Journal articles on the topic 'Enterococcus faecalis; biofilm; pH'
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Spiegelman, Lindsey, Adrian Bahn-Suh, Elizabeth T. Montaño, Ling Zhang, Greg L. Hura, Kathryn A. Patras, Amit Kumar, et al. "Strengthening of enterococcal biofilms by Esp." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): e1010829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010829.
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Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus faecalis are major causes of hospital-acquired infections. Numerous clinical strains of E. faecalis harbor a large pathogenicity island that encodes enterococcal surface protein (Esp), which is suggested to promote biofilm production and virulence, but this remains controversial. To resolve this issue, we characterized the Esp N-terminal region, the portion implicated in biofilm production. Small angle X-ray scattering indicated that the N-terminal region had a globular head, which consisted of two DEv-Ig domains as visualized by X-ray crystallography, followed by an extended tail. The N-terminal region was not required for biofilm production but instead significantly strengthened biofilms against mechanical or degradative disruption, greatly increasing retention of Enterococcus within biofilms. Biofilm strengthening required low pH, which resulted in Esp unfolding, aggregating, and forming amyloid-like structures. The pH threshold for biofilm strengthening depended on protein stability. A truncated fragment of the first DEv-Ig domain, plausibly generated by a host protease, was the least stable and sufficient to strengthen biofilms at pH ≤ 5.0, while the entire N-terminal region and intact Esp on the enterococcal surface was more stable and required a pH ≤ 4.3. These results suggested a virulence role of Esp in strengthening enterococcal biofilms in acidic abiotic or host environments.
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Hakiki, Dalhar, Latief Mooduto, Ketut Suardita, and Dian Agustin Wahjuningrum. "Effectiveness of flavonoid from mangosteen pericarp (Garcinia mangostana L.) as Enterococcus faecalis antibiofilm." Conservative Dentistry Journal 7, no. 1 (September 27, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/cdj.v7i1.2017.18-22.
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Background:Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a microorganism that is commonly found in endodontic failure treatment, this due to several characteristics of E.faecalis which has the capabillity to living in environments with high salt levels, high temperature, and pH broad spectrum. Bacteria in biofilms form is one of the adaptive process that allows bacteria to survive in an environment with low nutrients in the root canals. Bacteria in biofilms form have different characteristics from planktonic form, resistance to phagocytic cells and drugs, which can effect to persistent infection. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) has many benefits, especially on the pericarp of the fruit contains alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. Flavonoids are the largest group of phenolic compounds that have a nature effectively inhibit the growth of viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Purpose:Purpose of this study wasto find out the role of the antibiofilm of the flavonoid in garcinia mangostana pericarp against E. faecalis bacterial biofilm. Methods:Laboratory experimental in-vitro with post test only group design. The method used is microtitter plate biofilm assay and continued with the readings use Elisa reader at a wavelength of 595 nm. Results:Flavonoids mangosteen pericarp effective as antibiofilm E.faecalis bacteria at a concentration of 12.5%. Conclusion:The study showed that flavonoids from mangosteen pericarp has antibiofilm activity against E. faecalis bacterial biofilm.
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Ridhalaksani, Ridzki, Kamizar Nazar, Nila Kesuma Djauharie, Ratna Meidyawati, and Dewa Ayu Npa. "THE ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF N-ACETYLCYSTEINE AS AN ENDODONTIC IRRIGANT ON THE CLINICAL ISOLATES OF THE ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS BIOFILM." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 9 (January 1, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2017.v9s2.05.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial potential of NAC as an endodontic irrigant on the clinical isolates of the Enterococcus faecalis biofilm.Methods: NAC with a pH of 2.5 and 11 (NAC pH 2.5 and NAC pH 11, respectively) were exposed to clinical isolates of E. faecalis biofilms for 1 min. The NAC samples were compared to 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), which is commonly used as an irrigant in persistent infections. The antibacterial potential of these irrigants was evaluated by comparing the bacterial count of the E. faecalis colonies after they were exposed to the irrigants.Results: The NAC pH 2.5 test group showed a reduction in the E. faecalis colonies, but this reduction was not statistically significant when compared to the 2% CHX group results. The NAC pH 11 test group showed the greatest reduction in bacterial colonies, and this reduction was statistically significant when compared to the NAC pH 2.5 and 2% CHX groups’ results.Conclusion: NAC pH 11 has antibacterial potential on the clinical isolates of E. faecalis biofilms.
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Zhan, Xiangjun, Yingzhu Tan, Yingmei Lv, Jianing Fang, Yuanjian Zhou, Xing Gao, Huimin Zhu, and Chao Shi. "The Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Oregano Essential Oil against Enterococcus faecalis and Its Application in Chicken Breast." Foods 11, no. 15 (August 1, 2022): 2296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11152296.
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Oregano essential oil (OEO) possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cancer-suppressive properties. Enterococcus faecalis is a foodborne opportunistic pathogen that can be found in nature and the food processing industry. The goal of this investigation was to explore the antimicrobial action and mechanism of OEO against E. faecalis, inactivation action of OEO on E. faecalis in mature biofilms, and its application in chicken breast. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of OEO against E. faecalis strains (ATCC 29212 and nine isolates) ranged from 0.25 to 0.50 μL/mL. OEO therapy reduced intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, caused cell membrane hyperpolarization, increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and elevated extracellular malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. Furthermore, OEO treatment diminished cell membrane integrity and caused morphological alterations in the cells. In biofilms on stainless-steel, OEO showed effective inactivation activity against E. faecalis. OEO reduced the number of viable cells, cell viability and exopolysaccharides in the biofilm, as well as destroying its structure. Application of OEO on chicken breast results in a considerable reduction in E. faecalis counts and pH values, in comparison to control samples. These findings suggest that OEO could be utilized as a natural antibacterial preservative and could effectively control E. faecalis in food manufacturing.
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Askora, Ahmed, Mohamed El-Telbany, Gamal El-Didamony, Eman Ariny, and Momen Askoura. "Characterization of φEf-vB1 prophage infecting oral Enterococcus faecalis and enhancing bacterial biofilm formation." Journal of Medical Microbiology 69, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001246.
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Introduction. Enterococcus faecalis is a facultative, anaerobic, opportunistic pathogen associated with medical and dental diseases. Bacterial phenotypic traits and pathogenesis are often influenced by lysogeny. Aim. The aim of this study was to characterize both the morphology and complete genome sequences of induced prophages purified from E. faecalis clinical isolates. Methodology. E. faecalis isolates were recovered from the roots of teeth of patients attending an endodontic clinic. The morphological features of isolated phage were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). DNA sequencing was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Results. TEM indicated that the isolated φEf-vB1 prophage belongs to the family Siphoviridae. The φEf-vB1 prophage was stable over a wide range of temperatures and pH. Sequencing of φEf-vB1 DNA revealed that the phage genome is 37 561 bp in length with a G+C content of 37.6mol% and contained 53 ORFs. Comparison with previously predicted prophage genomes using blast revealed that φEf-vB1 has a high sequence similarity to previously characterized phage genomes. The lysogenic E. faecalis strain exhibited a higher biofilm formation capacity relative to the non-lysogenic strain. Conclusion. The current findings highlight the role of lysogeny in modification of E. faecalis properties and reveal the potential importance of prophages in E. faecalis biology and pathogenesis.
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Zancan, Rafaela Fernandes, Bruno Cavalini Cavenago, Denise Ferracioli Oda, Clovis Monteiro Bramante, Flaviana Bombarda de Andrade, and Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte. "Antimicrobial Activity and Physicochemical Properties of Antibiotic Pastes Used In Regenerative Endodontics." Brazilian Dental Journal 30, no. 6 (November 2019): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201902613.
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Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pH, solubility and antimicrobial action of Calcium Hydroxide Paste (CH), Double Antibiotic Paste (metronidazole+ciprofloxacin-DAP), calcium hydroxide added to DAP (CH/DAP) and Triple Antibiotic Paste (metronidazole + ciprofloxacin+minocycline-TAP). pH (n=10) were measured by pHmeter. Root canals of acrylic teeth (n=10) were filled with the above-mentioned intracanal-dressings, immersed in ultrapure water, and solubility was measured by the difference between the initial and final volume (7,15 and 30 days) by using micro-computed tomography. Enterococcus faecalis biofilm was induced on bovine dentin disc surfaces (n=20), and treated with the pastes for 7 days. Percentage bacterial viability was verified by confocal microscope, with LIVE/DEAD dye. CH and CH/DAP presented the highest pH values. Regarding solubility, after 7 days, antibiotic groups presented significant volume loss. CH and CH/DAP showed no statistical difference compared with the Control in antimicrobial action against E. faecalis biofilm. However, TAP and DAP presented a significant percentage reduction in bacterial population. Due to high solubility of the pastes, renewing antibiotic dressings every 7 days, or using the medications for this period in regeneration protocols is recommended. DAP is indicated for killing E. faecalis in biofilm because it has antimicrobial action similar to TAP. Adding Calcium Hydroxide to DAP significantly decreased its antimicrobial action. In spite of its the low solubility and high pH values, the CH paste showed a low level of antimicrobial action against E. faecalis in biofilm.
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Zainal, Fatin Faqihah, Nur Syafiqah Syamimi Suhaimi Suzey, Norzawani Jaffar, and Chew Ching Hoong. "The Influence of Lactobacillus Species on Nosocomial Pathogens’ Biofilm." Asian Journal of Medicine and Biomedicine 6, S1 (November 10, 2022): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/ajmb.2022.6.s1.578.
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The word probiotic comes from the Latin meaning "for life”. Lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid are produced by bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Such compounds lower the pH and prevent pathogenic bacteria from multiplying [1]. When the adhesion force between the attachment surfaces is stable, the bacteria cell communication system, called the quorum sensing (QS) system, is triggered. Bacteria use these signaling molecules to regulate virulence factors, secondary metabolite synthesis, biofilm formation, and communication with the host and other microbes depending on population density [2]. The aim of this study is to observe the potential use of probiotics against nosocomial pathogens' biofilms (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis).
The objective of the study is to identify the interactions between probiotics Lactobacillus and nosocomial pathogens, to observe the ability of Lactobacillus spp. to degrade the mature biofilm of nosocomial pathogens and to assess the influence of pH on the biofilm degradation activity of Lactobacillus spp. by using agar-well diffusion method and biofilm degradation assay [3].
All pathogens had no zone of inhibition on MHA for pH-adjusted LAB-CFS. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) can be seen in Table 1. No ZOI was observed for LAB-CFS against E. faecalis ATCC 29212. All zones made by the unadjusted pH of LAB-CFS on the tested pathogens showed high ZOI were more than 10 mm in diameter which indicate that the LAB-CFS have substances that produce an antibacterial effect [4]. No antibacterial activity was observed when the CFS pH was adjusted to almost neutral.
In Figure 1, unadjusted pH of LAB-CFS for LF 37 shows the highest percentage of biofilm degradation in K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883 (50.88%) and unadjusted pH of LAB-CFS for LC 83, P. aeruginosa ATCC 17934 (21.88%) shows the lowest percentage of degradation. In Figure 2, the pathogen that shows the highest percentage of degradation using adjusted pH of LAB-CFS for LF 37 is K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883 (69.72%). The lowest percentage of degradation when using adjusted pH LAB-CFS for LC 83 is E. faecalis ATCC 29212 (25.77%). Since the percentage of biofilm degradation is higher in neutralized LAB-CFS, according to [5], sodium lactate, a neutralised form of lactic acid, or other novel low molecular weight active compounds could explain the antimicrobial or anti-biofilm activity.
In conclusion, the unadjusted pH of LAB-CFS contains substances that can be used as antimicrobial and antibiofilm. However, the adjusted pH of LAB-CFS can only be used as antibiofilm but not as antimicrobial. This is because only the unadjusted pH of LAB-CFS produced a zone of inhibition in the agar well diffusion method. This is probably due to the acidic condition of LAB-CFS itself. For biofilm degradation, both adjusted and unadjusted pH of LAB-CFS were able to degrade mature biofilm, but the adjusted pH of LAB-CFS showed more biofilm degradation activity suggesting that low pH of LAB-CFS did not contribute to the biofilm degradation.
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Wigler, Ronald, Shlomo Matalon, Tomer Goldberger, Anat Or Lerner, and Anda Kfir. "Enhanced Bactericidal Efficacy of NaOCl at pH 12 Followed by Acidified NaOCl at pH 6.5 on Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (September 2, 2020): 6096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176096.
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This study aimed to determine the bactericidal efficacy of sequential use of NaOCl pH 12 followed by acidified NaOCl pH 6.5, and compare it to that of either of these NaOCl solutions alone. E. faecalis biofilm was grown on standardized dentine specimens for four weeks. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups: (A) 4 min exposure to 0.9% saline solution (control); (B) 4 min exposure to 4% NaOCl pH 12; (C) 4 min exposure to 4% NaOCl pH 6.5; and (D) 2 min exposure to 4% NaOCl pH 12 followed by 2 min exposure to 4% NaOCl pH 6.5. The bactericidal activity was evaluated after the 4 min of contact time using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The volume ratio of red fluorescence to green and red fluorescence indicated the proportion of dead cells in the biofilm. The percent of dead cells in the saline solution group was significantly lower than those in the other groups. There was no significant difference between NaOCl pH 12 compared to NaOCl pH 6.5. The sequential use of NaOCl pH 12 followed by pH 6.5 significantly increased the percent of dead cells compared to both the samples exposed to either NaOCl pH 12 or pH 6.5. These results show that sequential irrigation protocol had a stronger bactericidal effect than the commonly used NaOCl pH 12.
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van Merode, Annet E. J., Henny C. van der Mei, Henk J. Busscher, Karola Waar, and Bastiaan P. Krom. "Enterococcus faecalis strains show culture heterogeneity in cell surface charge." Microbiology 152, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 807–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.28460-0.
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Adhesion of micro-organisms to biotic and abiotic surfaces is an important virulence factor and involves different types of interactions. Enterococcus faecalis, a human commensal and an important opportunistic pathogen, has the ability to adhere to surfaces. Biliary stents frequently become clogged with bacterial biofilms, with E. faecalis as one of the predominant species. Six E. faecalis strains isolated from clogged biliary stents were investigated for the presence of specific biochemical factors involved in their adhesion: aggregation substances (Aggs) and the enterococcal surface protein (encoded by the esp gene). In addition, physico-chemical factors involved in adhesion (zeta potential and cell surface hydrophobicity) were determined, as well as the influence of ox bile on these properties. Two-thirds of the biliary stent isolates displayed culture heterogeneity in the pH dependence of their zeta potentials. Moreover, 24 out of 46 clinical isolates of E. faecalis, including 11 laboratory strains, also displayed such heterogeneity. The culture heterogeneity was demonstrated to be a stable trait, not caused by quorum sensing, not plasmid mediated, and independent of the presence of esp and Agg. Data presented show that culture heterogeneity in zeta potential enhances adhesion to an abiotic surface. A higher prevalence of culture heterogeneity in zeta potential in pathogenic as compared to non-pathogenic isolates could indicate that this phenomenon might play a role in virulence and putatively in pathogenesis.
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Akaluka, Cynthia K., Justinah C. Orji, Wesley Braide, Emmanuel Egbadon, and Samuel A. Adeleye. "Abattoir Wastewater Treatment and Energy Recovery Using a Ferricyanide-Catholyte Microbial Fuel Cell." International Letters of Natural Sciences 55 (June 2016): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.55.68.
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The capacity of Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to produce voltage and concurrently treat abattoir waste water was investigated in MFCs that used 0.1M potassium ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6] as catholytes. Physicochemical, electrochemical and Microbiological properties of the MFCs were monitored. The open circuit voltage (OCV) readings were taken at 3 hours interval and maximum OCV of 965mV was recorded. Also, The physicochemical characteristics of the MFCs revealed that the pH decreased by 0.2 after treatment; Chemical Oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, ammonia, and total nitrogen reduced by 88.4%, 65.56%, 43.88%, 60% and 60% respectively. However, Phosphate increased by 54%. The bacterial isolates from the raw abattoir wastewater were Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus while Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli were isolated from the biofilms on the anode. Microbial fuel cells therefore have capacities for simultaneous waste water treatment and electricity generation.
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Akaluka, Cynthia K., Justinah C. Orji, Wesley Braide, Emmanuel Egbadon, and Samuel A. Adeleye. "Abattoir Wastewater Treatment and Energy Recovery Using a Ferricyanide-Catholyte Microbial Fuel Cell." International Letters of Natural Sciences 55 (June 3, 2016): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-hni9wh.
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The capacity of Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to produce voltage and concurrently treat abattoir waste water was investigated in MFCs that used 0.1M potassium ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6] as catholytes. Physicochemical, electrochemical and Microbiological properties of the MFCs were monitored. The open circuit voltage (OCV) readings were taken at 3 hours interval and maximum OCV of 965mV was recorded. Also, The physicochemical characteristics of the MFCs revealed that the pH decreased by 0.2 after treatment; Chemical Oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, ammonia, and total nitrogen reduced by 88.4%, 65.56%, 43.88%, 60% and 60% respectively. However, Phosphate increased by 54%. The bacterial isolates from the raw abattoir wastewater were Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus while Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli were isolated from the biofilms on the anode. Microbial fuel cells therefore have capacities for simultaneous waste water treatment and electricity generation.
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Pedrinha, Victor Feliz, Maricel Rosario Cardenas Cuellar, Mirela Cesar de Barros, Pedro César Gomes Titato, Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi, Prashant Kumar Sharma, and Flaviana Bombarda de Andrade. "The Vehicles of Calcium Hydroxide Pastes Interfere with Antimicrobial Effect, Biofilm Polysaccharidic Matrix, and Pastes’ Physicochemical Properties." Biomedicines 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2022): 3123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10123123.
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The objective of the present study was to investigate the pH, volumetric alteration, antimicrobial action, and effect on biofilm matrix polysaccharides of calcium hydroxide (CH) pastes with different vehicles available in endodontics: CH + propylene glycol (CHP), UltraCal XS®, Metapaste®, and Metapex®. The pH was analyzed at different time intervals using a pH meter. For volumetric alteration, a microtomographic assay was performed before and after immersion in water. Enterococcus faecalis was chosen for microbiological tests. The bacterial viability and extracellular matrix were quantified with direct contact evaluation (dentin blocks) and at the intratubular level (dentin cylinders) using LIVE/DEAD BacLight and Calcofluor White dyes via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s tests were used to analyze pH and direct contact assays, while one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to analyze volumetric alteration and intratubular decontamination (α = 0.05). Higher pH values were obtained during the initial days. Volumetric alterations were similar in all groups. Lower bacterial viability was obtained for dentin blocks and cylinders when CH pastes were used. UltraCal XS and Metapex had lower values for the extracellular matrix. The pH of all CH pastes decreased with time and did not promote medium alkalization for up to 30 days. CH paste can reduce bacterial viability through direct contact and at an intratubular level; however, UltraCal XS and Metapex are involved with lower volumes of extracellular matrices.
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Persoon, Ilona F., Michel A. Hoogenkamp, Aleksandra Bury, Paul R. Wesselink, Aloysius F. Hartog, Ronald Wever, and Wim Crielaard. "Antimicrobial Effect of a Modified Vanadium Chloroperoxidase on Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms at Root Canal pH." Journal of Endodontics 39, no. 8 (August 2013): 1035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2013.04.038.
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Hoang, Phuong Ha, Thi Ngoc Mai Cung, Thi Minh Nguyen, Thi Lien Do, Lan Phuong Do, and Thi Nhi Cong Le. "Isolation and selection of probiotic bacteria capable of forming biofilm for fermenting soybean meal." Journal of Vietnamese Environment 9, no. 2 (July 16, 2018): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jve.vol9.no2.pp99-105.
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Soybean meal (SBM) is residua product after oil extraction, the SBM with 48% protein is used for poultry, cattle. The SBM contains significant amount of anti-nutritional factors. Degradation of most antigenic proteins and protease inhibitors in SBM fermented by fungal, yeast and bacterial strains. Soybean fermented products are used as feed for livestock or aquaculture. Recently, biofilm forming microorganisms were broadly applied for fermentation process using substrates such as rice bran, corn, soybean meal ... to produce probiotics. In this study, we isolated and selected beneficial microbial strains that are capable of well biofilm forming, produce digestive enzymes and resist pathogenic microorganisms to ferment of soybean meal. The result showed that, four microorganism strains including NA5.3; TB2.1; TB4.3 TB4.4 had ability of forming higher biofilm, producing digestive enzymes such as amylase, protease and cellulose. Among them, NA5.3 and TB 4.4 strains had anti-pathogenic bacteria capacity such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Enterococcus faecalis; Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. Four selected strains were checked effection of pH, temperature, NaCl and bile salt concentration to their biofilm formation. The result indicated suitable conditions for forming biofilm at pH 6-8 range; temperature range 30-37°C; NaCl concentration of 0-3%, bile salt concentrtion of 0.5-2%. The selected strains grew well during solid fermentation process, achieved 1011 CFU/gram.
Khô đậu nành là sản phẩm còn lại từ quá trình ép dầu chứa tới 48% protein thô và thường được sử dụng làm thức ăn cho gia cầm, gia súc. Nhưng trong khô đậu nành còn chứa một lượng đáng kể một số chất ức chế dinh dưỡng, các chất ức chế này lại được phân hủy bởi quá trình lên men nhờ một số loài vi khuẩn, nấm mốc hay nấm men. Sản phẩm lên men khô đậu tương được sử dụng làm thức ăn cho gia cầm, gia súc hay nuôi trồng thủy sản. Trong những năm gần đây, các vi sinh vật tạo màng sinh học đã được ứng dụng để lên men các cơ chất như cám gạo, ngô, khô đậu nành… tạo sản phẩm probiotics. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi đã phân lập và tuyển chọn một số vi sinh vật có lợi tạo màng sinh học cao, sinh các enzyme tiêu hóa và kháng lại một số vi khuẩn gây bệnh cho mục đích lên men khô đậu nành. Kết quả đã lựa chọn được 4 chủng vi khuẩn NA5.3; TB2.1; TB4.3 TB4.4 có khả năng tạo màng sinh học cao, sinh các enzyme như amylase, protease và cellulose. Trong đó,hai chủng NA5.3 và TB4.4 có khả năng kháng lại một số vi khuẩn gây bệnh như Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Enterococcus faecalis; Bacillus cereus và Escherichia coli. Bốn chủng vi khuẩn lựa chọn được nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của các điều kiện lên khả năng tạo màng sinh học của chúng, chúng thích hợp ở pH 6-8; nhiệt độ 30-37°C; NaCl 0-3%, muối mật 0,5-2%. Sử dụng các chủng vi khuẩn này cho quá trình lên men rắn khô đậu tương, mật độ vi khuẩn sau khi lên men đạt 1011 CFU/gram.
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van der Waal, S. V., L. W. M. van der Sluis, A. R. Özok, R. A. M. Exterkate, J. van Marle, P. R. Wesselink, and J. J. de Soet. "The effects of hyperosmosis or high pH on a dual-species biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an in vitro study." International Endodontic Journal 44, no. 12 (August 22, 2011): 1110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01929.x.
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Williams, Gareth J., and David J. Stickler. "Effect of triclosan on the formation of crystalline biofilms by mixed communities of urinary tract pathogens on urinary catheters." Journal of Medical Microbiology 57, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.2008/002295-0.
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The crystalline bacterial biofilms that encrust Foley catheters compromise the care of many elderly and disabled patients. The aim of this study was to examine whether the biocide triclosan can prevent encrustation by the mixed flora of uropathogens that commonly infect patients undergoing long-term catheterization. Models of the catheterized bladder were inoculated with communities of organisms isolated from patients who were experiencing catheter blockage. The catheter retention balloons were inflated with water or triclosan (3 g triclosan l−1 in 0.1 M sodium carbonate) and urine was supplied to the models for up to 7 days. The effect of triclosan was recorded on the viable cell populations, the pH of the residual urine and the times that catheters took to block. The extent of encrustation of the catheters was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. In models inoculated with communities containing Proteus mirabilis, triclosan prevented the rise in urinary pH that drives crystalline biofilm formation and catheter blockage. The biocide had no effect on populations of Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were eliminated from the residual urine and the catheters drained freely for the 7-day experimental period. In models inoculated with a mixed community containing Providencia rettgeri, catheters inflated with triclosan continued to block rapidly. Although K. pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris were eliminated from the residual urine, there was no effect on the viability of Providencia rettgeri. The results indicate that the triclosan strategy should be limited to the treatment of patients who are infected with Proteus mirabilis.
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Vazquez-Garcia, Fernando, Mário Tanomaru-Filho, Gisselle Moraima Chávez-Andrade, Roberta Bosso-Martelo, Maria Inês Basso-Bernardi, and Juliane Maria Guerreiro-Tanomaru. "Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Calcium Silicate Cements." Brazilian Dental Journal 27, no. 5 (October 2016): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201600689.
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Abstract Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Portland cement (PC) are calcium silicate cements. They have similar physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties. The addition of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) to PC provides radiopacity. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) may improve some properties of cements. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of AgNPs on physicochemical/mechanical properties and antibacterial activity of white MTA (WMTA) and PC associated with ZrO2. The following materials were evaluated: WMTA; PC 70% + ZrO2 30%; WMTA+ AgNPs; and PC 70% + ZrO2 30% + AgNPs. The study evaluated radiopacity, setting time, pH, compressive strength and solubility. For radiopacity analysis, radiographs were made alongside an aluminum (Al) step wedge. To evaluate the antibacterial activity, direct contact test was performed on planktonic cells and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm induced on bovine root dentin for 14 days. The experimental periods were 5 and 15 h. Data were obtained as CFU mL-1. The obtained data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey tests (p<0.05). The addition of AgNPs to WMTA increased the pH, lowered the solubility and the initial and final setting times. The addition of AgNPs to PC/ZrO2 maintained the pH, lowered the solubility, and increased the setting time and compressive strength. The radiopacity of all materials was higher than 4 mmAl. The addition of AgNPs promoted an increase in antibacterial activity for calcium silicate cements and favored the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the materials.
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Tanweer, Tahreem, Nosheen Fatima Rana, Iqra Saleem, Iqra Shafique, Sultan M. Alshahrani, Hanadi A. Almukhlifi, Amenah S. Alotaibi, Sohad Abdulkaleg Alshareef, and Farid Menaa. "Dental Composites with Magnesium Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Prevent Secondary Caries in the Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 15926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415926.
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Antibacterial restorative materials against caries-causing bacteria are highly preferred among high-risk patients, such as the elderly, and patients with metabolic diseases such as diabetes. This study aimed to enhance the antibacterial potential of resin composite with Magnesium-doped Zinc oxide (Mg-doped ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) and to look for their effectiveness in the alloxan-induced diabetic model. Hexagonal Mg-doped ZnO NPs (22.3 nm diameter) were synthesized by co-precipitation method and characterized through ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The Mg-doped ZnO NPs (1, 2.5 and 5% w/w) were then evaluated for antibacterial activity using a closed system in vitro biofilm model. Significant enhancement in the antibacterial properties was observed in composites with 1% Mg-doped ZnO compared to composites with bare ZnO reinforced NPs (Streptococcus mutans, p = 0.0005; Enterococcus faecalis, p = 0.0074, Saliva microcosm, p < 0.0001; Diabetic Saliva microcosm, p < 0.0001). At 1–2.5% Mg-doped ZnO NPs concentration, compressive strength and biocompatibility of composites were not affected. The pH buffering effect was also achieved at these concentrations, hence not allowing optimal conditions for the anaerobic bacteria to grow. Furthermore, composites with Mg-doped ZnO prevented secondary caries formation in the secondary caries model of alloxan-induced diabetes. Therefore, Mg-doped ZnO NPs are highly recommended as an antibacterial agent for resin composites to avoid biofilm and subsequent secondary caries formation in high-risk patients.
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De Seta, Francesco, and Bryan Larsen. "Antimicrobial Activity of a Vaginal Gel Formulation: Considerations Related to Vaginal Infection and Dysbiosis." Pathogens 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): 1576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10121576.
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Many non-prescription preparations intended to treat or alleviate symptoms of vaginal infection are available in American and European markets, but many have scant preclinical or clinical research underpinning. Respecta®Balance Gel (RBG) is marketed as an adjunct to probiotic treatment and its relevant antimicrobial properties were studied. Key findings with the manufacturer-supplied gel showed reduced turbidity in broth-dilution tests by 50% against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata at RBG concentrations 0.2–0.4% of neat product, respectively. A 50% reduction in turbidity of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis ranged from 1.6–2.2% and Gardnerella vaginalis was shown by flow cytometry counts to undergo a 50% reduction at 0.3% RBG. Propidium iodide staining indicated a rapid reduction of cell integrity of G. vaginalis almost immediately while after 4 h 45% of E. coli cells were stained. The lactic acid in BHI inhibited bacteria and yeast at concentrations ranging from 0.2–1.8% but inhibition was not solely due to pH since a 1:4 dilution of RBG resulted in a pH near neutral (6.75). Other findings showed biofilm accumulation assessed after 10-days exposure of Candida spp. to RBG and was reduced by an average of one-third (community strains) to one-half (drug-resistant strains). One excipient of the RBG, disodium EDTA, inhibited the growth of bacteria and yeast at concentrations below those present in RBG and may accentuate the activity of the host defense factor, lactoferrin. We conclude that RBG is a potent inhibitor of vaginal microorganisms relevant to vaginitis or intrapartum infections and contains excipients that may contribute to its antimicrobial activity.
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Viana, Francisca Lívia Parente, Marcelo Bonifácio da Silva Sampieri, Priscilla Parente Viana, Suyane Maria Luna Cruz, Rodrigo Ricci Vivan, Marco Antônio Hungaro Duarte, Iriana Carla Junqueira Zanin, and Bruno Carvalho de Vasconcelos. "Análise do pH e da atividade antimicrobiana de um novo medicamento intracanal biocerâmico Bio-C Temp." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): e33310716550. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i7.16550.
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As medicações intracanais com atividade antimicrobiana são importantes como coadjuvantes na desinfecção do sistema de canais radiculares. Diante disso, esse estudo avaliou, in vitro, o pH e a atividade antimicrobiana de um novo medicamento intracanal biocerâmico (Bio-C Temp) em comparação com medicações a base de hidróxido de cálcio (HC). A determinação do pH foi realizada por meio de um pHmetro nos períodos de 30 minutos, 3, 24, 72 e 168 horas. As medicações Ultracal®XS, Hidróxido de cálcio com soro (HC/Soro), Hidróxido de cálcio com propilenoglicol (HC/PG) e Bio-C Temp (biocerâmico) foram testadas contra biofilmes de duas cepas de Enterococcus faecalis (ATCCs 29212 e 4083) usando os testes de contato direto (TCD) e restrito por membrana (TRM). A sobrevivência bacteriana foi determinada pela contagem das unidades formadoras de colônias (UFCs) e os dados foram comparados estatisticamente (P < 0,05). A pasta Bio-C Temp apresentou o menor valor de pH nos tempos avaliados. Os grupos HC/Soro e HC/PG apresentaram maior ação frente ao controle no TCD (P < 0,05) contra as duas cepas testadas. Ainda, o HC/PG mostrou maior atividade antibacteriana que o Bio-C Temp (P < 0,05). Todos os grupos apresentaram diferença ante o grupo controle no TRM contra a cepa 29212, e somente o HC/PG mostrou diferença significativa frente ao controle contra biofilmes da cepa 4083. O Bio-C Temp mostrou ação antibacteriana similar ao Ultracal®XS, no entanto apresentou menor ação em relação ao HC/PG. A pasta de hidróxido de cálcio associada com propilenoglicol mostrou vantagens em relação às demais testadas.
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Koch, Maximilian, Maximilian Göltz, Meng Xiangjun, Matthias Karl, Stefan Rosiwal, and Andreas Burkovski. "Electrochemical Disinfection of Dental Implants Experimentally Contaminated with Microorganisms as a Model for Periimplantitis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 2 (February 9, 2020): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020475.
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Despite several methods having been described for disinfecting implants affected by periimplantitis, none of these are universally effective and may even alter surfaces and mechanical properties of implants. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes were fabricated from niobium wires and assembled as a single instrument for implant cleaning. Chemo-mechanical debridement and air abrasion were used as control methods. Different mono-species biofilms, formed by bacteria and yeasts, were allowed to develop in rich medium at 37 °C for three days. In addition, natural multi-species biofilms were treated. Implants were placed in silicone, polyurethane foam and bovine ribs for simulating different clinical conditions. Following treatment, the implants were rolled on blood agar plates, which were subsequently incubated at 37 °C and microbial growth was analyzed. Complete electrochemical disinfection of implant surfaces was achieved with a maximum treatment time of 20 min for Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Enterococcus faecalis, Roseomonas mucosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus sanguinis, while in case of spore-forming Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis, a number of colonies appeared after BDD electrode treatment indicating an incomplete disinfection. Independent of the species tested, complete disinfection was never achieved when conventional techniques were used. During treatment with BDD electrodes, only minor changes in temperature and pH value were observed. The instrument used here requires optimization so that higher charge quantities can be applied in shorter treatment times.
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Ribeiro, Susana C., R. Paul Ross, Catherine Stanton, and Célia C. G. Silva. "Characterization and Application of Antilisterial Enterocins on Model Fresh Cheese." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 8 (July 13, 2017): 1303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-031.
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ABSTRACT Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from an artisanal cheese were selected based on enterocin production against Listeria monocytogenes. The strains formed biofilms and presented high hydrophobic character and good autoaggregation and coaggregation capacity with L. monocytogenes. Strains L3A21M3 and L3B1K3 presented high survival under gastrointestinal conditions, were able to adhere to human intestinal cells (Caco-2 and HT-29), and blocked the adhesion and invasion of L. monocytogenes. The antilisterial activity of enterocins was not affected by pH (2 to 12), heating (100°C), and chemical and surfactant agents. However, strains L3A21M3 and L3A21M8 produced thermolabile enterocins, which were also sensible to extreme pH values. Enterocins exhibited a bacteriostatic mode of action against L. monocytogenes, and maximum production was observed during the stationary phase. Common enterocin structural genes were not detected by PCR amplification with specific primers, although an exhaustive screening was not performed. The enterocin produced by the L3B1K3 strain was purified and applied to model cheeses contaminated with L. monocytogenes. This enterocin reduced survival of L. monocytogenes on fresh cheeses in a dose-dependent manner. The highest dose tested (2,048 arbitrary units per g of cheese) was effective in reducing the pathogen counts to undetectable values throughout storage (6 to 72 h). These results suggest that these strains have great potential to be used as biopreservatives in the food industry and also as probiotics, with the potential to prevent L. monocytogenes gastrointestinal infection.
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Normanita, Rina. "Validity Of Congo Red Agar And Modified Congo Red Agar To Detect Biofilm Of Enterococcus Faecalis." Saintika Medika 16, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/sm.vol16.smumm1.11064.
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Purpose: Enterococcus faecalis causes nosocomial infections such as bacteremia, urinary tract infections, intra-abdominal infections, and endocarditis. These infection is associated with biofilm and intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics. This study aims to determine the validity of the CRA and MCRA for detecting biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis Method: This is a laboratory observational study with 30 sample of Enterococcus faecalis. We performed biofilm examination for Enterococcus faecalis by using Congo red Agar, Modified Congo red Agar and Microtitter Plate Assay as gold standard. Result: Both MCRA and CRA were compared MPA as a gold standard was obtained p value is 0.309 (p> 0.05), with a Kappa agreement coefficient is 0.067, which indicates there is no significant agreement to detect biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis. MCRA and CRA have almost no compatibility with MPA for biofilm forming of Enterococcus faecalis. Conclusion: Both MCRA and CRA has a very high sensitivity (100%), but the specificity is very low 6.67% for detecting the biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis. MCRA and CRA can not determine negativity well and it have a high false positive rate, so to increase specificity of biofilm forming, we must combine these method with the others. Keywords: Biofilm, Enterococcus faecalis, CRA, MCRA, MPA.
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S Salman, Mazin. "Enterococcus faecalis and Biofilm Formation." Acta Scientific Microbiology 4, no. 6 (May 29, 2021): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2021.04.0863.
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Asmah, Nur. "Pathogenicity Biofilm formation of Enterococcus faecalis." Journal of Syiah Kuala Dentistry Society 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jds.v5i1.20009.
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Biofilm formation is closely related to the pathogenicity of E. faecalis in persistent root canal infections. Limited information is available about the ability and characteristics of E. faecalis biofilm-forming in the persistent pathogenicity of root canal infections. Based on these problems, the purpose of this paper is to improve the molecular understanding of E. faecalis on virulence factors associated with biofilm formation against persistent root canal infections to support laboratory diagnosis and therapy of oral E. faecalis. In conclusion, the release of cytokines triggers the dlt gene of LTA to improving: homeostasis, autolytic activity, and bacterial envelope properties. The role of cytolysin activated by the cylLL and cylLS genes improving the survival ability of E. Faecalis. Hyaluronidase will facilitate other bacteria to migrate from the root canal to periapical lesions resulting in the triggering of toxin production, which will increase damage and inflammation in the host. Enterococcus faecalis, through dentine matrix formation, hydrolyze collagen and induce apatite deposition in developing biofilms. Besides, these bacteria can also increase their tolerance to antimicrobials by blocking the inflammatory response's acid reaction. Alkaline conditions will neutralize the lactic acid secreted by osteoclasts to absorb hard tissue
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Asmah, Nur. "Pathogenicity Biofilm formation of Enterococcus faecalis." Journal of Syiah Kuala Dentistry Society 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jds.v5i1.20008.
Full textAbstract:
Biofilm formation is closely related to the pathogenicity of E. faecalis in persistent root canal infections. Limited information is available about the ability and characteristics of E. faecalis biofilm-forming in the persistent pathogenicity of root canal infections. Based on these problems, the purpose of this paper is to improve the molecular understanding of E. faecalis on virulence factors associated with biofilm formation against persistent root canal infections to support laboratory diagnosis and therapy of oral E. faecalis. In conclusion, the release of cytokines triggers the dlt gene of LTA to improving: homeostasis, autolytic activity, and bacterial envelope properties. The role of cytolysin activated by the cylLL and cylLS genes improving the survival ability of E. Faecalis. Hyaluronidase will facilitate other bacteria to migrate from the root canal to periapical lesions resulting in the triggering of toxin production, which will increase damage and inflammation in the host. Enterococcus faecalis, through dentine matrix formation, hydrolyze collagen and induce apatite deposition in developing biofilms. Besides, these bacteria can also increase their tolerance to antimicrobials by blocking the inflammatory response's acid reaction. Alkaline conditions will neutralize the lactic acid secreted by osteoclasts to absorb hard tissue
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Asmah, Nur. "Pathogenicity Biofilm formation of Enterococcus faecalis." Journal of Syiah Kuala Dentistry Society 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jds.v5i1.20011.
Full textAbstract:
Biofilm formation is closely related to the pathogenicity of E. faecalis in persistent root canal infections. Limited information is available about the ability and characteristics of E. faecalis biofilm-forming in the persistent pathogenicity of root canal infections. Based on these problems, the purpose of this paper is to improve the molecular understanding of E. faecalis on virulence factors associated with biofilm formation against persistent root canal infections to support laboratory diagnosis and therapy of oral E. faecalis. In conclusion, the release of cytokines triggers the dlt gene of LTA to improving: homeostasis, autolytic activity, and bacterial envelope properties. The role of cytolysin activated by the cylLL and cylLS genes improving the survival ability of E. Faecalis. Hyaluronidase will facilitate other bacteria to migrate from the root canal to periapical lesions resulting in the triggering of toxin production, which will increase damage and inflammation in the host. Enterococcus faecalis, through dentine matrix formation, hydrolyze collagen and induce apatite deposition in developing biofilms. Besides, these bacteria can also increase their tolerance to antimicrobials by blocking the inflammatory response's acid reaction. Alkaline conditions will neutralize the lactic acid secreted by osteoclasts to absorb hard tissue
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Kristich, Christopher J., Yung-Hua Li, Dennis G. Cvitkovitch, and Gary M. Dunny. "Esp-Independent Biofilm Formation by Enterococcus faecalis." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.1.154-163.2004.
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ABSTRACT Enterococcus faecalis is a gram-positive opportunistic pathogen known to form biofilms in vitro. In addition, this organism is often isolated from biofilms on the surfaces of various indwelling medical devices. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating biofilm formation in these clinical isolates are largely unknown. Recent work has suggested that a specific cell surface protein (Esp) of E. faecalis is critical for biofilm formation by this organism. However, in the same study, esp-deficient strains of E. faecalis were found to be capable of biofilm formation. To test the hypothesis that Esp is dispensable for biofilm formation by E. faecalis, we used microtiter plate assays and a chemostat-based biofilm fermentor assay to examine biofilm formation by genetically well-defined, non-Esp-expressing strains. Our results demonstrate that in vitro biofilm formation occurs, not only in the absence of esp, but also in the absence of the entire pathogenicity island that harbors the esp coding sequence. Using scanning electron microscopy to evaluate biofilms of E. faecalis OG1RF grown in the fermentor system, biofilm development was observed to progress through multiple stages, including attachment of individual cells to the substratum, microcolony formation, and maturation into complex multilayered structures apparently containing water channels. Microtiter plate biofilm analyses indicated that biofilm formation or maintenance was modulated by environmental conditions. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that expression of a secreted metalloprotease, GelE, enhances biofilm formation by E. faecalis. In summary, E. faecalis forms complex biofilms by a process that is sensitive to environmental conditions and does not require the Esp surface protein.
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Aini, Shufiyah Nurul, Ruslan Effendy, and Ira Widjiastuti. "Konsentrasi Efektif Ekstrak Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum Wight) terhadap Hambatan Biofilm Enterococcus faecalis (Effective Concentration of Bay Leaf Extract (Syzygium polyanthum Wight) to Inhibit Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm)." Conservative Dentistry Journal 6, no. 2 (July 31, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/cdj.v6i2.2016.87-92.
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Background. Enterococcus faecalis is the most dominant microorganisms found in endodontic secondary infection with prevalence ranging between 24% - 77%. Defense mechanism of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria is forming biofilm,. A study showed that bacteria in mature biofilms can 10-1000 times more resistant to antimicrobials than bacteria in a planktonic form. One of the natural substances that can be used as antibiofilm to irrigation root canals is extract of fresh bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum Wight). Chemical components in bay leaves include flavonoids, tannins, and essential oils, which have antibacterial capability and damage the membrane biofilm. Purpose. To determine the effective concentration of fresh bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum Wight) that can inhibit biofilm Enterococcus faecalis. Method. This research is in-vitro labolatory experimental with post test only control group design using microtitter plate assay. Samples using Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 cultured in TSB (Trypticase Soy Broth) + glucose.Bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum Wight) concentration in this study was 13%, 12.25%, 11.50%, 10.75%, 10%, 9.25%, 8.50%, 7.75%, 7%, and 6.25%. Results. At the 13% concentration of Syzygium polyanthum Wight, showed 100% inhibition of biofilm, means that the 13% concentration of bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum Wight) can totally inhibit biofilm formation of Enterococcus faecalis. Conclusion. The effective concentration of bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum Wight) which inhibit Enterococcus faecalis biofilm is 13%.
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Toledo-Arana, Alejandro, Jaione Valle, Cristina Solano, Marı́a Jesús Arrizubieta, Carme Cucarella, Marta Lamata, Beatriz Amorena, José Leiva, José Rafael Penadés, and Iñigo Lasa. "The Enterococcal Surface Protein, Esp, Is Involved in Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Formation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 4538–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.10.4538-4545.2001.
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ABSTRACT The enterococcal surface protein, Esp, is a high-molecular-weight surface protein of unknown function whose frequency is significantly increased among infection-derived Enterococcus faecalisisolates. In this work, a global structural similarity was found between Bap, a biofilm-associated protein of Staphylococcus aureus, and Esp. Analysis of the relationship between the presence of the Esp-encoding gene (esp) and the biofilm formation capacity in E. faecalis demonstrated that the presence of the esp gene is highly associated (P < 0.0001) with the capacity of E. faecalis to form a biofilm on a polystyrene surface, since 93.5% of the E. faecalis esp-positive isolates were capable of forming a biofilm. Moreover, none of the E. faecalis esp-deficient isolates were biofilm producers. Depending on theE. faecalis isolate, insertional mutagenesis ofesp caused either a complete loss of the biofilm formation phenotype or no apparent phenotypic defect. Complementation studies revealed that Esp expression in an E. faecalis esp-deficient strain promoted primary attachment and biofilm formation on polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride plastic from urine collection bags. Together, these results demonstrate that (i) biofilm formation capacity is widespread among clinical E. faecalis isolates, (ii) the biofilm formation capacity is restricted to the E. faecalis strains harboringesp, and (iii) Esp promotes primary attachment and biofilm formation of E. faecalis on abiotic surfaces.
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Debby Rosalina and Aprilia. "Biofilm Effectivity of Ethanol Extracts (Casuarina equisetifolia) Leaves of the Bacteria Enterococcus faecalis." DENTA 14, no. 2 (August 12, 2021): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/denta.v14i2.1.
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Background: Enterococcus faecalis is one of the bacteria that can form biofilms that can cause persistent endodontic infections. Biofilm is the unity of microbial cell surface surrounded by a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The ethanol extracts of Casuarina equisetifolia leaves are known to have potentially bioactive compounds as antibacterials such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, and alkaloids. Objective: To determine the power antibiofilm ethanol extracts of Casuarina equisetifolia leaves at multiple concentrations of the bacteria Enterococcus faecalis. Methods: This study is an experimental research design post-test only control group design. The sample divided into 5 groups consisted of positive control Enterococcus faecalis in media Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB)+DMSO 1%, and 4 treatment groups of ethanol extracts of Casuarina equisetifolia leaves a concentration of 0,5%, 1%, 1,5%, and 2%. Biofilm is made using Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 bacteria were cultured on TSB media were incubated for 1x24 hours. 0,1 ml of the bacteria Enterococcus faecalis with a concentration of 106 put on a plate micro titter then done using crystal violet staining. Biofilm-checked by measuring optical density (OD) values using the ELISA reader. Data analysis used Kruskal-Wallis followed by Mann-Whitney test. Results: The ethanol extracts Casuarina equisetifolia leaves on the growth of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria indicate the presence of power antibiofilm. The results mean % mortality of bacteria (p<0.05) were significant in all groups that have the power antibiofilm effectiveness as against the growth of bacteria Enterococcus faecalis. Conclusion: The ethanol extracts Casuarina equisetifolia leave have antibiofilm power against bacterial growth Enterococcus faecalis.
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Erlandsen, S. L., C. J. Kristich, and G. M. Dunny. "Ultrastructure of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms." Biofilms 1, no. 2 (April 2004): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479050504001206.
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Enterococcus faecalis is known to produce biofilms on biomaterials, but the manner in which this occurs is unknown. Herein we report that adhesion of E. faecalis in biofilms appeared to be mediated by cell wall surface projections attaching cells to the substratum. Biofilm formation was observed on the polystyrene surface of 96-well plates and also on the surface of cellulose kidney dialysis tubing used as a model for biofilm formation on catheters. Qualitative differences involved the packing of E. faecalis cells in biofilms, with greater intercellular spacing detected in the 96-well plate, whereas bacteria were tightly packed on the surface of cellulose catheters. Distribution of adherent bacterial cells accumulating on the two surfaces revealed obvious differences, with most of the bacteria attaching to the polystyrene surface as single cells or diplococci separated from neighboring organisms by intervals of uncolonized surface. In contrast, enterococci on the cellulose surface were found as multi-layer cellular aggregates or microcolonies, even when much of the total surface was free from attached bacteria. Microcolonies stained intensely for neutral hexose sugars using the periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) stain. Surface projections, presumably exopolysaccharide, anchored bacteria to the substratum and appeared to elevate the cells above the surface. These slender surface projections could be seen over the entire enterococcal cell wall, with the exception of areas adjacent to septal regions where new cell wall formation was occurring. Rod-like interconnections were also observed between adjacent diplococci. These results suggested that biofilm formation varies on different substrates and that enterococcal surface projections may be involved in E. faecalis colonization and adhesion within biofilms.
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Ali, Islam A. A., Jukka P. Matinlinna, Celine M. Lévesque, and Prasanna Neelakantan. "Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Attenuates Enterococcus faecalis Virulence and Inhibits Biofilm Formation." Antibiotics 10, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060702.
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Enterococcus faecalis as an important nosocomial pathogen is critically implicated in the pathogenesis of endocarditis, urinary tract, and persistent root canal infections. Its major virulence attributes (biofilm formation, production of proteases, and hemolytic toxins) enable it to cause extensive host tissue damage. With the alarming increase in enterococcal resistance to antibiotics, novel therapeutics are required to inhibit E. faecalis biofilm formation and virulence. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), the main phytochemical in cinnamon essential oils, has demonstrated promising activity against a wide range of pathogens. Here, we comprehensively investigated the effect of TC on planktonic growth, biofilm formation, proteolytic and hemolytic activities, as well as gene regulation in E. faecalis. Our findings revealed that sub-inhibitory concentrations of TC reduced biofilm formation, biofilm exopolysaccharides, as well as its proteolytic and hemolytic activities. Mechanistic studies revealed significant downregulation of the quorum sensing fsr locus and downstream gelE, which are major virulence regulators in E. faecalis. Taken together, our study highlights the potential of TC to inhibit E. faecalis biofilm formation and its virulence.
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MADRAS-MAJEWSKA, BEATA. "Selected mechanisms of the antimicrobial effect of honey in the aspect of drug resistance of bacteria." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 78, no. 12 (2022): 6713–2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6713.
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The aim of the study was to review the available literature on the significance of factors and mechanisms of the antimicrobial effect of honey and the possibilities of using them to stabilize or inhibit the growth of selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria particularly capable of developing drug resistance. It can be concluded from data in the literature that the factors and mechanisms of the antimicrobial effect of honey are numerous and diverse. Honey can be effective in fighting microbes due to its physical, chemical and biological properties. The mechanisms of the antimicrobial effect of honey include, above all, high osmotic pressure, low pH caused by the presence of organic acids and hydrogen peroxide, high content of phenolic compounds, lysozyme (to a limited extent) and methylglyoxal in manuka honey and defenazine-1 in Revamil honey. Based on the presented research results, it was observed that the level of antibiotic activity of honey depends on its variety, geographic origin, concentration of honey solution, but also on the type of bacterial strain tested and its resistance. Bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of various varieties of honey have been found in certain Gram-positive bacteria (manuka honey – Staphylococcus aureus; Scottish heather honey – Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative bacteria (undiluted Thai honeys – Escherichia coli; 3% (v/v) solution of honey – Salmonella enterica; manuka honey – Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm). The high level of antibiotic activity of honey against these bacteria species is a potential opportunity to support therapies in cases of infections caused by these microorganisms, which can help fight the problem of drug resistance. The possibility of inhibiting or limiting the development of pathogenic bacteria without resorting to antibiotics would also have a mitigating impact on the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. However, it is advisable to extend the spectrum of research in this area to include bacteria species for which the current experimental results are mutually contradictory (Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis) and to include in the research microorganisms that have not yet developed drug resistance. In addition, both for economic reasons and due to the limited supply, alternative varieties of honey should be researched more extensively in research, apart from manuka honey which is most often used in experiments by scientists. In addition to the unquestionable advantages of honeys, it is important to remember that they can be contaminated with spores of Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus cereus.
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Neelakantan, Prasanna, Chandana Subbarao, Subash Sharma, Chandragiri Venkata Subbarao, Franklin Garcia-Godoy, and James L. Gutmann. "Effectiveness of curcumin against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm." Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 71, no. 6 (February 11, 2013): 1453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016357.2013.769627.
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Zhang, Junqi, Rong Fang, Qi Peng, Shizhou Wu, and Lei Lei. "The Regulations of Essential WalRK Two-Component System on Enterococcus faecalis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12030767.
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Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium that is highly adaptable to its environment. In humans, it can cause serious infections with biofilm formation. With increasing attention on its health threat, prevention and control of biofilm formation in E. faecalis have been observed. Many factors including polysaccharides as well as autolysis, proteases, and eDNA regulate biofilm formation. Those contributors are regulated by several important regulatory systems involving the two-component signal transduction system (TCS) for its adaptation to the environment. Highly conserved WalRK as one of 17 TCSs is the only essential TCS in E. faecalis. In addition to biofilm formation, various metabolisms, including cell wall construction, drug resistance, as well as interactions among regulatory systems and resistance to the host immune system, can be modulated by the WalRK system. Therefore, WalRK has been identified as a key target for E. faecalis infection control. In the present review, the regulation of WalRK on E. faecalis pathogenesis and associated therapeutic strategies are demonstrated.
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Khalifa, Leron, Yair Brosh, Daniel Gelman, Shunit Coppenhagen-Glazer, Shaul Beyth, Ronit Poradosu-Cohen, Yok-Ai Que, Nurit Beyth, and Ronen Hazan. "Targeting Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms with Phage Therapy." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 8 (February 6, 2015): 2696–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00096-15.
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ABSTRACTPhage therapy has been proven to be more effective, in some cases, than conventional antibiotics, especially regarding multidrug-resistant biofilm infections. The objective here was to isolate an anti-Enterococcus faecalisbacteriophage and to evaluate its efficacy against planktonic and biofilm cultures.E. faecalisis an important pathogen found in many infections, including endocarditis and persistent infections associated with root canal treatment failure. The difficulty inE. faecalistreatment has been attributed to the lack of anti-infective strategies to eradicate its biofilm and to the frequent emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. To this end, an anti-E. faecalisandE. faeciumphage, termed EFDG1, was isolated from sewage effluents. The phage was visualized by electron microscopy. EFDG1 coding sequences and phylogeny were determined by whole genome sequencing (GenBank accession numberKP339049), revealing it belongs to theSpounavirinaesubfamily of theMyoviridaephages, which includes promising candidates for therapy against Gram-positive pathogens. This analysis also showed that the EFDG1 genome does not contain apparent harmful genes. EFDG1 antibacterial efficacy was evaluatedin vitroagainst planktonic and biofilm cultures, showing effective lytic activity against variousE. faecalisandE. faeciumisolates, regardless of their antibiotic resistance profile. In addition, EFDG1 efficiently preventedex vivoE. faecalisroot canal infection. These findings suggest that phage therapy using EFDG1 might be efficacious to preventE. faecalisinfection after root canal treatment.
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Zainal-Abidin, Zamirah, Nor Akmal Abdul-Wahab, Muhamad Kamil Ghazi-Ahmad, and Shahida Mohd-Said. "In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Zingiber officinale and Orthosiphon stamineus on Enterococcus faecalis." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 13 (December 24, 2017): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n13p112.
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This study evaluates the antibacterial effects of Zingiber officinale essential oil and Orthosiphon stamineus water extract against Enterococcus faecalis. The herbs were prepared in various concentrations to determine their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and growth inhibitory effect. Anti-adhesion activities of the herbs were determined by co-incubation with E. faecalis cultures for 6 and 24 h. Biofilm disruption activities were determined by adding the studied herbs into preformed E. faecalis biofilm. The effects on the morphology of E. faecalis grown as biofilm were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The MICs of ginger oil and O. stamineus extract were 0.31 and 25 mg/mL, respectively. Between the tested herbs, ginger exhibited greater inhibitory effects on the growth of E. faecalis grown in suspension mode. Both herbs generally showed anti-adhesion activities in inverse concentration-dependent manner. No significant biofilm disruption activities by both herbs were observed. SEM analyses showed E. faecalis cell surface changes in the treated biofilm. The studied herbs may have compromised the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane. These findings suggest that the studied herbs may have better antibacterial activities against E. faecalis in suspension mode compared to biofilm mode, with ginger oil showed greater antibacterial activity compared to O. stamineus extract.
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Rachmawati, Hariningtyas Dian, A. Aprilia, and Kristanti Parisihni. "Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Mangrove Acanthus ilicifolius Terhadap Biofilm Enterococcus faecalis." DENTA 9, no. 2 (August 1, 2015): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/denta.v9i2.11.
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<strong>Latar Belakang: </strong><em>Enterococcus faecalis</em> adalah salah satu bakteri yang memiliki kemampuan dalam membentuk biofilm yang dapat menyebabkan infeksi persisten endodontik. Biofilm adalah kumpulan bakteri yang terorganisasi dengan baik yang melekat pada permukaan dan terlapisi oleh lapisan matriks ekstraselular polisakarida. Ekstrak daun mangrove <em>Acanthus ilicifolius </em>telah diketahui memiliki senyawa bioaktif yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri seperti saponin, alkaloid, terpenoid, dan tanin. <strong>Tujuan:</strong> Untuk mengetahui efektivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun mangrove <em>Acanthus ilicifolius</em> terhadap biofilm <em>Enterococcus faecalis.</em> <strong>Metode</strong> : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan desain penelitian <em>post test only control group design</em>. Sampel penelitian ini menggunakan bakteri <em>Enterococcus faecalis, </em>dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok, terdiri dari kontrol positif (NaOCL 2,5%), dan 5 kelompok perlakuan dengan konsentrasi ekstrak daun mangrove <em>Acanthus ilicifoliu</em>s yang berbeda yaitu 60 mg/ml; 70 mg/ml; 80 mg/ml; 90 mg/ml; dan 100 mg/ml dan dilakukan pengulangan sebanyak 8 kali. Bakteri <em>Enterococcus faecalis </em>dikultur pada media <em>TSBglu</em> diinkubasi selama semalam<em>.</em> Sebanyak 0,1 ml bakteri <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em> dengan konsentrasi 10<sup>6</sup> diisikan pada <em>microtiter plate</em> kemudian<em> </em>di cat dengan <em>crystal violet</em>.<em> </em>Biofilm diperiksa dengan mengukur <em>Optical Density</em> menggunakan ELISA <em>reader</em>. Analisis data menggunakan uji <em>One-way </em>ANOVA dilanjutkan dengan uji <em>Post Hoc</em>. <strong>Hasil:</strong> Pemberian ekstrak daun mangrove <em>Acanthus ilicifolius</em> menurunkan OD biofilm <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em> (p<0,05) pada semua kelompok. <strong>Simpulan: </strong>Ekstrak daun mangrove <em>Acanthus ilicifolius </em>memiliki efektivitas antibakteri terhadap biofilm <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em>
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Guiton, Pascale S., Chia S. Hung, Kimberly A. Kline, Robyn Roth, Andrew L. Kau, Ericka Hayes, John Heuser, Karen W. Dodson, Michael G. Caparon, and Scott J. Hultgren. "Contribution of Autolysin and Sortase A during Enterococcus faecalis DNA-Dependent Biofilm Development." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 9 (June 15, 2009): 3626–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00219-09.
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ABSTRACT Biofilm production is a major attribute of Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolates. Although some factors, such as sortases, autolysin, and extracellular DNA (eDNA), have been associated with E. faecalis biofilm production, the mechanisms underlying the contributions of these factors to this process have not been completely elucidated yet. In this study we define important roles for the major E. faecalis autolysin (Atn), eDNA, and sortase A (SrtA) during the developmental stages of biofilm formation under static and hydrodynamic conditions. Deletion of srtA affects the attachment stage and results in a deficiency in biofilm production. Atn-deficient mutants are delayed in biofilm development due to defects in primary adherence and DNA release, which we show to be particularly important during the accumulative phase for maturation and architectural stability of biofilms. Confocal laser scanning and freeze-dry electron microscopy of biofilms grown under hydrodynamic conditions revealed that E. faecalis produces a DNase I-sensitive fibrous network, which is important for biofilm stability and is absent in atn-deficient mutant biofilms. This study establishes the stage-specific requirements for SrtA and Atn and demonstrates a role for Atn in the pathway leading to DNA release during biofilm development in E. faecalis.
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Pargaputri, Agni Febrina, Elly Munadziroh, and Retno Indrawati. "The Effect of Pluchea indica Less Leaves Extract Againts Biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum In Vitro." DENTA 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/denta.v11i1.125.
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<p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em> Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum are the most common bacteria found in infected root canal teeth and most of them often caused failure in endodontic treatments. These bacteria can form biofilm which makes them more resistant against antibacterial agents. Biofilm formation also causes a decrease in antibiotics and antimicrobials sensitivity. Pluchea indica Less leaves is a species of plants that has several chemical properties. It consists of flavonoids and polyphenols which have benefits to inhibit biofilm formation. Because of its benefits, the extract of Pluchea indica Less leaves can be potentially developed as one of sterilization dressing in root canal teeth. <strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to determine biofilm formation inhibition of Pluchea indica Less leaves extract against Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>The dilution method was done first to show the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extract. The inhibition biolfilm formation was tested using microtitter plate assay by measuring the bacterial biofilm Optical Density (OD) from ELISA reader’s results and using autoagregation assay to show the inhibition of adherance bacteria. The Pluchea indica Less leaves extract concentration used for inhibition of biofilm formation were 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5%, and 6,25%. <strong>Results:</strong> The result of biofilm formation inhibition showed that Pluchea indica Less leaves extract were able to inhibit Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum’ biofilm formation with strong moderate effect. The autoagregation assay showed a decrease in autoagregation percentation of Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Pluchea indica Less leaves extract has effect to inhibit biofilm formation of Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Pluchea indica Less leaves extract, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, biofilm.</em></p><p><strong><em>Correspondence:</em></strong><em> Agni Febrina Pargaputri, Department of Oral Biology, </em><em>Faculty of Dentistry, Hang Tuah University, Arif Rahman Hakim 150, Surabaya, Phone.031-5912191</em><em>, Email: <span style="text-decoration: underline;">agni_febrina@yahoo.com</span></em><strong><em></em></strong></p>
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Safadi, Shatha, Harsh Maan, Ilana Kolodkin-Gal, Igor Tsesis, and Eyal Rosen. "The Products of Probiotic Bacteria Effectively Treat Persistent Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 4 (March 30, 2022): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040751.
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Objectives: Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive commensal bacterium that possesses various survival and virulence factors, including the ability to compete with other microorganisms, invade dentinal tubules, and resist nutritional deprivation. E. faecalis is associated with persistent endodontic infections where biofilms formed by this bacterium in the root canal frequently resist dental therapies. Aseptic techniques, such as the inclusion of sodium hypochlorite, are the most commonly used methods to treat E. faecalis infections within the root canal system. In this work, we assess the effectiveness of probiotic strains to prevent the regrowth of E. faecalis biofilm cells treated by sodium hypochlorite irrigation. Methods: First, methods are presented that evaluate the effects of short-term exposure to sodium-hypochlorite on established E. faecalis. Next, we evaluate the effects of the secreted products of probiotic strains on biofilm cells and planktonic cells. Results: Sodium hypochlorite, the treatment conventionally used to decontaminate infected root canal systems, was extremely toxic to planktonic bacteria but did not fully eradicate biofilm cells. Furthermore, low concentrations of sodium hypochlorite induced eDNA dependent biofilms. Strikingly, conditioned medium from the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei was sufficient to fully prevent the regrowth of treated biofilms while showing reduced potency towards planktonic cells. Conclusion: Sodium hypochlorite irrigations may contribute to the persistence of biofilm cells if used at concentrations lower than 3%. Probiotic strains and their products represent a new reservoir of biofilm therapies for E. faecalis infections formed in the root canal system.
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Obando-Pereda, Gustavo, Rufo Figueroa-Banda, and Luis Ponce-Soto. "Cold plasma: a good Enterococcus faecalis inhibitor –an in vitro tooth root canal pilot study." Journal of Dental Health, Oral Disorders & Therapy 13, no. 1 (2022): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jdhodt.2022.13.00561.
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Tooth root canals with endodontic treatment can be reinfected because the continued presence of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Many techniques of has been proposed to eliminated this bacteria, however, these techniques no offer the fully elimination of the E. faecalis. In this pilot study cold plasma was effective in the fully inhibition of E. faecalis biofilm in infected tooth root canals.
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Synetar, E. A., and O. I. Brych. "The dynamics of biofilm overgrowth of Enterococcus faecalis." Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 6, no. 2 (August 6, 2015): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021526.
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The nature of microorganisms can exist in two physiological forms that allow microbes to preserve livelihoods and continue their life cycle. The first is the population of planktonic forms of microorganisms which live freely in the environment with the developed systems of active and passive mobility, contributing to the rapid spread of a liquid medium. The second forms are those expressing specific mechanisms of adhesion, and able to aggregate on biogenic and abiogenic surfaces. Even in the deep sea vast number of species of bacteria live in their inherent horizons. Thus, the study of biofilms tube life support systems, diagnostic, laparoscopic devices during prolonged catheterization of the urinary system is of great practical, theoretical and biological significance in medicine and biology. For almost 20% of catheter-associated infections antibiotic therapy is uneffective, particularly through the formation of microbial biofilms on the surface of urinary catheters. We characterized the dynamics of biofilm growth of Enterococcus faecalis on fragments ofsilicone catheter. The study was conducted using bacteriological and electron microscopic techniques. Study of the dynamics of biofilm formation was performed using E. faecalis strain 49, which is isolated from the urine of persons who are not the patients of the urological department of resuscitation and intensive therapy. Using scanning electron microscopy we have established dynamics and phase attachment ofE. faecalis bacteria and subsequent overgrowth of silicone catheter surface. Aftercalculations, index of adhesion on the turbulent wall amounted to 0,49 microbial cells. That is, every other cell of the monolayer adhered on the catheter. Area of biofilm growth of E. faecalis after 24 hour incubation was equal to 51.5 μm2, in 48 hours it increased to 231.5 μm2. After 72 hours of incubation we recorded the increase in biofilm growth of E. faecalisto 1922,8 μm2. The results were obtained on fragments of catheters, immersed in broth in vertical position. This orientation has excluded the deposition of germs by sedimentation, i.e. by gravity. It is known that after the logarithmic phase and achieving M-concentration for a few hours microbes starttodie and their possible deposition mayoccur. Therefore, our results confirm the formation of biofilm, instead of sedimentation of dead microbes. Our study shows that biofilm is “the way of overgrowth on artificial and natural surfaces by microorganisms that are kept on them by exopolymer membranes”.
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Nallapareddy, S. R., K. V. Singh, J. Sillanpaa, D. A. Garsin, M. Hook, S. L. Erlandsen, and B. E. Murray. "Endocarditis and biofilm-associated pili of Enterococcus faecalis." Journal of Clinical Investigation 116, no. 10 (October 2, 2006): 2799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci29021.
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DUGGAN, J., and C. SEDGLEY. "Biofilm Formation of Oral and Endodontic Enterococcus faecalis." Journal of Endodontics 33, no. 7 (July 2007): 815–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2007.02.016.
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Ohl, Siew-Wan, Kulsum Iqbal, Boo Cheong Khoo, Jennifer Neo, and Amr Sherif Fawzy. "High intensity focused ultrasound for Enterococcus faecalis biofilm." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 5 (November 2013): 4182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4831333.
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Tendolkar, Preeti M., Arto S. Baghdayan, Michael S. Gilmore, and Nathan Shankar. "Enterococcal Surface Protein, Esp, Enhances Biofilm Formation by Enterococcus faecalis." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 10 (October 2004): 6032–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.10.6032-6039.2004.
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ABSTRACT Enterococci play a dual role in human ecology. They serve as commensal organisms of the gastrointestinal tract and are also leading causes of multiple antibiotic-resistant hospital-acquired infection. Many nosocomial infections result from the ability of microorganisms to form biofilms. The molecular mechanisms involved in enterococcal biofilm formation are only now beginning to be understood. Enterococcal surface protein, Esp, has been reported to contribute to biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis. Recent studies have shown that enterococci form biofilms independently of Esp expression. To precisely determine what role Esp plays in E. faecalis biofilm formation, Esp was expressed on the cell surface of genetically well-defined, natively Esp-deficient strains, and isogenic Esp-positive and Esp-deficient strains were compared for their biofilm-forming ability. The results show that Esp expression leads to a significant increase in biofilm formation, irrespective of the strain tested. The contribution of Esp to biofilm formation was found to be most pronounced in the presence of 0.5% (wt/vol) or greater glucose. These results unambiguously define Esp as a key contributor to the ability of E. faecalis to form biofilms.
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LaPlante, Kerry L., and Leonard A. Mermel. "In Vitro Activities of Telavancin and Vancomycin against Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Enterococcus faecalis Strains." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 7 (May 18, 2009): 3166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01642-08.
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ABSTRACT We investigated the activities of telavancin and vancomycin against biofilm-producing Staphylococcus and Enterococcus strains. At clinically attainable concentrations, telavancin was active against bacteria embedded in biofilm (minimal biofilm eradication concentration [MBEC], 0.125 to 2 μg/ml) and inhibited biofilm formation at concentrations below the MIC. Vancomycin did not demonstrate the same activity (MBEC, ≥512 μg/ml) against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Telavancin may have a unique role in biofilm-associated infections.
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Sucitya Purnama, Agustin Indrawati, I Wayan Teguh Wibawan, and Rifky Rizkiantino. "Korelasi Virulen gelE dan Pembentukan Biofilm pada Isolat Enterococcus faecalis yang Diisolasi dari Ayam Pedaging." Acta VETERINARIA Indonesiana 10, no. 2 (July 22, 2022): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/avi.10.2.157-163.
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Enterococcus faecalis merupakan patogen oportunistik yang membentuk biofilm dengan menghasilkan gen virulen seperti gelE. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi keberadaan gelE dan mengkaji korelasinya terhadap pembentukan biofilm pada isolat E. faecalis asal ayam. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 60 sampel arsip usap kloaka ayam. Isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri menggunakan media agar selektif diferensial KF Streptococcus. Konfirmasi molekuler menggunakan gen spesifik Efac untuk bakteri E. faecalis dan gen gelE untuk deteksi gen virulen gelatinase. Uji biofilm menggunakan teknik spektrofotometer pada densitas optik 630 nm. Data dianalisis secara kuantitatif menggunakan uji chi-square dengan nilai P < 0,05 dianggap signifikan secara statistik. Hasil isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri terhadap 60 sampel arsip asal ayam pedaging yang digunakan dalam studi sebanyak 21 isolat positif terkonfirmasi secara molekuler sebagai bakteri E. faecalis dan memiliki gen virulen gelE. Pada uji biofilm terdapat sebanyak 20 isolat (95,23%) positif kuat (OD630 > 0,130) dan 1 (4,76%) positif lemah (0,065 < OD630 ≤ 0,130) dengan nilai P < 0,05 atau memiliki korelasi secara statistik antara keberadaan gen gelE dengan pembentukan biofilm. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa gen virulen gelE telah ditemukan pada 21 isolat E. faecalis dan 95,23% mampu membentuk biofilm dengan intensitas positif kuat.