Dissertations / Theses: 'ENSO'

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Spencer, Hilary. "The predictability of ENSO teleconnections." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.646014.

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There is much evidence that El Nino and La Nina (collectively called ENSO) lead to signifIcant atmospheric seasonal predictability across much of the globe. However, despite successful predictions of tropical Pacific SSTs, atmospheric seasonal forecasts have had limited success. Two possible reasons for this lack of skill are considered. Firstly, some errors in an atmosphere only model, HadAM3, are investigated and secondly, the impacts on predictability of the remote SST anomalies teleconnected with EN SO (SST teleconnections) are studied.

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Moreno, Paula Alexandra Tapiero. "Equity research - Stora Enso OYJ." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20886.

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Mestrado em Finanças
Nesta dissertação de mestrado foram examinados os elementos de avaliação da empresa STORA ENSO OYJ, incluídos e enfatizados na recomendação de investimento final. O presente projeto adota o formato de "Equity research" orientado pelo instituto CFA seguindo a sua estrutura e os padrões de projeto de trabalho final de Master do ISEG. Ele contém 8 capítulos, incluindo instantâneo de pesquisa, descrição e gerenciamento de negócios, governança corporativa e análise do setor. Assim, analisa a situação financeira e de gestão dos últimos três anos (2017 - 2019) e projeta as operações para mais seis anos (2020 - 2025) para fornecer a visão geral financeira, resumo de investimento, avaliação e riscos de investimento. O preço-alvo foi alcançado através do método de valorização do Fluxo de Caixa Descontado com base no Custo Médio Ponderado de Capital e também no Custo do Capital. Adicionalmente, é realizada a avaliação de Múltiplos e o Modelo de Dividendos com Desconto. A recomendação final da STORA ENSO OYJ endossa a "HOLD, com um preço-alvo de €14,02 por ação até o final do ano de 2021, representando um potencial elevado de 11,2%, em comparação com o preço de fechamento de €12,60 por ação em 30 de outubro, 2020 com risco médio. É importante destacar que o presente relato é realizado durante uma conjuntura econômica imprevisível por se tratar do COVID-19, seus efeitos o incluem e enfatizam na pesquisa.
In this Master Thesis was exanimated valuation elements of the company STORA ENSO OYJ, included and emphasized in the final investment recommendation. The present report adopts the equity research format guided by the CFA institute following its structure and ISEG?s Master final work project standards. It contains 8 chapters including Research Snapshot, Business Description and Management, Corporate Governance, and Industry Analysis. Accordingly, it analyzes the financial and management situation of the past three years (2017 to 2019) and forecasts the operations for six more years (2020 to 2025) to provide the financial overview, investment summary, valuation, and investment risks. The price target was reached through the Discounted Cash Flow valuation method based on the Weighted Average Cost of Capital and also the Cost of Equity. Additionally, it is performed Multiples valuation and the Discount Dividend Model. The final recommendation for STORA ENSO OYJ endorses to HOLD, with a price target of €14.02 per share by the 2021-year end, representing an upside potential of 11.2%, in comparison with the closing price of €12.60 per share on October 30th, 2020 with medium risk. It is important to highlight that the present report is performed during an unpredictable economic situation as it is the COVID- 19, its effects include it and emphasized in the research.
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Merkel, Ute. "ENSO teleconnections in high resolution AGCM experiments." Hamburg : Max-Planck-Inst. für Meteorologie, 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969789653.

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Blom, Ida, and Jennifer Eriksson. "Stora Enso : Vägen till ett lyckat hållbarhetsarbete." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-120140.

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Jin, Daeho. "The impact of ENSO on the extratropics." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3158.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2008.
Vita: p. 160. Thesis director: Ben P. Kirtman. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Climate Dynamics. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 18, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 152-159). Also issued in print.

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Lloyd, James. "The role of atmospheric feedbacks during ENSO." Thesis, University of Reading, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.553132.

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Present-day general circulation models (GeMs) exhibit a large diversity in the strength, time scale and spatial pattern of the simulated El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Many recent studies attribute these ENSO biases to the atmosphere component of GeMs, motivating a better understanding of the role of the atmosphere during ENSO. Theory separates the ENSO atmospheric processes into two linear feedbacks: 1) the Bjerknes positive feedback (u), and 2) the thermodynamical damping (a), respectively measuring the remote zonal wind stress and local heat flux response to eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. This thesis presents an in-depth analysis of u and a in 12 state-of-the-art GeMs, using coupled and atmosphere-only simulations. In the coupled simulations, both u and a are underestimated with respect to the re- analysis values, and a relationship is found between a and the modelled ENSO amplitude. Splitting up a into its four components reveals that the latent heat and shortwave flux feedbacks, aLH and asw, dominate the net feedback. All models successfully simulate a thermodynamical LH flux damping mechanism (driven by specific humidity processes), but exhibit large errors in asw, the main source of the overall a underestimation. In most models, biases in aSW are characterised by an erroneous positive feedback in the eastern equatorial Pacific region. A 'feedback decomposition method', developed to elucidate the aSw biases, shows that cloud-related errors over the eastern equatorial Pacific account for the asw biases in the atmosphere-only simulations, but that an underestimated dynamical response to SST anomalies is also important in the coupled simulations. A large nonlinearity is found in the observed and modelled SW flux feedback, showing that the linear heat flux parameterisation used in simple ENSO models is masking important processes. The process-based methodology presented in this thesis will help to correct model ENSO atmospheric biases, ultimately leading to an improved simulation of ENSO in GeMs.

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Edwards, Mickie Rae. "Peruvian Pinnipeds as Archivists of ENSO Effects." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2018. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/495.

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Environmental fluctuations in the eastern Pacific Ocean are reflected in the tissues of some of its most vulnerable apex predators, the Peruvian fur seal (PFS) Arctocephalus australis ssp.and the South American sea lion (SASL) Otaria byronia.These large pinnipeds live in sympatry along the Pacific coastline of South America and forage within the neritic waters over the continental shelf. The coastal waters off Peru are a region of great environmental fluctuations due to periodic, oscillating El Niño- La Niña- Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, which result in ecosystem-wide food web changes. Pinniped vibrissae (whiskers) are continuously growing keratinous tissues and reflect the incorporation of prey from the region. Fine resolution sampling along their length provided trophic information on a weekly to monthly time scale over several years. Vibrissae were obtained from 2010-2016 from female (n=47), male (n=17) and newborn pup (n=6) fur seals and male (n=6) sea lions collected during pinniped rookery health assessments. Stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) in vibrissae infer temporal primary production and dietary variations in individuals. ENSO conditions were dictated by the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) recordings from the Niño 1+2 Index region over 12 years. Fluctuations in vibrissae δ15N were correlated to varying SSTA readings (p15N (p15N signatures (p13C revealed minor fluctuations ranging from -18.13 to -13.17‰over the 12-year period, δ13C did reveal a significant depletion and enrichment oscillation during specific points in time, such as the 2014-2016 El Niño event, which ranged from -15.09 to -13.83‰(p=0.040). Stable isotope signatures varied between genders, but not by species. Female fur seal stable isotope signatures were significantly more depleted in both δ13C and δ15N than males (p13C and δ15N were inversely correlated to each other from 2014 to 2016; this was during the strongest El Nino-Southern Oscillation event on record (p=0.002). As δ13Csignatures became more enriched, δ15N signatures depleted from 2014 until 2016. This suggests that when ENSO warm phase conditions occur, the environments resources change in historic foraging grounds, possibly forcing pinnipeds to travel farther distances offshoreto forage or altering what they feed on throughout these stressful conditions.This study serves to help understand of the impact of oceanographic influences on these pinnipeds.ENSO conditions influence the trophic dynamics and resultant survival adaptations in both of these vulnerable Peruvian marine mammals.

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Borgö, Åsa, and Kari Vestergaard. "Projektanalys vid Stora Enso Packaging Concept i Torsvik." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Industrial Engineering and Management, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-9304.

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In a global economy it is important to understand what project management is and how it functions in a contemporary company. This report includes an empirical case study of a project flow, which was conducted in the department Packaging Concept (PC) which is a part of Stora Enso. As all of PC´s customer enquiries are unique and must be considered an individual project, PC continuously works in projects. An analysis of the project flow was conducted based on interviews at and visits to PC as well as relevant documents distributed by the department. The report gives an understanding and analysis of how PC works in projects. A description of the project flow is given and the project roles are defined. Furthermore, PC´s way of following up projects as well as managing risks are presented and analysed. The analyses in this report are based on a chapter that includes relevant project- and process management theory. PC´s project flow is long and includes many steps that must be conducted in order to deliver a good result to the customer. This project flow can be divided into the initial phase, the preliminary study phase, the planning phase, the implementation phase and the completing phase. In order to support the employees, PC has templates and instruction manuals that give clear guidelines and directives on how to manage a project. The management and the employees at PC see the project flow as a process giving an overall picture of the project flow. There are many players involved in the course of a project. Internally in PC, the project roles are divided between the management, the salesmen, the project engineers and the service engineers. Management orders the project while the project engineer is the project manager. A team of suppliers, a salesman and service engineers constitute the project group. Special focus has been placed on how PC manages project evaluation and risk management. Analyses of these two elements were done, and the findings in this report are that PC has inadequate guidelines for managing project evaluation and for managing risk. PC has managed to make the project flow clear and easy to work with. Everybody in the department understands the general picture of the project flow and the role that they and their colleagues play. In our opinion this is due to the clear guidelines and directives communicated through templates and instruction manuals. These are, however, not currently sufficient. Better documented guidelines for managing project evaluation and risk management should be completed by the management.

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Gilliland, Alice Brien. "The potential influences of ENSO on interhemispheric transport." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26279.

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Schwartz, Tommy. "Energikartläggning av pelletsproduktion : vid Stora Enso på Gruvön." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-33474.

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Idag är fossila bränslen fortfarande de främsta energikällorna runt om i världen. Enligt många experter kommer snart inte produktionen kunna tillfredsställa efterfrågan av olja. Därför bör övergången till alternativa bränslen ske så fort som möjligt. Det biobränsle som tillverkas mest i Sverige är pellets där Stora Enso på Gruvön är en tillverkare. Det är dock energikrävande att tillverka eldningsbar pellets från fuktigt spån och Stora Enso vill därför spara energi vid tillverkningen. Målet är att analysera och kartlägga energianvändningen i varje delprocess i pelletstillverkningen. Genom en energikartläggning kan möjliga energieffektiviseringar hittas. Nyckeltal tas fram för varje energislag och delprocess för att kunna kvantifieras energianvändningen och besparingsmöjligheterna. Resultaten visar att den totala energianvändningen uppgår till 1,29 MWh/ton pellets, mätt i torrsubstans. Torkningen är den delprocess som använder mest energi, men också den process som potentiellt går att spara mest energi med värmeåtervinning. Den totala potentiella värmeåtervinningen av utflödesluft för hela processen är 1,17 MWh/ton pellets. Resultaten visar pelletstillverkningens energianvändning och vart fokus ska läggas vid eventuella energibesparande åtgärder och effektiviseringar.

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Wu, Ke-Mao. "The relationship between synoptic factors and intensity changes of Typhoons over the Western North Pacific Ocean during Enso and non-Enso events /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488196781732197.

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Hildebrand, Ann E. "Impact of the ENSO phenomenon on Florida fresh tomatoes." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0014885.

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Högberg, Fredrik, and Oskar Johansson. "Hantering och lagerföring av reservdelar vid Stora Enso Skoghall." Thesis, Karlstad University, Division for Business and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-38.

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Denna uppsats utreder problematiken rörande hantering och lagring av reservdelar vid Stora Enso Skoghall. Reservdelar följer sällan ett givet efterfrågemönster vilket gör det svårt att använda klassiska ordermodeller som exempelvis EOQ. Den teoretiska referensramen går igenom de klassiska modellerna samt några modeller anpassade för reservdelshantering. Vår undersökning riktar dels in sig på processer och handlingsförfaranden hos Skoghall samt några artiklar ur olika kategorier för att verklighetsanknyta modellerna. De slutsatser som vi dragit från vår undersökning är att det inte finns någon universalmodell som på ett enkelt sätt löser reservdelsproblematiken. Istället måste Skoghall hitta egna metoder främst med klassificering av reservdelarna utifrån hur kritiska dessa är för företagets produktion.

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Fan, Yun. "ENSO prediction and predictability in an intermediate coupled model." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390461.

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Johansson, Vilhelm. "Kartläggning av energitillskottFör Stora Enso Timbers pelletsfabrik i Grums." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-31177.

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Jalander, K. (Kai). "ISO 50001 -vaatimusten käyttöönotto Stora Enso Oyj:n Oulun tehtaalla." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201505061445.

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Energiatehokkuuslaki velvoittaa suuryrityksiä käyttöönottamaan energiatehokkuuden johtamisjärjestelmän 5.12.2015 mennessä. Stora Enso on päättänyt sertifioida ISO 50001 -standardin mukaisen energiatehokkuuden johtamisjärjestelmän. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli tarkastella ISO 50001 -standardin sisältöä ja selvittää miten vaatimukset tulee integroida Stora Enson Oulun tehtaalla käytössä oleviin järjestelmiin ja toimintatapoihin. Työn alkuosassa on selvitetty Stora Enson Oulun tehtaan energiatehokkuutta koskevien energiatehokkuusdirektiivin, energiatehokkuuslain ja energiatehokkuussopimuksen sisältöjä. Työn toisessa osiossa on perehdytty ISO 50001 -standardin vaatimusten sisältöön. Tämän diplomityön painopiste on ISO 50001 -standardin vaatimusten käyttöönotossa Oulun tehtaalla ja järjestelmän toiminnan kuvaamisessa. Energiatehokkuuden seuranta, kommentointi ja tulosten tallentaminen on otettu osaksi päivittäistä tuotannon seurantaa. Päivittäisissä ja viikoittaisissa tuotantolinjojen palavereissa tarkastellaan toteutunutta energiatehokkuuden tasoa, ja verrataan sitä energian perusuriin ja energiatavoitteisiin. Kuukauden toteutunut energiatehokkuustaso raportoidaan osana kuukausiraporttia. Henkilöstöorganisaatiolle on määritelty sopivat energiatehokkuuden johtamisjärjestelmän tehtävät ja vastuut. Henkilöstöä koulutetaan huomioimaan energiatehokkuus työtehtävän vaatimalla tavalla. Energiatehokkuuden johtamisjärjestelmän kehittämiseksi on luotu energiatehokkuusryhmä, jonka tehtävänä on valvoa jatkuvaa energiatehokkuuden kehittämistä ja kehittää energiatehokkuuden johtamisjärjestelmän toimintaa. Energiatehokkuusryhmä määrittää tehtaalle energiatehokkuuslain ja Stora Enson energiaperiaatteiden kanssa yhdenmukaiset energiapäämäärän ja -tavoitteen. Energiatehokkuuden kehittämiseksi on käyttöönotettu ISO 50001 -standardin mukainen energiasuunnitteluprosessi ja energian kohdekatselmointi. Energiantehostamiskohteita luodaan aloitetoiminnan, tutkimustyön ja katselmoinnin avulla. Tuotantolinjoille tehdään, ylläpidetään ja tallennetaan energian kohdekatselmuksia, joissa selvitetään tuotantolinjan energiatehokkuustaso ja siihen vaikuttavat tekijät sekä tunnistetaan energiatehokkuuden parannuspotentiaali. Kohdekatselmuksessa tunnistetaan merkittävät energiantuotanto- ja energiankulutuskohteet ja määritetään ja ylläpidetään niiden energiatehokkuusindikaattoreita, energian perusuria ja energiatavoitteita. Tuotannonohjaukselle ja -ylläpidolle määritellään ohjeet energiatehokkuuden huomioimiseksi. Energiatehokkuuspoikkeamien ennaltaehkäisemiseksi ja korjaamiseksi on luotu toimintatapa ja raportointi menettely. Tallenteille ja dokumenteille on määritelty ylläpito- ja jakelukanava sekä menettely asiakirjojen hyväksymiselle. Weshare:n energiasivustolla ylläpidetään järjestelmän keskeisiä dokumentteja sekä tallenteita. Aloitejärjestelmään on luotu osio energiatehokkuusaloitteita varten ja TUTTU -järjestelmään osio energiantehostamiskohteiden projektikansioita varten. Työn loppuosaan on kirjoitettu energiatehokkuuden ja energiatehokkuudenjohtamisjärjestelmään liittyviä parannusehdotuksia sekä koostettu yhteenveto työn sisällöstä. Liitteisiin on koottu yksityiskohtaista tietoa henkilöstöstä ja tehtävistä ja vastuista sekä ISO 50001 -vaatimukset huomioiva pohja energiantehostamiskohteille TUTTU -järjestelmään
The Energy Efficiency Act obligates major corporations to deploy energy efficiency management systems by 5.12.2015. Stora Enso has decided to apply for ISO 50001 certification for its energy efficiency management system. The object of this master’s thesis was to examine of the ISO 50001 standard and to determine how its requirements could be implemented in the systems and procedures of Stora Enso’s Oulu mill. The introduction of the thesis, focuses on the impacts of the Energy Efficiency Directive, the Energy Efficiency Act and the Energy Efficiency Agreement on Stora Enso’s Oulu mill. The second part of the thesis, focuses on the requirements of the ISO 50001 standard. The main focus of this master’s thesis is on the implementation of the ISO 50001 requirements in Stora Enso’s Oulu mill and on the description of the energy efficiency management system. Energy efficiency monitoring, commenting and data recording has been implemented into daily activities of the mill. The actual energy efficiency rate is reviewed and compared to energy baselines and energy targets during daily and weekly meetings. The actual monthly energy efficiency rate is reported within the monthly production report. The duties and responsibilities related to the energy efficiency management system have been determined for the management level of the personnel organization. The personnel are receiving training in observing energy efficiency in their normal duties. An energy efficiency team has been set up to monitor the development of energy efficiency and to further develop the energy efficiency management system. The energy efficiency group aims to establish energy objectives and targets pursuant to the Energy Efficiency Act and Stora Enso’s energy principles. In order to improve the mill’s energy efficiency, the mill has implemented an energy planning and review process pursuant to the ISO 50001 standard. The energy efficiency improvement targets are created via initiatives, research activities and energy reviews. At the production lines, energy reviews are carried out and maintained, and the result are recorded. Energy reviews aim to establish the energy efficiency level, factors contributing to the energy efficiency level, as well as the energy efficiency improvement potential. The review also aims to identify significant energy production and consumption objectives, and to maintain and record the related energy efficiency indicators, energy baselines and energy targets. The energy efficiency guidelines of production control and maintenance are defined by production managers. An action and reporting protocol has been established for preventing and addressing any energy efficiency deviations. The mill has established a maintenance and distribution channel for records and documents. A protocol for document approval has also been implemented. The Weshare website is used for maintaining and archiving important documents and records. An Energy efficiency section has been created for energy efficiency initiatives in the initiative system. For energy improvement objects, an energy section has been created in TUTTU system. The latter sections of the thesis include improvement suggestions for energy efficiency and the energy efficiency management system, and the summary of this master’s thesis. The appendices contain specific information about the personnel organization and a template for energy improvement objectives pursuant to the ISO 50001 requirements for the TUTTU system

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Kijazi, Agnes Lawrence. "Teleconnections between seasonal rainfall in coastal Tanzania and Enso." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4769.

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Includes bibliographical references.
The modulation of Tanzanian coastal rainfall variability with the El Nino/Southern oscillation (ENSO), the largest known mode of Southern Hemisphere climatic variation is examined. A rainfall index was formulated from variable Tanzanian coastal stations and used to identify the rainfall characteristics of each ENSO year. Monthly anomalies of selected meteorological fields were analyzed for El Niño/La Niña composites and each individual event to determine the mechanisms associated with seasonal rainfall over teh Tanzanian coast during ENSO years.

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Urmann, David. "ENSO and PDO variability during the past 100 years." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1409835137.

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Welty, Joshua Stephen. "On ENSO-Modified Hurricane Formation in the North Atlantic." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1428596554.

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Dayan, Hugo. "Quelles régions à l'extérieur du Pacifique tropical influencent ENSO ?" Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066807.

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ENSO est le mode dominant de la variabilité climatique aux échelles interannuelles. Ses impacts sont planétaires et sa compréhension ainsi que sa prévision sont des enjeux fondamentaux. ENSO résulte de la variabilité interne du système couplé océan-atmosphère dans le Pacifique tropical. Toutefois, plusieurs études suggèrent que des anomalies interannuelles de température de surface dans d’autres régions influencent les vents dans le Pacifique équatorial et le cycle ENSO. A la différence des études précédentes qui se focalisaient sur l’influence d’une région spécifique, cette thèse propose une approche objective et systématique afin d’identifier les régions susceptibles d’influencer ENSO. Une analyse statistique des observations a d’abord permis de cibler plusieurs régions évoquées dans la littérature : l’océan Indien, le Pacifique Nord et Sud et l’Atlantique tropical et Nord. L’utilisation de la modélisation numérique (modèle de circulation générale atmosphérique et modèle océanique simple) a ensuite permis de montrer que seules les anomalies de température de surface dans l’océan Indien influencent ENSO. Ces anomalies induisent des anomalies de tension de vent dans l’ouest du Pacifique équatorial en hiver, puis des fluctuations de la température de surface de la mer dans le centre du Pacifique au printemps suivant, susceptibles d’influencer l’évolution d’ENSO. La sensibilité de certains résultats de cette thèse suggère que l’identification des forçages externes d’ENSO à partir de l’analyse statistique des observations est une tâche complexe. Une approche multi-modèle de ce problème semble à l’avenir préférable
ENSO is the most energetic mode of earth’s climate at inter-annual timescales. Its global impacts make the understanding and forecasting of its evolution a primary research objective. ENSO is the result of tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere’s system internal variability. Recent studies however suggest that inter-annual Sea Surface Temperature anomalies in other regions can influence ENSO evolution through atmospheric teleconnections to equatorial Pacific winds. In contrast with previous studies, which focussed on the effect of a specific region on ENSO, we adopt here a global and objective approach to identify regions that influence ENSO through teleconnections. The statistical analysis of observed datasets first allowed to identify possible regions that influence ENSO, that were previously discussed in literature: the tropical Indian Ocean, North and South subtropical Pacific, and tropical and North Atlantic oceans. Numerical modelling (Atmospheric General Circulation Model and simple ocean model experiments) further indicates that only surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean seem to induce a wind stress response over the Pacific. This wind stress response is strongest in winter over the western Pacific, and induces surface temperature anomalies in the central Pacific during the following spring, that can be amplified by the Bjerknes feedback and influence ENSO evolution. The sensitivity of some results in this work to details of the analysis method suggests that identifying external influences on ENSO through the statistical analysis of observational dataset is a difficult task. A dedicated multi-model approach of that question seems preferable

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Chen, Ying-quei. "Pedictability of ENSO : optimal error growth and forecast skill /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10023.

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Orlowski, Jan Alexander Kazimierz. "The ENSO Cycle and Predictability of US Crop Yields." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17166.

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While the impacts of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are well documented on topics ranging from agricultural production to socio-economic factors, a closer consideration of key interaction terms in this complex relationship is pivotal for better understanding of future production impacts and as well as relevant policy implications. In this thesis, the ENSO link to staple crop production in the US is derived through an econometric approach, in particular taking advantage of recent advances in the nonlinear parameterization of climate variables such as temperature. Via the comparison of competing model specifications, across all major Corn and Soybean producing regions in the United States, the findings of the present study suggest the ENSO link with crop yields manifests itself primarily via extreme degree days. Following this conclusion, this study further extends previous literature by examining the effect of ENSO anomalies on agricultural production in an out-of-sample setting. Optimal producer strategies can be a powerful adaptive measure to anticipated/forecasted ENSO outcomes, predominantly planting date and crop mix. Key results prove valuable to such strategies, particularly in those regions where the channel of ENSO influence for production is obvious, and statistically significant in a pseudo-forecasting environment.

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Jönsson, Johan, and Anna-Karin Cederlöf. "Effektivisering av korta cirkulationen Pappaersmaskin 2 Stora Enso Hylte Bruk." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-912.

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Stora Enso Hylte Bruk är ett tidningspappersbruk beläget i Hyltebruk.

De fyra pappersmaskinerna startades 1972(PM1), 1974(PM2), 1976(PM3) och

1989(PM4).

Produktionen 2005 från dessa pappersmaskiner var 800 000 ton papper.

För att tillverka papper åtgår stora mängder energi i form av värme och el, Hylte

Bruk gjorde 2005 av med 1 % av Sveriges totala elenergibehov.

Den 1/7 2004 höjdes processrelaterad elskatt från 0 till 0,5 öre/kWh vilket ledde

fram till den lag som trädde i kraft den 1/1 2005, ”lag om program för

energieffektivisering” (PFE)1.

Ändamålet är att främja en effektiv energianvändning och ger energiintensiv

industri möjlighet att delta i ett 5-årigt program för energieffektivisering. De

företag som är kvalificerade att ingå i programmet och klarar av de krav som ställs

befrias från elskatten.

Som en del av det här programmet ingår att utarbeta en lista med

elenergieffektiviseringar som ska överlämnas till Statens Energimyndighet.

Detta examensarbete kan efter beslut av ansvariga på Hylte Bruk ingå som en del

av denna lista.

Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka effektiviteten hos tolv pumpar på

PM2 genom mätning av effekt, flöde och tryck. En del av dessa har varit i drift i

upp till 32 år, under denna tid har slitage skett, vissa pumpar har gått mot delvis

stängda ventiler samt förutsättningarna i form av produktion har ändrats sedan de

dimensionerades.

För alla de berörda pumparna kan en effektivisering göras, den kan bestå av: lägre

tryckhöjd, mindre flöde, pump med bättre verkningsgrad, eller en kombination av

ovanstående exempel.

De förslag som har en återbetalningstid kortare än tre år ger tillsammans en

energibesparing på 1 375 000 kWh/år, vilket motsvarar mer än ¼ av vad

pumparna förbrukar idag.

Om istället alla de förslagen som är framarbetade och genomförbara skulle

realiseras kan energibesparingen ökas ytterligare till 2 302 000 kWh/år, detta

skulle dock innebära en större investeringskostnad vilket resulterar i en längre

återbetalningstid.

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24

Johansson, Mikael, and Joel Karlsson. "Service Level Management : Equalize unloadingencrustation at Stora Enso – Skoghalls bruk." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Industrial Engineering and Management, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-10746.

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The report is part of the university´engineer program within Industrial Organization and Economics with specialization in Logistics and Managment at Jönköping´s university.

Skoghall´s mill underlies a large supply chain, which means there should be a lot of areas in need of small improvement measures. This report illustrates a small part of one of these areas and is focused on the loading distribution services in the terminal Vänern.

At the moment there´s a very unequal load of the load carriers SECU box and Container at the terminal. Skoghall´s mill has the desire to equalize the high and low load levels of the 2 loading carriers named previously. One of the options to solve the problem is to set a limit of how much the carriers can load per week or per day. The mill also wants it to be investigated if the proposition would influence the customers in any way and if both the company and its customers could handle a lower level of delivery services in case the proposition was to be applied.

The goal to be achieved with this thesis is to provide balance to the unequall loading of the 2 load carriers, SECU and Container, and investigate whether or not the Skoghall´s mill´s customers, could manage the lower degree of delivery service that the proposition would imply.

For this goal to be achieved, random sample investigations were taken from orders of a customer that is provided with SECU load carriers and the same was made with a Container´s customer. The orders were analysed from production to consumption on the investigation.

As a result of random sample investigations and customers´s evaluations, the thesis shows that it is possible to lower the resources at Vänerterminalen. This means that there is a full possibility to limitate the loadingprocess without causing any major effects on Stora Enso´s customers. Further investigation should be made by the company, such as random sample investigations of more customers, to generate a better picture of what the proposition would mean in reality. In case that investigation turn out to be not in accordance with the thesis, the authors worked on other two solution propositions. Both of them also would contribute to a more even torrent of unloading at Vänerterminalen.

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25

Zhang, Li. "On the role of internal atmospheric variability in ENSO dynamics." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4310.

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In the first part of this dissertation we use an Intermediate Coupled Model to develop a quantitative test to validate the null hypothesis that low-frequency varia- tion of ENSO predictability may be caused by stochastic processes. Three "perfect model scenario" prediction experiments are carried out, where the model is forced ei- ther solely by stochastic forcing or additionally by decadal-varying backgrounds with different amplitudes. These experiments indicate that one can not simply reject the null hypothesis unless the decadal-varying backgrounds are unrealistically strong. The second part of this dissertation investigates the extent to which internal atmospheric variability (IAV) can influence ENSO variation, and examines the un- derlying physical mechanisms linking IAV to ENSO variability with the aid of a newly developed coupled model consisting of an atmospheric general circulation model and a Zebiak-Cane type of reduced gravity ocean model. A novel noise filter algorithm is developed to suppress IAV in the coupled model. A long control coupled simulation, where the filter is not employed, demonstrates that the coupled model captures many statistical properties of the observed ENSO behavior. It further shows that the development of El Ni~no is linked to a boreal spring phenomenon referred to as the Pacific Meridional Model (MM). The MM, character- ized by an anomalous north-south SST gradient and anomalous surface circulation in the northeasterly trade regime with maximum variance in boreal spring, is inherent to thermodynamic ocean-atmosphere coupling in the Intertropical Convergence Zone latitude. The Northern Pacific Oscillation provides one source of external forcing to excite it. This result supports the hypothesis that the MM works as a conduit for extratropical atmospheric influence on ENSO. A set of coupled simulations, where the filter is used to suppress IAV, indicate that reducing IAV in both wind stress and heat flux substantially weakens ENSO variance. Furthermore, the resultant ENSO cycle becomes more regular and no longer shows strong seasonal phase locking. The seasonal phase locking of ENSO is strongly tied to the IAV in surface heat flux. The ENSO cycle is strongly tied to IAV in surface wind stress.

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26

Forslin, Angelica. "Beslutsmodell för sjöfartsleveranser : en fallstudie på Stora Enso Fors AB." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Akademin för teknik och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-9704.

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Gullman, Viktor, and Mikael Malinen. "Effektivisering av ledtiderna för nyorderprocessen på Stora Enso Packaging AB." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-77809.

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Stora Enso Packaging är ett av Sveriges ledande företag inom wellpapptillverkning. Företaget tillverkar specialdesignade förpackningslådor och har fabriker i Vikingstad, Jönköping och Skene. Då alla företag i branschen har samma råvara, papper, har Stora Enso Packaging identifierat service mot kund som ett sätt att skapa konkurrensfördelar. Leveransledtiden mot kund är ett serviceelement som detta examensarbete avser att titta närmare på. Examensarbetets syfte är att utreda möjligheten att gå från en ledtid på femton dagar till tio dagar för nyorderprocessen på Stora Enso Packaging i Vikingstad, kartlägga denna process samt föreslå rutiner och systemstöd för minskningen av ledtiderna. För att lösa uppgiften har kartläggning av Stora Enso Packagings nyorderprocess genomförts. Kartläggningen har tagits fram via intervjuer av anställda som är inblandade i nyorderprocessen samt av material på Stora Enso Packagings intranät. Då nyorderprocessen analyserats har en rad olika teorier fungerat som stöd. Dessa är teorier kring ledtider samt reducering av dessa. Även synsätt som Supply Chain Management och Lean Production har använts. Processflödesanalys och Ganttscheman är kvantitativa metoder som använts frekvent i rapporten för att visa hur olika förändringsalternativ påverkar nyorderprocessen. Efter analys av Stora Enso Packagings nyorderprocess uppkom fyra klara förbättringsområden. Första området är leverantörer. Inom området finns möjlighet att korta ledtiderna om avtalen kring leveranstider ses över. Andra området är hantering av verktyg. I dagsläget krävs olika verktyg till produktionen. Om rutinerna ändras kring hur dessa hanteras och kontrolleras kan mycket tid frigöras. Tredje området är systemet. Stora Enso Packagings system är skräddarsytt för wellproduktion. Trots detta finns utrymme för en rad förbättringar för att öka användarvänligheten och på så sätt bidra till minskade ledtider. Sista området är informationsflödet. Bättre kommunikation inom företaget kan leda till snabbare förmedling av information vilket kan minska ledtiderna. För att minska ledtiderna har en rad olika förändringsalternativ arbetats fram. Första alternativet är leveranstiderna för verktyg som behövs i produktion. I dagsläget utnyttjas inte avtalen med leverantörerna fullt ut. Vid fullt utnyttjande av leveranstider enligt avtal minskas ledtiden. Ett område med stor förbättringspotential är hanteringen av verktygen som behövs i produktionen. Då en nyorder i dagsläget ligger spärrad i Stora Enso Packagings affärssystem när verktyg till produktionen beställs kan stor minskning av ledtider uppnås om rutinen ändras. Om produktionsplaneraren kan frisläppa en nyorder för planering innan verktyg är levererade kan ledtiden minskas med flera dagar. Två olika alternativ kring verktygshantering är kortare och längre tidsspann. Vid kortare tidsspann tillåts produktionsplaneraren frisläppa nyordern innan verktygen har levererats. För att undvika att nyordern planeras in för tidigt innan verktyg levererats lägger säljare ett kortare tidsspann som ligger längre fram i processen. Detta bidrar till att produktionsplaneraren kommer planera nyordern så sent som möjligt för att undvika mellanlagring av artiklar. Även i alternativet längre tidsspann kan produktionsplaneraren frisläppa en nyorder för planering innan verktyg levererats. Skillnaden mot föregående alternativ är att information kring verktygsleverans fås direkt i affärssystemet vilket leder till att produktionsplaneraren har längre tid på sig att planera in nyordern. Ytterligare mer extrema alternativ är att Stora Enso Packaging startar en egen tillverkning av verktyg alternativt bygger ut produktionen. Dessa alternativ skulle förmodligen minska ledtiderna men samtidigt medföra ökade kostnader. Alternativen har diskuterats där för och nackdelar vägs mot varandra. Även eventuella problem vid införande har diskuterats. Slutsatsen som kan dras är att det finns stor potential att minska ledtiderna inom nyorderprocessen för Stora Enso Packaging. Alternativet som känns mest relevant i dagsläget är kortare tidsspann. Vid införande av alternativet kan ledtiden för hela nyorderprocessen sänkas till tio dagar.

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Johansson, Vilhelm. "Kartläggning av energitillskott för Stora Enso Timbers pelletsfabrik i Grums." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-30891.

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29

Houseago, Richenda Elouise. "The teleconnections between ENSO and the climate variability of Antarctica." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1999. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5254/.

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The overall goal of this study is to identify the teleconnection mechanisms that underlie ENSO-Antarctic climate links. Initially time series plots and cross correlation analysis of Antarctic surface and upper air climate data are used to search for high latitude atmospheric signals during Pacific Ocean warm (ENSO) and cold (La Nina) events. Consistent increases (decreases) in pressure were found during warm (cold) events, with a variable response in temperature. Upper air data demonstrate consistent changes in windspeed, cloud cover geopotential height" wind speeds and direction, temperature and relative humidity during ENSO events. Spatial anomaly plots, Hovmoller, harmonic and cluster analyses are used to identify ENSO related climate anomaly wavetrains, teleconnections and propagation mechanisms that link Southern Hemisphere low and high latitudes. Although inter-warm and cold event variability is a characteristic, strong meridional anomaly contrasts, equatorward and poleward anomaly propagation, and distinct jetstream behaviour were apparent in all events studied. In warm (cold) events subtropical jet strength increases (decreases) and polar jet strength decreases (increases) resulting in a decrease (increase) in poleward moving cyclonicity. The jetstreams are considered to play a major role in ENSO related climate anomaly propagations.

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30

Nhesvure, Belinda. "Impacts of ENSO on coastal South African sea surface temperatures." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32954.

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The impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the Southern African inland climate is well documented and provides skill in the seasonal forecast of rainfall but little is known of the impact of ENSO on the ocean surrounding South Africa. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of ENSO on sea surface temperatures around the coast of South Africa and to calculate SST trends around the coast. I start by updating the study of Rouault et al (2010) on the very topic with an additional 10 years of data and two additional newer datasets which allow sampling closer to the coast where wind-driven upwelling is more active. The new highresolution ERA 5 reanalyzed climate dataset is also used to look at the atmospheric forcing of sea surface temperatures by ENSO. As in Rouault et al. (2010), I study five similar threedegree-long coastal regions around South Africa, namely: West Coast, South Coast, Port Elizabeth/Port Alfred, Transkei, Kwazulu-Natal and a larger offshore Agulhas Current area domain. Three SST datasets are evaluated in this study: the 1 ̊x1 ̊Optimal Interpolation sea surface temperature (OI SST) used by Rouault et al (2010), the 0.25 ̊x 0.25 ̊ Optimal Interpolation SST and the 4 km x 4 km Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder SST version 5.3. The 0.25 ̊x 0.25 ̊OI SST resolvesSST anomalies better in these coastal regions as compared to 1 ̊x1 ̊ OISST. The difference in results among the three products concerning trends and correlation with ENSO is a cause for concern. The 4 km x 4 km AVHRR Pathfinder allows for SST to be extracted even closer to the coast but missing values are numerous and hamper the use of this dataset for ENSO composites and trend analyses. Results show a significant positive correlation with El Niño in summer at the monthly scale, reaching a maximum correlation of 0.45 at 3 months lag. Correlation is the highest in late summer. There is a negative correlation in the Agulhas Current area, opposite to those with ENSO and West Coast. The impact of ENSO on the coast of South Africa, West Coast and South Coast is due to change in surface wind speed with weaker upwelling favorable during El Niño leading to warmer than normal coastal water SST and stronger than normal Southeasterly winds during la Niña leading to cooler than normal coastal water. The wind perturbation is part of largescale basin-wide perturbations in the tropical Atlantic, in the South Atlantic high-pressure atmospheric system and in the westerly wind pattern of the midlatitude to the south. Non-ENSO related impact can be as important as ENSO related SST perturbation and is also linked to large scale perturbations in the South Atlantic. There is no relation between the strength of ENSO and the strength of the perturbation, and some ENSO events do not lead to the expected canonical warming or cooling. The large-scale SST perturbations seem to be caused by anomalous surface turbulent flux of latent and sensible heat and abnormal wind speed and direction. This study opens the possibility of seasonal forecasting of SST in the South Benguela upwelling system because of the positive lag correlation between ENSO and SST with ENSO leading SST.

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Couto, António Manuel Vitoriano. "Modulação estratosférica do sinal do ENSO na região Euro-Atlântica." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2636.

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Mestrado em Meteorologia e Oceanografia Física
Neste trabalho investigam-se as componentes da circulação atmosférica extratropical forçadas pelas anomalias das SSTs no Pacífico Tropical, dando-se particular atenção à circulação sobre a região Euro-Atlântica. Identificou-se os modos de variabilidade da altura do geopotencial, em diferentes níveis, e avaliou-se a conexão estatística entre esses modos de variabilidade. A análise foi realizada, considerando as reanálises do NCEP (1959 – 2008) e as reanálises 20th Century individualmente e em conjunto. O objectivo do estudo conjunto das séries das duas reanálises era dispor de séries temporais mais longas que permitissem atribuir significado estatístico aos resultados. O estudo efectuado sobre as reanálises foi repetido sobre duas simulações do clima passado (1860 a 1999) realizadas com o modelo HadCM3.0. Os resultados obtidos na análise dos dados simulados são consistentes com os resultados obtidos com base nas reanálises. A consistência entre os resultados, além de constituírem uma validação do modelo, dá confiança estatística aos resultados. Analisaram-se várias possibilidades para a comunicação do forçamento das SSTs do Pacífico Tropical à região Euro-Atântica: i) O sinal poderá ser comunicado pela troposfera através de ondas de Rossby barotrópicas; ii) via estratosfera, envolvendo a interacção entre ondas de Rossby baroclínicas e a corrente média zonal; iii) o sinal poderá resultar da sobreposição dos sinais comunicados via troposfera e via estratosfera. Dada a conexão estatística entre as variabilidades da circulação estratosférica e da circulação troposférica extratropicais, também se analisou a componente forçada da circulação troposférica linearmente desacoplada da circulação estratosférica. As técnicas de análise frequentemente utilizadas, ao longo do trabalho, foram a Análise em Componentes Principais e a análise de compósitos, mostrando-se a última particularmente útil na pesquisa de sinais não lineares. Os resultados obtidos mostram que, embora o sinal do ENSO comunicado via estratosfera possa ser fraco, a estratosfera exerce um efeito modulador significativo sobre o sinal do El Niño na região Euro-Atlântica. A análise dos dados simulados confirma a existência de uma componente não linear na resposta da circulação troposférica, sobre a região Euro-Atlântica, ao forçamento pelas SSTs do Pacífico Tropical. ABSTRACT: In this work we investigate the components of the extratropical atmospheric circulation forced by the anomalies of SSTs in the tropical Pacific, giving particular attention to the circulation of the Euro-Atlantic region. Was identified the modes of variability of the geopotential height at different levels, and evaluated the statistical connection between these modes of variability. The analysis was performed, considering the NCEP reanalysis (1959 - 2008) and the reanalysis 20th Century individually and together. The aim of studied the two sets of reanalysis, was to have longer time series that allow assigning statistical significance to the results. The study of reanalysis was repeated on two simulations of past climate (1860 to 1999), realized with the model HadCM3.0. The results obtained in the analysis of simulated data are consistent with the results obtained from the reanalysis. The consistency between the results, as well as being a validation of the model, gives statistical confidence to the results. We analyzed several possibilities for the communication of the forcing from the tropical Pacific SSTs to the Euro-Atlantic region: i) the signal may be communicated by the troposphere by barotropic Rossby waves; ii) by the stratosphere, involving the interaction between baroclinic Rossby waves and zonal mean circulation; iii) the signal may be a result from the superposition of signals sent from troposphere and from stratosphere. Given the statistical connection between the variability of the stratospheric circulation and the extratropical tropospheric circulation, also was analyzed the forced component of the tropospheric circulation linearly decoupled from the stratospheric circulation. The analytical techniques frequently used throughout the paper, were the principal components analysis and analysis of composites, showing the last particularly useful when searching for non-linear signals. The results obtained show that although the ENSO signal communicated through the stratosphere can be weak, the stratosphere has a modulating effect significant on the signal of El Niño in the Euro-Atlantic. The analysis of simulated data confirms the existence of a nonlinear component in the response of tropospheric circulation over the Euro-Atlantic region, to the forcing from the SSTs in the Pacific Tropical.

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Wilson, Aaron Benjamin. "Using the NCAR CAM 4 to Confirm SAM’s Modulation of the ENSO Teleconnection to Antarctica and Assess Changes to this Interaction during Various ENSO Flavor Events." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376919626.

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33

Hood, L. L., B. E. Soukharev, and J. P. McCormack. "Decadal variability of the tropical stratosphere: Secondary influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation." AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623319.

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A decadal variation of tropical lower stratospheric ozone and temperature has previously been identified that correlates positively with the 11 year solar activity cycle. However, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) also influences lower stratospheric ozone and temperature. It is therefore legitimate to ask whether quasi-decadal ENSO variability can contribute to this apparent solar cycle variation, either accidentally because of the short measurement record or physically because solar variability affects ENSO. Here we present multiple regression analyses of available data records to compare differences in results obtained with and without including an ENSO term in the statistical model. In addition, simulations are performed using the NRL NOGAPS-ALPHA GCM for warm/cold ENSO conditions to test for consistency with the ENSO regression results. We find only very minor changes in annual mean solar regression coefficients when an ENSO term is included. However, the observed tropical ENSO response provides useful insights into the origin of the unexpected vertical structure of the tropical solar cycle ozone response. In particular, the ENSO ozone response is negative in the lower stratosphere due to increased upwelling but changes sign, becoming positive in the middle stratosphere (5–10 hPa) due mainly to advective decreases of temperature and NOx, which photochemically increase ozone. A similar mechanism may explain the observed lower stratospheric solar cycle ozone and temperature response and the absence of a significant response in the tropical middle stratosphere.

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Antell, Beatrice, and Emma Heijl. "Central Purchasing at Stora Enso : A Survey of the Supplier Relations." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2649.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the suppliers’ view of their relation to Stora Enso. The study focuses on the relation between the central purchasing unit of Stora Enso and the suppliers but also gives indications of how the overall interface between Stora Enso and the suppliers works. The purpose is explored through a number of research objectives, which are presented below.

Areas essential for the functioning of the central purchasing unit:

- The overall organisation of Stora Enso’s purchasing activities,

- Stora Enso’s cross-functional purchasing teams,

- The internal coordination and communication,

- The relational bonds between Stora Enso and the suppliers

Important goals and visions for the central purchasing unit:

- Minimising the Total Business Cost,

- Being an attractive partner to the suppliers

Currently discussed issues within the central purchasing organisation:

- The potential for closer cooperation between Stora Enso and the suppliers,

- The professionalism of Stora Enso’s purchasers

Stora Enso is well organised for purchasing but the centrally coordinated cross-functional teams are not working as well as they could. The internal coordination has improved lately but the central purchasing unit’s mission to optimise for Stora Enso as a whole often creates tension within the organisation, as a result of the mills being profit centres. The internal communication is not efficient, and the suppliers are strengthening their bonds with the mills by taking over the responsibility for certain information flows. The central purchasing unit and the cross-functional teams have the responsibility but not the authority to carry out their task of identifying and reducing the Total Business Cost. Stora Enso is an attractive customer for their suppliers, mainly because of the big volumes they represent. The current negotiation strategies are not advantageous for the introduction of collaborative supplier relations but other factors in the relation between the suppliers and Stora Enso speak strongly in favour for such a strategic change. When it comes to professionalism and business moral the suppliers give the central purchasing unit a very positive evaluation.

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35

Kapur, Atul. "Role of Stochastic Forcing in ENSO Variability in a Coupled GCM." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/168.

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A systematic procedure is designed to evaluate the role of stochastic forcing (SF) in El Nino ? Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exhibited by coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (CGCMs). The procedure is applied on a 163-year run of a CGCM which has realistic representation of ENSO and SF. The realism of ENSO in the CGCM is determined by statistical comparison with a 29-year global reanalysis product. SF is extracted from both the CGCM and reanalysis as residual atmospheric variability uncoupled to the ocean. Further, the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and non-MJO components are isolated from SF. The CGCM stochastic components are compared to those from the reanalysis to validate their representation. A coupled ocean-atmosphere model of intermediate complexity is first forced with stochastic components from the reanalysis. The resulting ENSO is examined for realism to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the intermediate coupled model, which is then forced with the stochastic components from the CGCM. Results are diagnosed to investigate the role of SF. It is found that the SF can play an important role in ENSO in the CGCM, especially in its warm events. The role is similar to reanalysis SF in generating ENSO period and spring predictability barrier. However, unlike in case of the reanalysis, the seasonal dependence of ENSO variance in the CGCM does not seem to be originating from its SF. The contribution to statistics appears to be higher from the MJO component of SF compared to the non-MJO component. The intermediate model simulations also suggest that both in CGCM and nature, the SF operates on a weakly stable coupled system to produce ENSO variability.

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36

Tangang, Fredolin T. "Forecasting El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, a neural network approach." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25173.pdf.

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37

Tang, Youmin. "ENSO simulation and prediction using hybrid coupled models with data assimilation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ61182.pdf.

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38

Melaragno, Scott Andrew. "The Global Three-Dimensional Structure for the Developmental Phase of ENSO." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1281658857.

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39

Saint-Lu, Marion. "Étude des liens entre les événements El Niño et le cycle hydrologique des régions tropicales dans différents contextes climatiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV028/document.

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La variabilité interannuelle du Pacifique tropical est aujourd’hui principalement modulée par l’oscillation ElNiño/Oscillation Australe (ENSO). Étant donnés les forts impacts économiques et sanitaires de ce phénomène,la compréhension de son évolution au fil du temps représente un enjeu majeur. Étudier la variabilité ENSOdans différents contextes climatiques permet de comprendre comment celle-ci est reliée à l’état moyen duclimat. Nous utilisons des simulations climatiques de l’Holocène moyen (6 000 ans et 4 000 ans avant nosjours), du dernier maximum glaciaire (21 000 ans avant nos jours) et d’un climat théorique avec le dioxyde decarbone atmosphérique multiplié par quatre, réalisées avec plusieurs modèles numériques. Nous montrons que lavariabilité ENSO a des caractéristiques significativement différentes dans chaque contexte climatique. Les liensentre ces différences et l’état moyen du climat sont nombreux et non linéaires. L’étude des paléoclimats est alorsnécessaire pour comprendre les changements d’ENSO et pouvoir projeter son évolution future. De nombreusesarchives climatiques utilisées pour reconstruire le paléo-ENSO sont situées dans le sud-ouest du Pacifiquetropical, sous l’influence de la zone de convergence du Pacifique sud (SPCZ). Nous montrons que l’impactd’ENSO sur la position de la SPCZ change avec le climat. Or, celui-ci est déterminant pour l’interprétation dusignal issu des archives. Ainsi, les mécanismes reliant ENSO à la SPCZ dans le climat moderne ne peuvent pasêtre directement extrapolés à d’autres contextes climatiques. En combinant l’information des modèles et desarchives, nous pouvons avancer sur la compréhension des changements de variabilité dans le Pacifique sudouestet sur l’interprétation des enregistrements fossiles. En dernier lieu, nous abordons les changements de lavariabilité ENSO avec un nouvel angle de vue, celui de son rôle au sein du bilan énergétique global. D’aprèsles résultats du modèle IPSL-CM5A-LR, la contribution relative des événements El Niño à la redistributionglobale d’énergie est amoindrie à l’Holocène moyen, par rapport au climat moderne. Par ailleurs, la capacitédu Pacifique tropical à exporter l’énergie en moyenne est aussi réduite. Ainsi, la pompe à chaleur globaleconstituée par le Pacifique tropical est moins puissante à l’Holocène moyen, à la fois par la réduction de sacapacité moyenne à exporter que par la contribution amoindrie d’El Niño. Ce résultat suggère qu’il y a unecohérence entre le changement d’ENSO et le rôle de pompe à chaleur joué par le Pacifique tropical
Interannual variability in the tropical Pacific is mainly modulated by the El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO).Understanding the time evolution of this phenomenon is a major issue, given its strong impacts on health andeconomics. Studying the ENSO variability in different climatic contexts allows us to understand its links to themean-state. We use climatic simulations of the mid-Holocene (6,000 years and 4,000 years before present),the last glacial maximum (21,000 years before present) and a theoretical climate with atmospheric carbondioxyde multiplied by four, computed with several numerical models. We show that ENSO characteristics aresignificantly different in the different climatic contexts. The links between these differences and the climatemean-state are numerous and non linear. Studying paleoclimates is then necessary to understand ENSOchanges and to be able to project its future evolution. Some of the past archives that are used to reconstructthe paleo-ENSO are located in the southwest Pacific, under the influence of the south Pacific convergencezone (SPCZ). We show that the impact of ENSO on the location of the SPCZ changes with the climate.This determines how to interpret archives’ records. Thus, the mechanisms linking ENSO to the SPCZ in themodern climate cannot be directly extrapolated to other climates. By combining information from models andarchives, we are able to improve our understanding on the variability changes in the southwest Pacific. Finally,we address the ENSO change with a new vision, through its role within the global energetic budget. Accordingto the IPSL-CM5A-LR model, the relative contribution of El Niño events to the global energy redistribution isreduced in the mid-Holocene, compared to the modern climate. The mean capacity of the tropical Pacific toexport its energy is reduced. Therefore, the global heat pump represented by the tropical Pacific is less powerfulin the mid-Holocene, both by its reduced capacity to export energy and by the reduced El Niño contribution.This result suggests that there is consistency between the ENSO change and the role of heat pump played bythe tropical Pacific

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Li, Ying. "Dynamical mechanisms for the teleconnection between ENSO and NAO in late winter." PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, 2012. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3481702.

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Bonsal, Barrie Richard. "Teleconnections between ENSO events and growing season precipitation on the Canadian Prairies." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24052.pdf.

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Engström, Erika, and Tyra Wilén. "De nya EU-direktiven om hållbarhetsrapportering : En fallstudie genomförd på Stora Enso." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Företagsekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-22482.

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Bakgrund Denna uppsats behandlar de nya EU-kraven som föreslås träda i kraft från och med det räkenskapsår som inleds närmast efter den 31 december 2016. Uppsatsen har undersökt hur Stora Enso arbetar med hållbarhetsrapportering enligt Global Reporting Initiatives riktlinjer. Detta eftersom att Stora Enso var det första börsnoterade företaget i Sverige vars hållbarhetsrapportering granskats av en tredje part. Vidare siktar denna uppsats på att ge de företag som ej tidigare har erfarenhet från hållbarhetsrapportering en inspirationskälla, som stöd i upprättningen av egna hållbarhetsrapporter. Syfte Syftet med den här fallstudien är att beskriva hur ett företag som redan innan EU-kraven börjat tillämpats rapporterat i enlighet med dessa, och hur de aktivt arbetar med hållbarhetsrapportering. Metod Fallstudie: intervjuer och dokumentanalys. Slutsats Det är viktigt att hela tiden fortsätta förbättra företagets hållbara utveckling och dess mål. Stora Ensos hållbarhetsrapportering kopplades ihop med den hållbara utvecklingen i stort, och här sågs att rapporteringen har hjälpt Stora Enso att uppnå och utveckla sina hållbarhetsmål. Utan hållbarhetsrapporteringen skulle Stora Ensos positiva utveckling inte varit lika omfattande. Utifrån de intervjuer som genomfördes konstaterades det att GRI:s riktlinjer medför både en fördel och en nackdel: de är väldigt omfattande.
Background This study describes the new requirements from the European Union, which are supposed to come in to effect in the first financial year that ushers after December 31th 2016. We have examined how Stora Enso works with its sustainability reports according to the Global Reporting Inititative's guidelines. Stora Enso was considered a suitable candidate because it was the first publicly listed company in Sweden which had its sustainability report audited by a third party. Furthermore, this study aims to give inspiration and support to companies without previous experience with sustainability reporting. Purpose The purpose of this case study is to describe how a specific company reported in accordance with the EU-directives regarding sustainability reporting, even before they come in to effect. And also describe how they actively works with their sustainability reporting. Methods Case study: interviews and public documents. Conclusion It is important that the company keeps improving their sustainable development and their goals. Stora Ensos sustainability reporting was connected to the sustainable development, without the sustainability reports Stora Enso would have had a harder time developing in a sustainable manner and probably not had such a big positive change. From the interviews that was performed, we concluded that GRI’s guidelines brings both an advantage and a disadvantage: it is comprehensive.

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Derneryd, Anna. "Links between ENSO and particulate matter pollution for the city of Christchurch." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-303876.

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The purpose of the project has been to investigate how synoptic scale climate systems control the frequency of air pollution episodes in the city of Christchurch, New Zealand. The work has been done at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand, and data from the region has been analysed. Air pollution is, during winter time, a growing problem in Christchurch and the project was initiated by the regional environmental legislative body. The first part of the report is on finding relationships on a local-scale between particulate matter concentrations, ground temperature, temperature at 10 meters and wind speed. The data set used in the analysis comes from a monitoring station in St. Albans, situated in the north-east of Christchurch. In the second part, a connection is made thought correlation calculations between the results from the local-scale analysis and the synoptic situation observed over New Zealand during the same period. Two different data sets have been used in the analysis. One data set includes different weather patterns observed over New Zealand and the other data set includes different zonal and meridional circulation indices. A pressure index is also used, the Southern Oscillation Index. On the local-scale, a relationship has been found between the particulate matter concentration and the number of night hours with an inversion present. A correlation also exists between the wind speed and the number of night hours with an inversion present. The connection to the synoptic scale through cluster frequencies and circulation indices was found to be divergent. The cluster frequency analysis indicates on a direct correlation between the Southern Oscillation Index and the air pollution concentration in Christchurch, while the circulation indices analysis indicates on an inverse relationship between the Southern Oscillation Index and the air pollution concentration in Christchurch.
Sammanfattning av ”Kopplingen mellan ENSO och aerosoler mindre än 10 μm i Christchurch” Avsikten med projektet har varit att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan storskaliga vädersystem (synoptisk skala) och antalet lokalt inträffade händelser med höga halter av luftföroreningar. Arbetet har utförts vid University of Canterbury i Christchurch på Nya Zeeland och mätdata för denna region har analyserats. Luftföroreningar är här ett växande problem, speciellt vintertid, vilket de regionala lagstiftande myndigheterna har identifierat och önskat få utrett. I första delen av rapporten analyseras samband mellan lokala parametrar, så som temperatur vid marknivå och på 10 meters höjd, vindhastighet och koncentrationen av olika luftföroreningar. Data som använts i dessa analyser har uppmätts vid en mätstation placerad i St. Albans, vilken ligger i nordöstra delen av centrala Christchurch. I den andra delen av rapporten beräknas korrelationen mellan resultaten från den lokala analysen och olika synoptiska vädersituationer observerade över Nya Zeeland under motsvarande tidsperioder. Två databaser har använts vid analysen, dels en databas innehållande olika vädersituationer över Nya Zeeland och dels en innehållande olika cirkulationsindex. Dessutom användes också ett lufttrycksindex, ”The Southern Oscillation Index”. Två korrelationer har beräknats i den lokala analysdelen. Dels har ett samband mellan luftföroreningskoncentrationen och antalet timmar med en inversion närvarande nattetid beräknats samt en korrelation mellan vindhastighet och antalet timmar med en inversion närvarande nattetid. Kopplingen till den synoptiska skalan visar på två divergerande resultat. Analys genomförd med olika ”clusters” visar på ett direkt samband mellan ”The Southern Oscillaion Index” och luftföroreningskoncentrationen i Christchurch medan en analys genomförd för circulationsindex visar på ett omvänt samband mellan ”The Southern Oscillation Index” och luftföroreningskoncentrationen i Christchurch.

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Sachan, Amit. "Safe Yield for Jointly Operated Reservoir System and Examination of ENSO Impacts." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33302.

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Determination of safe yield of a water source is a basic aspect of water supply planning. In this report, the safe yield is defined as the maximum constant release from a reservoir that is possible during a selected drought period. The yield depends on drought magnitude and duration controlled by nature and ability to manipulate the releases through man made controls in the form of impoundment structures and regulations. A water supply system with two reservoirs in series and one in parallel in Spotsylvania Countyâ the Hunting Run Reservoir, the Motts Run Reservoir (in series), and the Ni River Reservoir is considered to demonstrate the yield calculations. When several reservoirs are considered, the critical periods (defined as the period from full storage to empty condition) may not coincide and the system must be analyzed for the binding critical duration. A zero-one linear integer programming formulation is proposed to compute the system yield. The formulation accommodates the various storage and river flow dependent instream flow requirements. It is found that the water treatment plant capacity, instream flow requirements, and flows themselves limit the yield. Inflows to the reservoir are very important factor in determination of safe yield for any system of reservoirs. Changes in the precipitation hence inflows may cause a significant effect on the operation of reservoir. El Nino and La Nina phenomena, which occur due to changes in the atmospheric condition over the equatorial Pacific region, are found to affect the global climate in different studies. To examine the changes in the precipitation / streamflows due to El Nino and La Nina events on the safe yield, studies are done on the streamflows in the study area and four regions across the world during El Nino and LA Nina events. Lag correlation studies and descriptive analysis of the streamflows in the study region in Northern Virginia fail to show any pattern in the streamflow changes due to El Nino and La Nina events, based on the available data. However, this observation is not conclusive and further research if needed.
Master of Science

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Kruger, A. C. "The relationship between ENSO, seasonal rainfall, and circulation patterns in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9764.

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Bibliography: leaves 93-101.
Relationships between the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon (ENSO), seasonal rainfall, and atmospheric circulation patterns at the 1000 hPa and 500 hPa levels are investigated. Firstly, correlations between early-summer (October to December), late-summer (January to March) rainfall over South Africa, and sea-surface temperatures in the NINO3 region in the equatorial Pacific Ocean were investigated, where the correlations in the case for late-summer showed much better spatial coherence than in the case for early-summer. Consequently, the study further concentrated only on late summer. The influence of the quasi 18-20 year oscillation of summer rainfall on the effect of El Niño and La Niña events was also investigated, and it was found that during an epoch of above-normal/below-normal rainfall a moderating effect is evident on the severity of El Niño/La Niña events so that on average even above-normal/below-normal rainfall is experienced during such events. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was applied to different combinations of years, to find associations between equatorial Pacific sea-surface temperatures and deviations in circulation patterns during certain years. Some at the above results were then verified by model runs, to further prove the relationships not to be coincidental, and to add more degrees of freedom. The results of CCA were then separately interpreted for each combination of seasons (e. g. El Niño during the above-normal phase at the 500 hPa level) with the aid of average circulation maps for different combinations of years. Above - or below-normal rainfall during such years could then be explained in terms of deviations of general synoptic features at the surface and 500 hPa levels.

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Frederick, Meredith A. "Predicting the Predominant Winter Flight Category in Central Ohio Using ENSO Indices." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354301630.

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Sweeny, Shannon R. "Impact of ENSO on weather conditions at continental United States military bases /." access online version, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA319128.

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Abdolrahimi, Maryam. "The Effect of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on World Cereal Production." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15498.

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El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) anomalies are responsible for medium-frequency climate fluctuations across many regions of the world. Not only ENSO induces temperature and precipitation variability in the affected regions, but it is also responsible for larger magnitude weather anomalies, such as droughts, hurricanes, and tsunamis. All these directly impact agricultural production. The overall objective of this research is to determine the relationship between ENSO and world major cereal production. While several studies have addressed the issue, this research contributes to the literature in a number of directions. Firstly, it measures the ENSO effect net of temperature and precipitation. Secondly, it allows for the threshold-like effect of ENSO; that is, El Niño effects are not mirror images of La Niña effects. Thirdly, it incorporates expected price in the regression setting, thus controlling for an important economic variable affecting crop supply. Finally, this study applies the largest possible panel of countries, to analyse the region-specific peculiarities of the ENSO–production relationship, and to best approximate the global production effect of ENSO anomalies. This study uses a combination of extensive climatic and economic datasets spanning the years 1962-2009 to empirically measure the impact of ENSO on wheat, maize and rice production, via a threshold regression framework. The results reveal statistically significant and economically meaningful ENSO impact on cereal production in many regions, with particularly strong effects in Southeast Asian and American countries. Although the expected global effect may camouflage the country-specific effects, the research findings suggest that El Niño shocks are likely to cause on average a reduction in global production of rice and maize. La Niña episodes, on the other hand, are associated with increased global rice and decreased global wheat and maize production. Although consequences of ENSO shocks on a global scale are sporadic, understanding the overall impact of ENSO on major grain production is an important tool for managing global food security. Results of this study provide implications for food policy makers, and help them develop precautionary economic policies that will take advantage of ENSO signals to cope with production shocks and ensure food availability, which is particularly relevant in the developing world.

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Di, Nezio Pedro. "Mechanisms of Tropical Pacific Climate Change: Beyond the Bjerknes Feedback." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/567.

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Mechanisms of tropical Pacific climate variability and change are studied in numerical experiments of future anthropogenic global warming (AGW), the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 21,000 years ago, and decadal variability (PDV). According to these mechanisms the equatorial Pacific does not become either El Niño- or La Niña-like as the tropics warm up in response to increasing greenhouse gases. Because humidity increases much faster than precipitation as the tropical atmosphere warms up, theory and models anticipate a slowing-down of the Walker circulation in order to keep a balanced flow of water vapor into areas of convection. On long time scales characteristic of climate change, ocean dynamics oppose these changes in the Walker circulation. First, equatorial adjustment theory indicates that changes in the Walker circulation are not amplified via the Bjerknes feedback, as during El Niño or La Niña events. Second, during AGW, the ocean becomes more thermally stratified resulting in enhanced cooling of the equatorial cold tongue opposing the warming there. These ideas can be applied to interpret proxies of the LGM for which El Niño and La Niña analogies have been made. However, the LGM tropics are not an opposite analogue to future AGW because the Walker circulation is also sensitive to changes in the geography of the Maritime continent associated with lower sea level. Models simulate a stronger Walker circulation when the tropics cool in order to compensate for the decrease in moisture due to a cooler/drier atmosphere. However, this response is opposed by a weakening of the ascending branch of the Walker circulation because convection is suppressed over vast areas of the Maritime Continent exposed due to lower sea level. In general, the patterns of warming or cooling for AGW and LGM are not El Niño- or La Niña-like because of the opposing mechanisms presented here. As such, adherence to an ENSO analogy for interpreting tropical Pacific climate change can lead to serious misconceptions. However, proxies of the thermocline tilt can provide unequivocal evidence of changes in the Walker circulation because the pressure gradient associated with the thermocline tilt has to be in balance with the trade winds at all timescales.

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Rubas, Debra Joyce. "Technology adoption: who is likely to adopt and how does the timing affect the benefits?" Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1252.

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Many fields of economics point to technology as the primary vehicle for change. Agencies pushing change often promote technology adoption to achieve their goals. To improve our understanding of how efforts to push new technologies should be focused, two studies are undertaken. The first study defines and tests for universality using meta-regression analysis on 170 analyses of agricultural production technologies. The second study, a case study on an emerging information technology - climate forecasts, examines how the timing of adoption affects the benefits. A factor exhibiting a systematic positive or negative effect on technology adoption is a universal factor. If the impact is the same regardless of location or technology type, the factor is strongly universal. The factor is weakly universal if the impact varies by location or technology type. Education and farm size are found to be weakly positive universal, age is found to be weakly negative universal, and outreach is not found to be a universal factor in the adoption of technology. These results indicate that technology-promoters may want to change their approach and focus on younger, more educated producers with larger farms. In the second study, an international wheat trade model incorporating climate variability is used to simulate different scenarios when wheat producers in the U.S., Canada, and Australia adopt ENSO-based forecasts for use in production decisions. Adoption timing and levels are varied across countries in the different scenarios. The results are highly consistent. Early adopters benefit the most, there is no incentive for more producers to adopt after 60% to 95% have adopted (meaning the adoption ceiling has been reached), and slower adoption corresponds to ceilings closer to 60% than 95%. Examining technology adoption from two angles provides a deeper understanding of the adoption process and aids technology-promoters in achieving their goals. In addition to focusing on younger, more educated producers with larger farms, technology-promoters wanting wide-spread adoption with high benefits need to push constituents to adopt early and fast.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'ENSO'

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