Academic literature on the topic 'Entropic Potential'
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Journal articles on the topic "Entropic Potential"
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Coffey, M. W. "Semiclassical position and momentum information entropy for sech2 and a family of rational potentials." Canadian Journal of Physics 85, no. 7 (2007): 733–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p07-062.
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The classical and semiclassical position and momentum information entropies for the reflectionless sech2 potential and a family of rational potentials are obtained explicitly. The sum of these entropies is of interest for the entropic uncertainty principle that is stronger than the Heisenberg uncertainty relation. The analytic results relate the classical period of the motion, total energy, position and momentum entropy, and dependence upon the principal quantum number n. The logarithmic energy dependence of the entropies is presented. The potentials considered include as special cases the attractive delta function and square well. PACS Nos.: 03.67–a, 03.65.Sq, 03.65.Ge, 03.65.–w
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Rastegin, Alexey E. "Tests for quantum contextuality in terms of Q-entropies." Quantum Information and Computation 14, no. 11&12 (2014): 996–1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic14.11-12-7.
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The information-theoretic approach to Bell's theorem is developed with use of the conditional $q$-entropies. The $q$-entropic measures fulfill many similar properties to the standard Shannon entropy. In general, both the locality and noncontextuality notions are usually treated with use of the so-called marginal scenarios. These hypotheses lead to the existence of a joint probability distribution, which marginalizes to all particular ones. Assuming the existence of such a joint probability distribution, we derive the family of inequalities of Bell's type in terms of conditional $q$-entropies for all $q\geq1$. Quantum violations of the new inequalities are exemplified within the Clauser--Horne--Shimony--Holt (CHSH) and Klyachko--Can--Binicio\v{g}lu--Shumovsky (KCBS) scenarios. An extension to the case of $n$-cycle scenario is briefly mentioned. The new inequalities with conditional $q$-entropies allow to expand a class of probability distributions, for which the nonlocality or contextuality can be detected within entropic formulation. The $q$-entropic inequalities can also be useful in analyzing cases with detection inefficiencies. Using two models of such a kind, we consider some potential advantages of the $q$-entropic formulation.
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Gavriil, Vassilios, Margarita Chatzichristidi, Zoe Kollia, et al. "Photons Probe Entropic Potential Variation during Molecular Confinement in Nanocavities." Entropy 20, no. 8 (2018): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20080545.
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In thin polymeric layers, external molecular analytes may well be confined within tiny surface nano/microcavities, or they may be attached to ligand adhesion binding sites via electrical dipole forces. Even though molecular trapping is followed by a variation of the entropic potential, the experimental evidence of entropic energy variation from molecular confinement is scarce because tiny thermodynamic energy density diverseness can be tracked only by sub-nm surface strain. Here, it is shown that water confinement within photon-induced nanocavities in Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), (PHEMA) layers could be trailed by an entropic potential variation that competes with a thermodynamic potential from electric dipole attachment of molecular adsorbates in polymeric ligands. The nano/microcavities and the ligands were fabricated on a PHEMA matrix by vacuum ultraviolet laser photons at 157 nm. The entropic energy variation during confinement of water analytes on the photon processed PHEMA layer was monitored via sub-nm surface strain by applying white light reflectance spectroscopy, nanoindentation, contact angle measurements, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) imaging, and surface and fractal analysis. The methodology has the potency to identify entropic energy density variations less than 1 pJm−3 and to monitor dipole and entropic fields on biosurfaces.
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Bousnane, Z. "Entropic potential as manifold for the reduced entropy representations in superconductivity." Semiconductor physics, quantum electronics and optoelectronics 10, no. 1 (2007): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo10.01.101.
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Chen, Hao, Yifan Sun, Shize Yang, et al. "Self-regenerative noble metal catalysts supported on high-entropy oxides." Chemical Communications 56, no. 95 (2020): 15056–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc05860b.
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A reversible temperature-dependent dissolution–exsolution process was discovered for noble metal species supported on high-entropy oxides, which indicates the potential to exploit the enhanced entropic effects to access self-regenerative catalysts.
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Morales, Rafael, Noé Hernández, Ricardo Cruz, Victor D. Cruz, and Luis A. Pineda. "Entropic associative memory for manuscript symbols." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (2022): e0272386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272386.
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Manuscript symbols can be stored, recognized and retrieved from an entropic digital memory that is associative and distributed but yet declarative; memory retrieval is a constructive operation, memory cues to objects not contained in the memory are rejected directly without search, and memory operations can be performed through parallel computations. Manuscript symbols, both letters and numerals, are represented in Associative Memory Registers that have an associated entropy. The memory recognition operation obeys an entropy trade-off between precision and recall, and the entropy level impacts on the quality of the objects recovered through the memory retrieval operation. The present proposal is contrasted in several dimensions with neural networks models of associative memory. We discuss the operational characteristics of the entropic associative memory for retrieving objects with both complete and incomplete information, such as severe occlusions. The experiments reported in this paper add evidence on the potential of this framework for developing practical applications and computational models of natural memory.
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Korablev, Grigory A. "COVID-19 ENTROPIC CHARACTERISTICS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 9 (2020): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206309.6284.
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It is demonstrated that according to the first law of thermodynamics the equality of entropic and negentropic components is the condition of resonance stationary state of systems. In the systems in which the interaction proceeds along the potential gradient (positive work), the resultant potential energy is found based on the principle of adding reciprocals of corresponding values of subsystems. This is the corpuscular process, in which entropy can serve as the theoretical concept. In the systems in which the interactions proceed against the potential gradient (negative work) the algebraic addition of their masses, as well as the corresponding energies of subsystems is performed. This is the wave process, in which negentropy can serve as the theoretical concept. The resonance stationary state of the systems is fulfilled under the condition of equality of degrees of their corpuscular and wave interactions. The entropy products in stationary state are completely compensated by the negentropy flow. Mathematically and graphically (by nomograms) the stationary state in microsystems is found by the following equation containing the tangent of the geodesic angel. The geodesic angle numerically defines the ratio of two legs of the right triangle whose values characterize energy dependencies through axial and circumferential stresses in the system with corpuscular-wave processes. This condition corresponds to the most optimal technological options and is widely present in nature, as well as in fractal systems. The initial nomograms of entropic and negentropic characteristics for many processes and phenomena in nature, engineering and physical chemistry are given. The entopic technique for forming fractal systems is presented. The coronavirus scenario in Russia is analyzed. The accuracy of forecast regarding the maximum number of diseases at the given moment and plateau duration is 96.5 % and 98.5%, respectively.
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Zhang, Zi-qiang, De-fu Hou, and Gang Chen. "The effect of chemical potential on imaginary potential and entropic force." Physics Letters B 768 (May 2017): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2017.02.055.
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Curado, Evaldo M. F., and Fernando D. Nobre. "Non-Additive Entropic Forms and Evolution Equations for Continuous and Discrete Probabilities." Entropy 25, no. 8 (2023): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25081132.
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Increasing interest has been shown in the subject of non-additive entropic forms during recent years, which has essentially been due to their potential applications in the area of complex systems. Based on the fact that a given entropic form should depend only on a set of probabilities, its time evolution is directly related to the evolution of these probabilities. In the present work, we discuss some basic aspects related to non-additive entropies considering their time evolution in the cases of continuous and discrete probabilities, for which nonlinear forms of Fokker–Planck and master equations are considered, respectively. For continuous probabilities, we discuss an H-theorem, which is proven by connecting functionals that appear in a nonlinear Fokker–Planck equation with a general entropic form. This theorem ensures that the stationary-state solution of the Fokker–Planck equation coincides with the equilibrium solution that emerges from the extremization of the entropic form. At equilibrium, we show that a Carnot cycle holds for a general entropic form under standard thermodynamic requirements. In the case of discrete probabilities, we also prove an H-theorem considering the time evolution of probabilities described by a master equation. The stationary-state solution that comes from the master equation is shown to coincide with the equilibrium solution that emerges from the extremization of the entropic form. For this case, we also discuss how the third law of thermodynamics applies to equilibrium non-additive entropic forms in general. The physical consequences related to the fact that the equilibrium-state distributions, which are obtained from the corresponding evolution equations (for both continuous and discrete probabilities), coincide with those obtained from the extremization of the entropic form, the restrictions for the validity of a Carnot cycle, and an appropriate formulation of the third law of thermodynamics for general entropic forms are discussed.
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Ikot, A. N., G. J. Rampho, P. O. Amadi, U. S. Okorie, M. J. Sithole, and M. L. Lekala. "Quantum information-entropic measures for exponential-type potential." Results in Physics 18 (September 2020): 103150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103150.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Entropic Potential"
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Woollings, Tim. "Entropy and potential vorticity in dynamical core atmosphere models." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412174.
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Orondo, Peter Omondi. "A theoretical analysis of interstitial hydrogen : pressure-composition-temperature, chemical potential, enthalpy and entropy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78547.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 371-373).<br>We provide a first principles analysis of the physics and thermodynamics of interstitial hydrogen in metal. By utilizing recent advances in Density Functional Theory (DFT) to get state energies of the metal-hydrogen system, we are able to model the absorption process fairly accurately. A connection to experiment is made via Pressure-Composition-Temperature (PCT) isotherms, and thermodynamic molar quantities. In the model, we understand the excess entropy of absorbed hydrogen in terms of the change in its accessible microstates. A connection is also made between the entropy and electronic states of interstitial hydrogen. However, our model indicates that this connection is too small to account for experimental results. Therefore, a conclusion is made that the entropy of absorbed hydrogen is mostly (non-ideal) configurational in nature. To model the latter in a manner consistent with experiment, we have explored a new model that posits a weak binding between clusters of hydrogen atoms at neighboring sites. We have developed a formulation and fitted the results to experimental data. We find a least squares fitting of the model to the entropy and enthalpy results in model parameters which seem physically reasonable. The resulting model appears to provide a natural physical explanation for the dependence of the excess entropy on loading.<br>by Peter Omondi Orondo.<br>Ph.D.
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Lima, Lúcio Moreira Campos. "Modelagem de distribuição geográfica para Hydromedusa maximiliani (Mikan, 1820) (Testudines, Chelidae), Brasil." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2014. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1558.
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-27<br>CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>O cágado-pescoço-de-cobra, Hydromedusa maximiliani, é uma espécie endêmica da Mata Atlântica e ameaçada de extinção na categoria Vulnerável pela IUCN, cujas populações estão associadas principalmente com riachos de interior de mata, mas a distribuição geográfica relacionada com esses ambientes hidrologicamente dinâmicos ainda é pouco entendida. Modelagem de Distribuição de Espécies tem sido uma ferramenta amplamente usada nos últimos anos. O algoritmo da Máxima Entropia, Maxent, permite prever a distribuição geográfica potencial de espécies a partir de dados de presença. Este estudo teve por objetivos construir modelos ecológicos para prever a distribuição potencial de H. maximiliani que poderão fornecer subsídios para elaboração de novas estratégias de conservação e, dessa forma contribuir com o avanço no conhecimento sobre o padrão de sua distribuição em regiões com domínio da Mata Atlântica. Os Dados de ocorrência foram obtidos, entre setembro de 2012 e setembro de 2013, através de visitas às coleções zoológicas, levantamentos bibliográficos e coleta de coordenadas geográficas no campo. Para a construção do modelo foi usado o algoritmo Maxent, auxiliado pelo ArcGis versão 10 e pelo modelo digital de elevação do “Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission”. As variáveis ambientais foram obtidas pelo Worldclim version 1.1 Global Cimate Surface 10. O modelo foi avalizado pelo valor de AUC (Area Under the ROC Curve) e pelo teste estatístico Jackknife. Foram compilados 42 pontos para a distribuição da H. maximiliani. A distribuição potencial se estendeu desde o sul da Bahia até o estado de São Paulo. O modelo gerado mostrou uma alta capacidade preditiva, com valor AUC superior a 0,97, e apresentou uma transferabilidade satisfatória (i.e. capacidade para prever distribuições em regiões não amostradas). O alto valor AUC evidencia um bom modelo de distribuição geográfica potencial de espécies. No entanto, em modelos de larga escala, esse valor pode-se apresentar proporcional ao tamanho da escala, o que levaria a uma interpretação equivocada do modelo. Contudo, as áreas previstas para a distribuição da H. maximiliani no presente estudo mostraram-se realistas e condizentes com a distribuição real da espécie.<br>The Maximilian’s snake-necked-turtle, Hydromedusa maximiliani, is specie endemic to the Atlantic Forest and endangered in category Vulnerable by IUCN, whose populations are mainly associated with streams inside the forest, but the geographical distribution related to these environments hydrologically dynamic is poorly understood. Species Distribution Modeling has been a tool widely used in recent years. The Maximum Entropy algorithm, Maxent predicts the potential geographic distribution of species from presence data. This study aimed to build ecological models to predict the potential distribution of H. maximiliani that may provide support for development of new strategies for the conservation and thus contribute to the advancement in knowledge about the pattern of their distribution in regions with the Atlantic Forest domain. The occurrence data were obtained between September 2012 and September 2013, through visits to the zoological collections, bibliographic and collection of geographic coordinates in the field. To construct the model we used the Maxent algorithm, aided by ArcGIS version 10 and the digital elevation model of the "Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission". The environmental variables were obtained by Worldclim version 1.1 Cimate Global Surface 10. The model was endorsed by the AUC (Area Under the ROC Curve) and the statistical test Jackknife. 42 points were compiled for the distribution of H. maximiliani. The potential distribution extended from southern Bahia to São Paulo. The generated model showed high predictive ability, with higher AUC value to 0.97, and showed a satisfactory transferability (i.e. ability to predict distributions in regions not sampled ). The high AUC value shows a good distribution model geographic potential of species. However, in models of large scale, this value can be presented proportional to the size of the scale, which would lead to a misinterpretation of the model. However, the areas provided for the distribution of H. maximiliani in this study are realistic and consistent with the distribution realityof the species.
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Tchamba, Junias. "Modelling the Potential Distribution of Golden Eagle Based on Maximum Entropy : The Experimental Cases of Sweden and Norway." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Datavetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-26754.
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Species extinction is a major concern that affect all countries and continents. Norway and Sweden are not spared by these concerns. Therefore, several studies have led to creating a better understanding about the factors which contribute to the expansion of specific species such as the golden eagle among others. However, climate data such as the temperature and rainfall precipitation have not yet been considered as significant parameters. This study aims to experimentally investigate whether climate data can have an impact on the distribution of the threatened bird using maximum entropy modelling. In order to investigate such impact, climate data were acquired from a global climate data provider (worldclim) and the presence-only occurences of the studied bird downloaded from species data providers (www.gbif.org and www.artdatabanken.no). The results showed that the annual mean temperature was a shared factor in both Sweden and Norway. The maximum entropy modelling can be envisaged as an alternative or a complement to current techniques in GIS applications. Keywords: maximum entropy, golden eagle, species distribution, visualization, climate data.
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Ara?jo, Daniel Sabino Amorim de. "An?lise de Agrupamentos Com Base na Teoria da Informa??o: Uma Abordagem Representativa." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15208.
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Previous issue date: 2013-03-18<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior<br>Currently, one of the biggest challenges for the field of data mining is to perform
cluster analysis on complex data. Several techniques have been proposed but, in general,
they can only achieve good results within specific areas providing no consensus of what
would be the best way to group this kind of data. In general, these techniques fail due
to non-realistic assumptions about the true probability distribution of the data. Based on
this, this thesis proposes a new measure based on Cross Information Potential that uses
representative points of the dataset and statistics extracted directly from data to measure
the interaction between groups. The proposed approach allows us to use all advantages of
this information-theoretic descriptor and solves the limitations imposed on it by its own
nature. From this, two cost functions and three algorithms have been proposed to perform
cluster analysis. As the use of Information Theory captures the relationship between different
patterns, regardless of assumptions about the nature of this relationship, the proposed
approach was able to achieve a better performance than the main algorithms in literature.
These results apply to the context of synthetic data designed to test the algorithms in
specific situations and to real data extracted from problems of different fields<br>Atualmente, um dos maiores desafios para o campo de minera??o de dados ? realizar
a an?lise de agrupamentos em dados complexos. At? o momento, diversas t?cnicas foram
propostas mas, em geral, elas s? conseguem atingir bons resultados dentro de dom?nios
espec?ficos, n?o permitindo, dessa maneira, que exista um consenso de qual seria a melhor
forma para agrupar dados. Essas t?cnicas costumam falhar por fazer suposi??es nem sempre
realistas sobre a distribui??o de probabilidade que modela os dados. Com base nisso,
o trabalho proposto neste documento cria uma nova medida baseada no Potencial de Informa??o
Cruzado que utiliza pontos representativos do conjunto de dados e a estat?stica
extra?da diretamente deles para medir a intera??o entre grupos. A abordagem proposta
permite usar todas as vantagens desse descritor de informa??o e contorna as limita??es
impostas a ele pela sua pr?pria forma de funcionamento. A partir disso, duas fun??es
custo de otimiza??o e tr?s algoritmos foram constru?dos para realizar a an?lise de agrupamentos.
Como o uso de Teoria da Informa??o permite capturar a rela??o entre diferentes
padr?es, independentemente de suposi??es sobre a natureza dessa rela??o, a abordagem
proposta foi capaz de obter um desempenho superior aos principais algoritmos citados
na literatura. Esses resultados valem tanto para o contexto de dados sint?ticos desenvolvidos
para testar os algoritmos em situa??es espec?ficas quanto em dados extra?dos de
problemas reais de diferentes naturezas
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Santos, Maria Oliveira. "Estudo da regra das áreas na variação da entropia magnética no contexto da universalidade." Pós-Graduação em Física, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5293.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>In ferromagnets, magnetic entropy change is written by function that starts (in Ti = 0) and finish (in Tf ? 8) in zero after going through a maximum (the transition temperature
TC). The enclosed area is thus A = Z Tf?8Ti=0SdT wherein S =Z HfHi ?M?T!HdH. AsM ? 0 writing for high temperatures independent of values of accessible field, the area is
A =Z HfHi M(Ti ,H)dH defining the so-called rule of areas. This rule states that the enclosed areais defined by the values M(Ti,H) in the interval [Hi,Hf ]. Of course that it can be used at any
interval [Ti, TF ]. This suggests that in a narrow region of temperatures around TC, A shouldvary with H (assuming Hi = 0) according to a power law: A ? Hm. The fact M(Ti,H) define
the area is evident because the ferromagnet in question must follow an equation of state. Thus,M(Ti,H) and M(TF ,H) contains the information of the area A between Ti and TF .
In this issue we consider since the equation of state more simple for a ferromagnet (Brillouin function) up to corresponding to systems that present crystal field effects and subject to hydrostatic
pressure too. We analyze compounds RAl2 (R: Dy, Nd and Pr) and we have determined the values of the exponent m. We check the universality curvas of magnetocaloric potential
(isothermal S ? Hn and adiabatic T ? Mp), of its areas and the exponents m and n. Finally, we obtain the usual critical exponents, analyzed the graphs of Arrott of the magnetic
curves, based on the criteria Banerjee, and using the method Kouvel-Fisher. Main result is that, despite the application of pressure tends to induce discontinuous transitions, there are regions
of applied field, in that is observed the collapse S curves. The scaled curves also suggests a continuous-discontinuous way with the definition of a tricritical point (he case ofPrAl2 under
pressure 3,8 kbar).<br>Em ferromagnetos, a variação de entropia magnética é uma função que inicia (em Ti = 0 ) e termina (em Tf ? 8) no zero após passar por um máximo (na temperatura de transição TC). A
área encerrada é assim dada por A =Z Tf?8Ti=0SdT em que S =Z HfHi?M?T!HdH. Como M ? 0 para temperaturas altas, independente dos valores de campo acessíveis, a área resulta
A =Z HfHiM(Ti ,H)dH definindo a chamada regra das áreas. Esta regra estabelece que a área encerrada fica definida pelos valores M(Ti ,H) no intervalo [Hi,Hf ]. É claro que a mesma pode
ser usada em qualquer intervalo [Ti, Tf ] . Isto sugere que em uma região estreita de temperaturas, ao redor de TC, A deve variar com H (supondo Hi = 0) segundo uma lei de potência:
A ? Hm. O fato de M(Ti,H) definir a área é evidente pois o ferromagneto em questão deve seguir uma equação de estado. Desta forma, M(Ti,H) e M(Tf ,H) contém a informação da área A
entre Ti e Tf. Neste trabalho consideramos desde a equação de estado mais simples para um ferromagneto (a função de Brillouin) até a correspondente a sistemas que apresentam efeitos de campo cristalino
e ainda sujeitos a pressão hidrostática. Analisamos os compostos RAl2 (R: Dy, Nd e Pr) e determinamos os valores do expoente m. Verificamos a universalidade nas curvas dos potenciais
magnetocalóricos (isotérmico S ? Hn e adiabático T ? Mp), de suas áreas e dos expoentes m e n. Finalmente, para a obtenção dos expoentes críticos usuais, analisamos os gráficos
de Arrott das curvas magnéticas, com base no critério de Banerjee, e usando o método Kouvel-Fisher. Um dos principais resultados é que, apesar da aplicação de pressão tender a induzir
transições descontínuas, existem regiões de campo aplicado em que é observado o colapso das curvas de S. As curvas reescaladas também sugerem a passagem contínua-descontínua com
a definição de um ponto tricrítico (caso do PrAl2 sob pressão de 3,8 kbar).
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Shishmarev, Aleksei. "Problemas de campo forte na eletrodinâmica e teoria quântica de campos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-22022017-133541/.
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Esta tese de doutorado é devotada a problemas de campos fortes em eletrodinâmica e teoria quântica de campos. Alguns sistemas físicos bem conhecidos são estudados sob o formalismo da eletrodinâmica quântica (QED) com campos externos e eletrodinâmica não-linear. Primeiramente estudamos propriedades estatísticas de estados quânticos de Dirac e Klein-Gordon massivos que interagem com campos elétricos dependentes do tempo que viola a estabilidade do vácuo, primeiro em termos gerais e em seguida para um campo de fundo específico. Como ponto de partida, derivamos uma expressão não-perturbativa de tais campos. Construímos operadores de densidade reduzidos para subsistemas de elétrons e pósitrons e discutimos o efeito de decoerência que pode ocorrer no curso de evolução devido à uma medição intermediária. Calculamos a perda de informação em estados em QED devido a reduções parciais e uma possível decoerência por meio da entropia de von Neumann. Em seguida consideramos um campo elétrico específico, denominado por campo T-constante, como campo de fundo forte. Este modelo exatamente solúvel nos permite calcular, explicitamente, todas propriedades estatísticas de vários estados quânticos de campos massivos e carregados em consideração. Utilizamos uma abordagem não-perturbativa para a QED com X-degraus elétricos críticos e consideramos dois exemplos de configuração de campo de tipo exponencial (campo simétrico que varia lentamente e campo do tipo pico). Os números médios de partículas criadas por essas configurações de campo são calculados. As condições quando espaços \"in\" e \"out\" de QED com campos em consideração são unitariamente equivalentes são obtidos. Então construímos um operador de densidade geral, cuja condição inicial é o vácuo. Tal operador descreve a deformação de um estado de vácuo inicial por X-degraus elétricos críticos. Encontramos as reduções do estado deformado para subsistemas de elétrons e pósitrons e calculamos a perda de informação destas reduções. A consideração geral é ilustrada por meio de um estudo de estados de vácuo quântico entre duas placas de capacitor. Calculamos as medidas de emaranhamento destes estados reduzidos como entropias de von Neumann. Por fim, determinamos o campo de uma partícula puntiforme em movimento em eletrodinâmica local não-linear. Utilizamos como um modelo a lagrangiana de Euler-Heisenberg truncada no seu termo de ordem principal em uma expansão, em série de potências, do primeiro invariante de campo eletromagnético. Calculamos a energia total do campo produzido por uma partícula pontual e mostramos que a mesma é finita; portanto tornando sua configuração de campo como um sóliton. Definimos o tensor de energia-momento finito para esta configuração e demonstramos que suas componentes satisfazem a relação mecânica padrão de uma partícula massiva livre que se move.<br>This thesis is devoted to strong field problems in electrodynamics and quantum field theory. Some well known physical systems are studied in a framework of quantum electrodynamics with external field and nonlinear electrodynamics. First, the statistical properties of states of quantized charged massive Dirac and Klein-Gordon fields interacting with a time-dependent background that violates the vacuum stability, first in general terms and then for a special electromagnetic background. As a starting point, a nonperturbative expression for the density operators of such fields. The reduced density operators for electron and positron subsystems are constructed and a decoherence that may occur in course of the evolution due to an intermediate measurement is discussed. The loss of the information in QED states due to partial reductions and a possible decoherence is studied by calculating the von Neumann entropy. Next, the so-called T-constant external electric field as an external background is considered. This exactly solvable example allows the explicit calculation of all statistical properties for various quantum states of the massive charged fields under consideration. Next, a nonperturbative approach to QED with x-electric critical potential steps is used. The general consideration is illustrated by the example of so-called exponential in two different configurations (slowly varying field and sharp peak field); differential and full mean numbers of particles created by these field configurations are calculated. The conditions when in- and out- spaces of the QED under consideration are unitarily equivalent are found. Then, a general density operator with the vacuum initial condition is constructed. Such an operator describes a deformation of the initial vacuum state by x-electric critical potential steps. The reductions of the deformed state to electron and positron subsystems are found, and the loss of the information in these reductions is calculated. The general consideration is illustrated by studying the deformation of the quantum vacuum between two capacitor plates. The entanglement measures of these reduced states are calculated as von Neumann entropies. Third, the field of a moving pointlike charge is determined in nonlinear local electrodynamics. The Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian of quantum electrodynamics truncated at the leading term of its expansion in powers of the first field invariant is used as a model Lagrangian. The total energy of the field produced by a point charge is calculated and shown to be finite; thereby making its field configuration a soliton. A finite energy-momentum vector of this field configuration is defined to demonstrate that its components satisfy the standard mechanical relation characteristic of a freely moving massive particle
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三嶋, 浩和. "AcrA/AcrB/TolCの多剤排出機構に関する統計力学的研究". Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199547.
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Mishima, Hirokazu. "Studies Based on Statistical Mechanics for Mechanism of Multidrug Efflux of AcrA/AcrB/TolC." Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199416.
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Bürki, Sarah Barbara Schlauri Rebekka Mirjam. "Auditory event-related potentials, BIS index and entropy for the discrimination of different levels of sedation in icu patients /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
Full textBooks on the topic "Entropic Potential"
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M, Hafez M., Osher Stanley, and Langley Research Center, eds. An entropy correction method for unsteady full potential flows with strong shocks. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1986.
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M, Hafez M., Osher Stanley J, and Langley Research Center, eds. An entropy correction method for unsteady full potential flows with strong shocks. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1986.
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Center, Langley Research, ed. Application of a nonisentropic full potential method to AGARD standard airfoils. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Reserarch Center, 1988.
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Fiscaletti, Davide. Geometry of Quantum Potential: Entropic Information of the Vacuum. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2018.
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Kanduč, M., A. Schlaich, E. Schneck, and R. R. Netz. Interactions between biological membranes: theoretical concepts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789352.003.0012.
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In this chapter we review the various types of generic (non-specific) forces acting between lipid membranes in an aqueous environment and discuss the underlying mechanisms, with particular focus on the competing roles of enthalpic and entropic contributions. The interaction free energy (or interaction potential) is typically the result of a subtle interplay of several, often antagonistic contributions with comparable magnitude. First, we will briefly introduce the underlying physics of various kinds of surface–surface interactions, starting with theories of van der Waals and undulation interactions, covering electrostatics, depletion, and order–parameter fluctuation effects as well. We then turn our attention to a strong and universal repulsive force at small membrane–membrane separations, namely the hydration interaction. It has been under debate and investigation for decades and is not well captured by continuum approximations, thus here we will mainly rely on atomistic simulation techniques.
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Huffaker, Ray, Marco Bittelli, and Rodolfo Rosa. Entropy and Surrogate Testing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782933.003.0005.
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Reconstructing real-world system dynamics from time series data on a single variable is challenging because real-world data often exhibit a highly volatile and irregular appearance potentially driven by several diverse factors. NLTS methods help eliminate less likely drivers of dynamic irregularity. We set a benchmark for regular behavior by investigating how linear systems of ODEs are restricted to exponential and periodic dynamics, and illustrating how irregular behavior can arise if regular linear dynamics are corrupted with noise or shift over time (i.e., nonstationarity). We investigate how data can be pre-processed to control for the noise and nonstationarity potentially camouflaging nonlinear deterministic drivers of observed complexity. We can apply signal-detection methods, such as Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), to separate signal from noise in the data, and test the signal for nonstationarity potentially corrected with SSA. SSA measures signal strength which provides a useful initial indicator of whether we should continue searching for endogenous nonlinear drivers of complexity. We begin diagnosing deterministic structure in an isolated signal by attempting to reconstructed a shadow attractor. Finally, we use the classic Lorenz equations to illustrate how a deterministic nonlinear system of ODEs with at least three equations can generate observed irregular dynamics endogenously without aid of exogenous shocks or nonstationary dynamics.
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Minerals, The. Defining Pathways for Realizing the Revolutionary Potential of High Entropy Alloys: A TMS Accelerator Study. TMS, 2021.
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Liaw, Peter K., and Y. Y. Shang. Mechanical Behavior of High-Entropy Alloys: Key Topics in Materials Science and Engineering. ASM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.mbheaktmse.9781627084185.
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Mechanical Behavior of High-Entropy Alloys: Key Topics in Materials Science and Engineering provides an overview of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) and their distinguishing characteristics. It describes their composition and structure, strengthening mechanisms, deformation behaviors, and exceptional fatigue resistance. It discusses the role of alloying elements, the factors that influence microstructure evolution, and the properties that have been achieved with different alloy combinations and treatments. It also discusses fabrication processes and potential applications and includes an informative question-and-answer chapter.
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Sengupta, Ramprasad. Entropy Law, Sustainability, and Third Industrial Revolution. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190121143.001.0001.
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In mankind’s relentless quest for prosperity, Nature has suffered great damage. It has been treated as an inexhaustible reserve of resources. The indefinite scale of global expansion is still continuing and now the earth’s very survival is under threat. But against this exploitation of nature, there is the concept of entropy, which places a finite limit on the extent to which resources can be used in any closed system, such as our planet. Considering the impact of entropy, this book examines the key issues of sustainability—social, economic, and environmental. It discusses the social dimension of sustainability, showing how it is impacted by issues of economic inequality, poverty, and other socio-economic and infrastructural factors in the Indian context. It also highlights how Indian households suffer from clean energy poverty and points to the inequality in distribution of different fuels and of fuel cost among households. It assesses India’s power sector and its potential to be a significant player in bringing the Third Industrial Revolution to India by replacing fossil fuels with new renewables. It concludes by projecting power sector scenarios till 2041–42 achievable through alternative, realizable policy with respect to energy conservation and fuel substitution, and thus paves the way for the green power.
Book chapters on the topic "Entropic Potential"
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Yeh, Jien-Wei, An-Chou Yeh, and Shou-Yi Chang. "Potential Applications and Prospects." In High-Entropy Alloys. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27013-5_15.
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Starzak, Michael E. "Chemical Potentials in Solution." In Energy and Entropy. Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77823-5_8.
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Tian, Fuyang, Yang Wang, Douglas L. Irving, and Levente Vitos. "Applications of Coherent Potential Approximation to HEAs." In High-Entropy Alloys. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27013-5_9.
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Ledrappier, François. "Sharp Estimates for the Entropy." In Harmonic Analysis and Discrete Potential Theory. Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2323-3_23.
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Pendock, Neil. "Bayesian Source Estimation from Potential Field Data." In Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2217-9_35.
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Voiculescu, Dan. "Perturbations of Operators, Connections with Singular Integrals, Hyperbolicity and Entropy." In Harmonic Analysis and Discrete Potential Theory. Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2323-3_14.
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Salvacion, Arnold R. "Groundwater Potential Mapping Using Maximum Entropy." In Water Resources Management and Sustainability. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6573-8_13.
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Kaimanovich, Vadim A. "Measure-Theoretic Boundaries of Markov Chains, 0–2 Laws and Entropy." In Harmonic Analysis and Discrete Potential Theory. Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2323-3_13.
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Kouh, Minjoon, and Taejoon Kouh. "Entropy, Temperature, Energy, and Other Potentials." In Thermal Physics Tutorials with Python Simulations. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003287841-10.
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Licata, Ignazio, and Davide Fiscaletti. "Entropy, Information, Chaos and the Quantum Potential." In SpringerBriefs in Physics. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00333-7_4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Entropic Potential"
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Kalinay, Pavol, Leonardo Dagdug, A. García-Perciante, A. Sandoval-Villalbazo, and L. S. García-Colín. "Mapping of diffusion in confined systems (beyond the concept of entropic potential)." In IV MEXICAN MEETING ON MATHEMATICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS: RELATIVISTIC FLUIDS AND BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3533198.
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Domenikos, G.-R., E. Rogdakis, and I. Koronaki. "Studying the Superfluid Transformation in Helium 4 Through the Partition Function and Entropic Behavior." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70225.
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Abstract On this paper the authors study the behavior of Superfluid Helium 4 near and below the Lambda line deriving its partition function. The partition function is split into an interacting and a non-interacting/ideal part. Hence, the models about the Bose-Einstein Condensation of an ideal Bose-Gas are applied to the non-interacting/ideal part and then the results compared to the full superfluid, described by the quasiparticle approach. The transition from the Bose-Einstein to the Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics in the non-interacting part is exhibited extremely near the lambda transition of the actual superfluid Helium, hinting the effect of superfluidity in the ideal part of the system. Thus, the complete statistical model is now designed and calibrated by the known experimental data for its interacting part. With this model, since it is a theoretical method based on the partition function and entropy, not on the energy values of the quasiparticles, there is no theoretical limit to the lowest temperatures it can possibly describe. This entropic approach when extended well below the lambda-line, going near absolute zero, predicts the existence of an interatomic potential even at absolute zero, something that has been known to be the case for superfluid Helium. Overall, it seems that by the calculation of the authors the behaviors of superfluidity can also be observed and derived by studying the macroscopic variables, being the partition function and entropy in this way, thus offering a view of the superfluidity of the system through a different more macroscopical scope.
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Karpov, Eduard. "Random Sampling Monte-Carlo Approach to Studying Entropic Elasticity Properties of Cell Proteins and Lipids." In ASME 2010 First Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2010-13271.
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An efficient numerical Monte-Carlo method is proposed for the estimation of the entropic contribution to the elastic properties of cell protein and lipid chain biomolecules. Specific load-extension curves are obtained numerically for a group of molecules with degenerate potential energy profiles. Spread of the linear elastic regimes and dependence on the molecular weight and geometric parameters of the molecules are discussed.
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Xueliang, Bai, and Zhou Shaoxiang. "Specific Consumption Analysis of Vapor Compression Refrigeration System." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70799.
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In real life applications the latest findings of energy savings are playing important role for optimizing and improving the systems. Vapor compression refrigeration systems are some of the most implemented refrigeration systems and most of the energy consumption in this area depends on this system. The power consumption of VCR systems cannot be obtained or compared only with the COP. In order to alleviate the above challenges, a temperature-entropy diagram of actual compression refrigeration cycle is designed to show the differences between the actual and theoretical refrigeration cycles in this research. Second law of thermodynamics was utilized to analyze the entropic and exergy balance of irreversible factors during the refrigeration process. Then specific consumption analysis model of VCR is proposed and specific consumption of specific refrigeration capacity is studied. The proposed method can obtain the actual specific consumption and distribution of the additional specific consumption. Numerical results have shown that the exergy efficiency of the VCR is lower than the COP due to high entropy generation (irreversible losses) because of electricity consumed by the system. An alternative method is introduced for the evaluation of the energy saving potential in VCR system.
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Roy, Samit, and Avinash Akepati. "Multi-Scale Modeling of Fracture Properties for Nano-Particle Reinforced Polymers Using Atomistic J-Integral." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36419.
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The nano-scale interaction between polymer molecules and nanoparticle is a key factor in determining the macro-scale strength of the composite. In recent years numerous efforts have been directed towards modeling nanocomposites in order to better understand the reasons behind the enhancement of mechanical properties, even by the slight addition (a few weight percent) of nano-materials. In order to better understand the local influence of nano-particle on the mechanical properties of the composite, it is required to perform nano-scale analysis. In this context, modeling of fracture and damage in nano-graphene reinforced EPON 862 has been discussed in the current paper. Regarding fracture in polymers, the critical value of the J-integral (JI), where the subscript I denotes the fracture mode (I=1, 2, 3), at crack initiation could be used as a suitable metric for estimating the crack driving force as well as fracture toughness of the material as the crack begins to initiate. However, for the conventional macroscale definition of the J-integral to be valid at the nanoscale, in terms of the continuum stress and displacement fields and their spatial derivatives — requires the construction of local continuum fields from discrete atomistic data, and using these data in the conventional contour integral expression for atomistic J-integral. One such methodology is proposed by Hardy that allows for the local averaging necessary to obtain the definition of free energy, deformation gradient, and Piola-Kirchoff stress as fields (and divergence of fields) and not just as total system averages. Further, the atomistic J-integral takes into account the effect of reduction in J from continuum estimates due to the fact that the free energy available for crack propagation is less than the internal energy at sufficiently high temperatures when entropic contributions become significant. In this paper, the proposed methodology is used to compute J-integral using atomistic data obtained from LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator). As a case study, the feasibility of computing the dynamic atomistic J-integral over the MD domain is evaluated for a graphene nano-platelet with a central crack using OPLS (Optimized Potentials for Liquid Simulations) potential. For model verification, the values of atomistic J-integral are compared with results from linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) for isothermal crack initiation at 0 K and 300 K. Computational results related to the path-independence of the atomistic J-Integral are also presented. Further, a novel approach that circumvents the complexities of direct computation of entropic contributions is also discussed. Preliminary results obtained from the bond-order based ReaxFF potential for 0.1 K and 300 K are presented, and show good agreement with the predictions.
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Chen, Jen Ping, M. L. Celestina, and J. J. Adamczyk. "A New Procedure for Simulating Unsteady Flows Through Turbomachinery Blade Passages." In ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/94-gt-151.
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This paper outlines the development of two new unsteady wake-blade row aerodynamic interaction models and a rotor-stator unsteady aerodynamic interaction model. These flow models take, as input, solutions from Adamczyk’s average-passage flow model to provide an initial guess as to the transport of vortical, entropic and potential disturbances through a blade row. The response to these disturbances is calculated using an unsteady code known as MSUTC. This code solves the full Reynolds-averaged form of the Navier-Stokes equations using a modified Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model. The code can run with and without the use of wall functions. The solver is an implicit finite volume scheme with flux Jacobians evaluated by flux-vector splitting and residual fluxes by Roe’s flux-difference splitting. A series of simulations will show that the CPU time for all three models is nearly two orders of magnitude faster than current rotor-stator numerical simulation models. In addition, because of the numerical efficiency of the models, routine execution of numerical experiments for gaining insight into the flow processes controlling turbomachinery blade row performance become practical.
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Grendar, Marian. "Randomness as an equilibrium. Potential and probability density." In BAYESIAN INFERENCE AND MAXIMUM ENTROPY METHODS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1477062.
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Radko, S. G. "Entropy in the Management of Labor Potential." In International Conference on Economics, Management and Technologies 2020 (ICEMT 2020). Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200509.079.
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Leggett, John, Yaomin Zhao, Edward S. Richardson, and Richard D. Sandberg. "Turbomachinery Loss Analysis: The Relationship Between Mechanical Work Potential and Entropy Analyses." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59436.
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Abstract Physics-based loss analysis methods have been developed to interpret the detailed three-dimensional and time-dependent predictions of turbomachinery CFD simulations. This paper contrasts two analysis methods for assessing loss: entropy loss analysis (Zhao & Sandberg, GT2019-90126) and mechanical work potential analysis (Miller, GT2013-95488). The two individual analyses are applied to high-fidelity simulation data for linear high-pressure compressor and high-pressure turbine cascades. The results show each analysis captures the loss generating processes in different ways, corresponding to different terms in their equations. The key loss generation processes are shown to be turbulent and mean viscous dissipation in the mechanical work potential analysis, and mean viscous dissipation and turbulence production in the entropy loss analysis. A relationship between the two approaches is derived rigorously, providing a means to convert between the results of the two approaches, enabling designers to assess individual stage performance using the entropy-based analysis and multiple stages in terms of mechanical work potential, by using the same reference pressure.
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Miller, Robert J. "Mechanical Work Potential." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95488.
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This paper considers the effect of heat transfer between fluid streams on the work output of a turbine. To correctly characterize the effect of heat transfer requires a new property, ‘mechanical work potential’, which is a measure of the maximum useful work that can be extracted from a fluid by an isentropic turbine exhausting to a fixed exit static pressure. A balance equation for the property, over a control volume, is developed. The equation shows that entropy creation through thermal mixing has no effect on turbine work. It does, however, show that a second heat transfer term, ‘thermal creation’, does alter turbine work. Thermal creation occurs in regions of the turbine where heat transfer occurs across a finite pressure difference. The term is the non-linear version of the acoustic energy creation term proposed by Lord Rayleigh in his thermo-acoustic criterion. The balance equation is then used to link local regions of thermal creation to changes in stage efficiency. The method is used to show that, in a modern high pressure turbine stage, heat transfer due to thermal mixing in the freestream causes a negligible change in efficiency and therefore can be ignored in the design process. The method is also used to show that heat transfer due to convective cooling results in ∼0.5% rise in stage efficiency. This is a significant and should be accounted for in the design process.
Reports on the topic "Entropic Potential"
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Zilberman, Mark. Good and Evil from the Point of View of Physics. Intellectual Archive, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2763.
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The article analyzes the concepts of "good" and "evil" from the point of view of physics. Although the physical concept of “entropy” as a measure of disorder was the first candidate who could serve as the physical basis of these ethical concepts, in fact it is not suitable for this purpose. However, the “entropic potential of the event” Z (T, A) that describes the impact of the event A that occurred in the moment T0 in the system R to the entropy of this system at the future moment T (T > T0) is well suited for our analysis. The article describes methods for calculating the “entropic potential of the event” for certain real-life events and discuss several other related ideas, such as “time factor”, “averaging” and “universality”.
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Baker, Matt. Defining Pathways for Realizing the Revolutionary Potential of High Entropy Alloys: A TMS Accelerator Study. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7449/heapathways.
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Johra, Hicham. Performance overview of caloric heat pumps: magnetocaloric, elastocaloric, electrocaloric and barocaloric systems. Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau467469997.
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Heat pumps are an excellent solution to supply heating and cooling for indoor space conditioning and domestic hot water production. Conventional heat pumps are typically electrically driven and operate with a vapour-compression thermodynamic cycle of refrigerant fluid to transfer heat from a cold source to a warmer sink. This mature technology is cost-effective and achieves appreciable coefficients of performance (COP). The heat pump market demand is driven up by the urge to improve the energy efficiency of building heating systems coupled with the increase of global cooling needs for air-conditioning. Unfortunately, the refrigerants used in current conventional heat pumps can have a large greenhouse or ozone-depletion effect. Alternative gaseous refrigerants have been identified but they present some issues regarding toxicity, flammability, explosivity, low energy efficiency or high cost. However, several non-vapour-compression heat pump technologies have been invented and could be promising alternatives to conventional systems, with potential for higher COP and without the aforementioned refrigerant drawbacks. Among those, the systems based on the so-called “caloric effects” of solid-state refrigerants are gaining large attention. These caloric effects are characterized by a phase transition varying entropy in the material, resulting in a large adiabatic temperature change. This phase transition is induced by a variation of a specific external field applied to the solid refrigerant. Therefore, the magnetocaloric, elastocaloric, electrocaloric and barocaloric effects are adiabatic temperature changes in specific materials when varying the magnetic field, uniaxial mechanical stress, electrical field or hydrostatic pressure, respectively. Heat pump cycle can be built from these caloric effects and several heating/cooling prototypes were developed and tested over the last few decades. Although not a mature technology yet, some of these caloric systems are well suited to become new efficient and sustainable solutions for indoor space conditioning and domestic hot water production. This technical report (and the paper to which this report is supplementary materials) aims to raise awareness in the building community about these innovative caloric systems. It sheds some light on the recent progress in that field and compares the performance of caloric systems with that of conventional vapour-compression heat pumps for building applications.