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Maheux, Andrée F., Sébastien Bouchard, Ève Bérubé, and Michel G. Bergeron. "Rapid molecular identification of fecal origin-colonies growing on Enterococcus spp.-specific culture methods." Journal of Water and Health 15, no. 2 (December 17, 2016): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.199.
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The mEI, Chromocult® enterococci, and m-Enterococcus culture-based methods used to assess water quality by the detection of Enterococcus spp. were first compared in terms of sensitivity using (1) 41 different type strains of Enterococcus spp. and (2) environmental colonies identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Then, two specific-rtPCR assays targeting Enterococcus spp. and Enterococcus faecalis/faecium were tested for their ability to confirm the identity of putative enterococcal colonies. The mEI, Chromocult® enterococci, and m-Enterococcus methods detected β-glucosidase activity for 28 (68.3%), 32 (78.0%), and 12 (29.3%) of the 41 reference enterococcal strains tested, respectively. Analysis with environmental colonies showed that mEI and Chromocult® enterococci media had false positive rates of 4.3% and 5.0%, respectively. Finally, the two rtPCR assays showed a specificity of 100%. Only two (2/19) colonies of E. faecium isolated from mEI agar were not detected by the Enterococcus faecium rtPCR assay, for a sensitivity of 89.5%. Our results showed that Chromocult® enterococci medium recovered more E. faecalis/faecium cells than the two other methods. Thus, the use of Chromocult® enterococci combined with the Enterococcus faecalis/faecium rtPCR assay showed the best combination to decrease the high false-positive rate obtained when the entire Enterococcus genus is targeted.
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Kumurya, A. S., and B. Ega. "An Overview on Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus faecalis." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2161.033.
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There are over 15 species of the Enterococcus genus, 80-90% of clinical isolates as E. faecalis. The aim of this work is to review the current information on Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus fecalis. The study reviewed using electronic documents and hard copies from public libraries of relevant literatures relating to biology, epidemiology, drug resistance mechanism, treatment, and control of Enterococcus faecalis. The review revealed that Enterocuccus faecalis formerly known as Streptococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive commensal bacterium that inhabits the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy humans and other mammals. However, it can cause lifethreatening infections in humans, especially in the nosocomial environment, where there are naturally high levels of antibiotic resistance. Thus, Enterococci have proven to present a therapeutic challenge because of their resistance to many antimicrobial drugs, including cell-wall active agents; aminoglycosides, penicillin, ampicillin, and vancomycin.” The Enterococci have the capacity to acquire a wide variety of antimicrobial resistance factors through plasmid transfer by conjugation, which present serious problems in the management of patients with Enterococcal infections. In general, Enterococcal isolates with lowered susceptibility to vancomycin are categorized as vanA, vanB, and vanC, vanA and vanB pose the greatest threat because they are the most resistant genes.E. faecalis are also resistant to teicoplanin. Enterococcal strains that are vancomycin-dependent have been found, but are rare and less common than vancomycin-resistant strains (referred to as “vancomycin-resistant Enterococci” or “VRE”). The review, identified that although VRE infection possess the tendency to become endemic especially in very ill debilitated patients who have been exposed to broad spectrum antibiotics; and the immune-compromised, yet Vancomycin continues to be the drug of choice for serious life threatening infections as sepsis, pneumonia, and endocarditis. Keywords: Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci(VRE), Enterococcus faecalis, Resistance gene
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Mustafa, Eman, and Amera Al-Rawi. "Molecular investigation of enterococcal surface protein (esp) gene of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from endodontic patients." Medicinski casopis 57, no. 4 (2023): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/mckg57-46998.
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Objective. Enterococci are generally considered transient components of oral bacteria that may be a reason for several oral and systemic infections, particularly those related to dental root canal infections. The current study aims to examine the occurrence of Enterococcus surface protein, esp in Enterococcus faecalis, which is isolated from infected root canals. Methods. Forty samples were collected from endodontic patients who attended the Conservative Treatment Department in the College of Dentistry/Mosul University/Dental Teaching Hospital. Materials and Methods: All samples were traditionally examined using HiCrom TM Enterococcus faecium Agar base medium and biochemical tests. 16srRNA sequencing was performed using the polymerase chain reaction technique to confirm their identity. Then, all Enterococcus faecalis isolates were examined for the existence of esp gene coding for enterococcal surface protein using PCR assay. Results. From 40 clinical samples obtained, 31 isolates were recognized as E. faecalis by traditional methods; unexpectedly, other non-enterococci genera were also grown on HiCromTM Enterococcus faecium Agar base medium. The PCR products for the sequence-specific primers obtained from the full-length of 16S rRNA gene sequence, which belongs to E. faecalis, and the PCR products for specific primer of esp genes created bands at the position of 138bp and 932 bp on the agarose gel, respectively. The gene correlating with the aggregation of this bacteria on the canal walls was detected in a high proportion (91%) of the isolates. Conclusions. PCR assay provides an accurate, rapid, and more sensitive detection of E. faecalis. A positive correlation between esp gene and enterococcal infections in root canals has been found.
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KIM, YEONG BIN, HYUN JOO SEO, KWANG WON SEO, HYE YOUNG JEON, DONG KYU KIM, SHIN WOO KIM, SUK-KYUNG LIM, and YOUNG JU LEE. "Characteristics of High-Level Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from Retail Chicken Meat in Korea." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 8 (July 17, 2018): 1357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-046.
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ABSTRACTGenes encoding ciprofloxacin resistance in enterococci in animals may be transferred to bacteria in the animal gut and to zoonotic bacteria where they could pose a human health hazard. The objective of this study was to characterize antimicrobial resistance in high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant (HLCR) Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from retail chicken meat. A total of 345 enterococci (335 E. faecalis and 10 E. faecium) were isolated from 200 chicken meat samples. Of these, 85 E. faecalis isolates and 1 E. faecium isolate were confirmed as HLCR enterococci. All 86 HLCR enterococci displayed gyrA-parC point mutations consisting of S83I-S80I (94.2%, 81 isolates), S83F-S80I (2.3%, 2 isolates), S83Y-S80I (2.3%, 2 isolates), and S83Y-S80F (1.2%, 1 isolate). Sixty-one (72.9%) of the 86 HLCR enterococci showed multidrug resistance to three to six classes of antimicrobial agents. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that E. faecalis had 17 different sequence types (ST) and E. faecium had 1 different ST, with ST256 observed most often (44 isolates, 51.8%). Although these results cannot exclude the possibility that pathotypes of enterococci isolated from chicken might represent transmission to or from humans, the foodborne HLCR E. faecalis indicated that the food chain is a potential route of enterococcal infection in humans.
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KOBAYASHI, N., MD MAHBUB ALAM, Y. NISHIMOTO, S. URASAWA, N. UEHARA, and N. WATANABE. "Distribution of aminoglycoside resistance genes in recent clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus avium." Epidemiology and Infection 126, no. 2 (April 2001): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268801005271.
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Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) are major factors which confer aminoglycoside resistance on bacteria. Distribution of genes encoding seven AMEs was investigated by multiplex PCR for 279 recent clinical isolates of enterococci derived from a university hospital in Japan. The aac(6′)-aph(2″), which is related to high level gentamicin resistance, was detected at higher frequency in Enterococcus faecalis (42·5 %) than in Enterococcus faecium (4·3 %). Almost half of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates possessed ant(6)-Ia and aph(3′)-IIIa. The profile of AME gene(s) detected most frequently in individual strains of E. faecalis was aac(6′)-aph(2″)+ant(6)-Ia+aph(3′)-IIIa, and isolates with this profile showed high level resistance to both gentamicin and streptomycin. In contrast, AME gene profiles of aac(6′)-Ii+ant(6)-Ia+aph(3′)-IIIa, followed by aac(6′)-Ii alone, were predominant in E. faecium. Only one AME gene profile of ant(6)-Ia+aph(3′)-IIIa was found in Enterococcus avium. The ant(4′)-Ia and ant(9)-Ia, which have been known to be distributed mostly among Staphylococcus aureus strains, were detected in a few enterococcal strains. An AME gene aph(2″)-Ic was not detected in any isolates of the three enterococcal species. These findings indicated a variety of distribution profiles of AME genes among enterococci in our study site.
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Dolka, Beata, Mariola Gołębiewska–Kosakowska, Krzysztof Krajewski, Piotr Kwieciński, Tomasz Nowak, Jarosław Szubstarski, Jarosław Wilczyński, and Piotr Szeleszczuk. "Occurrence of Enterococcus spp. in poultry in Poland based on 2014–2015 data." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 73, no. 4 (2017): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5680.
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Bacteria of the genus Enterococcus are mainly commensals building natural microflora in the digestive tract of birds and mammals. They belong to the potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Among poultry, infections caused by enterococci were reported in chickens, turkeys, ducks and ostriches. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of enterococci in poultry in Poland, including identification of enterococcus species composition and determination of the age of birds. The analysis was based on data obtained from 2014 – 2015 from Division of Avian Diseases at Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW and four veterinary laboratories in Poland: Lab – Vet, Tarnowo Podgórne; SLW Biolab, Ostróda; Vetdiagnostica, Solec Kujawski; Vet – Lab Brudzew. Seven enterococcal species were isolated from broiler chickens (CB), commercial layers (CL), and broiler breeder flocks (BB), nine from all poultry types (chickens, turkey, ducks and geese). The most often isolated enterococci from CB were E. faecalis (57%) > E. cecorum (7%) > E. faecium (5.2%) > E. hirae (3.6%) > E. gallinarum (2.5%) > E. casseliflavus (0.7%) > E. durans (0.2%). Seven Enterococcus species were isolated from sources associated with poultry, most often E. faecalis > E. faecium > E. cecorum > E. hirae. The differences in the occurrence of particular enterococcal species were observed between CB, BB and CL. The mean age at the time of isolation of E. cecorum was approx.: 3.6 weeks in CB, 27.5 weeks in BB, 33.3 weeks in CL, 12.9 weeks in turkeys, 3.6 weeks in ducks, 39.5 weeks in geese. E. faecalis and E. faecium dominated in samples obtained from hatching eggs, dead-in-shell embryos and from samples related to poultry environment. In conclusion, this study indicates the high prevalence of bacteria of the Enterococcus genus in poultry. The present findings demonstrate the differences in Enterococcus species between poultry groups, including with regard to age. In total 10 enterococcal species (E. faecalis, E. cecorum, E. hirae, E. faecium, E. gallinarum, E. casseliflavus, E. durans, E. avium E. thailandicus, E. aquimarinus) were detected in poultry, poultry environmental samples, hatching eggs and dead-in-shell embryos. Enterococcus faecalis and E. cecorum were found in all above-mentioned sources.
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Tsiodras, Sotirios, Howard S. Gold, Eoin P. G. Coakley, Christine Wennersten, Robert C. Moellering, and George M. Eliopoulos. "Diversity of Domain V of 23S rRNA Gene Sequence in Different Enterococcus Species." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 11 (2000): 3991–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.11.3991-3993.2000.
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The highly conserved central loop of domain V of 23S RNA (nucleotides 2042 to 2628; Escherichia coli numbering) is implicated in peptidyltransferase activity and represents one of the target sites for macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B antibiotics. DNA encoding domain V (590 bp) of several species ofEnterococcus was amplified by PCR. Twenty enterococcal isolates were tested, including Enterococcus faecium (six isolates), Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus casseliflavus (two isolates of each), and Enterococcus raffinosus, Enterococcus mundtii, Enterococcus malodoratus, andEnterococcus hirae (one isolate of each). For all isolates, species identification by biochemical testing was corroborated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The sequence of domain V of the 23S rRNA gene from E. faecium and E. faecalis differed from those of all other enterococci. The domain V sequences of E. durans and E. hirae were identical. This was also true for E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus. E. avium differed from E. casseliflavus by 23 bases, from E. durans by 16 bases, and from E. malodoratus by 2 bases. E. avium differed fromE. raffinosus by one base. Despite the fact that domain V is considered to be highly conserved, substantial differences were identified between several enterococcal species.
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CHINGWARU, W., S. F. MPUCHANE, and B. A. GASHE. "Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolates from Milk, Beef, and Chicken and Their Antibiotic Resistance." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.6.931.
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The occurrence and antibiotic resistance of enterococci, especially Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, in milk, beef, and chicken in Gaborone, Botswana, were studied. Enterococci were isolated from these sources with the use of bile esculin agar and identified with API 20 Strep kits. Antibiotic resistance was determined by the disk diffusion method. The antibiotics tested were vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and cephalothin. Among the 1,467 enterococci isolated from the samples, E. faecalis (46.1%) and E. faecium (29.0%) were found to be the predominant species. Other enterococcal species made up 25% of the isolates. More than 96 and 97% of the E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates, respectively, were found to be resistant to ampicillin. Almost 34, 27.3, and 22.4% of the E. faecalis isolates from milk, beef, and chicken, respectively, were also resistant to cephalothin. The percentages of E. faecium isolates that were found to be resistant to cephalothin were 32.8, 16.9, and 17.3% for milk, beef, and chicken, respectively. Resistance to vancomycin was widespread. It was found that 18.8, 7.8, and 13.1% of the E. faecalis isolates from milk, beef, and chicken samples, respectively, were resistant to vancomycin. In contrast, 32.8, 24.7, and 30.7% of the E. faecium isolates from milk, beef, and chicken samples, respectively, were resistant to vancomycin. Isolates that were resistant to multiple drugs were found in relatively large numbers.
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Cox, Christopher R., and Michael S. Gilmore. "Native Microbial Colonization of Drosophila melanogaster and Its Use as a Model of Enterococcus faecalis Pathogenesis." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 4 (January 12, 2007): 1565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01496-06.
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ABSTRACT Enterococci are commensal organisms of the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of a broad range of mammalian and insect hosts, but they are also leading causes of nosocomial infection. Little is known about the ecological role of enterococci in the GI tract consortia. To develop a tractable model for studying the roles of these organisms as commensals and pathogens, we characterized the Drosophila melanogaster microflora and examined the occurrence of enterococci in the gastrointestinal consortium of Drosophila. In a survey of laboratory-reared Drosophila and wild-captured flies, we found that Drosophila was naturally colonized by representatives of five bacterial phyla. Among these organisms were several species of enterococci, including Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinaraum, and Enterococcus durans, as well as a previously detected but uncultured Enterococcus species. Drosophila could be cured of enterococcal carriage by antibiotic treatment and could be reassociated with laboratory strains. High-level colonization by a well-characterized strain expressing the enterococcal cytolysin was found to be detrimental to Drosophila compared to the effect of an isogenic, noncytolytic control. The anatomical distribution of enterococci in the Drosophila GI tract was determined by immunohistochemical staining of thin sections of naturally colonized and reassociated flies.
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Weisser, Maja, Selja Capaul, Marc Dangel, Luigia Elzi, Esther Kuenzli, Reno Frei, and Andreas Widmer. "Additive Effect of Enterococcus faecium on Enterococcal Bloodstream Infections: A 14-Year Study in a Swiss Tertiary Hospital." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 34, no. 10 (October 2013): 1109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/673145.
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We investigated whether an increase in enterococcal bloodstream infections (BSIs) depends on the emergence of Enterococcus faecium in an area with low vancomycin-resistant enterococci prevalence. From 1999 to 2012, a linear increase in E. faecium BSI rates (0.009 per 1,000 patient-days per year; P<.001) was noted. Enterococcus faecalis BSI rates remained stable.
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Su, Rina, Yunzhi Peng, Zhanli Wang, Hui Yu, and Qi Wu. "Identification of two novel type II topoisomerase mutations in Enterococcus spp. isolated from a hospital in China." Archives of Biological Sciences, no. 00 (2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs210628034s.
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Type II topoisomerases, including DNA gyrase (GyrA) and topoisomerase IV (ParC), contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance in Enterococcus spp. This study investigated the mutational status of the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of GyrA and ParC in the clinical isolates of enterococci from a hospital in Baotou, China. We analyzed 110 enterococcal isolates, including 57 Enterococcus faecalis and 53 Enterococcus faecalis faecium. The resistance rates of E. faecalis and E. faecium to ciprofloxacin were 63.16% and 84.91%, respectively. We found that 32 samples of E. faecalis and 42 of E. faecium had single or combined mutations in gyrA and/or parC, which were all resistant to ciprofloxacin. Only two ciprofloxacin-resistant E. faecalis isolates had no mutation. No mutations in gyrA and parC genes in all ciprofloxacin-susceptible isolates were found. Ciprofloxacin minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in the mutation group were significantly higher than those of the nonmutation group, indicating that mutations in the QRDRs of gyrA and parC were correlated with MIC elevation. Two novel substitutions (GyrA Ser83Phe and ParC Ser80Leu) of E. faecalis were identified herein. Three-dimensional modeling revealed that these novel amino acid substitutions could disrupt the water/metal-ion bridge and decrease the interaction between the enzymes and ciprofloxacin. The data showed a diversity of mutation types in QRDRs of type II topoisomerases whose association with fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of enterococci warrants further investigation.
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TEMPLER, S. P., P. ROHNER, and A. BAUMGARTNER. "Relation of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolates from Foods and Clinical Specimens." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 2100–2104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.10.2100.
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Clinical Enterococcus faecalis (n = 65) and Enterococcus faecium (n = 12) blood isolates from three Swiss hospitals were characterized with testing for resistance to antimicrobial agents, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and the occurrence of virulence factors. Phenotypic determination of resistance to antimicrobial agents resulted in 20% of E. faecalis isolates showing a triple resistance against chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, and seven isolates (two E. faecalis and five E. faecium) exhibiting a multiresistance against five or more antimicrobials. One isolate each of E. faecalis and E. faecium showed vancomycin resistance. All isolates contained at least two of the nine tested virulence genes (agg, gelE, cyl, esp, efaAfs, efaAfm, cpd, cob, and ccf ). Phylogenetic analysis of the PFGE profiles identified several small clusters within E. faecalis isolates, one of which included isolates of all three hospitals. Fifty-six (73%) isolates occurred as unique, patient-specific clones. Several PFGE types were associated with shared features in their resistance patterns, indicating spread between and within wards. Finally, enterococci from this study and previous isolates from cheeses were examined by PFGE typing. The comparison of PFGE profiles from human and food isolates resulted in clusters of genetically strong related strains, which suggests high similarities of the enterococcal community composition of these two environments. A possible spread of the enterococcal isolates through the food supply cannot be excluded.
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Huescas, C. G. Y., R. I. Pereira, J. Prichula, P. A. Azevedo, J. Frazzon, and A. P. G. Frazzon. "Frequency of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) in non-clinical Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium strains." Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, no. 3 (September 2019): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.183375.
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Abstract The fidelity of the genomes is defended by mechanism known as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) systems. Three Type II CRISPR systems (CRISPR1- cas, CRISPR2 and CRISPR3-cas) have been identified in enterococci isolates from clinical and environmental samples. The aim of this study was to observe the distribution of CRISPR1-cas, CRISPR2 and CRISPR3-cas in non-clinical strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from food and fecal samples, including wild marine animals. The presence of CRISPRs was evaluated by PCR in 120 enterococci strains, 67 E. faecalis and 53 E. faecium. It is the first report of the presence of the CRISPRs system in E. faecalis and E. faecium strains isolated from wild marine animal fecal samples. The results showed that in non-clinical strains, the CRISPRs were more frequently detected in E. faecalis than in E. faecium. And the frequencies of CRISPR1-cas and CRISPR2 were higher (60%) in E. faecalis strains isolated from animal feces, compared to food samples. Both strains showed low frequencies of CRISPR3-cas (8.95% and 1.88%). In conclusion, the differences in the habitats of enterococcal species may be related with the results observe in distribution of CRISPRs systems.
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Paul, Manisha, Prem Singh Nirwan, and Preeti Srivastava. "Detection of high-level aminoglycoside resistance by disc diffusion and e-test amongst the enterococcus species isolated from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 3527. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20193941.
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Background: The emergence of Enterococcus species in causing nosocomial infections poses a therapeutic challenge to clinicians. Enterococci are intrinsically resistance to multiple antibiotics. Acquired resistance to commonly used antibiotics like Ampicillin, Vancomycin and Aminoglycosides have made the situation worse and difficult to treat serious Enterococcal infections. The present study aimed at detection of high-level aminoglycoside resistance by disc diffusion and E-test amongst the Enterococcus species isolated from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: A total of 102 Enterococcus species isolated from various clinical samples and antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. E-test was done for all high level aminoglycoside resistance Enterococcus species isolated by disc diffusion test.Results: Among 102 isolates, 81 were E. faecalis, 18 were E. faecium and 3 were another Enterococcus. Their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern shows all isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid and teicoplanin with HLGR, HLSR detected in 40 and 38 isolates of E. faecalis, 17 and 13 isolates of E. faecium respectively by disc diffusion whereas by E-test it was detected in 44 and 40 in E. faecalis and 17 and 14 in E. faecium respectively. E. faecium is found to be more resistance to high level aminoglycoside than E. faecalis.Conclusions: Authors hereby conclude that Enterococci being the common cause of hospital acquired infections with their increasing resistance to multiple drugs and acquisition of HLAR; it must be routinely screened for various drugs to prevent drug resistance in hospital settings for serious Enterococcal infections.
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Gaspar, Frédéric, Neuza Teixeira, Lionel Rigottier-Gois, Paulo Marujo, Christina Nielsen-LeRoux, Maria Teresa Barreto Crespo, Maria de Fátima Silva Lopes, and Pascale Serror. "Virulence of Enterococcus faecalis dairy strains in an insect model: the role of fsrB and gelE." Microbiology 155, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 3564–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.030775-0.
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Despite the existence of various virulence factors in the Enterococcus genus, enterococcal virulence is still a debated issue. A main consideration is the detection of the same virulence genes in strains isolated from nosocomial or community-acquired infections, and from food products. The goal of this study was to evaluate the roles of two well-characterized enterococcal virulence factors, Fsr and gelatinase, in the potential virulence of Enterococcus faecalis food strains. Virulence of unrelated Enterococcus isolates, including dairy strains carrying fsr and gelE operons, was compared in the Galleria mellonella insect model. E. faecalis dairy strains were able to kill larvae and were as virulent as strain OG1RF, one of the most widely used for virulence studies. In contrast, Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus faecium strains were avirulent or poorly virulent for G. mellonella. To evaluate the role of fsrB and gelE in virulence of E. faecalis dairy strains, both genes were deleted independently in two strains. The ΔfsrB and ΔgelE deletion mutants both produced a gelatinase-negative phenotype. Although both mutations significantly attenuated virulence in G. mellonella, the ΔfsrB strains were more strongly attenuated. These results agree with previous findings suggesting the involvement of fsrB in the control of other cell functions relevant to virulence. Our work demonstrates that the presence of functional fsrB, and to a lesser extent gelE, in dairy enterococci should be considered with caution.
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Phillips, David M. "Enterococcus faecalis." New England Journal of Medicine 332, no. 1 (January 5, 1995): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199501053320105.
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MARTÍN, MARÍA, JORGE GUTIÉRREZ, RAQUEL CRIADO, CARMEN HERRANZ, LUIS M. CINTAS, and PABLO E. HERNÁNDEZ. "Genes Encoding Bacteriocins and Their Expression and Potential Virulence Factors of Enterococci Isolated from Wood Pigeons (Columba palumbus)." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 520–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.3.520.
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Samples of the intestinal content and carcasses of wood pigeons (Columba palumbus) were evaluated for enterococci with antimicrobial activity. Enterococcus faecium comprised the largest enterococcal species with antagonistic activity, followed by Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus columbae. PCR amplification of genes coding bacteriocins and determination of their nucleotide sequence, and the use of specific antipeptide bacteriocin antibodies and a noncompetitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, permitted characterization of enterococci coding that described bacteriocins and their expression. The efaAfm determinant was the only virulence gene detected in E. faecium, whereas E. faecalis showed a larger number of virulence determinants, and E. columbae did not carry any of the virulence genes examined. Although all E. faecalis isolates manifested a potent direct antimicrobial activity, no activity was detected in supernatants of producer cells. Purification of the antagonistic activity of E. columbae PLCH2 showed multiple chromatographic fragments after matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis, suggesting the active peptide(s) had not yet purified to homogeneity. Bacteriocinogenic E. faecium and E. columbae isolates may be considered hygienic for production of enterocins and potentially safe due to their low incidence of potential virulence genes and susceptibility of most relevant clinical antibiotics. However, the presence among the enterococci of E. faecalis strains with a potent antagonistic activity and multiple virulence factors is an issue that must be considered further.
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Toc, Dan Alexandru, Stanca Lucia Pandrea, Alexandru Botan, Razvan Marian Mihaila, Carmen Anca Costache, Ioana Alina Colosi, and Lia Monica Junie. "Enterococcus raffinosus, Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus avium Isolated from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Romania—Retrospective Study and Brief Review." Biology 11, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11040598.
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(1) Background: This paper aims to provide a description of non-faecalis non-faecium enterococci isolated from a tertiary care hospital in Romania and to briefly review the existing literature regarding the involvement of Enterococcus raffinosus, Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus avium in human infections and their antimicrobial resistance patterns; (2) Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all Enteroccocus species isolated from the “Prof. Dr. O. Fodor” Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Cluj-Napoca during one year focusing on non-faecalis non-faecium Enterococci. A brief review of the literature was performed using case reports involving Enterococcus raffinosus, Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus avium; (3) Results: Only 58 out of 658 Enteroccocus isolates were non-faecalis non-faecium and met the inclusion criteria. These species were isolated more often (p < 0.05) from the surgical ward from mixed etiology infections with E. coli. In our review, we included 39 case reports involving E. raffinosus, E. durans and E. avium; (4) Conclusions: Isolation of non-faecalis non-faecium enterococci displays an emerging trend with crucial healthcare consequences. Based on the analysis of the case reports, E. avium seems to be involved more often in neurological infections, E. durans in endocarditis, while E. raffinosus displays a more heterogenous distribution.
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Gião, Joana, Célia Leão, Teresa Albuquerque, Lurdes Clemente, and Ana Amaro. "Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enterococcus Isolates from Cattle and Pigs in Portugal: Linezolid Resistance Genes optrA and poxtA." Antibiotics 11, no. 5 (May 3, 2022): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050615.
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Enterococci are part of the commensal gut microbiota of mammals, with Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium being the most clinically relevant species. This study assesses the prevalence and diversity of enterococcal species in cattle (n = 201) and pig (n = 249) cecal samples collected in 2017. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of E. faecium (n = 48) and E. faecalis (n = 84) were assessed by agar and microdilution methods. Resistance genes were screened through PCR and nine strains were analyzed by Whole Genome Sequencing. A wide range of enterococci species was found colonizing the intestines of pigs and cattle. Overall, the prevalence of resistance to critically important antibiotics was low (except for erythromycin), and no glycopeptide-resistant isolates were identified. Two daptomycin-resistant E. faecalis ST58 and ST93 were found. Linezolid-resistant strains of E. faecalis (n = 3) and E. faecium (n = 1) were detected. Moreover, oxazolidinone resistance determinants optrA (n = 8) and poxtA (n = 2) were found in E. faecalis (ST16, ST58, ST207, ST474, ST1178) and E. faecium (ST22, ST2138). Multiple variants of optrA were found in different genetic contexts, either in the chromosome or plasmids. We highlight the importance of animals as reservoirs of resistance genes to critically important antibiotics.
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Adeniji, Oluwaseun Ola, Nolonwabo Nontongana, and Anthony Ifeanyin Okoh. "Prevalence of Class 1 Integron and In Vitro Effect of Antibiotic Combinations of Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus Species Recovered from the Aquatic Environment in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (February 3, 2023): 2993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032993.
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Enterococci are regarded as a better indication of faecal pollution in freshwater and marine waters. Their levels in seawater are positively connected with swimming-related gastrointestinal disorders. This study used an Enterococcus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to characterize the isolates. Classes 1 and 2 integrons were examined for environmental Enterococcus isolates using a standard biological procedure. All strains were assessed against a panel of 12 antibiotics from various classes using disc diffusion methods. The microdilution method was used to work out the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) according to the CLSI guiding principles. The combination therapy of the resistant drugs was evaluated using a checkerboard assay and a time-dependent test for assessing their bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity. The gene diversity of the tested organisms was analyzed with the aid of Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) PCR. In total, 57 Enterococcus spp. environmental samples were recovered, in which Enterococcus faecalis (33.33%) and Enterococcus faecium (59.65%) were the dominant species. Resistance to linezolid, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, vancomycin, rifampicin, and tetracycline was prevalent. Fifty (50) strains tested positive for class 1 integron, more frequent in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolates, with no gene cassette array discovered. A combination of gentamicin (MIC 4 µg/mL) with vancomycin (MIC 256 µg/mL) antibiotics against Enterococcus faecalis showed antibacterial activity. In contrast, the combination of ciprofloxacin (1 µg/mL) with Ampicillin (16 µg/mL) antibiotics against Enterococcus faecalis showed a bacteriostatic effect. The ERIC-PCR analysis pointed out that most of the assessed isolates have close genetic similarities.
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Alder, Jeff, Tongchaun Li, Donghui Yu, Larry Morton, Jared Silverman, Xi-Xian Zhang, Ian Critchley, and Grace Thorne. "Analysis of Daptomycin Efficacy and Breakpoint Standards in a Murine Model of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Renal Infection." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 11 (November 2003): 3561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.11.3561-3566.2003.
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ABSTRACT Daptomycin efficacy against clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and a lab-derived daptomycin-resistant isolate of E. faecalis was investigated in a mouse model of renal infection. The daptomycin MICs against these enterococci ranged from 0.5 to 50 μg/ml. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the MICs of drugs against E. faecalis and E. faecium and the level of daptomycin exposure needed to evaluate the drug's efficacy. Correlating the required therapeutic exposures of mice with the exposures achieved clinically allowed us to project enterococcal breakpoint values. Mice pretreated with carrageenan were infected intravenously with 3 × 108 to 4 × 108 CFU of E. faecalis or E. faecium. Daptomycin (5 to 50 mg of drug/kg of body weight) or saline control was administered 4 h postinfection and continued once daily for 2 days (three total doses). On day 4, infected kidneys were harvested, homogenized, and dilution plated. Efficacy was defined as a ≥2-log10 (99%) reduction in bacterial burden in infected kidneys. At clinically relevant dosages and exposures (area under the curve, 400 to 600 μg · hr/ml), daptomycin demonstrated similar and marked efficacy against all clinical enterococcal isolates tested. Daptomycin achieved efficacy with comparable doses against both vancomycin-sensitive (MIC, ≤4 μg/ml) and -resistant enterococcal strains tested. Efficacy was also established against the lab-derived daptomycin-resistant E. faecalis isolate. In this murine renal infection model, clinically relevant exposures of daptomycin were effective against E. faecalis and E. faecium strains for which MICs were ≤8 μg/ml. These murine efficacy data for daptomycin, along with surveillance data and human pharmacokinetic exposures achieved, suggest a breakpoint concentration value of ≤8 μg/ml (susceptible) and ≥16 μg/ml (resistant) for daptomycin against E. faecium and E. faecalis.
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Gelsomino, Roberto, Marc Vancanneyt, Timothy M. Cogan, and Jean Swings. "Effect of Raw-Milk Cheese Consumption on the Enterococcal Flora of Human Feces." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 1 (January 2003): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.1.312-319.2003.
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ABSTRACT Enterococci are one of the major facultative anaerobic bacterial groups that reside in the human gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, the composition of the enterococcal fecal flora in three healthy humans was analyzed before, during, and after the daily consumption of ∼125 g of a raw-milk Cheddar-type cheese containing 3.2 × 104 enterococci/g of cheese. Enterococcal counts ranged between 1.4 × 102 and 2.5 × 108 CFU/g of feces and differed from subject to subject and from week to week. The cheese contained mainly Enterococcus casseliflavus and a small population of Enterococcus faecalis. Clonal relationships were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Before and after consumption of the cheese, samples from humans contained mainly Enterococcus faecium, with some of the clones being resident. During consumption of the cheese, one particular transient clone of E. faecalis, clone Fs2, which was present in small numbers in the cheese, largely dominated the feces. Two clones of E. casseliflavus from the cheese were also found in the feces of one of the subjects during cheese consumption. These results suggest that a clone need not be present in a food in high numbers to establish itself in the intestine.
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G., Hemalatha, Bhaskaran K., Sowmiya M., Anusheela Howlader, and Sethumadhavan K. "A study on virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance pattern among enterococci isolated from various clinical specimens from a tertiary care hospital." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 7 (June 24, 2017): 2969. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20172971.
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Background: Enterococci, adult faeces commensal are important nosocomial pathogens. E. faecalis is the most common cause of infection, followed by E. faecium. In the past two decades, they have developed resistance to many commonly used antimicrobial agents. Understanding virulence factors and monitoring antimicrobial resistance among Enterococci is essential for controlling the spread of bacterial resistance and important for epidemiological surveillance within the hospital environment. The aim of the study is to evaluate antibiotic resistance and virulence factors exhibited by Enterococcus sp.Methods: One hundred consecutive isolates of Enterococci isolated from different clinical samples of patients attending AVMC and H, a tertiary care center at Pondicherry in a period of 20 months were included in the study. Enterococcus sp were identified as per standard conventional bacteriologic methods and detected for the production of virulence factors such as Hemolysin production, Gelatinase production. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by disc diffusion method and MIC of vancomycin and teicoplanin was determined by E-test strips.Results: Among 100 Enterococcal isolates included in the study, 81% were E. faecalis and 19% were E. faecium which were isolated from urine (44%), Pus (51%) and others specimen (5%, which includes blood 80% and drain tube 20%). In this study, overall 15% of E. faecalis and 1% of E. faecium showed hemolysin production and Gelatinase was produced by 6% of E. faecalis and 4% of E. faecium. Majority of E. faecalis and E. faecium strains isolated in our study, had increased sensitivity were to be exhibited for Linezolid, Vancomycin followed by high level gentamycin and high degree of resistance to penicillin, ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole. Analyzing the results of MIC of vancomycin and teicoplanin, 5 isolates were classified phenotypically as VanB phenotype that possess only moderate to high levels of vancomycin resistance and one isolate obtained from drain tube which showed MIC of vancomycin as 120µg/ml and teicoplanin 16µg/ml was grouped into VanA.Conclusions: Though the prevalence of vancomycin resistant Enterococcci (VRE) is very low in our study, yet regular monitoring of vancomycin resistance is very crucial for early detection, treatment, application of preventive and control measures and most importantly to check the spread of virulent multidrug resistant Enterococcus species.
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Manoharadas, Salim, Mohammad Altaf, Naushad Ahmad, Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei, and Basel F. Al-Rayes. "Construction and Activity Testing of a Modular Fusion Peptide against Enterococcus faecalis." Antibiotics 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020388.
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The emergence of antibiotic resistance in enterococci is a great concern encountered worldwide. Almost all enterococci exhibit significant levels of resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, semi-synthetic penicillin and most cephalosporins, primarily due to the expression of low-affinity penicillin-binding proteins. The development of new and novel antibacterial agents against enterococci is a significant need of the hour. In this research, we have constructed a modular peptide against Enterococcus faecalis. The enzymatic domain of the constructed peptide BP404 is from the bacteriocin BacL1 and the cell wall binding domain from endolysin PlyV12 of phage ϕ1. The protein BP404 was found to be active against two tested strains of Enterococcus faecalis, with a reduction in cell density amounting to 85% and 65%. The cell wall binding assay confirms the binding of the protein to Enterococcus faecalis, which was not seen towards the control strain Escherichia coli, invariably pointing to the specificity of BP404. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first instances of the development of a chimeric peptide against Enterococcus faecalis. This study points out that novel proteins can be genetically engineered against clinically relevant enterococci.
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Jett, Bradley D., Rajeshwari V. Atkuri, and Michael S. Gilmore. "Enterococcus faecalis Localization in Experimental Endophthalmitis: Role of Plasmid-Encoded Aggregation Substance." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.2.843-848.1998.
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ABSTRACT Enterococci have emerged as leading agents of nosocomial infection, yet relatively little is known about the pathogenesis of enterococcal disease. In previous studies, we developed an Enterococcus faecalis endophthalmitis infection model which provides unique opportunities to study the evolution of enterococcal disease by direct observation, as well as through sensitive electrophysiologic measures of organ function. The present study was designed to determine whetherE. faecalis possesses traits that permit its attachment to mammalian tissues during infection. It was also of interest to determine whether a plasmid-encoded adhesin, aggregation substance, contributes to enterococcal localization or otherwise mediates adherence to alternate sites. These studies found that, in this model, enterococci attach to membranous structures occurring within the vitreous but that this attachment or the course or severity of disease is unaffected by the aggregation substance phenotype.
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Mirovic, Veljko. "Antibiotic resistance of hospital strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium." Vojnosanitetski pregled 59, no. 5 (2002): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0205499m.
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The aim of this study was to determine the resistance of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) to penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, gentamicin (high level), streptomycin (high level), oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, rifampin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and nitrofurantoin from clinical specimens during 1999. The resistance of enterococci to antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion and dilution methods according to the American National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines. The production of ?-lactamase was determined by nitrocefin disks. In E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates (n=111 and n=48) the frequency of the resistance to both penicillins was 0.9% and 89.6%, respectively. All enterococci isolates were ?-lactamase negative. Only one strain of E. faecium was vancomycin resistant (Van A fenotype). Among E. faecalis isolates (n=109) high level gentamicin resistance (HLGR), high level streptomycin resistance (HLSR), and resistance to both agents was 52.3%, 50.4%, and 43.7%, respectively. Among E. faecium isolates (n=48) HLGR, HLSR, and to both agents were 68.7%, 75%, and 62.5% respectively. The majority of E. faecium isolates were resistant to both penicillin and ampicillin. E. faecalis remained susceptible to penicillins. Moreover, there was a very high incidence of enterococci resistant to high level aminoglycosides.
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Andrews Jr., Robert E., Wesley S. Johnson, Abby R. Guard, and Jonathan D. Marvin. "Survival of enterococci and Tn916-like conjugative transposons in soil." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 50, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 957–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w04-090.
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The persistence of Enterococcus faecalis, fecal enterococci from swine waste, and Tn916-like elements was determined following inoculation into autoclaved and native soil microcosms. When cells of E. faecalis CG110 (Tn916) were inoculated into native microcosms, enterococcal viability in the soil decreased approximately 5 orders of magnitude (4.8 × 105CFU/g soil to < 10 CFU/g) after 5 weeks. In autoclaved microcosms, the viability of E. faecalis decreased by only 20% in 5 weeks. In contrast, the content of Tn916, based on PCR of DNA extracts from soil microcosms, decreased by about 20% in both native and autoclaved microcosms. Similar results were obtained when the source of fecal enterococci and Tn916-like elements was swine waste. Because the concentration of Tn916-independent E. faecalis DNA (the D-alanine D-alanine ligase gene), based on PCR, decreased to nearly undetectable levels (at least 3 orders of magnitude) after 5 weeks in the native microcosms, the evidence suggests Tn916 stability in the soil results from en masse transfer of the transposon to the normal soil microflora and not survival of E. faecalis DNA in the soil system. Results from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis suggest that multiple forms of Tn916 occur in swine waste, but only forms most like Tn916 exhibit stability in the soil.Key words: Tn916, Enterococcus faecalis, soil, antibiotic resistance, conjugation, transposon.
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Conwell, Michael, James S. G. Dooley, and Patrick J. Naughton. "A Novel Biofilm Model System to Visualise Conjugal Transfer of Vancomycin Resistance by Environmental Enterococci." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040789.
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Enterococci and biofilm-associated infections are a growing problem worldwide, given the rise in antibiotic resistance in environmental and clinical settings. The increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance and its propagation potential within enterococcal biofilm is a concern. This requires a deeper understanding of how enterococcal biofilm develops, and how antibiotic resistance transfer takes place in these biofilms. Enterococcal biofilm assays, incorporating the study of antibiotic resistance transfer, require a system which can accommodate non-destructive, real-time experimentation. We adapted a Gene Frame® combined with fluorescence microscopy as a novel non-destructive platform to study the conjugal transfer of vancomycin resistance in an established enterococcal biofilm.A multi-purpose fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) probe, in a novel application, allowed the identification of low copy number mobile elements in the biofilm. Furthermore, a Hoechst stain and ENU 1470 FISH probe identified Enterococcus faecium transconjugants by excluding Enterococcus faecalis MF06036 donors. Biofilm created with a rifampicin resistant E. faecalis (MW01105Rif) recipient had a transfer efficiency of 2.01 × 10−3; double that of the biofilm primarily created by the donor (E. faecalis MF06036). Conjugation in the mixed enterococcal biofilm was triple the efficiency of donor biofilm. Double antibiotic treatment plus lysozyme combined with live/dead imaging provided fluorescent micrographs identifying de novo enterococcal vancomycin resistant transconjugants inside the biofilm. This is a model system for the further study of antibiotic resistance transfer events in enterococci. Biofilms promote the survival of enterococci and reduce the effectiveness of drug treatment in clinical settings, hence giving enterococci an advantage. Enterococci growing in biofilms exchange traits by means of horizontal gene transfer, but currently available models make study difficult. This work goes some way to providing a non-destructive, molecular imaging-based model system for the detection of antibiotic resistance gene transfer in enterococci.
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Soujanya, Betu Rama, and Banashankari G S. "Utility of Chromogenic Medium in Characterization of Enterococci in Urinary Tract Infection and Phenotypic Detection of Their Virulence Factors." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 11, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20210544.
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Introduction: Enterococci from being intestinal commensals have evolved in becoming pathogens and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality Aims & Objectives: This study was done to speciate the uropathogenic Enterococci using the chromogenic medium and to determine the antibiogram also to detect virulence factors phenotypically. Materials and methods: The study included a total of 30 uropathogenic Enterococci isolated over 6 months. Speciation was done using HiCrome Enterococcus faecium agar base. Antibiotic sensitivity was done by the Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Among the virulence factors hemolysin, haemagglutination, and gelatin liquefaction tests were done. Results: Amongst the 30 enterococci isolates, 17 were Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) (56.66%) & 13 were Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) (43.33 %). 100% of the Enterococcus species were sensitive to Vancomycin & Teicoplanin. 66.67% of the Enterococci showed hemolysis, 10% haemagglutination, and 43.33% gelatinase property. Conclusion: Most common isolated species were Enterococcus faecalis. The changing patterns of antibiotic sensitivity to Enterococci in patients with urinary tract infection possess difficulty in selection of the antibiotics. Failure to synergistic therapy is seen in cases of resistance to High-level Gentamicin. Therefore, speciation and antibiotic sensitivity patterns will help in setting up an empirical therapy and thereby help in the reduction of morbidity and mortality. Key words: Antibiotic susceptibility, Chrome agar, Enterococcus species, virulence factors.
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Lauková, A., V. Strompfová, R. Szabóová, A. Slottová, M. Tomáška, V. Kmeť, and M. Kološta. "Bioactive Enterococci Isolated from Slovak Ewes’ Lump Cheese." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 47, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sab-2016-0027.
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Abstract Enterococci are widespread organisms; some of their properties are desired in dairy industry. They can produce antimicrobial proteinaceous substances (enterocins) linked to food biopreservation. This study focused on bioactive Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains from Slovak ewes’ lump cheeses to check genes encoding enterocins production and inhibition activity. The total counts of enterococci in ewes’ lump cheeses reached 5.95 ± 2.44 log CFU/g on average. Genotypization by PCR and identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry alloted 12 strains to the species Enterococcus faecium and 18 strains to the species E. faecalis. Enterococci were hemolytic phenotype free. Gelatinase negative strains were tested for the presence of enterocins genes. E. faecium and E. faecalis strains from Slovak ewes’ lump cheeses possessed mostly genes for enterocins P and A. Enterocin gene free E. faecalis EE29E3 inhibited indicator Enterococcus avium EA5 (inhibition zone > 10 mm); EE36E1inhibited Listeria innocua LMG 13568 (inhibiton zone 12 mm). Among E. faecium possessing enerocins genes, inhibition activity was only noted in EF27E4 strain (against E. avium EA5, Listeria monocytogenes CCM4699; inhibiton zone 10–22 mm). E. faecium EF27E4 was selected for more detailed studies in vitro aimed at its potential use in dairy industry.
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Schouten, M. A., A. Voss, and J. A. A. Hoogkamp-Korstanje. "Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Enterococci Causing Infections in Europe." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 2542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.43.10.2542.
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ABSTRACT In vitro susceptibilities of 4,208 enterococci (83%Enterococcus faecalis isolates, 13.6% Enterococcus faecium isolates, and 3.4% isolates of other species) from patients in 27 European countries towards 16 antibiotics were determined. High-level resistance to gentamicin varied by country (range, 1 to 49%; mean, 22.6% ± 12.3%) and per species (19.7%E. faecalis isolates, 13.6% E. faeciumisolates, 3.4% by other species). Vancomycin resistance was detected in 0.06% E. faecalis, 3.8% E. faecium, and 19.1% isolates of other species. All enterococci were susceptible to LY 333328 and everninomicin, and 25% of E. faecalisisolates and 85% of other enterococci were susceptible to quinupristin-dalfopristin. The MIC of moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin for ciprofloxacin-susceptible E. faecalis at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited was 0.25 to 0.5 μg/ml.
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Zerbato, Verena, Riccardo Pol, Gianfranco Sanson, Daniel Alexandru Suru, Eugenio Pin, Vanessa Tabolli, Jacopo Monticelli, et al. "Risk Factors for 30-Day Mortality in Nosocomial Enterococcal Bloodstream Infections." Antibiotics 13, no. 7 (June 27, 2024): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070601.
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Enterococci commonly cause nosocomial bloodstream infections (BSIs), and the global incidence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) BSIs is rising. This study aimed to assess the risk factors for enterococcal BSIs and 30-day mortality, stratified by Enterococcus species, vancomycin resistance, and treatment appropriateness. We conducted a retrospective cohort study (2014–2021) including all hospitalized adult patients with at least one blood culture positive for Enterococcus faecalis or Enterococcus faecium. We included 584 patients with enterococcal BSI: 93 were attributed to vancomycin-resistant E. faecium. The overall 30-day mortality was 27.5%; higher in cases of BSI due to vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (36.6%) and vancomycin-sensitive E. faecium (31.8%) compared to E. faecalis BSIs (23.2%) (p = 0.016). This result was confirmed by multivariable Cox analysis. Independent predictors of increased mortality included the PITT score, complicated bacteremia, and age (HR = 1.269, p < 0.001; HR = 1.818, p < 0.001; HR = 1.022, p = 0.005, respectively). Conversely, male gender, consultation with infectious disease (ID) specialists, and appropriate treatment were associated with reduced mortality (HR = 0.666, p = 0.014; HR = 0.504, p < 0.001; HR = 0.682, p = 0.026, respectively). In conclusion, vancomycin-resistant E. faecium bacteremia is independently associated with a higher risk of 30-day mortality.
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Erlandsen, S. L., C. J. Kristich, and G. M. Dunny. "Ultrastructure of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms." Biofilms 1, no. 2 (April 2004): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479050504001206.
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Enterococcus faecalis is known to produce biofilms on biomaterials, but the manner in which this occurs is unknown. Herein we report that adhesion of E. faecalis in biofilms appeared to be mediated by cell wall surface projections attaching cells to the substratum. Biofilm formation was observed on the polystyrene surface of 96-well plates and also on the surface of cellulose kidney dialysis tubing used as a model for biofilm formation on catheters. Qualitative differences involved the packing of E. faecalis cells in biofilms, with greater intercellular spacing detected in the 96-well plate, whereas bacteria were tightly packed on the surface of cellulose catheters. Distribution of adherent bacterial cells accumulating on the two surfaces revealed obvious differences, with most of the bacteria attaching to the polystyrene surface as single cells or diplococci separated from neighboring organisms by intervals of uncolonized surface. In contrast, enterococci on the cellulose surface were found as multi-layer cellular aggregates or microcolonies, even when much of the total surface was free from attached bacteria. Microcolonies stained intensely for neutral hexose sugars using the periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) stain. Surface projections, presumably exopolysaccharide, anchored bacteria to the substratum and appeared to elevate the cells above the surface. These slender surface projections could be seen over the entire enterococcal cell wall, with the exception of areas adjacent to septal regions where new cell wall formation was occurring. Rod-like interconnections were also observed between adjacent diplococci. These results suggested that biofilm formation varies on different substrates and that enterococcal surface projections may be involved in E. faecalis colonization and adhesion within biofilms.
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Macovei, Lilia, and Ludek Zurek. "Ecology of Antibiotic Resistance Genes: Characterization of Enterococci from Houseflies Collected in Food Settings." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 6 (June 2006): 4028–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00034-06.
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ABSTRACT In this project, enterococci from the digestive tracts of 260 houseflies (Musca domestica L.) collected from five restaurants were characterized. Houseflies frequently (97% of the flies were positive) carried enterococci (mean, 3.1 � 103 CFU/fly). Using multiplex PCR, 205 of 355 randomly selected enterococcal isolates were identified and characterized. The majority of these isolates were Enterococcus faecalis (88.2%); in addition, 6.8% were E. faecium, and 4.9% were E. casseliflavus. E. faecalis isolates were phenotypically resistant to tetracycline (66.3%), erythromycin (23.8%), streptomycin (11.6%), ciprofloxacin (9.9%), and kanamycin (8.3%). Tetracycline resistance in E. faecalis was encoded by tet(M) (65.8%), tet(O) (1.7%), and tet(W) (0.8%). The majority (78.3%) of the erythromycin-resistant E. faecalis isolates carried erm(B). The conjugative transposon Tn916 and members of the Tn916/Tn1545 family were detected in 30.2% and 34.6% of the identified isolates, respectively. E. faecalis carried virulence genes, including a gelatinase gene (gelE; 70.7%), an aggregation substance gene (asa1; 33.2%), an enterococcus surface protein gene (esp; 8.8%), and a cytolysin gene (cylA; 8.8%). Phenotypic assays showed that 91.4% of the isolates with the gelE gene were gelatinolytic and that 46.7% of the isolates with the asa1 gene aggregated. All isolates with the cylA gene were hemolytic on human blood. This study showed that houseflies in food-handling and -serving facilities carry antibiotic-resistant and potentially virulent enterococci that have the capacity for horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes to other bacteria.
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Komenkova, T. S., and E. A. Zaitseva. "Modern View on Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Resistance Mechanisms to Antibiotics." Antibiotics and Chemotherapy 65, no. 11-12 (February 13, 2021): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37489/0235-2990-2020-65-11-12-38-48.
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Enterococci are currently becoming one of the major causative agents of various infectious diseases. Enterococcus faecalis and E.faecium are the most common species causing enterococcal infections. Both species exhibit natural low-level resistance to aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, quinolones, clindamycin, and co-trimoxazole. In addition, the peculiarities of their genome make it easy to acquire resistance to other antibiotics widely used in clinical practice, through mutations or by horizontal gene transfer. The review represents current knowledge about the mechanisms of enterococcal resistance to the most commonly used antibiotics.
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Cho, Sohyun, Elizabeth A. McMillan, John B. Barrett, Lari M. Hiott, Tiffanie A. Woodley, Sandra L. House, Jonathan G. Frye, and Charlene R. Jackson. "Distribution and Transfer of Plasmid Replicon Families among Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from Poultry." Microorganisms 10, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): 1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061244.
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The presence and transfer of plasmids from commensal bacteria to more pathogenic bacteria may contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. However, the prevalence of plasmids from commensal bacteria, such as the enterococci, in food animals remains largely unknown. In this study, the diversity and prevalence of plasmid families from multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistance to three or more antimicrobials) enterococci from poultry carcasses were determined. Plasmid-positive MDR enterococci were also tested for the ability to transfer plasmids to other enterococci using conjugation. MDR Enterococcus faecalis (n = 98) and Enterococcus faecium (n = 696) that were isolated from poultry carcass rinsates between 2004 and 2011 were tested for the presence of 21 plasmid replicon (rep) families using multiplex PCR. Approximately 48% of E. faecalis (47/98) and 16% of E. faecium (110/696) were positive for at least one rep-family. Fourteen rep-families were detected overall, and ten rep-families were shared between E. faecalis and E. faecium. The rep7 and rep17 families were unique to E. faecalis, while the rep5 and rep8 families were unique to E. faecium. The rep9 family was predominant in both E. faecalis and E. faecium for all the years tested. The greatest number of rep-families detected was in 2005 (n = 10), and the least was in 2009 (n = 1). Eight rep-families were transferred from E. faecalis donors to the E. faecalis JH2-2 recipient using conjugation. Results from this study showed that E. faecalis and E. faecium from poultry carcasses contain numerous and diverse rep-families that are capable of conjugal transfer.
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Huebner, Johannes, Alexander Quaas, Wolfgang A. Krueger, Donald A. Goldmann, and Gerald B. Pier. "Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy of Antibodies to a Capsular Polysaccharide Shared among Vancomycin-Sensitive and -Resistant Enterococci." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 4631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.8.4631-4636.2000.
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ABSTRACT Enterococci are important nosocomial pathogens that are increasingly difficult to treat due to intrinsic and acquired resistance to antibiotics, including vancomycin. A recently described capsular polysaccharide (CP) isolated from Enterococcus faecalis 12030 was used to evaluate the potential efficacy of active or passive immunotherapy regimens as adjunctive treatments. Evaluation of protective efficacy was carried out in immunocompetent mice challenged intravenously (i.v.) with live enterococci. In nonimmune mice, i.v. inoculations resulted in high levels of bacteria in kidneys, spleens, and livers 5 days after challenge. Mice immunized with four 10-μg doses of CP antigen/mouse were protected against challenge with the homologous E. faecalis strain. High-titer opsonic immunoglobulin G was also induced by immunizing rabbits with the purified CP, and passive transfer of this antiserum to mice produced significantly lower bacterial counts in organs than did normal rabbit serum or sterile saline. Antibodies to the polysaccharide isolated from E. faecalis 12030 were protective againstEnterococcus faecalis OG1RF and against two serologically related, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates. Antibodies to this CP antigen were also effective as a therapeutic reagent in mice when passive therapy was initiated 48 h after live bacterial challenge. These data indicate that CP antigens from enterococci are potential targets of protective antibodies and that these antibodies may be useful for prophylaxis and treatment of enterococcal infections.
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KuKanich, Kate S., and Brian V. Lubbers. "Review of Enterococci Isolated from Canine and Feline Urine Specimens from 2006 to 2011." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 51, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6070.
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Canine and feline urine culture reports and medical records were reviewed at a veterinary teaching hospital from 2006 to 2011 for enterococcal growth, coinfections, antimicrobial resistance, urine sediment findings, clinical signs, and concurrent conditions. Of all of the urine specimens with significantly defined colony-forming units/mL, Enterococcus (E.) faecalis was the only enterococci isolated from cats and predominated (77.4%) in dogs followed by E. faecium (12.9%), E. durans (3.2%), and other Enterococcus spp. (6.5%). The majority of specimens with significant enterococcal growth resulted in complicated urinary tract infections in 83.9% of dogs and 81.8% of cats. Specimens with only enterococcal growth were more common than those mixed with other bacterial species. Cocci were observed in urine sediments of 8 out of 8 cats and 21 out of 25 dogs with available concurrent urinalyses. Pyuria was noted in 5 out of 8 feline and 15 out of 25 canine urine sediments, and pyuria in dogs was associated with growth of only enterococci on aerobic urine culture. Multidrug resistance was identified in 6 out of 11 cats and 7 out of 31 dogs, and E. faecium isolates from dogs were 4.5× more likely to be multidrug resistant than E. faecalis.
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Furtado, Isabela, Paula Cristhina Niz Xavier, Luciana Venhofen Martinelli Tavares, Fabiana Alves, Sarah Fonseca Martins, Almir de Sousa Martins, and Durval Batista Palhares. "Enterococcus faecium AND Enterococcus faecalis IN BLOOD OF NEWBORNS WITH SUSPECTED NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 56, no. 1 (January 2014): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652014000100012.
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Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci saprophyte of the human gastrointestinal tract, diners who act as opportunistic pathogens. They can cause infections in patients hospitalized for a long time or who have received multiple antibiotic therapy. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are the most common species in human infections. To evaluate the possibility of rapid detection of these species and their occurrence in the blood of newborns with suspected nosocomial infection, blood samples were collected from 50 newborns with late infections, admitted to the Neonatal Care Unit of the University Hospital Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS-HU), from September 2010 to January 2011. The samples were subjected to conventional PCR and real time PCR (qPCR) to search for Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively. The PCR results were compared with respective blood cultures from 40 patients. No blood cultures were positive for Enterococci, however, eight blood samples were identified as genomic DNA of Enterococcus faecium by qPCR and 22 blood samples were detected as genomic DNA of Enterococcus faecalis by conventional PCR. These findings are important because of the clinical severity of the evaluated patients who were found positive by conventional PCR and not through routine microbiological methods.
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Fernández-Hidalgo, Nuria, and Laura Escolà-Vergé. "Enterococcus faecalis Bacteremia." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 74, no. 2 (July 2019): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.526.
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Tendolkar, Preeti M., Arto S. Baghdayan, Michael S. Gilmore, and Nathan Shankar. "Enterococcal Surface Protein, Esp, Enhances Biofilm Formation by Enterococcus faecalis." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 10 (October 2004): 6032–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.10.6032-6039.2004.
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ABSTRACT Enterococci play a dual role in human ecology. They serve as commensal organisms of the gastrointestinal tract and are also leading causes of multiple antibiotic-resistant hospital-acquired infection. Many nosocomial infections result from the ability of microorganisms to form biofilms. The molecular mechanisms involved in enterococcal biofilm formation are only now beginning to be understood. Enterococcal surface protein, Esp, has been reported to contribute to biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis. Recent studies have shown that enterococci form biofilms independently of Esp expression. To precisely determine what role Esp plays in E. faecalis biofilm formation, Esp was expressed on the cell surface of genetically well-defined, natively Esp-deficient strains, and isogenic Esp-positive and Esp-deficient strains were compared for their biofilm-forming ability. The results show that Esp expression leads to a significant increase in biofilm formation, irrespective of the strain tested. The contribution of Esp to biofilm formation was found to be most pronounced in the presence of 0.5% (wt/vol) or greater glucose. These results unambiguously define Esp as a key contributor to the ability of E. faecalis to form biofilms.
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Çelik, Cem, Ayşe Hümeyra Taşkın-Kafa, Mürşit Hasbek, and Seyit Ali Büyüktuna. "Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Bacteria Isolated from Bloodstream Infections: A Single-Center Evaluation." Klimik Dergisi/Klimik Journal 34, no. 1 (2021): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36519/kd.2021.07.
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Objective: Enterococci are an important cause of healthcare-related bloodstream infections. The present study aimed to contribute to form empirical treatment models that can be used in the treatment of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium bacteria isolated from bloodstream infections in our hospital by reviewing their resistance status against antibiotics, requently used in the treatment of these bacteria. Methods: In our study, the resistance status of E. faecalis and E. faecium bacteria isolated from bloodstream infections in Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Health Services Practice and Research Hospital between January 2015 and June 2020 against ampicillin, amoxicillin, clavulanic acid, high-level gentamicin, linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin was examined retrospectively. The diagnosis of healthcare-related bloodstream infections was made using the diagnostic criteria of “Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC).” Results: A total of 227 enterococcal isolates were evaluated within the scope of our study between the specified dates. The percentage of patients with Enterococcus bacteria isolated in their blood cultures were 44.5% male, and 55.5% female. Of the isolates, 60.8% were identified as E. faecalis and 39.2%as E. faecium. High-level gentamicin resistance was found to be 25.3% in E. faecalis isolates, and no resistance was found against vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid. In E. faecium isolates, while the highest resistance was observed against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and ampicillin with 87.6%, vancomycin resistance was determined to be 3.3%. No resistance to linezolid was identified. Conclusions: Enterococci cause life-threatening infections and there are some difficulties in the treatment. Especially since E. faecium has higher resistance against antibiotics, the agents to be chosen in the treatment of infections caused by these bacteria are limited. Therefore, the current local resistance data will be useful in developing rapid and appropriate treatment models, especially in cases when empirical treatment is required. We think that our study will contribute to the literature in this regard.
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Abril, Ana G., Marcos Quintela-Baluja, Tomás G. Villa, Pilar Calo-Mata, Jorge Barros-Velázquez, and Mónica Carrera. "Proteomic Characterization of Virulence Factors and Related Proteins in Enterococcus Strains from Dairy and Fermented Food Products." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 10971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810971.
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Enterococcus species are Gram-positive bacteria that are normal gastrointestinal tract inhabitants that play a beneficial role in the dairy and meat industry. However, Enterococcus species are also the causative agents of health care-associated infections that can be found in dairy and fermented food products. Enterococcal infections are led by strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, which are often resistant to antibiotics and biofilm formation. Enterococci virulence factors attach to host cells and are also involved in immune evasion. LC-MS/MS-based methods offer several advantages compared with other approaches because one can directly identify microbial peptides without the necessity of inferring conclusions based on other approaches such as genomics tools. The present study describes the use of liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS/MS) to perform a global shotgun proteomics characterization for opportunistic pathogenic Enterococcus from different dairy and fermented food products. This method allowed the identification of a total of 1403 nonredundant peptides, representing 1327 proteins. Furthermore, 310 of those peptides corresponded to proteins playing a direct role as virulence factors for Enterococcus pathogenicity. Virulence factors, antibiotic sensitivity, and proper identification of the enterococcal strain are required to propose an effective therapy. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD036435. Label-free quantification (LFQ) demonstrated that the majority of the high-abundance proteins corresponded to E. faecalis species. Therefore, the global proteomic repository obtained here can be the basis for further research into pathogenic Enterococcus species, thus facilitating the development of novel therapeutics.
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Romero-Saavedra, F., D. Laverde, E. Kalfopoulou, C. Martini, R. Torelli, D. Martinez-Matamoros, M. Sanguinetti, and J. Huebner. "Conjugation of Different Immunogenic Enterococcal Vaccine Target Antigens Leads to Extended Strain Coverage." Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. 10 (July 9, 2019): 1589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz357.
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Abstract Enterococci have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens due to their resistance to the most commonly used antibiotics. Alternative treatments or prevention options are aimed at polysaccharides and surface-related proteins that play important roles in pathogenesis. Previously, we have shown that 2 Enterococcus faecium proteins, the secreted antigen A and the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, as well as the Enterococcus faecalis polysaccharide diheteroglycan, are able to induce opsonic and cross-protective antibodies. Here, we evaluate the use of glycoconjugates consisting of these proteins and an enterococcal polysaccharide to develop a vaccine with broader strain coverage. Diheteroglycan was conjugated to these 2 enterococcal proteins. Rabbit sera raised against these glycoconjugates showed Immunoglobulin G titers against the corresponding conjugate, as well as against the respective protein and carbohydrate antigens. Effective opsonophagocytic killing for the 2 sera was observed against different E. faecalis and E. faecium strains. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays against whole bacterial cells showed immune recognition of 22 enterococcal strains by the sera. Moreover, the sera conferred protection against E. faecalis and E. faecium strains in a mouse infection model. Our results suggest that these glycoconjugates are promising candidates for vaccine formulations with a broader coverage against these nosocomial pathogens and that the evaluated proteins are potential carrier proteins.
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Lauková, Andrea, Viola Strompfová, Jana Ščerbová, and Monika Pogány Simonová. "Virulence Factor Genes Incidence among Enterococci from Sewage Sludge in Eastern Slovakia following Safety Aspect." BioMed Research International 2019 (October 7, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2735895.
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The sewage sludges represent a potential health hazard because of the quantity of different microbiota detected in sewages. Among microbiota detected in sewages, also belong representatives of the phylum Firmicutes. In the past, environmental enterococci in addition to coliforms were widely used as indicators of faecal contamination. Regarding the enterococcal strains as potential pathogenic bacteria, their pathogenicity is mainly caused by production of virulence factors. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyse incidence of virulence factors in enterococci from cows' dung water. Species identification of 24 enterococci using MALDI-TOF MS system allotted 23 strains to the species Enterococcus faecium with highly probable species identification and E. faecalis EEV20 with a score value meaning secure genus identification/probable species identification. Enterococci were absent of cytolysin A gene, hyaluronidase gene, and element IS gene. It can be concluded that they are not invasive which is very important from safety aspect. The most frequently detected gene was adhesin E. faecium (efaAfm, in 22 E. faecium strains and in one E. faecalis). Adhesin efaAfs gene was detected in E. faecalis EEV20 and in two E. faecium. GelE gene was present in three strains. E. faecium EF/EC31 was absent of virulence factor genes.
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Qiu, Xiao-Qing, Jie Zhang, He Wang, and George Y. Wu. "A Novel Engineered Peptide, a Narrow-Spectrum Antibiotic, is Effective against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 3 (March 2005): 1184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.3.1184-1189.2005.
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ABSTRACT A novel antienterococcal peptide was prepared by fusing the enterococcal cCF10 pheromone to the channel-forming domain of colicin Ia, forming Enterococcus faecalis pheromonicin (PMC-EF). This peptide was bactericidal against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) organisms. Electron microscopy and vital dyes confirmed increased membrane permeability. All mice made bacteremic with VRE strains survived when they were treated with PMC-EF, while all controls died.
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Goel, Varun, Dinesh Kumar, Rajendra Kumar, Purva Mathur, and Sarman Singh. "Community Acquired Enterococcal Urinary Tract Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Profile in North India." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 8, no. 01 (January 2016): 050–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-2727.176237.
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ABSTRACT Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain a major problem both in hospitalized and outdoor patients. Multidrug-resistant enterococci are emerging as a major nosocomial pathogen with increasing frequency. However, the incidence of community-acquired enterococcal infections and species prevalent in India is not thoroughly investigated. Objectives: This study aims to estimate the burden of community-acquired UTIs seen at a tertiary care hospital and to identify the Enterococcus species isolated from these patients. The study also aims to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern with reference to high-level aminoglycosides and vancomycin. Materials and Methods: Semi-quantitative cultures from a total of 22,810 urine samples obtained from patients seen at various Outpatient Departments were analyzed. From them 115 nonduplicate isolates of enterococci were obtained as significant pure growth (>105 cfu/ml) and speciated. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Vancomycin resistance screening was performed by the vancomycin screen agar method recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and confirmed by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration by agar dilution method. Results: Of 115 enterococcal isolates, 61 were identified as Enterococcus faecalis, 42 as Enterococcus faecium, 3 each as Enterococcus dispar, and Enterococcus pseudoavium. High-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) was higher in E. faecium (47.6%) than E. faecalis (32.7%) and HLSR also showed the same pattern with 47.6% and 27.9% resistance, respectively. Vancomycin resistant enterococci accounted for 11.3% of the isolates, and out of them 53.8% were E. faecium by agar dilution method. Conclusion: High rate of resistance to antibiotics of penicillin group and aminoglycosides was observed in our tertiary care hospital even in community acquired UTIs. Hence, there is an urgent need for more rational and restricted use of antimicrobials.
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Kim, Mi Hyun, Dong Chan Moon, Su-Jeong Kim, Abraham Fikru Mechesso, Hyun-Ju Song, Hee Young Kang, Ji-Hyun Choi, Soon-Seek Yoon, and Suk-Kyung Lim. "Nationwide Surveillance on Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Healthy Food Animals in South Korea, 2010 to 2019." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050925.
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Intestinal commensal bacteria are considered good indicators for monitoring antimicrobial resistance. We investigated the antimicrobial resistance profiles and resistance trends of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolated from food animals in Korea between 2010 and 2019. E. faecium and E. faecalis, isolated from chickens and pigs, respectively, presented a relatively high resistance rate to most of the tested antimicrobials. We observed high ciprofloxacin (67.9%), tetracycline (61.7%), erythromycin (59.5%), and tylosin (53.0%) resistance in E. faecium isolated from chickens. Similarly, more than half of the E. faecalis isolates from pigs and chickens were resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline and tylosin. Notably, we observed ampicillin, daptomycin, tigecycline and linezolid resistance in a relatively small proportion of enterococcal isolates. Additionally, the enterococcal strains exhibited an increasing but fluctuating resistance trend (p < 0.05) to some of the tested antimicrobials including daptomycin and/or linezolid. E. faecalis showed higher Multidrug resistance (MDR) rates than E. faecium in cattle (19.7% vs. 8.6%, respectively) and pigs (63.6% vs. 15.6%, respectively), whereas a comparable MDR rate (≈60.0%) was noted in E. faecium and E. faecalis isolated from chickens. Collectively, the presence of antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus in food animals poses a potential risk to public health.
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Jaafar, Salim Shamkhi. "Enterococcus faecalis: A Mini-Review." JOURNAL OF UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON for Pure and Applied Sciences 30, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.29196/jubpas.v30i2.4256.
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Background:
Enterococcus faecalis is one of the most pathogenic bacteria that causes severe infections and antibiotic resistance diseases that are related to many animals such as reptiles, insects, birds, mammals and humans. Enterococcus faecalis is considered a cytolysin bacteria that has ability to lysis blood, as it was isolated from many pathological samples such as teeth caries and intestinal samples that include urine and feces. In this article, we discuss many general characteristics of bacteria such as phenotypic and microscopic characteristics, genetic structure, virulence factors, pathogenicity, transmission, and immunity against bacteria..
Conclusion:
Diseases related to intestinal infections are very important because of their impact on human health and that enterococci are part of the gut microbiome. Researchers and doctors have found that patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease have more enterococci in their intestines compared to healthy people, where researchers have suggested that the reason as changes occur in the gut wall that enable bacteria to access and obtain food, which in turn encourages them to grow properly. The rapid development of E. faecalis strains, which made them more resistant to antibiotics, confirms the need to making several studies that help in understanding the morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics of these bacteria. in addition to its development and classification throughout history.
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Schell, Celia M., Ana P. Tedim, Mercedes Rodríguez-Baños, Mónica D. Sparo, Sabina Lissarrague, Juan A. Basualdo, and Teresa M. Coque. "Detection of β-Lactamase-Producing Enterococcus faecalis and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Isolates in Human Invasive Infections in the Public Hospital of Tandil, Argentina." Pathogens 9, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020142.
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The study’s aim was to analyze the population structure of enterococci causing human invasive infections in a medium-sized Argentinian Hospital coincidental with a 5 year-period of increased recovery of antibiotic resistant enterococci (2010–2014). Species identification (biochemical testing/MALDI-TOF-MS), antimicrobial susceptibility (disk-diffusion) and clonal relatedness (PFGE/MLST/BAPS) were determined according to standard guidelines. β-lactamase production was determined by a nitrocefin test and confirmed by PCR/sequencing. The isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium at a 2:1 ratio. Most of the E. faecalis isolates, grouped in 25 PFGE-types (ST9/ST179/ST236/ST281/ST388/ST604/ST720), were resistant to high-levels (HLR) of gentamicin/streptomycin. A ST9 clone (bla+/HLR-gentamicin) was detected in patients of different wards during 2014. E. faecium isolates were grouped in 10 PFGE-types (ST25/ST18/ST19/ST52/ST792), with a low rate of ampicillin resistance. Five vancomycin-resistant E. faecium, three vanA (ST792/ST25) and two vanB (ST25) were detected. The ST25 clone carried either vanA or vanB. The recovery of a bla+-ST9-E. faecalis clone similar to that described in the late 1980s in Argentina suggests the possibility of a local hidden reservoir. These results reflect the relevance of local epidemiology in understanding the population structure of enterococci as well as the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in predominant enterococcal clonal lineages.