Academic literature on the topic 'Entities authorized to combat corruption'

Corruption is a threat to people, society, the state and the economy. It is a phenomenon that particularly harms the basic principles of the functioning of the country. This article focuses on entities authorized to prevent corruption. Individual bodies, services and institutions obliged to fight corruption and equipped with a number of competences that facilitate the performance of their tasks are discussed. The Central Anticorruption Bureau, the Internal Security Agency, the Police, the Public Prosecutor’s Office and other entities forming the system of prevention and combating corruption crime in Poland are presented. To discuss the subject it is necessary to refer to legal acts and the literature. The aim of this description, however, is not a comprehensive presentation of the subject matter indicated in the title, as it seems impossible to provide an exhaustive study of each entity authorized to prevent corruption in only one article. Due to the limited scope of the article only a synthetic presentation of the subject matter has been presented.

The relevance of the article is that an important task facing the state is to protect the rights and interests of citizens, including those who have been violated as a result of corruption. Research on the types of anti-corruption actors will provide an opportunity to find out which of them interact most with citizens to improve their service component. That is, clarifying the content of the administrative and legal status of each of the subjects will increase their quality of cooperation with the public, and thus the level of public confidence in the subjects of anti-corruption and increase the number of appeals for protection. It is worth noting that the fight against corruption suffers significantly from its influence outside of legal factors, such as economic or political. This situation can affect the quality of work and motivation of anti-corruption officials. The article classifies the subjects of anti-corruption depending on their role in combating corruption. Groups of entities specifically authorized to combat corruption, entities that promote anti-corruption activities, and entities that voluntarily participate in the fight against corruption have been studied. The legal status of anti-corruption entities that belong to each group is analyzed. It is concluded that a comprehensive analysis of the types of anti-corruption actors has led to the conclusion that anti-corruption activities are carried out at the general, regional and local levels. This helps to shape the general anti-corruption policy and to combat corruption on the ground, given the specific reasons for its spread. At the same time, the study shows a low level of interaction between anti-corruption actors, which reduces its effectiveness and at the same time increases the duration of achieving the goal of overcoming or reducing the level of corruption. This situation is caused by the fact of actual duplication of powers of anti-corruption actors, especially in the formation of anti-corruption policy and investigations, as well as the lack of incentives from the state to act together.

The author has revealed the content of the term of “specially authorized entities in the field of combating corruption” contained in Part 1 of the Art. 1 of the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption”. By analyzing the current administrative legislation of Ukraine, the range of public authorities that fall under this concept has been identified. Based on the classification of public authorities existing in administrative science, which are divided into agencies of general and special competence, the author has provided recommendations to improve the list of those public agencies that have the status of specially authorized entities in the field of combating corruption. According to the results of the study, the author has formulated an exhaustive list of specially authorized entities in the field of combating corruption in Ukraine, has provided propositions to improve the provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption” and the Law of Ukraine “On Prosecutor’s Office” in regard to the administrative and legal status of the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor’s Office. The author has offered to amend Part 1 of the Art. 7 of the Law of Ukraine “On the Prosecutor’s Office”, supplementing it with the word “agencies” after the word “system” and before the word “prosecutor’s office”. Thus, this norm will look like this: “the system of agencies of prosecutor’s offices will consist of: 1) Attorney General’s Office; 2) prosecutor’s offices in oblasts; 3) regional prosecutor’s offices; 4) Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor’s Office. It has been established that only the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor’s Office can be recognized as a specially authorized entity in the field of combating corruption among the existing prosecutor’s offices. In this regard, the application of the term of “agencies of prosecutor’s office” in Part 1 of the Art. 1 of the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption” is not grounded and leads to a false expansion of the range of anti-corruption entities. In practice, this may lead to an ambiguous interpretation of this legal norm. In this regard, the author has offered to specify the range of prosecutorial agencies that are specially authorized entities in the field of counteraction by replacing the phrase “agencies of prosecutor’s office” with the phrase “Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor’s Office”. It has been determined that either the National Police of Ukraine or its separate agencies are not specially authorized entities in the field of combating corruption. In this regard, it has been offered to amend Part 1 of the Art. 1 of the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption” by replacing the phrase “National Police” with the phrase “National Police Units”. Thus, those structural subdivisions of the National Police agencies that exercise competence in the field of combating corruption may be recognized as specially authorized entities in the field of anti-corruption.

The purpose of the article is to identify existing problems in the formation and implementation of anti-corruption policy in Ukraine based on the analysis of research results of the current state of corruption in Ukraine, analysis of relevant regulations, and practice of its implementation. The methodology is based on the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, as well as special research methods based on modern scientific principles of legal, political, managerial, and related sciences. Results of the research. The article analyzes the current issues of state anti-corruption policy in Ukraine at the present stage. It is noted that corruption is one of the biggest problems of Ukrainian society and has great resistance to the development of Ukraine as a state. Ukraine currently has a whole system of anti-corruption bodies, some of which perform purely anti-corruption functions, while others perform anti-corruption functions as well. At the same time, the Basic Anti-Corruption Law defines a limited list of specially authorized entities in the field of anti-corruption. It is proved that the reserve of influence of public organizations in combating corruption offenses is still poorly used by the state on the initiative of the state itself.

The paper deals with the concept, essence and purpose of anti-corruption monitoring in public administration. The author carries out a comprehensive analysis of the main directions of anti-corruption monitoring exercised by the relevant officials of state bodies. The paper examines provisions of normative legal acts at the Federal level and at the level of constituent entities of the Russian Federation that envisage the order of anticorruption monitoring, as well as the powers of participants of this direction of combating corruption in public administration. The author gives examples of reporting documents of anti-corruption monitoring of some public authorities and gives his own assessment of their content. The author substantiates the proposals for amendments and additions to the federal anti-corruption legislation in order to consolidate anti-corruption monitoring as one of the most important tools to combat corruption.

The issues of corruption, which penetrates into any sphere of public life, are occupied by politicians and legal scholars of all countries. This article attempts to outline the system of legal regulation of corruption in international law and, in particular, in the penal system. The aim of the work is to identify possible ways to combat corruption in the Russian Federation, based on international experience. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks are being solved, namely, the identification of the range of entities operating in the penal system at the international level and the legal basis for their activities, the analysis of the achievements of the largest public institutions regulating this area, the determination of corruption trends in this area and measures to combat them. This study is based on the research of Russian specialists of the past five years. One of the main sources of practical experience in combating corruption is the report of the international non-governmental organization International Penitentiary Reform, one of the largest analytical documents of the last five years, detailing the specific problems of the penal system. The study is carried out within the framework of an institutional approach, in view of the fact that in each country of the world the fight against corruption is carried out within the framework of a body.

The article is devoted to the model of anti-corruption system building study using State Border Guard Service of Ukraine as an example. The content of this system certain elements depending on corruption risks and the factors that affect them is analyzed. This takes into account the corruption level and its prevention experience in the border guard agencies of some foreign countries. It is noted that the state border protection and defense effectiveness directly depends on the degree of anti-corruption system efficiency rate. A number of theoretical and applied nature conclusions are formulated. Among them are the following ones: State Border Guard Service of Ukraine anti-corruption system is characterized by international, domestic and departmental institutions and instruments interaction. It is a part of domestic anti-corruption system and includes such elements: object, goals, principles, legal framework, participators and prevention measures; range of participators involved in State Border Guard Service of Ukraine corruption prevention extends beyond the borderguard agency. It is proposed to consideranti-corruption participators powers based on such classification: 1) international actors; 2) domestic actors: governmental institutions (special anti-corruption authorized agencies and state bodies involved in the corruption prevention); departmental bodies for corruption prevention; non-government organizations, individuals and legal entities; corruption prevention in State Border Guard Service of Ukraine should be based on selfservice activities for integrity and staff corruption resistance level increasing. Combating illegal activities at the state border is also actual for anti-corruption objectives achieving.

The provisions of normative legal acts that determine the prosecutor's office scope of competence, in particular their tasks and functions, have been studied. As a result, it has been found that the current approach to determining the prosecutor's office scope of competence is manifested primarily in the consolidation at the legislative level of the main functions of the prosecutor's office; tasks and functions of the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office (SAP) are fixed at the departmental level of legal regulation without their delimitation. In order to differentiate the powers of the prosecutor's office to prevent and combat corruption, the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine (NABU) clarified the investigation of criminal corruption and corruption-related offenses committed by NABU employees. It has been established that the prosecutor's office, represented by prosecutors, is authorized to prevent corruption in NABU by participating in proceedings on administrative offenses related to corruption committed by NABU employees. As a result of the study, it has been concluded that the prosecutor's office, depending on the content of their tasks and functions, are involved in preventing and combating corruption in NABU in different ways, and the content of such activities is clearly dualistic, namely: on the one hand, the SAP in preventing compliance with the law during operational and investigative activities and pre-trial investigation of criminal offenses NABU can prevent or stop possible corruption by NABU employees; on the other hand, the prosecutor's office, if a corruption criminal offense is committed by a NABU official, must, in particular, ensure compliance with the law on the inevitability of liability for a criminal offense, within the competence to compensate for damages caused by such criminal offenses. The powers of the prosecutor's office to prevent and combat corruption in NABU have been grouped: representative, supervisory, security and law enforcement. In order to ensure the effective functioning of the SAP, in particular on the prevention and combating of corruption in NABU, the author's version of Section 3 of the Regulation on the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office of the Prosecutor General's Office has been proposed.

The relevance of the article is that the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine is the only law enforcement agency with a special status that performs the functions of combating and stopping corruption offenses. But, it is obvious that the forces of this state law enforcement body alone cannot qualitatively fight such a negative social phenomenon as corruption in public authorities. It is worth noting that real success in the fight against corruption can be achieved only through constant and fruitful interaction of this body with other public authorities. Moreover, such cooperation is facilitated by a fairly good construction of state bodies that perform various functions and tasks, including the detection and prevention of corruption, and they can really help the National Bureau of Ukraine in the fight against corruption. The article considers some aspects of the interaction of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine with the State Financial Monitoring Service of Ukraine, the State Audit Office of Ukraine, the National Agency for Prevention of Corruption, law enforcement agencies to detect and combat corruption and crimes, exposing perpetrators of corruption offenses. It was found that the interaction of the National Bureau with the National Agency for Prevention of Corruption has its own specific features and is characterized by the following factors: 1) the method of information exchange (electronic), 2) has a special level of information protection, 3) measures control by the parties to the interaction. A general characteristic of such interaction is that its procedure is clearly defined by laws and regulations of Ukraine and it is carried out in order to perform the tasks and functions assigned to the National Bureau. It is concluded that the interaction is both procedural and managerial in nature. Emphasis is placed on the outdated legal regulation of cooperation between the National Bureau and the State Audit Office of Ukraine and the lack of a legislative procedure for involving the National Bureau as a specialist representative of the State Audit Office of Ukraine.

У дисертації наведено теоретичне узагальнення й запропоновано нове вирішення наукової проблеми, яке полягало у розробленні на основі аналізу існуючих наукових підходів, чинного вітчизняного та зарубіжного законодавства і практики їх реалізації комплексної науково та практично обґрунтованої концепції кримінально-правової протидії корупції в Україні, що спиралася б на галузевий підхід. Об‘єктом дослідження є суспільні відносини, що виникають у процесі протидії корупції в Україні. Предметом дослідження є концепція кримінальноправової протидії корупції в Україні. Висвітлено генезис наукового та легального розвитку поняття «корупція» з античних часів до сьогодення. Проаналізовано окремі ключові наукові праці присвячені корупції, як негативному соціально-економічному явищу, та проблемі протидії корупції на всіх рівнях і напрямах, розслідуванню корупційних діянь. Установлено, що важливим елементом успіху наукового дослідження є вибір правильної методології, що повністю забезпечить комплексність і системність дослідження та дозволить б розробити такі висновки й рекомендації, які дійсно матимуть вагоме значення для наукової та практичної діяльності. Наголошено, що явище корупції є надзвичайно складним, так само як і поняття, що позначає це явище. Виділено основні аспекти формування поняття «корупція»: історичний, міжнародний, зарубіжний, легальний та доктринальний. Обґрунтовано, що поняття «корупція» є міждисциплінарним та широковживаним, оскільки досліджується не лише фахівцями в галузі права, а й соціології, політології, економіки, 3 державного управління та психології. Досліджено передумови появи поняття «кримінальне правопорушення» та наголошено на доцільності доповнення антикорупційного законодавства поняттям «корупційне кримінальне правопорушення». Ґрунтовно проаналізовано ознаки корупційного кримінального правопорушення. Виділено кілька підстав для класифікації корупційних кримінальних правопорушень: за видом родового об‘єкта за організацією групування у тексті примітки до ст. 45 КК України, за повнотою ознак корупційності, за предмет, за суб‘єктом, за метою, за підслідністю. Доведено необхідність криміналізації трьох адміністративних правопорушень, що пов‘язані з корупцією. По-перше, порушення встановлених законом обмежень щодо одержання подарунків. Подруге, порушення вимог щодо запобігання та врегулювання конфлікту інтересів. По-третє, невжиття заходів щодо протидії корупції. З‘ясовано, що з огляду на значущість завдання з протидії корупції держава розробила розгалужену та відносно замкнену систему спеціалізованих антикорупційних органів. Водночас певні стратегічні повноваження у сфері протидії корупції зберегли й органи загальної компетенції (Верховна Рада України, Президент України, Кабінет Міністрів України). Більше того, певні антикорупційні компетентності набули мало не всі органи державної влади та місцевого самоврядування. Надано визначення, названо ознаки та види політичної корупції, а також охарактеризовано сутність економічної корупції. Проаналізовано заходи запобігання корупції у залежності від моделі її розвитку: європейської (Фінляндія, Норвегія), азійської (Японія, Сінгапур), англо-американської (США, Канада). З числа проаналізованих заходів обрано окремі, які можуть бути запозичені у вітчизняне правозастосування. Запропоновано виділити чотири підходи до обрання покарань за корупційні кримінальні правопорушення: м‘який (Швеція, Данія), помірний (Великобританія, ФРН), суворий (Італія) та особливо суворий (США, КНР). Обґрунтовано, що корупція є глобальною проблемою людства. Тому, контроль над рівнем корупції є завданням всієї світової спільноти. Основна акумуляція зусиль у антикорупційній сфері відбувається в рамках міжнародних організацій. З‘ясовано, що міжнародне співробітництво у сфері протидії корупції реалізується Україною шляхом укладання конвенцій та угод, а також реалізації положень які містять рекомендації щодо ефективної протидії корупції. The thesis provides a theoretical generalization and offers a new solution to the scientific problem. This problem is to develop based on existing scientific approaches analysis, current domestic and foreign legislation, and practice of implementing a comprehensive, scientifically, and practically defensible concept of the criminal legal fight against corruption in Ukraine based on a branching approach. The object of the thesis is public relations that arise in the process of combating corruption in Ukraine. The subject of the thes is concept of criminal-legal counteraction of corruption in Ukraine. The genesis of the scientific and legal development of the notion of "corruption" from ancient times to the present is highlighted. Some vital scientific works were analyzed on corruption as a negative socio-economic phenomenon, the problem of combating corruption at all levels and areas, and the investigation of corruption. It was established that an essential element of the success of scientific research is the choice of the correct methodology, which would fully ensure the complexity and systematization of study and would develop such conclusions and recommendations that will be important for scientific and practical activities. It was emphasized that the phenomenon of corruption is highly complex and the notion that denotes this phenomenon. The main aspects of forming the notion of "corruption" were highlighted: historical, international, foreign, legal, and doctrinal. It is substantiated that the concept of "corruption" is interdisciplinary and widely used, as it is studied not only by specialists in the field of law, but also by sociology, political science, economics, public administration and psychology. It was proposed to classify corruption on the following grounds: the pace of development, areas of implementation, frequency, sustainability, level of organization and spread of corruption, sectoral orientation, the form of expression. The essence of the concept of "anti-corruption, " a symbiotic combination of prevention and control, is described. Emphasis is placed on the justification of the position on the identification of combating corruption and anti-corruption policy. The nature of anti-corruption principles has been formed and revealed. It is proposed to divide the principles of anti-corruption into general, i.e. specific to all branches of law, and special, which are specific only to anti-corruption activities and due to its specifics. The preconditions for the emergence of the notion of "criminal offense" were studied. The practicality of supplementing the anti-corruption legislation with the notion of "corruption criminal offense" was emphasized. The signs of a criminal corruption offense are thoroughly analyzed. It was found that, given the importance of the task of combating corruption, the state has developed an extensive and relatively closed system of specialized anticorruption bodies. At the same time, certain strategic powers in the field of anticorruption were retained by bodies of general competence (the Verkhovna Rada of 8 Ukraine, the President of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine). Moreover, almost all state and local government bodies have acquired specific anti-corruption competencies. The legal nature of mass media was described, and the main directions of their anti-corruption activity are named. The critical role of the public in combating corruption is revealed, which is because none of the anti-corruption measures will be successful if there is no public support during its implementation. It was given the definition, peculiarities, and types of political corruption and the essence of economic corruption. It was stressed that ensuring the proper level of combating political and economic corruption is a priority for the state, as it will promote economic growth, strengthen the role of state institutions and local governments, restore confidence in them and improve the country's image at the international level. It has been proven that corruption in the judiciary is a commonplace phenomenon that undermines the principles of the rule of law, the rule of law, equality before the courts, and the independence and impartiality of the administration of justice. Measures to prevent corruption depending on the model of its development were analyzed: European (Finland, Norway), Asian (Japan, Singapore), AngloAmerican (USA, Canada). From the number of analyzed measures, some were selected that can be borrowed from domestic law enforcement. It is proposed to distinguish four approaches to the choice of punishment for corruption offenses: mild (Sweden, Denmark), moderate (UK, Germany), severe (Italy), and particularly authoritarian (USA, PRC). It is substantiated that corruption is a global problem of humankind. Therefore, controlling the level of corruption is the task of the entire world community. The central accumulation of efforts in the anti-corruption sphere takes place within the framework of international organizations. It was found out that international cooperation in the field of anti-corruption is implemented in Ukraine through the conclusion of conventions and agreements and the implementation of provisions that contain recommendations for effective anti-corruption.

There have been significant changes to Mexican law recently that have provided prosecutors updated and enhanced tools to combat corruption. In May 2015, the Mexican Congress and the states approved a constitutional amendment that created the National Anti-Corruption System, which was put into full force and effect in 2017. This supplemented and broadened the already existing anti-corruption laws in Mexico’s public procurement process. Now individuals and legal entities can be criminally liable for bribery of public officials in Mexico. In November 2014, Mexico City passed modifications to the criminal code making bribery an offense that can be committed by both individuals and legal entities and created an innovative approach to calculating penalties against companies. However, even though laws have changed, much remains to be done. The OECD noted that Mexico has fully implemented very few of the recommendations that it has made to eradicate corruption. Mexico still had no prosecutions or convictions for foreign bribery. Corruption is still common in Mexico, with the widespread use of “gestores” or intermediaries to navigate the bureaucracies responsible for issuing licenses and permits, shell companies owned by family members of government officials seeking a bribe, fictitious service providers, and improper gifting and excessive hospitality to employees of state-owned entities. With the new Lopez Obrador Administration’s anti-corruption plan, further changes are anticipated in public procurement by the creation of a central mechanism to manage and monitor public contracts to achieve greater transparency. The new administration has also committed to creating an autonomous Special Prosecutor’s Office to independently investigate and prosecute corruption cases and to implement additional restrictions on entertainment and gifts provided to public officials.

This chapter discusses how anti-trafficking institutions and networks combine to diffuse policy implementation from the top-down and bottom-up. It shows that when no one in the government is held accountable for the implementation of the policies uneven policy implementation occurs as some countries (i.e. Latvia) are more effective at implementing policy than others (i.e. Ukraine and Russia). The results demonstrate that top-down implementation (from the national government) was apparent in all three countries as the government entities attempted to guide implementation. Only Latvia was able to balance this top-down approach with a grass roots bottom-up implementation processes facilitated by their working group and the strength of the interest groups in that country. This could also demonstrate that country size and/or decentralization reforms from the federal level help facilitate human trafficking policy implementation. The influence of internal factors including law enforcement measures to combat trafficking and interest group strength are the most significant facilitators of policy implementation. While state capacity and commitment, bureaucracy, and corruption were the biggest impediments to successful policy implementation. Interest groups also provide feedback loops, policy evaluations, and guide implementation when the government fell short.