Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Entraînement par les photons'
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Vergnet, Hadrien. "Génération d'ondes THz avec deux nanostructures lamellaires : les microcavités d'AlGaAs et les films minces de PtSe2." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS473.
Full textHistorically, the THz domain of the electromagnetic spectrum has been difficult to access. During the past three decades, many technical advances have been made allowing the creation of THz radiation sources and detectors. These advances made it possible to discover the numerous potential applications of THz frequencies. But to this day, there is still a lack of high-performance, compact and cost effective sources and detectors that would be suitable for industrial applications.In this thesis we study the generation of THz radiation by two lamellar nanostructures.The first structure studied is a microcavity made using nanometric layers of AlGaAs alloys. We show that the formation of polariton levels by the strong coupling between asymmetric quantum wells and a double microcavity allows the design of an optimized interpolariton transition in the THz domain. We then detail the experimental characterization of a sample and we show the presence of a THz emission caused by thermal processes unrelated to the interpolariton transition. We conclude by presenting prospects for the improvement of the samples.The second structure studied is PtSe2 in the thin film form, a novel 2D material that belongs to the TMD family. We characterize experimentally the transition between semiconductor and semi-metal that follows with the increasing thickness of the samples using optical bandgap and conductivity measurements. We show the presence of a THz emission that results from second order nonlinear processes. Finally we show by developing an adapted formalism that this emission is can be mainly attributed to the linear photogalvanic and photon drag effects
Riendeau, Joel. "Tomodensitométrie par comptage de photons." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1467.
Full textRobitaille, Benoît. "Contrôle adaptatif par entraînement spécialisé de réseaux de neurones." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ35778.pdf.
Full textThibaudeau, Christian. "Tomodensitométrie par comptage de photons avec discrimination en énergie." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8337.
Full textRosticher, Michaël. "Détection de photons et d'électrons uniques par de nanostructures supraconductrices." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066459.
Full textIn a superconducting nanowire (typically 100 nm wide, 10 nm deep), biased at a slightly subcritical current, an energy input in the electron-volt range is sufficient to initiate a detectable resistive transition. Single photon detection started a decade ago upon that principle by using NbN and NbTiN filaments whose capabilities, in terms of sensitivity, speed and dark count rate, compete favorably with other detection devices, particularly in the telecommunication range (1. 3 µm – 1. 55 µm). In this PhD thesis, we study the response of such nanostrips exposed successively to incident photonic and electronic irradiations. The electrons (10 keV to 20 keV) provided by the column of a scanning electron microscope allow us to demonstrate the single electron operation, with an intrinsic efficiency close to unity. With this experimental setup, we could map the detection efficiency of a NbTiN nanowire meander with a spatial resolution better than 100 nm. We have also investigated the influence of a magnetic field in photon counting experiments. For moderate intensities (~ 0. 3 tesla), we observe an increase of the sensitivity to single photons, which we interpret as the combined effect of energy absorption and vortex flow
Esnault, Léo. "Production de photons gamma lors de l'interaction laser-matière et création de paires électron-positron par collision de photons." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0077.
Full textElectron-positron pair creation by the mean of two real photon collision (linear Breit-Wheeler process) is one of the most basic quantum electrodynamics process, and is believed to underlie a large amount of high energy astrophysical phenomena, such as the Universe opacity to TeV photons or the production of pair plasmas near compact objects (AGN, pulsars). However, this process has never been directly observed in the laboratory since its prediction in 1934, mainly because of the absence of high flux MeV-range photon sources. Due to the continuous development of high-power and high-intensity laser systems, the production of such photon sources become however conceivable. Despite the diversity of methods to produce energetic photons by lasers, previous estimates seems to show that the radiation sources produced whether by the slowing-down of electrons in matter (Bremsstrahlung), by the linear inverse Compton scattering process, or by the multi-photon inverse Compton scattering process (sometimes called synchrotron-like) are among the most credible sources for the electron-positron pair production by two real photon collisions. The interaction of such multi-MeV photons with matter could however creates other electron-positron pairs, which could constitute a background noise for the detection of this process. The goal of this thesis is to optimize the production of MeV-range gamma photons by the mean of the interaction of a laser with various kind of targets (simple or structured solid targets) in order to prepare photon-photon collision experiments on existing or currently building laser systems. A semi-analytical model allow firstly to optimize linear Breit-Wheeler pair production in term of the photons sources parameters. Particularly it is shown that, concerning Bremsstrahlung photon sources, the current laser systems already permit to reach the optimum photon energy distributions, opening the possibility to design such experiments at high repetition rate. This study is completed with numerical simulations modeling the electron acceleration in the laser-target interaction (via a Particle-In-Cell code), the gamma photon generation by the electron propagation in matter (via a Monte Carlo code) and the electron-positron pair production in photon-photon collisions (via the TrILEns code). These findings could then be used as a basis to design such experiments on existing or currently building laser systems
Dumon, Pascal. "Sur la conduite d'un entraînement d'ascenseur par machine asynchrone et onduleurà transistors." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10131.
Full textFix, Baptiste. "Diodes nanostructurées pour la détection infrarouge par absorption à deux photons." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX056/document.
Full textMy thesis work is focused on infrared photodetection through non-degenerated two photons absorption (NDTPA) in a nanostructured large band-gap diode. This innovative concept is an alternative scheme for infrared detection at high operating temperatures.In a first step I will search for the key parameters of this study. I start by studying, theoretically and experimentally, the competition between two sub-gap absorption processes : the NDTPA, which is a non-linear phenomena of the third order, and the linear sub-bandgap absorption on the semiconductors defects (PASRH). Steered by the intrinsically low absorption efficiency of NDTPA, I studied the amplification of photocurrent generation through the fields concentration induced by a nanostructure.In a second time, I present the computed design, the fabrication inside a clean-room and the characterisation of two generations of nanostructured diodes. The first generation diodes are PIN junctions made of InP whose nanostructured top electrodes are mono-resonant at the signal wavelength (3.39 µm). I checked their electrical and optical properties on a dedicated bench that I designed. Finaly I demonstrate an infrared detection at room temperature through NDTPA with a signal-to-noise ratio above 15. A gain of 24 on the generation of photocurrent is attributed to the nanostructure.After an analysis of this first study, I designed and fabricated a second generation of nanostructured diode which are resonant at both the signal and the pump wavelength. This new design can theoretically achieve a gain around 1500 on the generated photocurrent while keeping the parasite PASRH photocurrent under control.Finally in a last part, I study a new high-quality factor nano-resonator which has been used in the design of the second generations diodes. I present an analytical model as well as their principals properties
Salles, Gaël. "Surveillance et diagnostic des défauts de la charge d'un entraînement par machine asynchrone." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10017.
Full textMateus, Maria-Luiza. "Cinétiques de relargage des composés d’arôme du café torréfié moulu par entraînement gazeux." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS029.
Full textProux, Raphaël. "Indiscernabilité des photons émis par une boîte quantique semiconductrice sous excitation résonnante continue." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSU0037/document.
Full textQuantum dots are good candidates as single photon emitters for quantum information networks, facilitating their integration in photonic circuits based on well known semiconductor technology. In this context, this work focuses on the indistinguishability of the photons emitted by semiconductor quantum dots excited resonantly. We use a peculiar configuration where the quantumdots are embedded in a planar microcavity, allowing for better excitation and collection efficiencies. We are then able to investigate very low excitation power regimes, where the photons are elastically scattered by the fundamental transition of the quantum dot (Resonant Rayleigh Scattering). In this regime, the coherence of the excitation laser is imprinted on the emitted photons, making the quantum dot a source of single photons with a very long coherence.The indistinguishability is investigated by using a Hong–Ou–Mandel interferometer to perform two-photon interference. We carry out a comprehensive experimental study of the excitation power dependence of the indistinguishability as well as its dependence on the excitation laser coherence, which shows the important role of elastic scattering in the low excitation power limit. It appears that a new figure of merit needs to be introduced to assess the indistinguishability as a temporal phenomenon, an aspect which is particularly relevant when dealing with continuous-wave excitation
LAAMOURI, ABDELHAMID. "Etude et realisation d'un systeme de croissance epitaxique assistee par des photons." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU30088.
Full textTaleb, Mohammed. "Émissions cohérentes par des processus résonants à deux photons dans le baryum." Nice, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NICE4171.
Full textBay, Xavier. "Estimation non paramétrique de projections en tomographie par émission de photons simples." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10096.
Full textTaleb, Mohammed. "Emissions cohérentes par des processus résonants à deux photons dans le baryum." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376187531.
Full textGantet, Pierre. "La collimation en tomographie d'émission monophotonique : calcul de collimateurs par une méthode de simulation." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30187.
Full textDufour, Pascal. "Utilisation d'axicons pour la microscopie à deux photons." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28480/28480.pdf.
Full textRefuggi, Richard. "Obstacles épistémologiques à l’élaboration par les élèves de collège de leur technique de nage." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10206.
Full textTetchewo, Tchouangang Guilène. "Stabilisation de l'intensité d'un faisceau laser par un correcteur en bande étroite : application à une référence Ar+ /I2 à 501.7 nm." Paris 13, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA132009.
Full textWe present the development, the analysis and the application of a device for stabilization of the laser beam intensity in a narrow frequency band. The stability, the convergence speed and the intensity noise rejection are analyzed from a continuous time model. The device is applied to saturation spectroscopy for rejection of the residual amplitude modulation in FM spectroscopy and for stabilization of the probe beam intensity in modulation transfer technique. A new frequency stabilization scheme of an Ar+ laser on a hyperfine transition of iodine at 501,7 nm is proposed. The transition is detected in a high pressure cell using the modulation transfer technique for the mean term stabilization and in a low pressure cell in FM spectroscopy for the long term stabilization. An Allan deviation of about 10-13 for 1 s integration time and 10-14 for 500 s is reached
Coolen, Laurent. "Cohérence temporelle des photons uniques émis par un nanocristal individuel de CdSe/ZnS." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00138537.
Full textHaret, Laurent-Daniel. "Détecteur en silicium sur cristal photonique par absorption non linéaire à deux photons." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00911884.
Full textLe, Pommellec Jean-Yves. "Mesure non invasive des paramètres optiques des tissus biologiques par spectroscopie résolue en fréquence : approche analytique par l'équation de diffusion et implications cliniques." Angers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ANGE0505.
Full textDenneval, Charline. "Design, synthèse et évaluation de contrastophores bimodaux pour l'imagerie par absorption à deux photons et par tomographie par émission de positons." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAM0012/document.
Full textThe purpose of this subject has been the synthesis of a bimodal probe using TPA–PET techniques for a potential application in biological imaging.In this context, we have synthesized a new range of A–π –D fluorophores incorporating diazine (p-deficient heterocycle) as electron-withdrawing moiety, N,N-dimethylaniline as electron-donating part and fluorene as p-conjugated linker. In order to increase the conjugation along the scaffold, ethynyl and/or triazole bridges have been introduced on both sides of the fluorene. The UV/Vis and photoluminescence properties have been measured. Further to those results two-photon absorption cross-section of our fluorophores (dTPA) has been obtained. Following these promising results, hydrophilic compounds using PEG groups have been prepared and photoluminescence properties have been carried out. In order to use the boron center as a site for radiofluorination, the synthesis of "BODIPY-like" probes has been considered. A new series of pyrimidine and triazole ligand have been synthesized but the corresponding boron complexes haven’t been obtained
Viscogliosi, Nicolas. "Identification de cristaux par filtrage de Wiener pour tomographe d'émission par positrons et tomodensitomètre à comptage de photons." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1442.
Full textMore-Chevalier, Basil. "Individualisation de l’entraînement au football par le biais du préparateur individuel." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67319.
Full textPichette, Julien. "Imagerie de fluorescence et intrinsèque de milieux diffusants par temps d’arrivée des premiers photons." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/387.
Full textCatala, Alexandre. "Détermination des spectres photons issus des accélérateurs à usage médical par mesures de transmission." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30066.
Full textBui, Ngoc Anh Thy. "Luminescence de complexes de lanthanide par effet d'antenne à deux photons : vers l'imagerie fonctionnelle." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEN021.
Full textLanthanide ions demonstrate peculiar photophysical properties that has attracted a substantial attention in the development of luminescent bioprobes. Indeed, the advantages stemming from their sharp and characteristic emissions, as well as their long luminescence lifetimes, enable various imaging applications. However, the weak molar extinction coefficient of these elements results in a preferential excitation through an antenna, which transfers its energy to the metal.On the other hand, biphotonic absorption showed numerous advantages, since excitation of a molecule can be achieved at a wavelength twice as high as using one-photon excitation. This wavelength may therefore reach the optical transparency window (650 - 1100 nm).The work carried out during this PhD thesis aims at combining the advantages of lanthanides with those of biphotonic excitation. The synthesized complexes are based on a triazacyclononane platform substituted with two-photon antennae. Their one-photon spectroscopic properties have been studied, and enabled to perform two-photon multiplexed cellular imaging, using Eu3+ and Tb3+. Biphotonic probes with an optimized brightness have been obtained for Sm3+, Tb3+ and Dy3+, and applied to cell imaging. The thorough study of one of the terbium(III) complexes has moreover displayed evidence of a sensitivity towards viscosity. Analyzing the spectroscopic properties of this probe has therefore allowed to rationalize its photophysical behavior, paving the way for original functional imaging applications. Lastly, a rapid internalization of cationic lanthanide complexes with a cyclen or cyclam framework by living cells has been proved. Thus, the study of these new structures presents new perspectives for the development of lanthanide bioprobes
Ouamara, H. "Comparaison de la micro-tomodensitométrie par comptage de photons et par intégration de charges avec le dispositif d'irradiation PIXSCAN." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00823345.
Full textGOETZBERGER, OLIVIER. "Depot et caracterisation de films minces de silicium sur substrat polymere par la methode cvd assistee par photons lumineux." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STR13159.
Full textOuamara, Hamid. "Comparaison de la micro-tomodensitométrie par comptage de photons et par intégration de charges avec le dispositif d'irradiation PIXSCAN." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4004/document.
Full textThe pathway that has been followed by the imXgam team at CPPM was to adapt the hybrid pixel technology XPAD to biomedical imaging. It is in this context that the micro-CT PIXSCAN II based on the new generation of hybrid pixel detectors called XPAD3 has been developed. This thesis describes the process undertaken to assess the contribution of the hybrid pixel technology in X-ray computed tomography in terms of contrast and dose and to explore new opportunities for biomedical imaging at low doses. Performance evaluation as well as the validation of the results obtained with data acquired with the detector XPAD3 were compared to results obtained with the CCD camera DALSA XR-4 similar to detectors used in most conventional micro-CT systems. The detector XPAD3 allows to obtain reconstruced images of satisfactory quality close to that of images from the DALSA XR-4 camera, but with a better spatial resolution. At low doses, the images from the detector XPAD3 have a better quality that is those from CCD camera. From an instrumentation point of view, this project demonstrated the proper erations of the device PIXSCAN II for mouse imaging. We were able to reproduce an image quality similar to that obtained with a charge integration detector such as a CCD camera. To improve the performance of the detector XPAD3, we will have to optimize the stability of the thresholds and in order to obtain more homogeneous response curves of the pixels as a function as energy by using a denser sensor such as CdTe
Paquette, Myriam. "Effet comparé de l'entaînement par intervalles inframaximal et supramaximal sur les déterminants de la performance à vélo." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25474.
Full textHigh-intensity interval training (IT) is superior to continuous training for improving endurance performance. Inframaximal IT (performed at intensities below maximal aerobic power [MAP]) is widely used by endurance athletes, but supramaximal IT (performed at intensities above MAP) is also associated with improved endurance performance. By now, it is unkown which type of IT leads to the best performance outcomes. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of supramaximal and inframaximal IT on key endurance performance determinants. After six weeks of training, despite a 47 % lower training volume, supramaximal IT led to an increase in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) similar to inframaximal IT. MAP was increased following inframaximal IT only, and only supramaximal IT increased anaerobic capacity.
Farradèche, Morgane. "Chambre d'ionisation liquide détecteur de photons γ pour l'imagerie TEP." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS115/document.
Full textCaLIPSO is a photon detector concept designed for dedicated brain Positron Emission Tomography. It is a medical imaging technique based on the coincidence detection of two 511-keV photons. For the first time, the liquid trimethylbismuth is used as sensitive medium. Each 511-keV photon releases a primary electron that triggers a Cherenkov radiation and ionizes the medium. CaLIPSO operates as a time projection chamber and detects both Cherenkov light and charge signal. As the total number of released charges is proportional to the energy deposited by the initial photon, we were able to measure the charge production yield (or free ion yield) of the trimehylbismuth. To this end, we developed a purification bench associated with a low-noise measurement system for the current induced by a γ-ray source of photons with a precision < 5 fA for an electric field up to 7 kV/cm. The tetramethylsilane was used as a benchmark liquid to validate the measurement. We obtained a free ion yield of trimethylbismuth 6 times lower than the typical values for similar dielectric liquids. Quantum chemistry computations on heavy atoms shown that this behavior is due to the geometry of the trimethylbismuth molecule. The bismuth atom acts as an electron trapping center which induces an additional recombination mechanism of the electrons near their parent cations. Finally, in order to verify this hypothesis and to quantify the mobility of charges in liquids, we developed an individual charge pulses measurement system which has been successfully validated with tetramethylsilane
Varoutsis, Spyridon. "Génération de photons uniques indiscernables par une boîte quantique semi-conductrice dans une microcavité optique." Paris 11, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011534.
Full textOne of the main scientific achievement of the last century is certainly the development of quantum mechanics. Recently, computer scientists and engineers teamed with physical scientists to further our understanding of quantum phenomena, and to exploit this understanding to realize new devices with novel functionality for communication and computing, that can be directly engineered using correlations between quantum states, giving rise to a new field in physics : Quantum information science. These quantum states can be indistinguishable single photons. Our work aimed at the generation of such quantum states, from sefl-assembled quantum dots. These emitters can produce single photons on demand but the indistinguishability between photons is rapidly destroyed by decoeherence processes in the solid-state. In order to restore the indistinguishability between photons, the dot is coupled to the mode of a micropilar cavity, that accelerates its spontaneous emission rate by a factor 25, so that the photons are emitted before being “marked” by dephasing mechanisms. This acceleration leads to the generation of indistinguishable single photons with a degree of indistinguishability as high as 75%. In this context, two-photon interference phenomena occur, whereby two single photons entering the two input ports of a beamsplitter, emerge from the beamsplitter both in the same output port, as if they had "coalesced" into a two-photon state
Mavromatis, Nicolas. "Effet de la douleur sur la plasticité corticospinale induite par une déafférentation ou un entraînement moteur." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27824.
Full textIntroduction: In rehabilitation, a large number of patients have to relearn certain movements or have suffered injuries leading to sensorimotor deficits. These events trigger or rely on neuroplasticity mechanisms. Neuroplasticity can be defined as the ability of the central nervous system to change itself in order to adapt to internal or external changes. Moreover, a majority of rehabilitation patients suffer from pain, and the presence of pain is associated with poorer recovery. Recent studies have shown that pain can influence the state of excitability of the motor cortex. Since neuroplasticity is influenced by the state of the system, the objective of this thesis was to test the influence of experimental pain on corticospinal plasticity using two protocols known to induce plasticity. Methodology: Two experiments were realized. An intra-subject design requiring participants to take part in two experimental sessions (Pain, NoPain) was used during the first study. The second study used an inter-subject design (Pain group or NoPain group)), as the model of plasticity used (motor training) could have involve carry-over effects. In each of the studies, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess the corticospinal excitability by recording motor evoked potentials (MEP). Subsequently, depending on the group or session, experimental pain was induced via the topical application of capsaicin cream on the hand. Afterward, a second baseline measurement was performed to ensure that neurophysiological measurements between groups or sessions remained comparable prior to exposure to the plasticity protocol. In the first study, corticospinal plasticity was induced by applying transient ischemic deafferentation in the presence or absence of pain. The influence of pain on interhemispheric inhibition was also assessed by measuring the ipsilateral silent period. In the second study, corticospinal plasticity was induced by performing a motor training, in the presence or absence of pain. Measurements of corticospinal excitability and short-latency intracortical inhibition were performed to characterize the influence of training and pain on these variables. Analyzes of variance (ANOVAs) were performed on the neurophysiological variables to assess the effect of the plasticity protocols (before vs. after) and the effect of pain (inter-condition or inter-group comparison). Results: Both experiments demonstrated a modulating effect of pain on the plasticity induced by a subsequent event. In the first study, a greater increase in the corticospinal excitability of the proximal muscles was observed when the deafferentation was applied in the presence of pain. In the second study, the motor training induced an increase in the corticospinal excitability of the muscle used in the task at mid-training in the NoPain group, but excitability returned to baseline level before the end of the training. However participants who performed training in the presence of pain did not show any significant change in their corticospinal excitability throughout the motor task. Importantly, participants performing the task in the presence of pain presented a better behavioral performance, including a greater accuracy when performing the task. In all experiments, pain did not influence interhemispheric or intracortical measures. Conclusion: The results presented in this thesis confirm the hypothesis that pain has the ability to modulate plasticity occurring in response to an event such as deafferentation or motor training. These results support findings obtained in patients with chronic pain (e.g. amputees) who show altered cortical organization. Results from the second study also suggest that if the presence of pain has no deleterious effect on motor performance during training, it may still influence the changes in corticospinal excitability associated with it. Overall the results presented in this thesis provide new insights into the links between pain, motor system and plasticity.
Moreau, Emmanuel. "Étude d'une source solide monomode de photons uniques constituée par une boîte quantique semi-conductrice dans une microcavité optique." Paris 6, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006244.
Full textBernicot, Christophe. "Systémisation d'un calcul de boucle par les méthodes d'unitarité : application au processus à six photons." Chambéry, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CHAMS017.
Full textThe discovery of new physics, which leads to new particles, at the LHC can be done if the background is known accurately. It is often made up by many multi-particles processes, which have to be calculated at NLO to have a reliable prediction. Yet standard methods are not efficient enough to compute loops with at least five external legs. Nevertheless, new methods, based of the two fondamental principles of physics : unitarity and causality, have been developed. The aim of this thesis is to combine the helicity amplitude method and those unitarity methods to create a systematic procedure to calculate a one-loop diagram. This procedure have been applied the six-photon amplitudes with a massless fermion loop, and extended, in some case to a massive loop. The compactness of the result is the proof of the efficiency of this method. Those compact results lead to the study of special Landau singularities : the double parton scattering. It corresponds to a kinematical configuration where the virtual loop tends to two real juxtaposed scattering processes. In the case of the six-photon amplitudes, those singularities do not create divergences. The cross section of the six-photon amplitudes have been computed numerically in at e+e- collider energies
Simon-Cantin, Virginie. "L’activité des jeunes joueurs de tennis : un exemple au retour de service chez les 10-12 ans : contribution à une ergonomie cognitive de l’activité de sportifs, finalisée par la conception d’aide à l’entraînement." Rennes 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN20054.
Full textThe subject of this research is the dynamics of the young tennis player’s activity in return of service during entrainments and matches. These young tennis players aged 10-12 years old, are coaching by Tennis Brittany League. This research was conducted in collaboration with tennis coach in Brittany and three young players, during sport season. Fifteen interviews were analysed within the theoretical and methodological framework of « course of action ». To kinds of data were collected : (a) observing and recording data of entrainment and matches situations ; (b) young tennis player’s autoconfrontation data. The results present the course of action local dynamics. They describe the player concerns when returning services. Next, they highlight the knowledge mobilization/construction during different situation. They present young tennis players’ referential models, and a description of the knowledge mobilization/construction by actors in situation. The discussion makes a contribution to cognitive ergonomic of the sport actor activity. It studies the contributions, on the one hand, of the analysis of course of action’s young tennis player and knowledge about entrainment, competition and compare between entrainment/matches, on the other hand, the contributions of the study about course of action. Lastly, it suggests directions in the field of ways young sport training
Houngan, Azeleme Comlan Clément. "Pour une politique de développement de la pratique des activités physiques et sportives par et pour le plus grand nombre en République du Bénin." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR28095.
Full textThe mass sport has been proclaimed by the government since 1976. But people are not adhering to it. The same attitude can be observed about "exercise centers" which have been opened since 1987. All this shows that defining "sport fpr amm" policies is not so easy. Our investigations made, we have discovered that people developed new practices which largely go beyong institutional sport associations and "exercise centers". Therefore, "sport for all" policies couldn't be limited to just suppling people with equipments and predetermined entertainment activities. On the contrary, permanent researches should help satisfy the social demand
Varoutsis, Spyros. "GENERATION DE PHOTONS UNIQUES INDISCERNABLES PAR UNE BOITE QUANTIQUE SEMI-CONDUCTRICE DANS UNE MICROCAVITE OPTIQUE." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011534.
Full textHervé, Marie-Laure. "Dosimétrie d'accident en champ mixte (neutrons, photons) utilisant la spectrométrie par résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE)." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA11T019.
Full textSilly, Fabien. "Corrélations spatiales et temporalles de l'émision de photons induite par STM sur des surfaces nanostructurées." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066565.
Full textChâtelet, Éric. "Etude des grandes gerbes de l'air engendrées par des photons cosmiques à ultra-haute énergie." Bordeaux 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR10575.
Full textPouletaut, Philippe. "Reconstruction d'images en tomographie par émission de photons uniques pour le contrôle de déchets radioactifs." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CLF21490.
Full textCouteau, Christophe. "Vers une source de photons uniques indiscernables produits par des boîtes quantiques semiconductrices II-VI." Paris 11, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00110837.
Full textIn the purpose of realising all optical quantum logic gates, this PhD work explores the possibility of using semiconducting quantum dots from II-VI materials as indistinguishable single photon sources. In the general context of quantum information, we tried to set-up the necessary means to study the formation of excitons and multiexcitons in quantum dots. At liquid helium temperature, we realised spectroscopic studies then we studied the statistics of the photons emitted by the dots. With the help of a photon correlation set-up with high temporal resolution, of the order of 100 ps, we demonstrated the photon antibunching effect, typical signature of a single photon source. This pure quantum effect was done in continuous and pulsed regime. Using two spectrometers, we also measured photon cross-correlations between an exciton and its associated biexciton. Once this work was validated, we had to study the indistinguishability of the of the photons emitted by the quantum dots. The indistinguishability being linked to the spectral purity of the emitted photons, optical coherence measurements were necessary to convey. These measurements showed disappointing first results. In parallel, various methods of pumping, of creating carriers in the dots have been studied in order to optimise and increase the coherence length of the photons created by the excitons while recombining. To conclude, possibilities of future experiments or experiments to complete are described
Tellier, Franklin Gérard Francis. "Détection du ganglion sentinelle par des méthodes optiques : utilisation des photons diffusés et de fluorescence." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/TELLIER_Franklin_Gerard_Francis_2011.pdf.
Full textThe sentinel lymph node (SLN) method has become the gold standard to detect breast cancer metastasis. Two optical methods of detection and localization of SLN have been implemented. The first is based on the recording of scattered photons in the tissue to detect dye accumulated in the node. The second consists in detecting the emission of fluorescence photons. For both applications the dye selected is the most frequently used in clinical routine: Patent Blue V (PBV). A first optical instrument has been developed, using 4 excitation laser diodes, to discriminate absorption of PBV from that of other tissue chromophores, and one photodiode of detection. Experiments on solutions simulating the optical properties of breast tissue determined that the probe was 30 times more sensitive than the eye. Animal experimentation allowed to verify, in-vivo, the feasibility of the method. Subsequent collaboration with a regional cancer centre has permitted ex-vivo characterization of the prototype using 78 surgical pieces marked with low volumes of PBV and not visually blue. Our parallel studies highlighted an enhancement of the PBV fluorescence quantum yield by a factor of 30 when it was bounded to human serum albumin. Thus, a prototype to detect fluorescence photons has been developed. Its detection threshold is 100 times as low as that of the human eye. Fluorophore-marked nodes were detected in an animal model, with this device and using an appropriate imaging system. This device can localize precisely a marked SLN after percutaneous injection of a fluorescent dye
Weiss-Schaber, Christoph. "Description de la dynamique de l'horloge circadienne des cyanobactéries sous entraînement par un modèle d'oscillateur de phase." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00498487.
Full textWeiss-Schaber, Christoph. "Description de la dynamique de l'horloge circadienne des cyanobactéries sous entraînement par un modèle d'oscillateur de phase." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENY021.
Full textCyanobacteria are the simplest known organism with a circadjan clock. This clock produces stable rhythms with a period close to 24h and can be entrained to exactly 24h by external time cues like illumination or temperature cycles. Ln this work we show that this biological clock behaves like a phase oscillator. Furthermore its behaviour under the influence of an external entrainment can be discribed by the simple Adler mode!. For this we performed experiments on populations and used either illumination or temperature cycles to entrain the circadian clock to different phases. We detail the experiment set-up that allows to monitor the circadian clock of the bacteria continuously over 2 weeks, show how to unmask additional perturbation of the bioluminescence reporter and quantify the coupling strength between the clock and the external extrainment. Fitting the model to the experimental data we show that it indeed reproduces very weIl the observed behaviour. Via simulations we infer into the effects of a distribution of initial phases inside the populations, as weIl as the effect of possible noise on the phase or a distribution of proper frequencies. We also propose a new concept for single cell devices to infer further the effect of noise on this biological clock. These devices are designed for long term (>20 generations) observation of individual bacteria inside a population
Dreuille, Olivier de. "Quantification en tomographie d'émission monophotonique myocardique : mise au point, validation et comparaison par rapport à la tomographie d'émission de positons." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30280.
Full textMazal, Daniel Alejandro. "Radiothérapie stéréotaxique par petits faisceaux de rayons x de haute énergie : développement des moyens techniques et dosimétriques." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30069.
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