases. This prediction leads to conclusion that cell imports a certain amount of negative entropy and generates entropy during irreversible metabolic processes. The controversial concept of negentropy was criticized recently. In this research a new model was proposed that isn?t based on the steady state approximation and describes living systems more realistically. The analysis of the suggested model of an open thermodynamic system far from equilibrium, led to the conclusion that the entropy during self-organizing processes increases during growth (of a molecule or a cell). Using as models the synthesis of an oligopeptide and a growing hydrocarbon chain, it was shown that entropy of an open thermodynamic system increases during addition of monomers (a self-organizing process). A derived equation confirms the results obtained by calculations with literature experimental values of molar entropy. The decrease of entropy observed in self-organizing processes occurred only during phase transition.
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25

J. Thompson, Daniel. "A criterion for topological entropy to decrease under normalised Ricci flow." Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A 30, no. 4 (2011): 1243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/dcds.2011.30.1243.

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26

Kamath, Sriganesh, Puthuvassery Raman Suneel, and Subrata Kumar Singha. "Sudden decrease in spectral entropy associated with severe carotid artery spasm." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 26, no. 1 (January 2009): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/eja.0b013e32831a6b0e.

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27

Aniello, Paolo, and Dariusz Chruściński. "Characterizing the dynamical semigroups that do not decrease a quantum entropy." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 49, no. 34 (July 15, 2016): 345301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/49/34/345301.

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28

Gillam, B. J., and B. L. Anderson. "Depth detection thresholds for disparate subjective occluders decrease with inducer entropy." Journal of Vision 14, no. 10 (August 22, 2014): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/14.10.147.

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29

Hongxia, Li. "Entropy dissipation scheme and minimums-increase-and-maximums-decrease slope limiter." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 70, no. 10 (December 21, 2011): 1221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.2738.

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30

Cruz, Ana V., Nicolas Mallet, Peter J. Magill, Peter Brown, and Bruno B. Averbeck. "Effects of Dopamine Depletion on Network Entropy in the External Globus Pallidus." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 2 (August 2009): 1092–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00344.2009.

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Dopamine depletion in cortical-basal ganglia circuits in Parkinson's disease (PD) grossly disturbs movement and cognition. Classic models relate Parkinsonian dysfunction to changes in firing rates of basal ganglia neurons. However, disturbances in other dynamics of neural activity are also common. Taking both inappropriate firing rates and other dynamics into account and determining how changes in the properties of these neural circuits that occur during PD impact on information coding are thus imperative. Here, we examined in vivo network dynamics in the external globus pallidus (GPe) of rats before and after chronic dopamine depletion. Dopamine depletion led to decreases in the firing rates of GPe neurons and increases in synchronized network oscillations in the β frequency (13–30 Hz) band. Using logistic regression models, we determined the combined and separate impacts of these factors on network entropy, a measure of the upper bound of information coding capacity. Importantly, changes in these features in dopamine-depleted rats led to a significant decrease in GPe network entropy. Changes in firing rates had the largest impact on entropy, with changes in synchrony also decreasing entropy at the network level. Changes in autocorrelations tended to offset these effects because autocorrelations decreased entropy more in the control animals. Thus it is possible that reduced information coding capacity within basal ganglia networks may contribute to the behavioral deficits accompanying PD.
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31

Dorval, Alan D., and Warren M. Grill. "Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus reestablishes neuronal information transmission in the 6-OHDA rat model of parkinsonism." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 10 (May 15, 2014): 1949–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00713.2013.

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Pathophysiological activity of basal ganglia neurons accompanies the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. High-frequency (>90 Hz) deep brain stimulation (DBS) reduces parkinsonian symptoms, but the mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesize that parkinsonism-associated electrophysiological changes constitute an increase in neuronal firing pattern disorder and a concomitant decrease in information transmission through the ventral basal ganglia, and that effective DBS alleviates symptoms by decreasing neuronal disorder while simultaneously increasing information transfer through the same regions. We tested these hypotheses in the freely behaving, 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of hemiparkinsonism. Following the onset of parkinsonism, mean neuronal firing rates were unchanged, despite a significant increase in firing pattern disorder (i.e., neuronal entropy), in both the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. This increase in neuronal entropy was reversed by symptom-alleviating DBS. Whereas increases in signal entropy are most commonly indicative of similar increases in information transmission, directed information through both regions was substantially reduced (>70%) following the onset of parkinsonism. Again, this decrease in information transmission was partially reversed by DBS. Together, these results suggest that the parkinsonian basal ganglia are rife with entropic activity and incapable of functional information transmission. Furthermore, they indicate that symptom-alleviating DBS works by lowering the entropic noise floor, enabling more information-rich signal propagation. In this view, the symptoms of parkinsonism may be more a default mode, normally overridden by healthy basal ganglia information. When that information is abolished by parkinsonian pathophysiology, hypokinetic symptoms emerge.
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32

Bannon, Peter R., and Sukyoung Lee. "Toward Quantifying the Climate Heat Engine: Solar Absorption and Terrestrial Emission Temperatures and Material Entropy Production." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, no. 6 (May 10, 2017): 1721–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0240.1.

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Abstract A heat-engine analysis of a climate system requires the determination of the solar absorption temperature and the terrestrial emission temperature. These temperatures are entropically defined as the ratio of the energy exchanged to the entropy produced. The emission temperature, shown here to be greater than or equal to the effective emission temperature, is relatively well known. In contrast, the absorption temperature requires radiative transfer calculations for its determination and is poorly known. The maximum material (i.e., nonradiative) entropy production of a planet’s steady-state climate system is a function of the absorption and emission temperatures. Because a climate system does no work, the material entropy production measures the system’s activity. The sensitivity of this production to changes in the emission and absorption temperatures is quantified. If Earth’s albedo does not change, material entropy production would increase by about 5% per 1-K increase in absorption temperature. If the absorption temperature does not change, entropy production would decrease by about 4% for a 1% decrease in albedo. It is shown that, as a planet’s emission temperature becomes more uniform, its entropy production tends to increase. Conversely, as a planet’s absorption temperature or albedo becomes more uniform, its entropy production tends to decrease. These findings underscore the need to monitor the absorption temperature and albedo both in nature and in climate models. The heat-engine analyses for four planets show that the planetary entropy productions are similar for Earth, Mars, and Titan. The production for Venus is close to the maximum production possible for fixed absorption temperature.
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33

Zhang, Chong, Zhongnong Zhang, and Chun Lou. "Thermodynamic Irreversibility Analysis of Thermal Radiation in Coal-Fired Furnace: Effect of Coal Ash Deposits." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020799.

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In this paper, a three-dimensional (3-D) high-temperature furnace filled with a gas-solid medium was investigated, and the radiative transfer equation and the radiative entropy transfer equation in the chamber were applied in order to analyze the effect of coal deposits on thermal radiation. The heat flux on the walls of the furnace and the entropy generation rate were determined due to the irreversibility of the radiative heat transfer process in the furnace. Furthermore, the effect of ash deposits on the wall surface on the irreversibility of the radiation heat transfer process was investigated. The numerical results show that when burning bituminous and sub-bituminous coal, ash deposits in the furnace led to a 48.2% and 63.2% decrease in wall radiative heat flux and a 9.1% and 12.4% decrease in the radiative entropy rate, respectively. The ash deposits also led to an increase in the entropy generation number and a decrease in the thermodynamic efficiency of the radiative heat transfer process in the furnace.
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34

Mori, Hideki. "Temperature and Stress Dependence of Mobility of Screw Dislocation in BCC Iron." Solid State Phenomena 258 (December 2016): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.258.17.

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The Peierls stress and barrier of a screw dislocation in body-centered cubic iron at finite temperature is investigated by using the free energy gradient method. The Peierls barrier is shown to decrease from 12 to 5 meV per unit length of the Burgers vector with increasing temperature from 0 to 400 K. The entropy term of the Peierls barrier is estimated to be 0.2kB. The Peierls stress also decreases from 900 to 400 MPa with increasing temperature from 0 to 300 K. The change in the Peierls stress due to the entropic effect is larger than that of the Peierls barrier because of thermal softening.
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35

Cesari, Eduard, Daniel Salas, and Sergey Kustov. "Entropy Changes in Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys." Materials Science Forum 684 (May 2011): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.684.49.

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Several features of the entropy change S related to the martensitic transformation (MT) in metamagnetic alloys are discussed. In these alloys a change in magnetic order is concomitant with the MT, as it occurs between ferromagnetic austenite and non-magnetic (weakly magnetic) martensite. In this case it has been shown that S strongly decreases as the MT temperature range go far below the Curie temperature of austenite. The behavior of S can be understood considering the different signs of the lattice and magnetic contributions to the total entropy change. It has been shown that the so called kinetic arrest of the MT is directly related to the decrease of S, which in the limit S → 0 leads to the suppression of the driving force for the transformation.
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36

Catenacci Volpi, Nicola, Martin Greaves, Dari Trendafilov, Christoph Salge, Giovanni Pezzulo, and Daniel Polani. "Skilled motor control of an inverted pendulum implies low entropy of states but high entropy of actions." PLOS Computational Biology 19, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): e1010810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010810.

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The mastery of skills, such as balancing an inverted pendulum, implies a very accurate control of movements to achieve the task goals. Traditional accounts of skilled action control that focus on either routinization or perceptual control make opposite predictions about the ways we achieve mastery. The notion of routinization emphasizes the decrease of the variance of our actions, whereas the notion of perceptual control emphasizes the decrease of the variance of the states we visit, but not of the actions we execute. Here, we studied how participants managed control tasks of varying levels of difficulty, which consisted of controlling inverted pendulums of different lengths. We used information-theoretic measures to compare the predictions of alternative accounts that focus on routinization and perceptual control, respectively. Our results indicate that the successful performance of the control task strongly correlates with the decrease of state variability and the increase of action variability. As postulated by perceptual control theory, the mastery of skilled pendulum control consists in achieving stable control of goals by flexible means.
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37

Sun, Shien, Haihua Luo, Basher Hassan Al-Kbodi, Qiang Shen, and Houlei Zhang. "Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation Evaluation on Molten Salt Tank Foundation with Internal Water Cooling." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019401032.

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Molten salt tanks are used to store and release thermal energy. Large heat leakage through the molten salt tank foundation to the ground and high temperature of the foundation are detrimental to long-term operation safety. Here we evaluate the heat transfer and entropy generation characteristics of molten salt tank foundations with internal water cooling. Both laminar and turbulent flows reduce the heat leakage efficiently, while the power consumption for the laminar flow is negligible. The effects of the geometrical parameters are presented. Internal fins in the cooling channels decrease the heat leakage significantly. The total entropy generation rate with foundation cooling is higher than that without foundation cooling. The entropy generation rate in the solid domain is much larger than that in the fluid domain and the flow friction irreversibility is tiny. Larger insulation layer thickness decreases the heat leakage and the total entropy generation rate simultaneously. The local entropy generation rate map helps us identify where the most irreversibility is produced. The largest local entropy generation rate for the design with foundation cooling occurs near the solid-fluid interfaces and is much higher than that without foundation cooling.
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38

Kalantre, V. A., and G. H. Nikam. "Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of hypophosphite by tetrabutylammonium tribromide." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2609rjce1190122.

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The reaction between tetrabutylammonium tribromide and hypophosphite was studied in 50% (v/v) acetic acid under second order conditions. The overall order of reaction was found to be two, unity each in both the reactants. The reaction was found to involve direct two electron transfer step as the test for formation of free radicals due to single electron step was negative. The hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2) in aqueous solution dissociates to give H2PO2- and in the present study, as the acetic acid content increases, the rate of the reaction decreases. The plot of 1/ks against [H+] was found to be linear with an intercept. These observations suggest that the undissociated phosphorus acid is the active reductant species whose concentration decreases as the pH of the solution increases, thus resulting in a decrease of the rate constant. The activation parameters for the reaction were also determined by the studying the reaction at different temperature and it was found that there is considerable decrease in the entropy of the reaction. Such a decrease in the entropy is the explained by considering an ordered transition state between the reactants.
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39

Fa Liao, Tian, Xiao Hui Wei, and Yu Xu. "Quantitative Analysis for Aluminium Alloy Welding Quality based on Current Sample Entropy." MATEC Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817502001.

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This paper proposed a kind of analysis method for the aluminium alloy welding quality based on current sample entropy to solve the difficulties in the quantitative analysis for the welding stability of aluminium alloy. With the decrease of electrical signal stability, the sample entropy mean increased, and the standard deviation of sample entropy increased. The welding stability was evaluated by the product of the sample entropy mean and the standard deviation, and this was verified well by the test.
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40

Shi and Ma. "Effect of Incidence Angle on Entropy Generation in the Boundary Layers on the Blade Suction Surface in a Compressor Cascade." Entropy 21, no. 11 (October 27, 2019): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21111049.

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The entropy generation that occurs within boundary layers over a C4 blade at a Reynolds number of 24,000 and incidence angles (i) of 0°,2.5°,5°,7.5°, and 10° are investigated experimentally using a particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. To clarify the entropy generation process, the distribution of the entropy generation rates (EGR) and the unsteady flow structures within the PIV snapshots are analyzed. The results identify that for a higher incidence angle, the separation and transition occur further upstream, and the entropy generation in the boundary layer increases. When the separation takes place at the aft portion of the blade, the integral EGR decrease near the leading edge, remain minimal values in the middle portion of the blade, and increase sharply in the vicinity of the mean transition. More than 35% of the entropy generation is generated at the region downstream of the mean transition. When the separation occurs at the fore portion of the blade, the contributions of mean-flow viscous dissipation decrease to less than 20%. The entropy generation with elevated value can be detected over the entire blade. The entire integral entropy generation in the boundary layer increases sharply when the laminar separation bubble moves upstream to the leading edge.
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41

Seyyedi, Seyyed Masoud, A. S. Dogonchi, M. Hashemi-Tilehnoee, D. D. Ganji, and Ali J. Chamkha. "Second law analysis of magneto-natural convection in a nanofluid filled wavy-hexagonal porous enclosure." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, no. 11 (February 21, 2020): 4811–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-11-2019-0845.

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Purpose Natural convection heat transfer analysis can be completed using entropy generation analysis. This study aims to accomplish both the natural convection heat transfer and entropy generation analyses for a hexagonal cavity loaded with Cu-H2O nanoliquid subjected to an oriented magnetic field. Design/methodology/approach Control volume-based finite element method is applied to solve the non-dimensional forms of governing equations and then, the entropy generation number is computed. Findings The results portray that both the average Nusselt and entropy generation numbers boost with increasing aspect ratio for each value of the undulation number, while both of them decrease with increasing the undulation number for each amplitude parameter. There is a maximum value for the entropy generation number at a specified value of Hartmann number. Also, there is a minimum value for the entropy generation number at a specified value of angle of the magnetic field. When the volume fraction of nanoparticles grows, the average Nusselt number increases and the entropy generation number declines. The entropy generation number attains to a maximum value at Ha = 14 for each value of aspect ratio. The average Nusselt number ascends 2.9 per cent and entropy generation number decreases 1.3 per cent for Ha = 0 when ϕ increases from 0 to 4 per cent. Originality/value A hexagonal enclosure (complex geometry), which has many industrial applications, is chosen in this study. Not only the characteristics of heat transfer are investigated but also entropy generation analysis is performed in this study. The ecological coefficient of performance for enclosures is calculated, too.
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42

Lin, Daoguang, Zhihui Xie, Gang Nan, Pan Jiang, and Yanlin Ge. "Constructal Optimizations of Line-to-Line Vascular Channels with Turbulent Convection Heat Transfer." Entropy 24, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24070999.

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The multi-scale line-to-line vascular channels (LVCs) widely exist in nature because of their excellent transmission characteristics. In this paper, models of LVCs with turbulent convection heat transfer are established. Based on constructal theory and the entropy generation minimization principle, the constructal optimizations of LVCs with any order are conducted by taking the angles at bifurcations as the optimization variables. The heat flux on the channel wall per unit length is fixed and uniform. The areas occupied by vasculature and the total volumes of channels are fixed. The analytical expressions of the optimal angles, dimensionless total entropy generation rate and entropy generation number (EGN) of LVCs with any order versus dimensionless mass flow rate are obtained, respectively. The results indicate that the dimensionless total entropy generation rate of LVCs with any order can be significantly decreased by optimizing the angles of LVCs, which is significantly more when the order of LVCs is higher. As the dimensionless mass flow rate increases, the optimal angles of LVCs with any order remain unchanged first, then the optimal angles at the entrance (root) increase, and the other optimal angles decrease continuously and finally tend to the respective stable values. The optimal angles of LVCs continue to increase from the entrance to the outlet (crown), i.e., the LVCs with a certain order gradually spread out from the root to the crown. The dimensionless total entropy generation rate and EGN of LVCs first decrease and then increase with the growth of the dimensionless mass flow rate. There is optimal dimensionless mass flow rate, making the dimensionless total entropy generation rate and the EGN reach their respective minimums. The results obtained herein can provide some new theoretical guidelines of thermal design and management for the practical applications of LVCs.
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43

Belhaj, Adil, Hasan El Moumni, and Karima Masmar. "fR Gravity Effects on Charged Accelerating AdS Black Holes Using Holographic Tools." Advances in High Energy Physics 2020 (August 28, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4092730.

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We investigate numerically fR gravity effects on certain AdS/CFT tools including holographic entanglement entropy and two-point correlation functions for a charged single accelerated Anti-de Sitter black hole in four dimensions. We find that both holographic entanglement entropy and two-point correlation functions decrease by increasing the acceleration parameter A, matching perfectly with literature. Taking into account the fR gravity parameter η, the decreasing scheme of the holographic quantities persist. However, we observe a transition-like point where the behavior of the holographic tools changes. Two regions meeting at such a transit-like point are shown up. In such a nomination, the first one is associated with slow accelerating black holes while the second one corresponds to a fast accelerating solution. In the first region, the holographic entanglement entropy and two-point correlation functions decrease by increasing the η parameter. However, the behavioral situation is reversed in the second one. Moreover, a cross-comparison between the entropy and the holographic entanglement entropy is presented, providing another counterexample showing that such two quantities do not exhibit similar behaviors.
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44

Kumar, Satish, and Arun Choudhary. "Generalized ‘Useful’ Relative Information Measures of Type (α, β)." Open Systems & Information Dynamics 22, no. 01 (March 2015): 1550003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1230161215500031.

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In this paper we define some new generalized measures of ‘useful’ relative information and study their particular cases. We also obtain their relations with common entropy measures. Moreover, we define the quantum generalized Tsallis entropy and show that projective measurement does not decrease the quantum generalized Tsallis entropy of a quantum state. Finally, we define generalized quantum Tsallis and Renyi relative entropies and discuss their particular cases.
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45

Fang, Zhaoben, Taizhong Hu, and Harry Joe. "On the Decrease in Dependence with Lag for Stationary Markov Chains." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 8, no. 3 (July 1994): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026996480000348x.

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Results and conditions that quantify the decrease in dependence with lag for stationary Markov chains are obtained. Notions of dependence that are used are the concordance or positive quadrant dependence ordering, measures of dependence based on ψ-divergences such as the relative entropy measure of dependence, and the Goodman-Kruskal measure of association. The general results are mainly for first-order Markov chains, but there are also some results for higher order Markov chains.
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46

Verba, Denys, and Alevtyna Kudinova. "Absolute value and diversity of household spending: analysis on International Comparison Program (ICP) 2011 data." Equilibrium 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 99–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2019.005.

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Research background: This article investigates the connection between consumer’s budget growth and diversification of household spending. The main question of research is “are there new drivers of modern processes of consumer spending's diversification, at a time when spending on food has reached the minimum share in the consumer budget. Purpose of the article: The objective of the article is to clarify the hypothesis about the existence of a certain limit of income (and consumer spending) after which the growing of consumer’s purchasing capacity loses power of influence on spending diversity. Methods: Theil entropy index was used for measuring the diversity of household spending. This index was defined as a sum of within-group and between-group entropy, which allows for comparing the diversification of household spending in two aggregate groups of expenditure, which were formed by the authors. The Workings’ equation was used for modeling the spending entropy’s dependence on their absolute value. Two categories of household spending were regrouped (consolidated) by us through forming a group more related to the development of human economic potential (SMRHD) and less related to these processes (SLRHD). The research was done on the basis of ICP (2011) data, which covers 178 countries and refers to 2011 year — the latest available on the moment of the article was completed. Findings & Value added: The results obtained in this research confirmed that there is a limit of household spending’s size, beyond which further increasing of consumers’ economic opportunities loses a significant impact on the diversity of consumption spending. However, the weakening of the link between size of spending and its entropy reflects impact of two qualitative differenced factors. The first is relatively much more radical decrease of spending growth influence on within-group entropy for SLRHD. The second — is relatively much less significant decrease of entropy’s sensitivity to spending growth for SMRHD. Such results reflect the increase in the importance of "non-functional demand components", which reduces the capacity of data on functional distribution of household expenditures to characterize the extent of their diversification.
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Zhang, Chun Lin, Eng Jian Chen, and Bo Guang Wang. "Second Law Analysis of a Waste Heat Recovery Steam Generator with Variable Working Condition Flue Gas." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 1070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1070.

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In the present paper the design and performance of a waste heat recovery steam generator with variable gas flux is investigated based on second law. A method to calculate temperature and mass flow rate for design is proposed. The effects of the operating parameters and the structure parameters on the average entropy generation number are analyzed. The results show: (i) the average entropy generation number (Ns) decreases with the increase of no-dimensional heat capacities ratio and no-dimensional saturation temperature difference ratio; (ii) compare with the fluctuation of mass flow, fluctuation of temperature has larger effect on the Ns.; (iii) A larger steam parameter is suggested in order to decrease the entropy generation based on reasonable temperature difference and it is appropriate for the number of transfer units of the evaporator and economizer to be 2.5~3.
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48

Maayta, A. K., Mohammad M. Fares, and Ali F. Al-Shawabkeh. "Influence of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate on Corrosion of Iron in Presence of Magnetic Field: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters." International Journal of Corrosion 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/156194.

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Implementation of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate, LAS, as corrosion inhibitor on the surface of iron metal in acidic media and in the absence and presence of magnetic field has been investigated. Adsorption of inhibitor molecules on iron surface showed Langmuir adsorption isotherms fit in acidic media. In the absence of magnetic field, apparent activation energy values (Ea) in 2.0 M HCl solutions provide evidence of the inhibitory effect of LAS on iron; similarly, the enthalpy of activation values (ΔH≠) was in accordance with activation energy values. Apparent entropy of activation shows that at larger inhibitor concentration, solvent entropy decrease in 1.0 M HCl and solvent entropy increase in 2.0 M HCl were obtained. Furthermore, spontaneity, through equilibrium constant (Kads.) values and free energy value (ΔGads.) of the adsorption process, shows a drastic decrease upon temperature increase. In the presence of magnetic field, lower rates of corrosion, larger activation energies, solvent entropy increase, larger equilibrium constant (Kads.) value, and lower free energy value (ΔGads.) have been investigated.
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49

Gu, Wei Li, and Yuan Quan Liu. "Analysis on the Flow Process of Hot Oil in the Organic Heat Transfer Material Heater Based on Finite Time Thermodynamics." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2979–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2979.

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Analyses the flow process of hot oil in the organic heat transfer material heater based on finite time thermodynamics for the first time, obtains the entropy production rate which includes entropy production rate of dissipation effect and entropy production rate of potential difference, analyses the influence of flow pattern, physical parameters, structure and operation of the organic heat transfer material heater on the entropy production rate of dissipation effect, illustrates the influence of related parameters including Renold number, velocity, viscosity and pipe diameter on the entropy production rate of dissipation effect, and points out the type of hot oil must be considered to decrease the entropy production rate of dissipation effect and the velocity must be control under the premise of avoiding overheat.
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50

Traon, Fanny, Yves Grohens, and Yves-Marie Corre. "Entanglement density, macromolecular orientation, and their effect on elastic strain recovery of polyolefin films." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 38, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 306–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/87560879211058768.

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For amorphous polymers, restoring forces are generated by the progressive orientation of the macromolecular chains in the stretching direction leading to a decrease in the system entropy. Orienting the chains in the future stretching direction thus reduces the entropy variation induced by the stretching and limits the entropic restoring force magnitude. Entropic restoring forces created during stretching have been correlated to the number of junction points by previous studies. Reducing the entanglement density (i.e., the number of junction points) is supposed to limit the entropic restoring force magnitude. In this study, the influence of blend ratio of low molecular weight wax and orientation level on the mechanical properties of the thin films, especially the elastic recovery, were evaluated. Elastic energy strain recovery was calculated from hysteresis curve obtained during 60% loading (stretch) and unloading (recovery) cycle and compared to rheological and orientation measurement. It has been shown that a decrease in entanglement density can minimize elastic recovery, Nevertheless, a compromise must be found, in order to limit the permanent deformation caused by chain flow. Macromolecular orientation is also a way to adjust the film mechanical properties. A LDPE 3 × 3 biaxial orientation leads to a 25% reduction in transversal direction elastic recovery (compared to MDO cast film) without altering machine direction mechanical behavior. However, for ethylene vinyl acetate, the uniaxial macromolecular orientation seems to impact the film behavior in the transverse direction by causing a smaller inter-atom distance, favoring a higher bond strength. The latter acts as transient physical nodes, increasing entropic restoring forces.
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