Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Entraînement (sports) – Physiologie'
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Calmels, Claire. "Effets de l'entrainement mental sur la performance et sur le développement de l'imagerie chez les gymnastes de haut niveau." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100137.
Full textMental training is very important for high level performance. The aim of this study so to make an inventory of mental techniques used by elite gymnasts, to systematize them and to elaborate a mental training program. Then, this program is testes and we study these effects on the performance, on its regularity, on the imagery development and on imagery use. We also study the temporal parameter: mental movement times were compared with real movement times. Results show that the gymnasts, practicing mental training combined with physical training, improve their performances at two apparatus (bars and floor) and their imagery ability (visual and kinesthetic imagery, control) more than the gymnasts, practicing only physical training. This development depends on the age and individual imagery differences of subjects. We observe no important change in imagery use. We notice that the similarity between mental movement times and real movement times depends on apparatus and on the age the subjects. This similarity has no influence on performance but it's a good indicator of imagery control quality
Ufland, Pierre. "Muscle oxygenation and capacity to repeat high-intensity exercises." Amiens, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AMIE0018.
Full textIl est généralement accepté qu'une plus grande capacité de consommation d'O2 musculaire est associée à une meilleure performance aérobie. A l'inverse, une faible capacité de consommation d'O2 musculaire est également associée à une récupération inter-effort réduite/ralentie. A la fin des années 80, le suivi non invasif de l'oxygénation musculaire (mO2), déduite par la mesure de l'hémoglobine ([Hb]) / myoglobine ([Mb]) saturé en oxygène (O2) et de l'[Hb]/[Mb] dépourvu d'O2, a émergé dans de nombreuses études avec l'inclusion de la spectroscopie du proche infrarouge (NIRS). Le fait que la NIRS soit devenue portable rend libre l'évaluation continue de la balance entre apport d'O2 aux muscles en action et consommation musculaire d'O2 des lits capillaires du muscle considéré. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes attachés à examiner les considérations méthodologiques de l'utilisation de la NIRS pour évaluer mO2 et consommation d’oxygène musculaire (mVO2) (Etudes 1 et 2). Les études 2, 4 et 5 ont étudié les relations éventuelles qui peuvent exister entre la mO2 et la performance lors d'exercices répétés à haute intensité. Initialement nous avons étudié la reproductibilité et la sensibilité de mO2 post-exercice (Etude 1). Un niveau modéré de reproductibilité, ainsi qu'une indépendance des relevés en fonction de l'intensité d'exercice lors de la récupération sans occlusion ont été constatés. Par contre, lorsque la récupération de la mVO2 était observée, il fut relevé que les mesures étaient, certes modérément reproductibles à l’instar de mO2 post-exercice mais à contrario dépendantes de l'intensité d'exercice. Dans une étude subséquente (Etude 2), nous avons inspecté l'influence des changements de direction (COD) sur la mVO2. Nous avons ainsi observé une plus grande mVO2 avec COD : pour des vitesses similaires absolues de course, les courses en navette sur 20 m étaient associées à de plus grandes mVO2 que lors des courses en ligne droite. Ces résultats suggéraient que mVO2 déjà sensible à l’intensité de l’exercice, l’était aussi à la modalité de course (avec ou sans COD). En second lieu, le rôle de la mO2 sur le paramètre de récupération de force musculaire durant des efforts maximaux répétés a été examiné (Etude 3). Les résultats ont confirmé que la récupération de mO2 peut jouer un rôle modéré dans la production de force maximale. Suite à cette étude, nous avons souhaité évaluer l'influence du type d'entraînement sur la récupération de mVO2 (Etude 4). Ainsi, la comparaison entre entraînement en endurance et entraînement au sprint révèle une meilleure récupération de mVO2 dans le groupe endurance. Cette accélération de la récupération de mVO2 était liée à une meilleure capacité à répéter des sprints. L’entraînement agit donc sur le paramètre de récupération de mV2. En dernière partie, nous avons inspecté dans une étude longitudinale (Etude 5) les effets d’une période d'entraînement aérobie sur la mO2 post-sprints. L'amélioration de la capacité à répéter des sprints a été associée à l'accélération de la mO2 post-sprints, ce qui confirme que la fonction musculaire aérobie pourrait jouer un rôle au niveau dans la récupération métabolique entre les sprints
Marles, Alexandre. "Réponse de VO₂ lors de l'exercice intense chez l'homme : le phénomène d'extra VO₂ et la cinétique de l'oxygénation musculaire." Artois, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ARTO0501.
Full textThe aim of this work was to determine the effects of prior exercise and training on the VO₂ / Work Rate relationship and on the VO₂ slow component, and the effects of prior heavy exercise on the whole body VO₂ and on the muscle deoxygenation kinetics. The first and second part of the experimental study confirmed the existence of the extra VO₂ phenomenon during incremental exercise. In the first study, this extra VO₂ was not affected by prior exercise whereas the VO₂ slow component was reduced. In the second study, we have observed a decrease in extra VO₂without any change in the VO₂slow component after an intermittent training program. Therefore, prior exercise and training had not the same effect on both phenomenons. It suggests that there is a possible dissociation between these two phenomenons. The third part of this work focused on the whole body VO₂ and on the muscle O₂ utilization kinetics evaluated by the variations of muscle oxygenation at the onset of heavy exercise. Prior heavy exercise induced a faster increase in muscle deoxygenation without any change in the phase II VO₂ kinetic. It indicates the existence of a possible dissociation between the whole body VO₂ and the muscle O₂ utilization kinetics. Prior heavy exercise reduced the time delay before the increase in muscle deoxygenation at the beginning of a heavy exercise. This result suggests that O₂ utilization at the onset of heavy exercise increased faster because of an improvement in the muscle O₂ availability and/or a reduction of the “metabolic inertia”
Marie, Emmanuelle. "Influence de l'exercice sur les paramètres hémorhéologiques chez l'athlète : de la physiologie au dopage." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON13509.
Full textGindre, Cyrille. "Modélisation des relations entraînements – performances – adaptations physiologiques chez des athlètes spécialistes de demi-fond court et de fond." Reims, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REIMS011.
Full textBanister's model has been used to correlate training with performance. The basic assumption is that a dose of training contributes to both fitness and fatigue. Performance is related to the difference between these two first-order transfer functions. In the present study we tested the validity of the Banister model. For this, we followed developments of performance and physical qualities (aerobic, anaerobic, strength, speed, muscle power) with training of two group of runners specialists of long (≥ 10 km) and short (800 m) distances. The consideration of joint performance, physical and biological parameters allowed us 1) to have an integrated view of organism adaptations with training 2) to assess the validity of antagonist functions of the Banister's model. We were thus able to show that physical qualities evolution of short distances specialists on a season is done according to principles that can bring changes to the organization from those of an ecosystem consisting of different "species". Although Banister's model could be used to estimate performances, we have shown that fitness and fatigue functions may not be so valid linked to the physiological parameters of actual performance and fatigue. We conclude that the Banister's model is more a model of data than a model of structure. These results are a preliminary step in developing a new kind of model – which we proposed the foundation-for – linking training, performance and physical adaptation
Perrot, Cyril. "Evaluation par la posturographie statique et dynamique des afférences sensorielles et du contrôle moteur de l'équilibration chez le judoka." Nancy 1, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1999_0132_PERROT.pdf.
Full textHeugas, de Panafieu Anne-Marie. "Analyse des effets de l'entraînement sur les indicateurs physiologiques de la performance en course de 400 mètres chez des athlètes de haut niveau." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2280.
Full textVerney, Julien. "Conséquences musculaires d'un entraînement sollicitant endurance et force chez un même sujet âgé : aspects fonctionnels et histomorphologiques." Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STET4014.
Full textWe aimed to investigate both specific and unspecific adaptations to combined lower body endurance and upper body resistance training in the same healthy elderly. Ten subjects (73 + - 4 years) were trained during 14 weeks (3 sessions/week). Before and after training, peak oxygen uptake, isokinetic torque and body composition were assessed. Muscle biopsies were also obtained from vastus lateralis (VLat) and deltoid (Del) muscle in order to evaluate enzymatic activities, fibre type composition and area, microvascular network and satellite cell (SC) content. Among specific adaptations, we observed a significant increase in peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), CS and HAD activities as well as an improvement of LC/PF index in VLat after endurance training. We also found a significant increase in maximal isokinetic torque and muscle cross sectional area assessed by MRI after upper body resistance training. However, at the cellular level, this hypertrophy was not observed in Del. Our training program also induced non specific adaptations, such as a significant improvement in leg maximal isokinetic torque or a significant hypertrophy of type IIA fibres in Vlat after endurance training. After resistance training, a significant enhancement of VO2 peak during arm cranking and an increase in CS activity in Del was also observed. In response to training, the number of satellite cells per fibre increased in both muscles, mainly through a significant increase in the number of SC associated to type II fibres. The training program also improved body composition and blood lipid profile, which opens up future investigations using this training design, for example in subjects with metabolic syndrome
Messonnier, Laurent. "Cinétique d'échange et de disparition du lactate après l'exercice intense : effets de l'entraînement et influence sur la performance." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10282.
Full textLibicz, Sébastien. "Réponses énergétiques et immunitaires chez les triathlètes." Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON14006.
Full textSlawinski, Jean. "Effets de la fatigue et du niveau d'entraînement : étude des relations entre les coûts énergétique et mécanique en course à pied." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EVRY0005.
Full textMauvieux, Benoit. "Effets d’un entrainement physique et sportif régulier, chronique ou temporaire, sur les rythmes biologiques du travailleur de nuit." Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN2063.
Full textMorin, Stéphane. "Conception d'un système informatique ergonomique pour modéliser et gérer l'entraînement : application au volley-ball professionnel." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AMIE0004.
Full textModelling the training effects on performance allow to better conceptualize athleteadaptations to training to help coaches faced with many uncertainties, as possiblealternatives to high level performance, overreaching, overtraining and injury. The dailytraining load (TL) quantification is then the first step of the training periodization. Ourlitterature review shows that these affects are non final statement of interactions betweenexogenous and endogenous factors (Banister et coll., 1975, Busso et coll., 1990, Morton et coll., 1990). The concept of TL involves an effect level resulting in the body in the form offunctional responses that have a certain intensity and a certain time. It involves followseveral perceptual markers daily.The advances made in the area of computer and communication technologies nowoffer new opportunities for designing an ergonomic computer system to collect, process,and visualize large amounts of data, but also provides an alternative modelling of thetraining effects. Inspired by the general mechanisms regulating homeostasis andchronobiology, we postulated that the performance capacity of each training day can bemodeled by a wave whose amplitude, after reaching a maximum, gradually decrease totend to return to its initial level during the following days (damped harmonic oscillation).Our results allow us to discuss the possibilities of such a system on an analysis ofthe coaches practices in terms of training load management at different times of the plan.Despite the small number of subjects (six players), they show that the use of the concept ofdamped harmonic oscillation model for the cumulative and delayed effects of trainingappears promising. But before applying it to a wide range of subjects and practices(rehabilitation, physical activity of older person), further investagtion is needed
Oueslati, Ferid. "Oxygénation globale et périphérique au cours de l'exercice intense : implication des muscles respiratoires et locomoteurs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AMIE0026.
Full textThe aim of this work was to study whole-body and muscle oxygenation during heavy exercise with checking of underpinning mechanisms of excess (Δ) VO2 and VO2 slow component (SC) observed during incremental and constant-load exercises, respectively.The first study has endorsed the link between ΔVO2 and respiratory work. The second study highlighted the higher solicitation of respiratory muscles during the constant-load exercise correlated to the VO2 SC compared to incremental exercise. Additionally, this study confirms by means of recorded vastus lateralis oxygenation responses the existence of VO2 SC and the lack of ΔVO2. Even mechanistic basis induced VO2 SC and ΔVO2 are the same, a lack of correlation was observed between these phenomena. The significant correlation observed between whole-body and local oxygenation during the constant-load exercise has led us to investigate the effect of exercise intensity on this relationship in the third study. The local VO2 SC did not differ between two exercises intensities and its relationship with the whole-body VO2 SC was impacted. Furthermore, the total hemoglobin and ventilatory work have decreased and increased, respectively during severe compared to heavy exercise. In this context, the last study shows that respiratory muscles endurance is correlated to the decrease of vastus lateralis tissue oxygen saturation at the end of exercise and performance. These results contribute to the understanding of global and muscle oxygenation and especially ΔVO2, VO2 SC and their underpinning mechanisms
Lemoine, Sophie. "Détection du récepteur musculaire des oestrogènes : influence du sexe, de l'entraînement et de la typologie." Rennes 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN20047.
Full textEstrogens exert, in women, significant muscle effects during exercise. Their actions via specific receptors suppose the presence of estrogen receptors in skeletal muscle. The presence of estrogen receptor alpha mRNA (ERα mRNA) was investigated in human skeletal muscle by Nested Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction technique (Nested RT-PCR). ERα mRNA was detected in male and female deltoid muscles as well as in female pectoral muscle. There is no gender difference in ERα mRNA levels in skeletal muscle. In order to observe endurance training effect on ERα expression in skeletal muscle, male and female rats were trained during 7 weeks. ERα mRNA levels were determinated by RT-PCR. These levels increased in the female trained group but not in the male trained group. This adaptation, observed on intermediate muscle, was determined in muscles with different typology. ERα mRNA levels were estimated in intermediate muscle (gastrocnemius), slow twitch muscle (soleus) and fast twitch muscle (Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL). In the control group, ERα mRNA level was significantly higher in soleus muscle compared to gastrocnemius and eXtensor digitorum longus muscles. After training, ERα mRNA level was significantly higher in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles compared to extensor digitorum longus muscle. Indeed, ERα mRNA level significantly increased in gastrocnemius muscle, significantly decreased in EDL and was not significantly modified in soleus
Jacob, Christophe. "Influence du type et de l'intensité de l'entraînement sur les réponses en catécholamines à l'exercice de sprint chez l'homme et la femme." Rennes 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN20045.
Full textSprint performance is influenced by several factors mainly as morphological, muscular, metabolic and hormonal ones. The studies concerning the hormonal factor are not numerous despite catecholamines are known to play a major role in substrates mobilisation and utilisation during sprint exercise. Thus the aim of this study was to determined the effect of training (type and intensity) and gender on catecholamines reponses to the Wingate-test. Consequently, A and NA responses to the Wingate-test were measured in untrained, endurance trained and sprint trained subjects (men and women). Plasma A and NA and blood lactate concentrations were determined at rest, (A0, NA0 and La0) immediately at the end of the Wingate-test (Amax and NAmax), and after 5 min recovery (A5, NA5 and lamax). The performances during the Wingate test were, in both sexe, significantly higher in sprint trained compared to untrained and endurance trained subjects. Lamax and Amax were also higher in sprint trained subjects compared to the others groups but only in men. Men's results suggest that sprint training can enhance the capacity to secrete adrenaline much more than endurance training. The lack of significant differences in Amax values between untrained, endurance trained and sprint trained women suggest that training has no effect on the capacity to secrete adrenaline in women. Finally, our study suggests that there is some gender differences concerning the adaptation of the sympatho-adrenergic system to sprint training
Berro, Abdel Jalil. "Déterminants de la santé osseuse chez des jeunes femmes en surpoids et obèses : exploration et influences de deux programmes d'entraînement physique (force vs. endurance)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AMIE0024.
Full textThe aims of this thesis were to define the determinants of bone health in young overweight and obese men and to explore the effects of two physical training programs (strength vs. endurance) on bone parameters in young overweight and obese women. Two preliminary studies and six main studies have been conducted. The first preliminary study has shown that VO2 max (L/mn) is a positive determinant of bone mass in overweight children. The second preliminary study has shown that BMI is a negative determinant of CSI, BSI and ISI in young women. The first main study has shown that obesity is associated with lower CSI, BSI and ISI values in young women. The second main study has shown that VO2 max (L/mn) is positively correlated to CSI and ISI in young women. The third and the fourth study have shown that being overweight is associated with higher BMC and BMD values but not with TBS values and that TBS is positively associated with VO2 max (L/mn). The fifth main study conducted on 68 young overweight and obese women has shown that vertical jump, VO2 max (L/min), maximal power (watts) and 1-RM half-squat are positively correlated with bone parameters in overweight and obese adult women. The sixth main study has shown that the two training programs (strength and endurance) are effective to increase whole body BMC and lumbar spine BMD, and to decrease body weight and fat mass. Strength training was also effective to increase TBS and composite indices of femoral neck strength (CSI, BSI and ISI)
Nourry, Cédric. "Contraintes pulmonaires et adaptations ventilatoires à l'entraînement chez l'enfant pré-pubère." Artois, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ARTO0501.
Full textIn comparison with adults, children have lower pulmonary capacity and maximal expiratory flows. In addition children presents high levels of ventilation and PCO2 for a given exercise intensity which testifies that their exercise ventilation is inefficient. For these reasons, children could rich more easily the limit of the gas exchange system during heavy exercise. The aim of this work was first to test wether mechanical ventilatory constraints and gas exchange impairment exist during exercise in prepubescent children according to their level of physical activity. The first part of this work shows that the prepubescent children are prone to the mechanical ventilatory constraints during exercise. Moreover the results of these studies show that these constraints are potentiated in trained children. During exercise, these ventilatory constraints may be implicated in gas exchange impairment observed for trained subjects. The second aim was to study if a eight-week period of intermittent running training may modify resting lung function and exercise ventilation. The second part shows that a short runnning training program improves resting lung function and compensates for the increase in the ventilatory demand with training. As balance between respiratory capacity and ventilatory demand is maintained, mechanical ventilatory constraints remain unchanged with training
Jaffré, Christelle. "Effets de l'entraînement intensif sur le développement de la jeune fille en période péripubertaire : interactions facteurs de croissance et métabolisme osseux." Rennes 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN20015.
Full textThe main aim of this study was to evaluate the intensive gymnastic training effects on the somatic and bone developments in a population of peripebertal females. Intensive impact loading exercise is known to improve the skeletal bone mass probably by a mechanical action on the skeleton. It can also act on hormonal and biochemical changes. This longitudinal study has assessed the somatic and bone dvelopments in young female gymnasts compared to a control group in prepuberty. By means of a cross-sectional study we have also compared the two groups and evaluated the training effects on urinary androgens (testosterone, androstenedione, S-DHEA) and cortisol rates. The response of the bone turnover(CTx) has also been studied. The main results were : 1)intensive impact loading exercise improve the bone mass accretion. 2)the chronic gymnastic training has no effect(s) on the somatic growth in prepubertal gymnasts, 3) intensive gymnastics seems to modify only urinary androstenedione concentration, 4) chronic gymnastic training seems to stimulate the bone resorption. Intensive gymnastic training carried out during puberty appears to improve the bone mass and density in our female subjects. The mechanism of the bone remodelling is probably involved in such phenomenom. Furthermore, intensive training does not seem to influence androgens and cortisol excretions that could act on the bone mass accretion
Dalloz, Richard, and Jean Huot. "L'entraînement sportif par la méthode des créneaux : Application et validation sur le terrain." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10482.
Full textPrioux, Jacques. "Facteurs de variation de la commande centrale inspiratoire, de la ventilation et des échanges respiratoires au cours de l'exercice chez l'homme." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON1T024.
Full textVinet, Agnès. "Evaluation de l'aptitude aérobie des sportifs paraplégiques." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON14001.
Full textCaillet, Grégory. "Effet de la pratique des activités physiques et sportives sur la susceptibilité au mal des transports." Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10020.
Full textThe theory of visuo-vestibular conflict is the most commonly accepted to explain motion sickness (MS). Visual, vestibular and proprioceptive afferences are involved in balance control and this function can be improved by physical and sporting activities (PSA). The purpose of the present survey was to investigate the relations between the susceptibility to MS in adulthood and the practice of PSA, and especially proprioceptive PSA. A questionnaire with items concerning MS susceptibility (MSS) and PSA practice has been completed by 1829 students (22. 3±3. 4 years; 799 males). Subjects having practised a sport before and after the age of 18 are less susceptible to MS in adulthood than subjects without PSA practice (P<0. 001). For both sexes combined, the practice of proprioceptive PSA before the age of 18 is more protective from MSS in adulthood than the practice of bioenergetic PSA before this age (RR = 0. 45, 95 % CI 0. 22-0. 92). By practising PSA, subjects are less dependent on visual input and use vestibular afferences better. A process of habituation can be involved in better managing conflicting sensory afferences reducing susceptibility to MS. The practice of proprioceptive PSA develops the proprioceptive afferences and improves their treatment by the central nervous system. This additionnal appropriate input associated with an increase in vestibular weight compared to vision helps overcome visuo-vestibular conflict
Berriri, Ahmed. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle des muscles respiratoires : effets de l'entraînement et du désentraînement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AMIE0025.
Full textThe aim of thesis was on one hand to characterize the respiratory muscles during an incremental effort until exhaustion and on the other hand, to study the effects of specific inspiratory muscle training and detraining. We first confirmed the development of respiratory muscle fatigue during a maximal incremental exercise. Through recording of oxygenation at the 7th intercostal space, the second study showed reduced intercostal muscle deoxygenation and inspiratory muscle fatigue with a prior inspiratory exercise. Then, we showed that 5 weeks of specific inspiratory muscle training (IMT), whether at high or low intensity, reduces respiratory muscle fatigue induced by maximal incremental exercise. This reduction corroborates the parallel decrease observed in the intercostal muscle oxygen utilization and therefore in their metabolic demands in relation to their fatigability decrease (Study 3 and 4). This may reflect an increase in the oxygen supply of the locomotor muscles. These improvements were greater with high-resistance IMT. However, the IMT induced adaptations were lost after 10 weeks of detraining (Study 5). Nevertheless, reducing training frequency by up to two sessions per week while preserving the same training load was sufficient to maintain the already achieved adaptations. These results highlighted the respiratory muscle implication in the limitation of incremental effort until exhaustion and have contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the improvement of performance after IMT particularly respiratory muscle oxygenation and fatigue
Ducret, Stéphane. "Contribution de la physiologie et de la mécanique dans l'étude des sports de glisse : rôle de l'usure des matériaux et de la fatigue de l'athlète dans la performance." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10192.
Full textLussiana, Thibault. "Terrien et aérien : concept, validation et implications." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2087/document.
Full textHuman motion is often modelled using a spring-madd model where the body balanced on a compressible spring. The runner bouces from one step to the next whit a mid or forefoot strike pattern and a stiff leg. However, some studies highlight that a long contact time and a rearfoot stike pattern enhance running economy. The Volodalen approach suggests that the biomechanical parameters interact in a holistic system following tow main locomotive optimization processes : terrestrial and aerial. Aerial runners bounce on the forepart of their foot following the spring-mass model, wheras terrestrial runners move forward from heel-to-toe with limites vertical desplacement. Through a series of experiments, this thesis verifies the existence of two biomechanial models to optimize running economy. Terrestrial runners seduce flight time and leg stiffness, uncreasing hip extensors recruitment and horizontal displacement during stance. Aerial runners favour a short contact time, a mid-forefoot strike pattern, a gastrocemius pre-activation, and a high vertical oscillation. Both types of runners exhibit similar running economy levels at sub-maximal running speeds. According to Volodalen, these two optimization process are mediated by runners' perceived pleasure that would guide the runner in preferntial environments. The arial runner prefers to run faster than the terrestrial runner.futher undrstanding the unerlying relation between internal processes and external environments could lead to enhanced invidualization of training. however, results from a trainning intervention indicate no differential benefit in undertaking rebound-based versus pushing-based training based
Rhibi, Fatma. "Adaptations physiologiques à l’exercice intermittent court et chronique." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN20024.
Full textOptimization of endurance performance requires the athlete to repeat high intensity interval training (HIIT). This type of training can induce a neuromuscular fatigue, a homeostasis perturbation which affects the plasma volume and the physiological responses. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the effect of increasing HIIT intensity (100% vs. 110% of VMA) on endurance performance, muscular damage marker, plasma volume and inflammatory responses after an intermittent exercise (IE). For the first study, only 3 groups (EG100, EG110 and CG) participated in the experiment. However, in the2 sd, 3rd and 4th studies, 39 male volunteered to participate in this study. They were randomly assigned in control groups (CG100 and CG110), trained group with 100% of maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) (EG100) and trained group with 110% MAV (EG110). The training program consisted of 3 sessions a week during 8 weeks and presented only 30/30s IE. Before and after HIIT, participants performed a maximal graded test (MGT) and IE test at 100% or 110% MAV with 30s recovery at 50% MAV. Blood was collected at rest, at the end of the IE and after 15min of passive recovery. Results showed that increasing IT running intensity by 10% of MAV increases significantly the PVV at rest and after the IET. Despite the fact that EG100 and EG110 had the same PVV rise level after HIIT, greater aerobic performances were recorded in EG110. Our results revealed a higher improvement in response to HIIT at by following a 110% VAM EIHI. Endocrine adaptations are probably the cause of these changes related to intense training. Indeed, after training, we observed a significant decrease in markers of muscle damage (resting and intermittent exercise) in subjects trained compared to control groups. The difference related to the intensity of the EIHI disappears after training only between the groups trained. The same observation has been observed concerning the plasma concentrations of cytokines. In conclusion of this thesis work, it seems that increasing the intensity of EIHI would be a good way to reduce and mitigate the deleterious effects of the supra-maximal EI. In conclusion, HIIT at 110% MAV provoked better aerobic performances than 100% MAV, while having the same plasma volume and inflammatory responses levels
Pousson, Michel. "Effets de différents types d'entraînements sur la biomécanique des fractions passive et active de l'élasticité-série." Compiègne, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990COMPD233.
Full textPoumarat, Georges. "L'entraînement à l'aide de charges additionnelles." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986CLF21500.
Full textMarquet, Laurie-Anne. "Influence de la disponibilité en glucides sur la performance : nouvelles stratégies d’apports glucidiques en fonction des besoins de la programmation d’entraînement." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4144/document.
Full textThe aim of the present work is to study the impact of the availability of carbohydrates on performance and on the development of training adaptations. The first section of this thesis aimed at defining the optimal recovery strategies between training sessions for elite BMX pilots. The results revealed that the nutritional strategy is one of the most efficient recovery strategies leading to a lesser decrease in power output. The second section of this thesis investigated the impact of a chronic periodization of carbohydrate intake, through the “Sleep-Low” strategy, on endurance performance and immune function. The “Sleep-Low” strategy consists in specific training sessions performed under low carbohydrate availability, notably during recovery period and low intensity prolonged sessions. All subjects training under the “Sleep-Low” strategy improved their performance on a 10km running trial and on a 20km cycling time trial. This improved performance is associated with a modification of pacing strategy during the 20km cycling time trial toward higher power output. The results suggested a modification of perception of effort after training under the “Sleep-Low” strategy: despite an improvement of performance, participants did not perceive the effort as more difficult. These results are associated to a decrease in fat mass. The study #3 confirmed that the periodization of carbohydrate intake did not impair immune function or sleep efficacy. All the results of the four studies bring new elements in the evolution of carbohydrate recommendations. These works are in the line of a manipulation of carbohydrate availability according to the work required
Audet, Olivier. "Impact d'un programme d'entraînement périodisé sur la condition physique et sur les symptômes de spasticité chez les patients atteints de l'ataxie récessive spastique autosomique de Charlevoix-Saguenay." Thèse, Université Laval, 2015. http://constellation.uqac.ca/3377/1/Audet_uqac_0862N_10147.pdf.
Full textElloumi, Mohamed. "Suivi hormonal, métabolique, nutritionel et comportemental du sportif de haut niveau : relation avec la compétition et la récupération." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CLF20047.
Full textJullien, Hugues. "Comparaison de tests de laboratoire : approche de l'incidence des résultats dans le contrôle physiologique de l'entraînement sur le terrain. (cas de la course a pied)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CLF22516.
Full textDubois, Romain. "Effets de la charge de travail sur la performance et les caractéristiques physiologiques de rugbymen professionnels. Etude longitudinale." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU3029/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to quantify the workload (WL) and its evolution over the course of a competitive season, as its influence on performance, physical abilities, injury risk, biochemical and psychological characteristics of professional Rugby union (RU) players. Firstly, we were interested in the quantification of metabolic demands during elite RU games. The main results showed that metabolic power approach represents an interesting alternative to traditional approach to quantify the high-intensity running efforts during RU games. Secondly, preliminary study (study 2) allow to quantify changes in WL (GPS & RPE), physical abilities and biochemical characteristics, throughout a season in back players. Another experimental (studies 3 & 4) protocol allow to complete the results of the 2nd study by integrating the analysis of the changes in psychological characteristics, in injury rates and in game performance. The studies 2, 3 and 4 showed that WL was significantly (p < 0.05) higher during the first part of the season. These studies also demonstrated that competitive WL and the number of severe impacts (>8G) are the main WL parameters that most influence the physiological adaptations in elite RU players. These parameters affect the psychological characteristics, markers of muscle damages (CK) et the number of offensive duels won during the games. These studies also showed that a high volume combined to low-intensity of training contribute to decrease neuromuscular performance (CMJ, DJ tests). Finally, the combination of training including contacts and accumulation of competitive WL may contribute to the appearance of overreaching states (or non-functional overreaching), illustrating by significant decrease in T/C and IGF-1/C ratios
Dellal, Alexandre. "Analyse de l'activité physique du footballeur et de ses conséquences dans l'orientation de l'entraînement : application spécifique aux exercices intermittents courses à haute intensité et aux jeux réduits." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/DELLAL_Alexandre_2008.pdf.
Full textThe optimization of the training in football needs a precise analyze of the soccer player activity during an official game. This thesis allowed to identify the physical implications in direct relationship with technical and tactical qualities according to the positions occupied on the pitch. Our results have shown the importance of the repeated sprints and repeated high intensity run capacity. .
Leprêtre, Pierre-Marie. "Effets des interactions entre le débit cardiaque et la consommation maximale d'oxygène sur la performance aérobie." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EVRY0019.
Full textThe physical performance depends to multiple metabolic adjustments at the active muscles level. It is generally established that, during an incremental test performed at sea level, a significant relation was found between the oxygen uptake value (VO2) and the power output until an intensity for which VO2 value reached a plateau though the continuous power increase. If Hill et Lupton (1923) supposed that maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is principally limited by the blood oxygen transport more than the oxygen muscle utilisation, the respective contributions of cardiac output (Q) and of the arterial-venous difference in oxygen (a-vO2diff) in the VO2max attainment are always unknown. Thus, the main objective of our studies is the identification of the discriminated factors of the exercise VO 2 responses. Our results showed an exercise intensity and a heart rate value induced simultaneous the maximal VO2 and Q values attainment. Furthermore, the muscular work more than the maximal Q solicitation seemed to be the principal factor of the power and time to fatigue control during exhaustive supra-lactate threshold exercise
Palazzetti, Stéphane. "Surcharge de l'entraînement : Effets des apports antioxydants." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX22083.
Full textMargaritis, Irène. "Dommages musculaires, stress oxydatif au cours des épreuves de longue durée : cas d'une épreuve de triathlon." Aix-Marseille 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX22070.
Full textDemarle, Alexandre. "Effets de l'entraînement sur les facteurs énergétiques aérobies de la performance." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EVRY0030.
Full textThis work speaks about running in same conditions as in races. His purpose was to better understand the relationships between the key aerobic factors of performance in long duration events, and the adapatations responsible for the improvement of performance after training. Therefore, the main goal of this work was to study the effects of high-intensity interval-training programmes which were individualized within recreative, trained and top-level runners
Millet, Grégoire. "Déterminants de la performance et spécificités de l'entraînement des triathlètes de haut niveau : applications en natation et course à pied : relations entraînement-performance." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON14007.
Full textTiollier, Eve. "Stress, immunité et probiotiques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CLF20045.
Full textToumi, Hechmi. "Adaptations nerveuses et périphériques du muscle squelettique à l'entraînement de force." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF20038.
Full textCandau, Robin. "Relation entre charge d'entraînement et performance : caractéristiques biomécaniques des charges d'entraînement : suivi d'un marqueur des charges d'entraînement." Saint-Etienne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992STET003T.
Full textCometti, Carole. "Effets de différents paramètres de récupération lors d'exercices de renforcement musculaire." Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS014/document.
Full textThe high frequency of resistance training sessions induces heavy strain and fatigue phenomenon, which could be prejudicial for subsequent performance. In this context, it appears necessary to apply proper recovery strategies in order to improve the athlete’s ability to regain an adequate working state for subsequent training.Active recovery is widely described in the literature as the most efficient method for this purpose. It consists in low-intensity exercises, which could improve metabolites washout by increasing peripheral blood flow. To our knowledge, active recovery is usually applied globally, with exercises involving the whole body (light pedalling or running) but little is known regarding a local application after analytical exercises such as strengthening exercise. The aim of our research was therefore to determine the most effective method to recover from resistance training session in terms of maximal strength performance. Among the active recovery modes, electromyostimulation (EMS) is of particular interest since it can be applied on specific muscles groups. Our results showed that active recovery using EMS applied during a session (between the sets) or after a session, did not demonstrate any difference as compared with passive recovery. Also, we demonstrated that EMS was not more efficient when applied distally. However, we highlighted that the investigation of neuromuscular parameters is necessary to better understand the origin of the fatigue induced by a specific exercise in order to apply the most appropriated recovery mode
Bougenot, Marie-Pierre. "Effets d'un programme de reconditionnement à l'endurance sur ergomètre pour fauteuil roulant avec des sujets blessés médullaires et des sujets valides." Besançon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BESA2008.
Full textBenefits of physical activity for spinal cord-injured (SCI) persons permits to delay the mortality. So, we proposed them an endurance reconditioning program on a specific wheelchair ergometer. The originality is due to the fact that we proposed a questionnaire permitting to choose the program the best adapted to the subjects. It contains the items concerning the characteristics of the subjects as sex, duration and level of lesion, ways of life. . . Results obtained are pertinent, and we compared them to those obtained with able-bodied (AB). AB obtained greater results, probably due to the fact they are novice in wheelchair propulsion. Then, we compared perceived exertion (PE) of these two populations, and the results suggested that PE could be used to control the exercise intensity during a rehabilitation training program for SCI, similar to AB subjects
Guichebaron, Patrick. "Effets de l'entraînement et du désentraînement sur les réponses ventilatoires d'un groupe de plongeurs professionnels." Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STET6414.
Full textDaussin, Frédéric. "Effets d'un entraînement en endurance à charge constante, à charge variable ou à haute intensité chez l'homme : Etude intégrative du systémique au cellulaire." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/DAUSSIN_Frederic_2007.pdf.
Full textEndurance training is currently used in chronical diseases to improved aerobic performance and quality of life of these patients. Continuous endurance training and interval training are the both modalities used in rehabilitation. In a first part, we compared the effects of these two trainings modalities from systemic to cellular adaptations. Sixteen subjects performed the both trainings modalities which are characterized by same energy expenditure and training duration. Aerobic performance was improved by both trainings modalities throughout different adaptations. Interval training improved central adaptations (cardiac output) and peripheral adaptations (capillary density and mitochondrial function) whereas continuous training enhanced capillary density. In the second part, we compared sedentary subjects and endurance athletes to determine the effect of endurance training at high intensity on mitochondrial function. Athletes presented quantitative and qualitative modifications toward a greater capacity to oxidize carbohydrate. Our results improve the knowledge about the endurance training induced adaptation. They favorite the endurance training prescriptions for chronical disease patients and allow to choose the training modality in function of patient’s disease. Finally, it will improve quality of life of chronical disease patients
Bernier, Denis. "La Musique, c'est du sport! : Intégration des principes d'entraînement physique à la préparation du musicien en vue d'une performance optimale." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33253.
Full textMiladi, Imed. "Effet du mode de récupération sur les réponses cardiorespiratoires, l'activité électromyographique, la lactatémie et le temps limite suite à la répétition des exercices intermittents supra-maximaux." Amiens, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIE0018.
Full textThe present thesis studied the effect of the mode of recovery on the improvement of the performance following intermittent exercises. Healthy and voluntary group of subjects aged 25,66 ± 2,39 years, weight 69,6 ± 8,6Kg and height of 176,7 ± 5,2cm took part in the experiment. The protocol consisted on 2 series of 4 repetitions of 30S at 120% of the MAP on ergocycle. Exercise repetitions are separated by 30S of passive recovery. Two periods of 4min - recovery were carried out between the 2 exercise series and the second series and exercise time limit (Tlim) assessment. During these last exercises, the recovery mode was randomly changed (passive: PR, active: AR or dynamic stretching: SR). The variables assesses were the VO2, MAP, the heart rate (HR), the blood lactate concentration [La] and Tlim as well as the RMS and the MPF from the electromyographic signals. The results show that lowest value of lactate was obtained with RS. The VO2 found during RS ranged between the value obtained during RA and RP. Concerning the FC, not difference was observed between RS and RA. The RMS values found were significantly higher than those obtained during Tlim following RP and RA. The MPF values were significantly lower compared at RA and RP attesting more important fatigue during SR. It is concluded that dynamic stretching recovery (SR) allowed respectively more improvement of Tlim (P<0. 01) than active recovery (AR, P<0. 05) in comparison to passive recovery
Moalla, Wassim. "Adaptations cardiorespiratoires et musculaires à l'exercice physique et au réentraînement chez l'enfant sain et cardiaque : apport de la spectroscopie du proche infrarouge." Amiens, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AMIE0011.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to study peripheral and respiratory muscular function in patients with congenital heart diseases and healthy children as well as the training effects on exercise tolerance. We were focused the studies especially on the contribution of the NIRS as a non invasive technique in muscles oxygenation measurement. Assessment of the peripheral muscular function by NIRS and EMG demonstrated; firstly, a relationship between the parameters of these techniques; secondly, the limitation of blood supply and consequently oxygenation, limit performance and induce tiredness. However, the cardiac children showed a diminished muscular strength and endurance compared to the healthy children because muscles reduced oxygenation. In the same way, the cardiac children were characterized by slower recovery after exercise. These changes would be certainly the consequence of the weak cardiac flow. Otherwise, respiratory muscles of pre-pubertal healthy children desaturated during incremental exercise which could contribute to their tiredness and exercise stop. In addition, we demonstrated that the NIRS is a valid and reliable technique in the assessment of the respiratory muscle oxygenation and in the detection of the ventilatory threshold. Finally, we found that the cardiac children were characterized by intolerance and reduced physical fitness which were improved after individualized training at the ventilatory threshold. However, we suggested that the six minutes walking test could be used both in the assessment and the follow-up of functional capacity during training in children with congenital heart diseases