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Journal articles on the topic 'Enteral formulae'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Borges, Viviane Chaer. "Specialized enteral formulae for diabetic patients." Nutrition 19, no. 2 (February 2003): 196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00848-1.

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2

Rabito, E. I., M. A. Soares, J. Hammerschmitt, A. P. H. Rabuske, R. D. Thieme, C. E. Mazur, and M. E. M. Schieferdecker. "Cost-effectiveness of different home enteral nutrition formulae categories." Clinical Nutrition 37 (September 2018): S134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.06.1501.

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3

O'Keefe, Stephen J. D., Ronzo B. Lee, Frank P. Anderson, Chris Gennings, Souheil Abou-Assi, John Clore, Douglas Heuman, and William Chey. "Physiological effects of enteral and parenteral feeding on pancreaticobiliary secretion in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 284, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): G27—G36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00155.2002.

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In the nutritional management of digestive disorders, it is important to know the relative secretory and metabolic responses to enteral and parenteral feeding. Twenty-seven healthy volunteers were studied while receiving either oral drinks or duodenal infusions of a complex formula diet, duodenal or intravenous infusions of elemental (protein as free amino acids, low fat) formulae, or saline. Pancreaticobiliary secretory responses were measured by nasoduodenal polyethylene glycol perfusion and aspiration, while monitoring blood hormone and nutrient levels. Diets were matched for protein (1.5 g · kg−1· d−1) and energy (40 kcal · kg−1· d−1). Compared with placebo, all oroenteral diets stimulated amylase, lipase, trypsin, and bile acid secretion and increased plasma concentrations of gastrin and cholecystokinin, whereas intravenous feeding did not. The complex formula produced a similar response whether given as drinks or duodenal infusions. Changing the duodenal formula to elemental reduced enzyme secretion by 50%, independently of CCK. Higher increases in plasma insulin, glucose, and amino acids were noted with intravenous feeding. Delivering food directly to the intestine by a feeding tube does not reduce pancreaticobiliary secretion. Enteral “elemental” formulae diminish, but only intravenous feeding avoids pancreatic stimulation. Intravenous administration impairs metabolic clearance.
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4

Hanßmann, K., P. Fst, and P. Stehle. "P.6 Assessment of glutamine in selected proteinbased enteral formulae." Clinical Nutrition 14 (August 1995): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5614(95)80155-3.

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5

Cirqueira, Alberto Nunes, Fabiana Poltronieri, Deise Caramico, and Vera Silvia Frangella. "Estudo bromatológico de fórmulas artesanais e proposta de protocolo ambulatorial de assistência nutricional enteral." O Mundo da Saúde 33, no. 4 (December 4, 2009): 467–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15343/0104-7809.20094467479.

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6

Blaauw, R. "The use of specialised enteral formulae for patients with diabetes mellitus." South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 23, sup1 (January 2010): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2010.11734272.

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7

Kuroiwa, K., O. Trocki, J. Wesley Alexander, J. Tchervenkov, S. Inoue, and J. L. Nelson. "Effect of vitamin A in enteral formulae for burned guinea-pigs." Burns 16, no. 4 (August 1990): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4179(90)90137-l.

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8

Brammer, Elizabeth M. "Shortcomings of Current Formulae for Long-Term Enteral Feeding in Pediatrics." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 5, no. 4 (August 1990): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0115426590005004160.

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9

Mesa, Maria D., Josune Olza, Carolina Gonzalez-Anton, Concepcion M. Aguilera, Rosario Moreno-Torres, Africa Jimenez, Antonio Perez de la Cruz, Azahara I. Ruperez, and Angel Gil. "Changes in Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Fragile Adults over Fifty Years of Age and in Elderly People Exclusively Fed Enteral Nutrition." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5709312.

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We aim to evaluate whether exclusive feeding of an enteral formula enriched withn-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) affects oxidative stress and the antioxidant defence system and may improve the levels of some relevant inflammatory, and cardiovascular biomarkers in frail adults over fifty years of age and in elderly subjects. Fifty-five patients were divided into two groups and were exclusively fed a newly designed normoproteic and isocaloric enteral formula enriched with eicosapentaenoic (98 mg/d) and docosahexaenoic acids (46 mg/d) (n=26) or a reference enteral diet (n=29). Oxidative, inflammatory and cardiovascular risk biomarkers and red blood cell fatty acid profiles were determined at the beginning and after 90 and 180 days of feeding. Then-3 LC-PUFA percentage tended to be higher (P=0.053) in the experimental group than in the reference group. Administration of then-3 LC-PUFA diet did not increase oxidative stress or modify plasma antioxidant capacity but decreased antioxidant enzymatic activities. MMP-9 plasma concentration decreased with both formulae, whereas tPAI-1 tended to decrease (P=0.116) with the administration of the experimental formula. In conclusion, administration of the newn-3 LC-PUFA-enriched product for 6 months did not negatively alter the oxidative status and improved some cardiovascular risk biomarkers.
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10

Shunova, Anna, Katrin A. Böckmann, Michaela Minarski, Axel R. Franz, Cornelia Wiechers, Christian F. Poets, and Wolfgang Bernhard. "Choline Content of Term and Preterm Infant Formulae Compared to Expressed Breast Milk—How Do We Justify the Discrepancies?" Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 13, 2020): 3815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123815.

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Choline/phosphatidylcholine concentrations are tightly regulated in all organs and secretions. During rapid organ growth in the third trimester, choline requirement is particularly high. Adequate choline intake is 17–18 mg/kg/day in term infants, whereas ~50–60 mg/kg/day is required to achieve fetal plasma concentrations in preterm infants. Whereas free choline is supplied via the placenta, other choline carriers characterize enteral feeding. We therefore quantified the concentrations and types of choline carriers and choline-related components in various infant formulae and fortifiers compared to breast milk, and calculated the supply at full feeds (150 mL/kg/day) using tandem mass spectrometry. Choline concentration in formula ranged from values below to far above that of breastmilk. Humana 0-VLB (2015: 60.7 mg/150 mL; 2020: 27.3 mg/150 mL), Aptamil-Prematil (2020: 34.7 mg/150 mL), Aptamil-Prematil HA (2020: 37.6 mg/150 mL) for preterm infants with weights < 1800 g, and Humana 0 (2020: 41.6 mg/150 mL) for those > 1800 g, comprised the highest values in formulae studied. Formulae mostly were rich in free choline or phosphatidylcholine rather than glycerophosphocholine and phosphocholine (predominating in human milk). Most formulae (150 mL/kg/day) do not supply the amounts and physiologic components of choline required to achieve fetal plasma choline concentrations. A revision of choline content in formulae and breast milk fortifiers and a clear declaration of the choline components in formulae is required to enable informed choices.
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11

Tagliaferri, Enrico G., Graziano Bonetti, and Christopher J. Blake. "Ion chromatographic determination of inositol in infant formulae and clinical products for enteral feeding." Journal of Chromatography A 879, no. 2 (May 2000): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00323-x.

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12

ELIA, M., M. B. ENGFER, C. J. GREEN, and D. B. A. SILK. "Systematic review and meta-analysis: the clinical and physiological effects of fibre-containing enteral formulae." Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 27, no. 2 (October 8, 2007): 120–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03544.x.

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13

Doola, Ra'eesa, Alwyn S. Todd, Josephine M. Forbes, Adam M. Deane, Jeffrey J. Presneill, and David J. Sturgess. "Diabetes-Specific Formulae Versus Standard Formulae as Enteral Nutrition to Treat Hyperglycemia in Critically Ill Patients: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial." JMIR Research Protocols 7, no. 4 (April 9, 2018): e90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/resprot.9374.

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14

Nahidi, Lily, Andrew S. Day, Daniel A. Lemberg, and Steven T. Leach. "Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Mechanistic Approach to Investigate Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Treatment." Scientifica 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/423817.

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The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) include Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis. The disease may present at any age although the peak of presentation is the second and third decades of life. The incidences of these diseases are increasing around the world with the age of presentation getting younger. At present CD is incurable with colectomy being the treatment for severe UC. Although several pharmacological approaches are used to modulate the inflammatory response in IBD, few lead to histological healing and most have side effects. An alternative approach is to use enteral formulae given exclusively (EEN) to treat IBD. EEN requires the consumption of an elemental or polymeric formula, with the exclusion of all other nutrients, for a period of up to 12 weeks. The introduction of EEN as a therapeutic option for IBD was through prudent observation; however, EEN has become an established and reliable option for the treatment of paediatric IBD. Despite this, the mechanisms through which EEN induces disease remission are unknown and remain hypothetical. This review will discuss recent research into EEN both describing clinical features of EEN therapy and discussing the most up-to-date understanding of the mechanisms through which EEN may be reducing intestinal inflammation and inducing disease remission.
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15

Sanz, A., M. Guallar, I. Salazar, A. B. Cortes, R. Albero, and S. Celaya. "P:31 High-fat versus high-carbohydrate enteral formulae: effect on blood glucose, C-peptide and ketones." Clinical Nutrition 15 (August 1996): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5614(96)80158-0.

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16

Scanzano, C., R. Iacone, E. Pastore, A. D’Isanto, G. Negro, F. Contaldo, and L. Santarpia. "PP278-MON: Outstanding abstract: Micronutrient Content in Enteral Formulae Compared to the Dietary Reference Values for Italian Population (LARN)." Clinical Nutrition 33 (September 2014): S232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5614(14)50612-7.

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17

Evans, S., A. Daly, P. Davies, and A. MacDonald. "The nutritional intake supplied by enteral formulae used in older children (aged 7-12 years) on home tube feeds." Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 22, no. 5 (October 2009): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277x.2009.00993.x.

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18

Cossack, Z. T., and A. Rojhani. "Fibre in enteral formulae: effects of sugar-beet versus soy fibre on zinc and folic acid absorption in human subjects." Clinical Nutrition 11, no. 1 (February 1992): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5614(92)90061-t.

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19

Seo, Jeong-Meen. "Korea Enteral Nutrition Status and New Regulation Law of Enteral Formulas." Japanese Journal of SURGICAL METABOLISM and NUTRITION 49, no. 3 (2015): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11638/jssmn.49.3_78.

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20

Wang, Jine, Nan Zheng, Xinyi Chang, Huitao Qian, and Yi Han. "Nutritional risk factors for all-cause mortality of critically ill patients: a retrospective cohort study." BMJ Open 12, no. 11 (November 2022): e066015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066015.

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ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the predictive value of single and multiple risk factors for the clinical outcomes of critically ill patients receiving enteral nutrition and to establish an effective evaluation model.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingData from the 2020–2021 period were collected from the electronic records of the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University.Participants459 critically ill patients with enteral nutrition in the geriatric intensive care unit were included in the study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was 28-day mortality. The secondary outcomes were 28-day invasive mechanical ventilation time, intensive care unit stay, Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 (NRS2002) score and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score.ResultsIndependent prognostic factors, including prealbumin/procalcitonin (PCT) ratio and APACHE II score, were identified using a logistic regression model and used in the nomogram. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and concordance index indicated that the predictive capacity of the model was 0.753. Moreover, both the prealbumin/PCT ratio and the combination model of PCT, prealbumin and NRS2002 had a higher predictive value for clinical outcomes. Subgroup analysis also identified that a higher inflammatory state (PCT >0.5 ng/mL) and major nutritional risk (NRS2002 >3) led to worse clinical outcomes. In addition, patients on whole protein formulae bore less nutritional risk than those on short peptide formulae.ConclusionsThis nomogram had a good predictive value for 28-day mortality in critically ill patients receiving enteral nutrition. Both the prealbumin/PCT ratio and the combination model (PCT, prealbumin and NRS2002), as composite models of inflammation and nutrition, could better predict the prognosis of critically ill patients.
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21

Weinstein, Dana S., and Janet Furman. "ENTERAL FORMULAS." Nursing Clinics of North America 32, no. 4 (December 1997): 669–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-6465(22)02684-6.

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22

Sanz-París, Alejandro, Luisa Calvo, Ana Guallard, Isabel Salazar, and Ramón Albero. "High-fat versus high-carbohydrate enteral formulae: effect on blood glucose, C-Peptide, and ketones in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin or sulfonylurea." Nutrition 14, no. 11-12 (November 1998): 840–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(98)00124-5.

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23

PL, Bordoloi, Barooah MS, and M. Gogoi. "Demography and Feeding Practices of ICU Patient of Government and Private Hospitals of Jorhat District, Assam." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v6i4.8065.

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The aim of the present study was to analyze the characteristics and feeding practices of patient admitted to medicine ICUs. All relevant clinical and dietary information were collected for patients admitted to ICUs of selected Government and private hospitals of Jorhat district, Assam. This information was abstracted with the help of pre-structured schedule from the Medical Record Department and Intensive Care Unit team and analysed. A total of 1034 patients were admitted during the study period. Majority of the patients (49.61%) were from the age group of 60years and above. Majority incidence of diseases is a reason of admission in ICUs of both the hospitals was non-communicable diseases and patients were admitted via emergency OPD. Highest length of stay of 10-15 days was observed among the majority of patient from government hospital while it was shorter (6-10 days) for private hospital. The daily feeding pattern of each of the patients was recorded. Patients dependent on homemade blenderized foods for nutritional support were more in Government hospital while compare to the patient using both the commercial formulae as well as homemade food till the last day of stay in private hospitals. Increased cost of hospitalization and better outcome of patient in terms of short stay at hospitals and better nutritional status of the patient admitted to private hospitals were not feasible for low income groups patients admitted in Government hospital. The results of the present study will help the need of formulation and development of patient specific homemade foods with its ingredients used and nutritional requirement in it are taken account for both oral and enteral feedings in the hospitals with higher standard values with all demonstration on the development of protocols for clean techniques in the preparation, safe handling and storage of handmade enteral feeds.
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24

Chen, Yimin, and Sarah J. Peterson. "Enteral Nutrition Formulas: Which Formula Is Right for Your Adult Patient?" Nutrition in Clinical Practice 24, no. 3 (May 29, 2009): 344–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0884533609335377.

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25

Pratiwi, Yessie Finandita, Mohammad Sulchan, Diana Nur Afifah, and Rusdin Rauf. "Amino acids in enteral formula based on local fermented food for children with protein energy malnutrition." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 15 (March 28, 2021): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1480.

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Protein-energy malnutrition still becomes a problem in the world and Indonesia. The enteral formula is needed in the process of fulfilling overall nutrition in the form of a liquid diet in malnourished patients to digest and absorb nutrients without any difficulties. Amino acid lysine, methionine, cysteine, threonine, and tryptophan are often deficits in children's food; even, malnourished children (stunting, wasting, or protein-energy malnutrition) have decreased amino acids. Tempeh gembus, fermented local food, is used as the main ingredient for the enteral formula, and the hydrolysate process is carried out and made into flour, resulting in more amino acids due to the process of protein breakdown. The making of enteral formula from local food fermentation aims to enable the community to optimize local food into more nutritious food so that it can be produced at the household scale. Other supplementary ingredients are isolated soy protein, pumpkin flour, maltodextrin, sugar, and soybean oil. The enteral formula is isocaloric and isoprotein; it is divided into two with different compositions of the hydrolysate of Tempeh gembus flour. This study aims to determine the content of protein, amino acids, and limiting amino acids in the enteral formula. The amino acid analysis was performed using the HPLC method. Amino acid glutamate has the highest content in enteral formulas A and B (2,080 mg.100g-1and 1,950 mg.100g-1). The total amino acid content of enteral formula A is higher than that of enteral formula B with a difference of 210 mg.100g-1. Enteral formula A has a higher average amino acid content (1,400 mg.100g-1) than enteral formula B (1,378 mg.100g-1), and there is no significant difference (p = 0.812) between them. The enteral formula A has a higher amino acid content, but the highest protein content is in enteral formula B. The limiting amino acids in enteral formulas A and B are the methionine amino acids. Enteral formulas A and B can fulfill the needs of amino acids and be an alternative formula for Children with PEM.
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26

KASHIWABARA, Norio. "Enteral feeding formulas." Kagaku To Seibutsu 28, no. 4 (1990): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu1962.28.238.

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27

Crowther, Roger S., Renee Bellanger, and Karen EM Szauter. "In Vitro Stability of Ranitidine Hydrochloride in Enteral Nutrient Formulas." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 29, no. 9 (September 1995): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809502900905.

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Objective: To determine the chemical stability and physical compatibility of ranitidine in enteral nutrient formulas. Measurements: A stability-indicating HPLC assay was used to measure the recovery of ranitidine from tablet (dissolved in water) or syrup after up to 24 hours of in vitro incubation in a variety of enteral nutrient formulas. Ranitidine binding to components of the formulas was measured after ultrafiltration. Results: Eight enteral nutrient formulas were studied, and more than 90% of added ranitidine was recovered from each formula after 24 hours. The amount of ranitidine bound to components of the formulas varied between 8% and 29%. No gross physical incompatibilities were seen and the pH of each formula changed by less than 0.1 pH units over 24 hours. Conclusions: Ranitidine from either tablet or syrup was stable in the enteral nutrient formulas studied. Administration of ranitidine by admixture into these enteral formulas may be feasible.
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28

Bjornvad, Charlotte R., Thomas Thymann, Nicolaas E. Deutz, Douglas G. Burrin, Søren K. Jensen, Bent B. Jensen, Lars Mølbak, et al. "Enteral feeding induces diet-dependent mucosal dysfunction, bacterial proliferation, and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs on parenteral nutrition." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 295, no. 5 (November 2008): G1092—G1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00414.2007.

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Preterm neonates have an immature gut and metabolism and may benefit from total parenteral nutrition (TPN) before enteral food is introduced. Conversely, delayed enteral feeding may inhibit gut maturation and sensitize to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Intestinal mass and NEC lesions were first recorded in preterm pigs fed enterally (porcine colostrum, bovine colostrum, or formula for 20–40 h), with or without a preceding 2- to 3-day TPN period ( n = 435). Mucosal mass increased during TPN and further after enteral feeding to reach an intestinal mass similar to that in enterally fed pigs without TPN (+60–80% relative to birth). NEC developed only after enteral feeding but more often after a preceding TPN period for both sow's colostrum (26 vs. 5%) and formula (62 vs. 39%, both P < 0.001, n = 43–170). Further studies in 3-day-old TPN pigs fed enterally showed that formula feeding decreased villus height and nutrient digestive capacity and increased luminal lactic acid and NEC lesions, compared with colostrum (bovine or porcine, P < 0.05). Mucosal microbial diversity increased with enteral feeding, and Clostridium perfringens density was related to NEC severity. Formula feeding decreased plasma arginine, citrulline, ornithine, and tissue antioxidants, whereas tissue nitric oxide synthetase and gut permeability increased, relative to colostrum (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, enteral feeding is associated with gut dysfunction, microbial imbalance, and NEC in preterm pigs, especially in pigs fed formula after TPN. Conversely, colostrum milk diets improve gut maturation and NEC resistance in preterm pigs subjected to a few days of TPN after birth.
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29

Grossman, Robert. "Early Enteral Formula Administration." Critical Care Medicine 24, no. 1 (January 1996): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199601000-00027.

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30

McMillen, Marvin A. "Early Enteral Formula Administration." Critical Care Medicine 24, no. 1 (January 1996): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199601000-00028.

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31

Cerra, Frank B. "Early Enteral Formula Administration." Critical Care Medicine 24, no. 1 (January 1996): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199601000-00029.

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32

Brown, Britta, Kelly Roehl, and Melanie Betz. "Enteral Nutrition Formula Selection." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 30, no. 1 (December 16, 2014): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0884533614561791.

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33

Orel, Anija, Matjaz Homan, Rok Blagus, Evgen Benedik, Rok Orel, and Natasa Fidler Mis. "Nutrition of patients with severe neurologic impairment." Radiology and Oncology 52, no. 1 (December 7, 2017): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/raon-2017-0060.

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Abstract Background Commercial enteral formulas are generally recommended for gastrostomy feeding in patients with severe neurologic impairment. However, pureed food diets are still widely used and even gaining popularity among certain groups. We tried to compare the effectiveness of gastrostomy feeding for treatment of severe malnutrition with either enteral formulas or pureed feeds. Patients and methods A 6-month nutritional intervention was made with 37 malnourished children, adolescents and young adults (2–26 years old) with severe neurologic impairment (Gross Motor Function Classification system [GMFCS] grade V). The individual needs were calculated. Participants were fed by gastrostomy with either enteral formulas (n = 17) or pureed food (n = 20). Measurements to assess nutritional status were made at the beginning and at the end of intervention. Results The Z scores for weight-for-age and for the body-mass index increased more in enteral formula than in pureed food group (2.07 vs. 0.70, p = 0.0012; and 3.75 vs. 0.63, p = 0.0014, respectively). Fat mass index increased more in enteral formula than in pureed food group (1.12 kg/m2 vs. 0.38 kg/m2; p = 0.0012). Patients in the enteral formula group showed increase in lean body mass expressed as fat-free mass index (0.70 kg/m2), while those in pureed food group did not (-0.06 kg/m2) (p = 0.0487). Conclusions The results suggest that even professionally planned pureed food diet is less effective than commercial enteral formula for nutritional rehabilitation of malnourished patients with severe neurologic impairment. However, larger and if possible randomised clinical studies should be made to confirm our findings.
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Rahadiyanti, Ayu, Choirun Nissa, Wahyu Ilmi Annisa, Lilis Wijayanti, Fillah Fithra Dieny, and Deny Yudi Fitranti. "Optimasi sifat organoleptik, indeks, dan beban glikemik formula enteral berbasis tepung tempe dan tepung bengkuang." Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia 19, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.69187.

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Optimization of organoleptic, glycemic index, and a load of enteral formula based on tempe and jicama flourBackground: Tempeh and jicama have the potential effect as hypoglycemic agents. Hyperglycemic patients are recommended to consume formula with a low glycemic index to control blood glucose levels properly. Although balancing and roasting could improve the aromas of tempeh flour, research is lacking on tempeh powder-based enteral formula.Objective: This study aimed to analyze the organoleptic, glycemic index, and glycemic load of enteral formulas based on tempeh and jicama flour to meet the requirements of enteral formulas for hyperglycemic patients.Methods: Experimental research with 3 levels of treatment, namely variations in the ratio of tempeh flour and jicama flour with formulas 1 (1:1); 2 (3:2); and 3 (4:7) with two methods, namely steam blanching and roasting before tempeh drying. An organoleptic test using a hedonic test was carried out on 25 semi-trained panelists. One-shot case study glycemic index and glycemic load test on 30 subjects met the inclusion criteria. Data analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis test.Results: The color, aroma, and taste in formula 3 were acceptable to the panelists, but the texture was less favorable. Formula 3 has a glycemic index of 55.20 and a glycemic load of 14.90. There was no difference in an index and glycemic load in the 3 enteral formulas.Conclusion: Formula 3, with a ratio of 4:7, a moderate glycemic index, and load, could be acceptable to the panelists.
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35

Putri, Widya Ayu kurnia, Ibnu Zaki, and Gumintang Ratna Ramadhan. "Kandungan Gizi Formula Enteral Berbasis Ubi Ungu, Ikan Lele, Tempe Kedelai, Labu Kuning." Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan Soedirman 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jgipas.2022.6.2.6949.

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One of the efforts to manage malnutrition is to fulfill nutritional needs. Fulfillment of nutritional needs can be done through the administration of enteral formulas. The high cost of commercial formulas led to budget swelling in hospitals. Therefore, it is necessary to develop enteral formulas that are cheaper but in accordance with the needs of poor nutrition. One of the development efforts is to utilize local food. Various local foods such as purple sweet potato, catfish, soybean tempe and pumpkin have nutritional content that has the potential as a therapy for malnutrition. This study aims to analyze nutrients including carbohydrates, fats, proteins and -carotene contained in enteral formulas based on purple sweet potato, catfish, soybean tempeh and pumpkin. An experimental study with a completely randomized design (CRD) using four formulas, namely L1, L2, L3 and L4 with a ratio of catfish meal and soybean tempeh flour sequentially 19: 31, 21: 29, 23: 27, 25: 25. Statistical analysis was carried out. with the Oneway Anova test and further tests using the Duncan test. The results showed that in 100g L1 formula contains 73.09% carbohydrates, 8.89% protein and 18.03% fat from total energy and 7.62 mg -carotene. 100g L2 formula contains 74.27% carbohydrates, 9.46% protein and 16.27% fat from total energy as well as 7.40mg -carotene. 100g L3 formula contains 74.29% carbohydrates, 9.78% protein and 15.93% fat from total energy and 10.15 mg -carotene. 100g L4 formula contains 73.62% carbohydrates, 10.21% protein and 16.17% fat from total energy and 9.08 mg -carotene. The formulation with the most nutritional content that meets the needs is the L4 formula. The average nutritional value of enteral L4 formula is 399.60 kcal/100g energy, 10.21% protein, 16.17% fat and 9.08 mg/100g -carotene.
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Puspita, Eggi, Afriyana Siregar, and Hana Yuniarti. "Analysis of Macro Nutritional Substances, Branched-Chain Amino Acids, Viscosity Enteral Formula for Hepatic Cirrhosis Patients." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kesehatan 9, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32668/jitek.v9i2.738.

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Patients with hepatic impairment are particularly at risk of malnutrition because of impaired absorption, hypermetabolism, and poor oral intake. Enteral diet therapy based on pumpkin and soybean flour is one of the local foods functional as an alternative enteral formula for patients with liver cirrhosis because it contains high Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) and Medium-Chain Triglyceride (MCT). The purpose of this study was to analyze the nutritional value (proximate test), BCAA test (Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine) and Viscosity Test (thickness) and organoleptic test of enteral formulas of patients with liver cirrhosis from pumpkin and soybean flour. This descriptive qualitative research method uses three levels of treatment, comparison of pumpkin with soybean powder. The characteristics analyzed are macronutrients (energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates), BCAA (leucine, isoleucine, valine), viscosity. Statistical analysis with One Way Anova and organoleptic test with a hedonic method. The macronutrient content analysis following the diet's requirements and principles was enteral formula two at a relative concentration (80:20). The statistical test results showed a p-value of 0.000 (<0.05), which means a significant difference in the content of leucine, isoleucine, and valine in the three enteral formulas. Increasing the ratio of pumpkin tends to increase the viscosity of the enteral cirrhosis formula. The enteral formula has characteristics per 1000 ml as follows: 38 grams of protein, 161.1 grams of carbohydrates, 25.2 grams of fat, 1023 kcal of energy, 5743.43 mg of BCAAs, and the results of the organoleptic test selected for the enteral formula 2.
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Rahmadanti, Tia Sofa, Aryu Candra, and Choirun Nissa. "Pengembangan formula enteral hepatogomax untuk penyakit hati berbasis tepung kedelai dan tepung susu kambing." Jurnal Gizi Indonesia (The Indonesian Journal of Nutrition) 9, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jgi.9.1.1-10.

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Background: Patients with chronic liver disease were risk to be malnourished due to malabsorption, hipermetabolic condition, and not receiving adequate nutrients orally. Diet therapy through enteral feeding based on soybean flour and goat milk flour play role as an alternative formula for chronic liver patients since it contains high Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) and Medium-chain Triglyceride (MCT).Objectives: to analyze viscosity, nutrient content, protein digestibility, and organoleptic properties of enteral feeding using soybean flour and goat milk flour.Methods: An experimental study using 3 distinc formula with ratio soybean flour to goat milk flour was P1(45:55), P2(50:50), P3(55: 45). Viscosity, fat, carbohydrate content, and energy density were analyzed using One Way Anova followed by Tukey test while protein content, protein digestibility, and energy density were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis followed by Mann Whitney test. Organoleptic properties were analyzed using Friedman followed by Wilcoxon test.Results:The higher the soybean flour, the higher the formula viscosity (p=0.000) and protein (0.007). In contrast, the higher the got milk flour, the higher the fat (p=0.000), carbohydrate (p=0.000), energy (p=0.000) and energy density (p=0.013). Formula P3 has the highest viscosity (1.93±0.039 cP) and protein (9.66±0.16%), while P1 has the highest fat (27.33±0.15%), carbohydrate (65.97±0.23%), energy (1.175±3.04 kkal), energy density (1.17±0.00 kkal/ml), and protein digestibility (45.90±1.49%) among others. However, there is no effect of different formula toward protein digestibility (p=0.116). Organoleptic properties showed that the higher the got milk flour, the higher its acceptance in all aspect including color (p=0.046), flavor (p=0.000), taste (p=0.009) dan texture (p=0.002).Conclusion: P1 was the best formula due to its level of viscosity, fat, energy, protein and energy density that meet requirements according to European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN). P1 also has the highest protein digestibility, and have the highest score of all organoleptic parameters.
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Martin, Ramon F., Vernon R. Young, and Morteza Janghorbani. "Selenium Content of Enteral Formulas." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 10, no. 2 (March 1986): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148607186010002213.

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Sentongo, Timothy, and Maria R. Mascarenhas. "Newer components of enteral formulas." Pediatric Clinics of North America 49, no. 1 (February 2002): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(03)00111-1.

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Matthai, John, Neelam Mohan, M. S. Viswanathan, Naresh Shanmugam, Lalit Bharadia, Shirish Bhatnagar, and K. P. Srikanth. "Therapeutic Enteral Formulas in Children." Indian Pediatrics 57, no. 4 (February 5, 2020): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13312-020-1787-9.

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Maruyama, Michio, Shohei Iijima, Nobuya Ishibashi, Michio Inukai, Tetsuharu Oriishi, Naruo Kawasaki, Naomi Kurata, et al. "Feasibility of International Proposed Standardized Enteral Connector for Semi-Solid Formula Feeding." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 73, no. 3 (2018): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000492674.

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Background/Aims: The current study was undertaken to assess if the semi-solid formulas could be used with a new ENFit connector with similar force to current percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes. Methods: Experiment 1: We measured the applied pressure (force) needed to compress the syringe containing 7 viscous semi-solid formulas with a 20 Fr PEG tube and low-profile tube through the ENFit connector or the current connector. Experiment 2: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the compression force through 2 connectors in 3 infusion velocity, 7 PEG tube types with 2 semi-solid formulas. Results: Experiment 1: The force needed to compress the syringe through the ENFit connector was higher in 3 semi-solid formulas with a 20 Fr low-profile tube; otherwise, there were no significant differences. Experiment 2: Each formula required a higher force in the ENFit connector in 6 settings out of 21. Conclusions: The ENFit connector will likely not show any remarkable change in the force to administer the semi-solid formula. However, a higher force was required under some conditions in the prototype ENFit connector. Further investigation of sensory test is needed to confirm the feasibility of the ENFit connector for using the semi-solid formulas.
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Yamagishi, Yoshiaki, Rei Saiki, Takeshi Yoshimi, Toshiyuki Kudo, and Kiyomi Ito. "Gastroprotective Effect of Enteral Nutrition Formula in Mice Injected Subcutaneously with Indomethacin." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 3297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093297.

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We have previously shown that two enteral nutrition formulas suppressed gastric lesions induced by the oral administration of indomethacin (IND) in mice. However, the mechanism of their protective effect is unknown. In this study, the effect of the two enteral nutrition formulas on gastric lesions induced by subcutaneous IND injection was investigated, with the objective of exploring the possibility that they may interact directly with IND in the gastrointestinal tract. Ten-week-old, male, ICR mice were fasted, then orally given either purified water, Mermed® One, or 2-fold diluted Terumeal® 2.0α as enteral nutrition formula (25 mL/kg). IND was injected subcutaneously at 20 mg/kg after 30 min, and the stomach was removed 6 h later and fixed in formalin. The number and area of lesions in the stomachs of mice given enteral nutrition formula was reduced to 56–89% and 34–61%, respectively, compared with the mice given purified water. The time courses of plasma IND concentrations were comparable among the three groups. These results suggested that the effect of these enteral nutrition formulas on gastric lesions did not originate from their direct interaction with IND in the gastrointestinal tract or their effect on the disposition of IND.
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Annisa, Wahyu Ilmi, Martha Ardiaria, Ayu Rahadiayanti, Deny Yudi Fitranti, Fillah Fithra Dieny, Diana Nur Afifah, and Choirun Nissa. "Microbiology quality and shelf life analysis of enteral formulas based on tempeh flour and yam flour." Jurnal Gizi Indonesia (The Indonesian Journal of Nutrition) 8, no. 2 (June 2, 2020): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jgi.8.2.85-91.

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Background: Critically ill patients have an increased risk of developing infection. Enteral formula that given to patients must meet food safety which includes microbiology quality. In powder form, powder formula is a solution to suppress microbial growth, although it is still susceptible to oxidation. Shelf life is useful to determine the oxidation status. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the value of TPC, Salmonella, E. coli and shelf life of enteral formula.Methods: This study was a completely randomized experimental design of one factor, namely the length of storage for values of TPC, Salmonella and E. coli with variations in storage for 0, 1, 2, and 3 hours at room temperature. Data on the TPC test was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis. The temperature used for shelf life with TBA based-Arrhenius equation is 250C, 350C, and 450C for 28 days.Results: There was a difference in the length of storage of 0, 1, 2, and 3 hours on the value of TPC. The TPC value at 0 and 1 hour did not exceed the normal limit. The value of Salmonella was negative/25 g and < 3/g for E. coli. The shelf life of enteral formulas was respectively 250C, 350C and 450C for 44.89, 28.26 and 18.32 days.Conclusion: The longer the length of storage, the higher the TPC value. In accordance with the Indonesian standard (SNI), there is no contamination of Salmonella and E. coli in the enteral formula. The longest shelf life is at 250C.
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Baldassarre, Maria Elisabetta, Antonio Di Mauro, Margherita Fanelli, Manuela Capozza, Jennifer L. Wampler, Timothy Cooper, and Nicola Laforgia. "Shorter Time to Full Preterm Feeding Using Intact Protein Formula: A Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16 (August 14, 2019): 2911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162911.

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Background: This study was carried out to evaluate enteral feeding advancement and tolerance in preterm infants receiving one of two marketed formulas: intact protein preterm formula (IPF) or extensively hydrolyzed formula (EHF) for the first 14 feeding days. Methods: Primary outcome was days to full enteral feeding (≥140 mL/kg/day). Per protocol analyses included the following: all participants who met study entrance criteria and completed study feeding (primary) and those who received ≥75% enteral intake from study formula (subset). Mothers were encouraged to provide their breast milk. Results: Of the 65 enrolled (IPF: n = 32; EHF: n = 33), 60 completed study feeding per protocol (IPF: n = 30; EHF: n = 30), 37 (62%) received predominantly breast milk, and 23 (38%) received ≥75% study formula intake (IPF: n = 11; EHF: n = 12). No group differences were detected in tolerance measures. No necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) was reported. Median time to achievement of full enteral feeding was significantly shorter for the IPF vs. EHF group (day 10 vs. 14, p < 0.05) (subset analysis). Mean enteral intake significantly increased by day 14 for the IPF group (p < 0.05), reflecting group divergence as achieved feeding volumes increased. Conclusions: Results suggest shorter time to full enteral feeding and higher feeding volume achieved by study end in preterm infants receiving intact protein preterm formula versus extensively hydrolyzed formula.
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Silvah, José Henrique, Carolina Ferreira Nicoletti, Cristiane Maria Mártires de Lima, Arthur Welle, and Júlio Sérgio Marchini. "Necessidade de módulo proteico para pacientes em estado grave: estudo das fórmulas enterais em sistema fechado disponíveis no mercado." Abr-Jun 2, no. 35 (July 20, 2020): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37111/braspenj.2020352005.

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Introduction: The nutritional support of critically ill patients must be individualized and meet the daily energy and protein needs. Despite the fact that health entities publish their respective nutritional therapy recommendations for these patients, guidelines on the use of protein modules are still scarce and controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the protein / energy adequacy of the industrialized enteral formulas existing in the Brazilian market used in the nutritional therapy of adult patients, as well as the need to use protein modules. Methods: 46 enteral formulas found in the Brazilian market were evaluated, by means of mathematical simulations, in relation to the adequacy against protein recommendations, without extrapolating the energy supply (limit of 110% of the daily requirement). For the simulations, comprising the protein module, the energy supply of the module was included in the analysis. Results: The protein / calorie ratio varied between 3.1 and 9.2. For patients without obesity, only the Peptamen Intense - Nestlé formula [protein ratio (g)/100 kcal = 9.2] reaches at least 100% of the protein requirement (1.5 to 2g protein/kg/day), with a volume calculated to 20 to 25 kcal/kg. For patients with BMI between 30 and 36 kg/m2, there is no formula that achieves the recommendation in isolation. The Peptamen Intense - Nestlé formula meets the recommendations for patients with a BMI between 36 and 40 and a BMI> 44 kg/m2. The comparison of the Peptamen Intense - Nestlé formula with the rest of the formulas available on the market plus protein module shows that Fresubin 2 kcal HP - Fresenius needs the lowest volume of the set (enteral formula + protein module) to reach 1000 kcal and 92 g of protein (25.5% less than Peptamen Intense - Nestlé). Conclusion: Most of the enteral formulas available in the Brazilian market are not able to offer, in isolation, an adequate protein supply, without generating excess energy supply (overfeeding). The use of protein modules can bring benefits to the recovery of patients, including those infected by COVID-19.
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Pratiwi, Lingga Edytias, and Etika Ratna Noer. "ANALISIS MUTU MIKROBIOLOGI DAN UJI VISKOSITAS FORMULA ENTERAL BERBASIS LABU KUNING (Curcubita moschata) DAN TELUR BEBEK." Journal of Nutrition College 3, no. 4 (October 27, 2014): 951–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v3i4.6915.

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Latar Belakang: Formula enteral atau diet cair merupakan salah satu cara untuk memenuhi kebutuhan zat gizi khususnya bagi anak penderita gizi buruk. Formula enteral yang diproduksi secara tradisional sangat rentan tercemar oleh mikroorganisme bila tidak ditangani secara tepat dan benar. Lamanya waktu penyimpanan akan mempengaruhi kualitas formula enteral itu sendiri.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis mikrobiologi dan uji viskositas dari formula enteral berbasis labu kuning dan telur bebek.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan rancangan acak lengkap satu faktor yaitu lama penyimpanan formula enteral terhadap nilai TPC dan Salmonella sp dengan 3 variasi perlakuan, yaitu formula yang disimpan selama 1 jam, 2 jam dan 3 jam di dalam suhu ruangan tertutup, dan dilakukan dengan tiga kali pengulangan. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji One Way ANOVA untuk uji Viskositas dan Repeated ANOVA untuk uji TPC dengan derajat kepercayaan 95%.Hasil: Pada uji viskositas formula enteral menunjukkan adanya perbedaan tingkat kekentalan dengan berbagai variasi konsentrasi telur bebek, namun berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap viskositas (p >0,05). Lama penyimpanan formula enteral berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap TPC. Nilai TPC pada umur simpan masih dalam batas normal yaitu 0.19 x104 cfu/ml. Sedangkan umur simpan ≥2 jam melebihi batas maksimal dan tidak memenuhi syarat. Untuk uji Identifikasi Salmonella tidak ditemukan sama sekali bakteri Salmonella sp dan sudah memenuhi syarat SNI.Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan tingkat kekentalan dengan berbagai konsentrasi telur bebek namun tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap viskositas formula enteral. Semakin lama penyimpanan formula enteral maka akan semakin menurun kualitas formula enteral itu sendiri. Tidak terdapat bakteri Salmonella sp pada produk formula enteral dan sudah memenuhi syarat SNI.
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Whelan, Kevin, Loukia Efthymiou, Patricia A. Judd, Victor R. Preedy, and Moira A. Taylor. "Appetite during consumption of enteral formula as a sole source of nutrition: the effect of supplementing pea-fibre and fructo-oligosaccharides." British Journal of Nutrition 96, no. 2 (August 2006): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20061791.

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Liquid enteral formulas are commonly used as a sole source of nutritional support of patients in hospital and community settings. Their effect on appetite has important consequences for dietary management of such patients and is likely to be affected by the formula composition. The aim of the present study was to compare appetite within healthy subjects consuming both a standard formula and one supplemented with pea-fibre (10g/l) and fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS; 5g/l) as a sole source of nutrition. Eleven healthy subjects consumed a standard formula or a pea-fibre/FOS formula as a sole source of nutrition for 14d in a double-blind, cross-over trial. Appetite was recorded using standard 100mm lines anchored at each end by a phrase denoting the most extreme appetite sensation. Consumption of the pea-fibre/FOS formula resulted in higher mean fullness (46 v.37mm, P=0·035), minimum fullness (13 v. 9mm, P=0·024) and minimum satiety (12 v. 8mm, P=0·012) compared to the standard formula. As there were no differences in macronutrient intake between formulas, these differences are likely to be due to supplementation with pea-fibre and FOS. The effect on appetite of the composition of an enteral formula, both with respect to nutrient content and functional components such as pea-fibre and FOS, may be an important aspect to consider in the dietary management of patients consuming enteral formula as a sole source of nutrition.
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E. Naschitz, Jochanan, Natalia Zaigraykin, Elena Zlotover, and Faisal Neime. "Vitamin K deficiency under enteral feeding: real or imagined threat." Clinical Research and Clinical Trials 4, no. 4 (October 27, 2021): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-4779/065.

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Patients receiving enteral feeding may develop vitamin K deficiency if the nutrition formula does not meet their daily vitamin K requirement. Vitamin K is essential for clotting factors II, VII, IX and X to be released in their functional form. Under vitamin K deficiency a coagulopathy may develop which is marked by prolongation of the prothrombin time (PT). There might be a need, unrecognized to-day, for monitoring the PT in patients receiving enteral feeding to unmask a latent coagulopathy. We assessed the prevalence of a prolonged PT in patients receiving enteral feeding for 3 months of more with one or a combination of the enteral formulas Osmolite®, Jevity®, Easymilk®. Twenty-three residents in long-term hospital care received solely enteral feeding for an average of 37 months, SD 21 months. The median daily vitamin K supplied by enteral feeding was 96.8 mcg (average 103.3 mcg, SD 28.8); this does not satisfy the 150 mcg of vitamin K required by the Food and Drug Administration. In 21 patients the PT-INR was 1-1.2 (normal). The PT was prolonged in two patients. In one of the latter, prolongation of PT-INR was not confirmed two days later. In the second case, the patient having repeatedly a PT-INR 1.4 (and a normal APTT), administration of vitamin K did not correct the PT. In conclusion, long-term vitamin K-deficient nutrition did not affect the vitamin K-dependent coagulation. This data may argue against the supposed need to monitor the PT in patients receiving long-term enteral nutrition.
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TANAKA, Tamami, Akimasa HIGASHI, Ichiro MATSUDA, Isao SUZUKI, and Makio ASAKAWA. "Selenium Content of Japanese Enteral Formulas." Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi 48, no. 6 (1995): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4327/jsnfs.48.490.

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Skipper, Annalynn. "Specialized formulas for enteral nutrition support." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 86, no. 5 (May 1986): 654–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(21)03997-3.

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