Journal articles on the topic 'Enslaved persons, united states'
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1
Hamdani, Yoav. "“Servants not Soldiers”: The Origins of Slavery in the United States Army, 1797–1816." Journal of the Early Republic 43, no. 4 (December 2023): 537–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915153.
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Abstract: This article illuminates a lesser-explored aspect of the United States as a “slaveholding republic.” Between 1816–1861, the U.S. Army relied on thousands of enslaved persons who served as officers' servants. In 1816, Congress authorized allowances, rations, and bonuses for officers' private servants while putting an end to the practice of soldiers serving as servants. This legislative move effectively subsidized and incentivized military slaveholding. The paper delves into the political circumstances and legislative maneuvers that led Congress to institutionalize military slavery, establishing mechanisms to sustain, fund, and expand the number of enslaved servants. Military slavery developed gradually with the foundation, bureaucratization, and professionalization of an American military peace establishment. It evolved from 1797 to 1816 through competing policy objectives, resulting in a long-lasting bureaucratic workaround euphemistically termed "servants not soldiers." Facing public criticism over officers’ abuse of soldiers’ labor, the army “outsourced” officers’ servants through a dual process of privatization and racialization, differentiating between “public” and “private” service, between free, white soldiers and enslaved, black servants. Though serving slaveholders’ interests, the adopted solution was a product of bureaucratic contingencies and ad-hoc decision-making and not a policy orchestrated by a cabal of enslavers. Interestingly, a basic question of reimbursement led somewhere unanticipated, ending in government-sponsored enslaved servitude. Acknowledging this contingency does not excuse the actions but underscores how slavery was often "solved" through institutional accommodation rather than political or moral opposition. Thus, slavery directly impacted the U.S. Army, a central national institution, altering the military system at its pivotal, formative moments.
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Duclos-Orsello, Elizabeth. "The Fullness of Enslaved Black Lives as Seen through Early Massachusetts Vital Records." Genealogy 6, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6010011.
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In genealogy, tracing names and dates is often the initial goal, but, for many, desire soon turns to learning about the embodied lives of those who came before them. This type of texture is hard for any genealogist to locate, but excruciatingly hard for those seeking to trace family histories that include ancestors who were enslaved in the northern parts of the colonies that would become the United States. Often, records thin to nearly nothing and frame all lived experiences through the lens of an enslaver. This is true especially of public records, created, maintained, and curated by the state apparatus. By adhering to the proposition that even materials that do not immediately reveal much about Black life may be useful if we consider what is missing and left out, this article suggests that these types of documents might help breathe some fullness into the individual and collective lives of those Black ancestors whose humanity the state denied. Emerging from a larger project to locate stories and histories of Black residents of one of the first colonized spaces in British North America, this article focuses on the ways in which the publicly available Massachusetts pre-1850 Vital Records—which have specific “Negroes” sections—serve as an unexpected source of useful, if fragmentary, evidence of not only individual lives, but collective histories of the communities in which Black ancestors lived. Highlighting creative approaches to analyzing these particular vital records, and centering women’s lives throughout, this article demonstrates what is possible to learn about patterns of childbearing, relationships between and among enslaved persons owned by different families, the nature of religious lives or practices, relationships between enslavers and enslaved, and the movements, over time, of individuals and families. Alongside these possibilities, the violence, limitations, and challenges of the vital records are identified, including issues related to Afro-indigenous persons, the conflation of birth and baptismal records, and differential access to details of the lives of enslaved men vs. women.
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Hanks, R. Daniel, Robert F. Baldwin, Travis H. Folk, Ernie P. Wiggers, Richard H. Coen, Michael L. Gouin, Andrew Agha, Daniel D. Richter, and Edda L. Fields-Black. "Mapping Antebellum Rice Fields as a Basis for Understanding Human and Ecological Consequences of the Era of Slavery." Land 10, no. 8 (August 8, 2021): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080831.
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Model systems enlightened by history that provide understanding and inform contemporary and future landscapes are needed. Through transdisciplinary collaboration, historic rice fields of the southeastern United States can be such models, providing insight into how human–ecological systems work. Rice culture in the United States began in the 1670s; was primarily successfully developed, managed, and driven by the labor of enslaved persons; and ended with the U.S. Civil War. During this time, wetlands were transformed into highly managed farming systems that left behind a system of land use legacies when abandoned after slavery. Historically accepted estimates range from 29,950 to 60,703 ha; however, using remotely sensed data (e.g., LiDAR) and expert opinion, we mapped 95,551 ha of historic rice fields in South Carolina, USA. After mapping, the rice fields’ current wetland and land cover characteristics were assessed. Understanding the geographic distribution and characteristics allows insight into the overall human and ecological costs of forced land use change that can inform future landscapes.
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Dean, Lorraine T., and Genee S. Smith. "Examining the Role of Family History of US Enslavement in Health Care System Distrust Today." Ethnicity & Disease 31, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.31.3.417.
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Objective: Black/African American people have long reported high, albeit warranted, distrust of the US health care system (HCS); however, Blacks/African Americans are not a homogenous racial/ethnic group. Little information is available on how the subgroup of Black Americans whose families suffered under US chattel slavery, here called Descendants of Africans Enslaved in the United States (DAEUS), view health care institutions. We compared knowledge of unethical treatment and HCS distrust among DAEUS and non-DAEUS.Design and Setting: A cross-sectional random-digit dialing survey was administered in 2005 to Blacks/African Americans, aged 21-75 years, from the University of Pennsylvania Clinical Practices in Philadelphia, Penn.Participants: Blacks/African Americans self-reported a family history of persons enslaved in the US (DAEUS) or no family history of persons enslaved in the US (non- DAEUS).Main Outcome Measures: HCS distrust was measured by a validated scale assessing perceptions of unethical experimentation and active or passive discrimination.Methods: We compared responses to the HCS distrust scale using Fisher’s exact and t-tests.Results: Of 89 respondents, 57% self-reported being DAEUS. A greater percentage of DAEUS reported knowledge of unethical treatment than non-DAEUS (56% vs 21%; P<.001), were significantly more likely to express distrust, and to endorse the presence of covert (eg, insurance-based) than overt forms (eg, race-based) of discrimination by the HCS.Conclusions: DAEUS express greater HCS distrust than non-DAEUS, patterned by awareness of unethical treatment and passive discrimination. Understanding how long-term exposure to US institutions influences health is critical to resolving disparities for all Black/African American groups. Rectifying past injustices through reparative institutional measures may improve DAEUS’ trust and engagement with the US HCS.Ethn Dis. 2021:31(3):417-424; doi:10.18865/ed.31.3.417
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Handler, Jerome S., and Matthew C. Reilly. "Contesting “White Slavery” in the Caribbean." New West Indian Guide 91, no. 1-2 (2017): 30–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-09101056.
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Seventeenth-century reports of the suffering of European indentured servants and the fact that many were transported to Barbados against their wishes has led to a growing body of transatlantic popular literature, particularly dealing with the Irish. This literature claims the existence of “white slavery” in Barbados and, essentially, argues that the harsh labor conditions and sufferings of indentured servants were as bad as or even worse than that of enslaved Africans. Though not loudly and publicly proclaimed, for some present-day white Barbadians, as for some Irish and Irish-Americans, the “white slavery” narrative stresses a sense of shared victimization; this sentiment then serves to discredit calls for reparations from the descendants of enslaved Africans in the United States and the former British West Indies. This article provides a detailed examination of the sociolegal distinctions between servitude and slavery, and argues that it is misleading, if not erroneous, to apply the term “slave” to Irish and other indentured servants in early Barbados. While not denying the hardships suffered by indentured servants, referring to white servants as slaves deflects the experiences of millions of persons of African birth or descent. We systematically discuss what we believe are the major sociolegal differences and the implications of these differences between indentured servitude and the chattel slavery that uniquely applied to Africans and their descendants.
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Casey, Zachary A., Brian D. Lozenski, and Shannon K. McManimon. "From neoliberal policy to neoliberal pedagogy: Racializing and historicizing classroom management." Journal of Pedagogy / Pedagogický casopis 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 36–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jped-2013-0003.
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Abstract In this article we first trace the history of “management,” particularly in the United States, from the plantation to the factory to the corporation, with the intention of understanding and contextualizing “classroom management” in today‘s educational lexicon. To do so, we look at the intertwining history of racial knowledge and the management of enslaved persons; the subsequent development of scientific management; social efficiency educators‘ application of scientific management to education; and conceptions of classroom management in today‘s neoliberal environment, in which education is increasingly positioned as a consumer good subject to individual choice and competitive markets. We further look to examples from post- -colonial Africa to demonstrate the ways in which neocolonial forms of scientific management comingle and entwine with neoliberal policies and procedures. The global phenomenon of scientific management, rife with neoliberalism and racism, is finally examined in the context of (so-called) Culturally Responsive Classroom Management, a neoliberal project that claims to advocate social justice through the process of managing bodies in classrooms.
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Keener, Craig S. "African American Readings of Paul." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 32, no. 1 (February 27, 2023): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455251-32010011.
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Abstract Lisa Bowens’s African American Readings of Paul provides a fascinating adventure for all those interested in reception history of Paul and/or the history of the Black Church in the United States. Although also engaging modern scholarship, Bowens allows the historic voices of the Black Church to speak for themselves, thus sometimes challenging paradigms established by earlier scholars working from more limited evidence. When enslaved persons read the Bible, they embraced its liberationist and justice-oriented principles, rescuing Paul from the counterreadings of the slaveholders. Bowens sympathetically highlights the spiritual experiences of historic African American readers, by which they appropriated Paul’s ethos more deeply. Applying the same principles, African American women recognized Paul’s appreciation for women ministry colleagues and so contextualized his apparent prohibitions of women in ministry. The figures treated in this book are of more than historical interest; they often provide models of faithful discipleship and faithful readings of Scripture for readers today.
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Saito, Natsu. "Origin Stories: Critical Race Theory Encounters the War on Terror." Michigan Journal of Race & Law, no. 27.1 (2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.36643/mjrl.27.1.origin.
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Stories matter. They matter to those intent on maintaining structures of power and privilege, and to those being crushed by those structures. In the United States, the space to tell, and to hear, our stories has been expanding. This means that the histories and lived realities of those who have been excluded, particularly people of color, are seeping into mainstream discourse, into the books our children read, the movies and television shows they watch, and the many websites comprising social media. Critical race theory has played a role in this expansion. It insists that we recognize the legitimacy of the stories of those deemed “Other” because they have been erased or distorted beyond recognition in the dominant narrative. 3 Critical race theory has helped ensure that the legacies of genocide and broken treaties, of the cruelties imposed upon enslaved persons, of the forced inclusion and exclusion of those regarded simply as disposable labor, have worked their way into the realm of what can be talked about. Critical race scholars have exposed immigration injustices and called out xenophobia and Islamophobia. All this discomfits those who benefit, or believe they benefit, from the status quo.
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Stango, Marie. "Afterlives of Slavery in Early Liberia." J19: The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists 11, no. 1 (March 2023): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jnc.2023.a909296.
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Abstract: This article examines letters written by formerly enslaved settlers in Liberia during the mid-nineteenth century to examine two aspects of the afterlives of slavery. Manumitted settlers in Liberia, as formerly enslaved people, connected to audiences in the United States in different ways from freeborn settlers, who were more likely to make multiple transatlantic voyages, or had commercial connections with the United States. In this afterlife of slavery in Liberia, the letter writers examined here relied on relationships with their former enslavers to remain connected to kin and community in the United States. In a second evocation of afterlives, these letters show how settlers' conceptualizations of home pressed beyond both the United States and Liberia. For them, "home" was reunification with family–a family that could only be made whole through a belief in a shared spiritual afterlife.
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Irving, T. B. "King Zumbi and the Male Movement in Brazil." American Journal of Islam and Society 9, no. 3 (October 1, 1992): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v9i3.2577.
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Three great regions of America deserve a Muslim's attedon because oftheir Islamic past: Brazil in South America; the Caribbean, which scarcely hasbeen explored in this tespect; and the United States. Over 12 percent of theUnited States' population, and even more in the Caribbean, is of African origin,whereas Brazil has a similar or greater proportion of African descent.The enslavement and transportation of Africans to the New World continuedfor another three or four centuries after the region's indigenous Indianpopulations had either been killed off or driven into the plains and wooc1s.While knowledge of the original African Muslims in Notth America is vaguely acknowledged, teseatch is still required on the West Indies. Brazil's case,however, is clearer due to its proud history of the Palmares republic, whichalmost achieved its freedom in the seventeenth century, and the clearly Islamicnineteenth-century Male movement. As a postscript, the Canudos movement in 1897 also contained some Islamic features.In the Spanish colonies, the decline of the indigenous Indian populationsbegan quickly. To offset this development, Bartolome de Las Casas (1474-1566), Bishop of Chiapas, Mexico, suggested the importation of enslavedAfricans to the new colonies, whete they could then be converted to Christianity.Few persons have exercised such a baneful effect on society as thisman, who is often called the "Apostle of the Indies." However, othes knewhim as the "Enslaver of Africans," especially the Muslims, who he called"Moots." These facts of African slavery apply to almost all of the Atlanticcoast of the Americas, from Maryland and Virginia to Argentina, as well asto some countries along the Pacific coast such as Ecuador and Peru. If thisaspect of Muslim history and the Islamic heritage is to be preserved for humanhistory, we need to devote more study to it.This tragedy began in the sixteenth century and, after mote than four hundredyears, its effects are still apparent. If those Africans caught and sold intoslavery were educated, as many of them were, they were generally Muslimsand wrote in Arabic. Thus, many educated and literate slaves kept the recordsfor their sometimes illiterate plantation masters, who often could not read ormake any mathematical calculations, let alone handle formal bookkeeping.In 1532, the first permanent European settlement was established in Brazil,a country which since that date has never been wholly cut off from WestAfrica: even today trade is carried on with the Guinea coast. Yoruba influencefrom Nigeria and Benin has been almost as pervasive in some regions of ...
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Borucki, Alex, and José Luis Belmonte Postigo. "The Impact of the American Revolutionary War on the Slave Trade to Cuba." William and Mary Quarterly 80, no. 3 (July 2023): 493–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wmq.2023.a903165.
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Abstract: Scholars intent on considering the American Revolution's relationship to and influence on systems of slavery must be sure to look outside of the United States. In mid-September 1783, the schooner Eagle , captained by David Miller, landed 104 enslaved Africans in Charleston. This is the first known U.S.-flagged transatlantic slave voyage arriving in the United States after independence. Before bringing these captives from Africa, Miller had conducted a previous voyage on the Eagle , which landed fifty other captives in Havana in May 1783. The latter group of enslaved men, women, and children, whom Miller brought from the Danish colony of Saint Thomas in the eastern Caribbean, were some of the nearly 14,500 captives we have found who were shipped to Havana, mainly from other Caribbean ports, by merchants based in Cuba, the Danish West Indies, and the United States from 1781 to 1785. Examining the actions of U.S. slave traders in Cuba during the American Revolution also opens up the chance to dramatically increase our understanding of the broader traffic in enslaved people to the island during this period, emphasizing the merchant networks connecting Saint Thomas, Saint Domingue, and Charleston with Havana.
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Schmidt, Kelly L. "A National Legacy of Enslavement: An Overview of the Work of the Slavery, History, Memory, and Reconciliation Project." Journal of Jesuit Studies 8, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 81–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-0801p005.
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Abstract As the Jesuit mission in the United States expanded to the west in the early nineteenth century, the Society bought, owned, hired, sold, and forcibly moved enslaved people to support their activities. Enslaved people lived and labored at Jesuit schools, scholasticates, churches, and farms in Missouri, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Kansas. Aspects of their lives, including names and family relationships, can be gleaned from Jesuit and other archival materials. These records show what daily life was like for enslaved people owned by the Jesuits as they built communities, sought to protect their families, and resisted their enslavement. They negotiated with the Jesuits to be allowed to purchase their freedom; sued the Jesuits for their freedom in court; and ran away. Undertaken by the Jesuits of Canada and the United States, the Slavery, History, Memory, and Reconciliation Project endeavors to shed light on this history and its contemporary legacies while working with descendants of the people the Society of Jesus held in slavery to determine steps forward today.
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Gordon, Scott Paul. "Slavery in Bethlehem: Difference and Indifference in Northampton County’s Moravian Settlements." Journal of Moravian History 23, no. 2 (October 2023): 77–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.23.2.0077.
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ABSTRACT This article offers a new history of slavery in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: how enslaved men and women were brought to Bethlehem, who owned these enslaved men and women, how some became free, and whether the lives of enslaved Moravians differed from those of free Moravians. The prevailing account states that the Moravian congregation itself purchased enslaved men and women soon after Bethlehem was settled to augment its labor force. But most Afro-Moravians got to Bethlehem, this article shows, through a haphazard process that the congregation did not manage: enslavers (Moravians elsewhere) sent men, women, and children to Bethlehem or brought them when they moved to the backcountry community. Moravian authorities claimed that there was “no difference” in Bethlehem between these enslaved people and White Moravians. The archive that the congregation produced tends to reinforce that view: church registers, membership catalogs, diaries, and memoirs are mostly silent, for instance, about individuals’ legal status. But amplifying voices that have been overlooked of enslaved and free Afro-Moravians, as well as exploring the neglected 1780 Register of enslaved persons in Northampton County, reveals that differences based on race shaped the lives of people of African descent in Bethlehem and Northampton County’s other Moravian communities.
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Dos Santos, Faustino. "RESEÑA DEL LIBRO." PARALELLUS Revista de Estudos de Religião - UNICAP 15, no. 36 (July 19, 2024): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25247/paralellus.2024.v15n36.p315-317.
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Malisa, Mark, and Phillippa Nhengeze. "Pan-Africanism: A Quest for Liberation and the Pursuit of a United Africa." Genealogy 2, no. 3 (August 14, 2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy2030028.
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Our paper examines the place of Pan-Africanism as an educational, political, and cultural movement which had a lasting impact on the on the relationship between liberation and people of African descent, in the continent of Africa and the Diaspora. We also show its evolution, beginning with formerly enslaved Africans in the Americas, to the colonial borders of the 1884 Berlin Conference, and conclude with the independence movements in Africa. For formerly enslaved Africans, Pan-Africanism was an idea that helped them see their commonalities as victims of racism. That is, they realized that they were enslaved because they came from the same continent and shared the same racial heritage. They associated the continent of Africa with freedom. The partitioning of Africa at the Berlin Conference (colonialism) created pseudo-nation states out of what was initially seen as an undivided continent. Pan-Africanism provided an ideology for rallying Africans at home and abroad against colonialism, and the creation of colonial nation-states did not erase the idea of a united Africa. As different African nations gained political independence, they took it upon themselves to support those countries fighting for their independence. The belief, then, was that as long as one African nation was not free, the continent could not be viewed as free. The existence of nation-states did not imply the negation of Pan-Africanism. The political ideas we examine include those of Marcus Garvey, W.E.B. Du Bois, Kwame Nkrumah, Maya Angelou, and Thabo Mbeki. Pan-Africanism, as it were, has shaped how many people understand the history of Africa and of African people.
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Livesey, Andrea. "Learning Slavery at Home." Journal of Global Slavery 6, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00601003.
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Abstract Since Stephanie Camp wrote of the “rival” geography that enslaved people created on slave labor plantations, few studies outside the field of architectural history have used the built environment as a source to understand the lives of enslaved people and the mindsets of enslavers in the United States. This article takes adolescent outbuildings in Louisiana (garçonnières) as a starting point to understand how white parents taught and reinforced ideas of dominance over both the environment and enslaved people and simultaneously rooted young white sons to a slave labor plantation “home.” Using architectural evidence, alongside testimony left behind by both enslavers and the enslaved, this article argues that by moving young male enslavers out of the main plantation house and into a separate building, white enslaving parents created a “risk space” for sexual violence within the sexualized geography of the slave labor plantation. The garçonnière, with its privacy and age-and gender-specificity, constituted just one space of increased risk for enslaved women on Louisiana slave labor plantations from a violence that was manipulated within the built environment.
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Bonner, Christopher James. "Possessed: Understanding the Lives of Enslaved Americans." Journal of the Civil War Era 14, no. 1 (March 2024): 90–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cwe.2024.a919855.
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Abstract: Enslaved people in the US South lived in a system designed to exploit their labor in pursuit of profit. This historiographical essay considers key questions about labor and power raised in the previous two decades of scholarship on antebellum slavery. What were the forms and meanings of enslaved people’s politics, and how can we track them through the archive? How was slavery connected to other phenomena including empire and capitalism in the early United States? In pursuing these questions, scholars have illuminated the history of slavery at different scales, ranging from the lived experiences of bound workers to transatlantic networks of commerce and credit through which the products of enslaved labor moved. This essay considers some of the different ways recent historians have worked to understand the institution of slavery, with a particular focus on the question of how closely their approaches bring us to understanding the shape of enslaved humanity.
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Azibo, Daudi Ajani ya. "Suicide? (Re)Introducing the Bobby Wright Social–Political Model of African-U.S. Own-Life Taking or African High-Tech Lynching." Humanity & Society 41, no. 1 (July 24, 2016): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160597616628906.
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Dr. Bobby Wright underscored perdurable distal anti-African-U.S. (descendants of Africans enslaved in the United States) forces in society as the main impetus for their suicide instead of variables more proximal to the individual championed in multilevel theories. Wright’s argument is advanced as a model bearing his name. Coming again at suicide using the Wright model reveals the inadequacy of the Western conceptualization for African-United States, compels new nomenclature, and expands the gestalt of the phenomenon affording more efficacious intervention and prevention efforts.
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Horton, George Moses, and Jonathan Senchyne. "Individual Influence." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 132, no. 5 (October 2017): 1244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2017.132.5.1244.
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George Moses Horton (1797?-1883?) is one of three African Americans known to have published poetry while enslaved in colonial north America or the United States. The recently discovered holograph manuscript of “Individual Influence” is the only available evidence that Horton also wrote short essays. Written in 1855 or 1856 and published here for the first time, “Individual Influence” provides a new perspective on Horton's writing process, his strategic affiliations in Chapel Hill, and his changing ideas about the relative efficacy of political and divine influence. More generally, the essay expands the available archive of writing by enslaved African Americans.
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Okere, Gloria, and La Sheria Nance Bush. "Qualified immunity: unveiling police violence and misconduct in the United States." Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal 11, no. 3 (August 28, 2023): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2023.11.00376.
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Police violence and misconduct have been evident throughout American history. The earliest forms of policing began in the 1700s in the Carolinas with “Slave Patrols”. It was established to terrorize and suppress enslaved Africans and to apprehend and return the runaway slaves to their owners.1 During the 1960s, direct causations of racial tension and riots was also a conjunction with President Lyndon Johnson’s “War on Crime” initiative. This section documents the history of police violence and misconduct between the periods of 1960 through the early 2000s. The overlapping theme of qualified immunity highlights a prominent role in issues arising from civil rights and accountability.
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Martin, Kameelah, and Elizabeth West. "Sankofa, or “Go Back and Fetch It”: Merging Genealogy and Africana Studies—An Introduction." Genealogy 2, no. 4 (October 29, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy2040046.
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With the overwhelming popularity of genealogy-themed television series, genetic genealogy testing, online subscription services for research, and the enduring aphorism of Sankofa, people of African descent are consistently dispelling the long-avowed assertion that the ancestry of the enslaved in the United States and their descendants is, for the most part, unknowable. [...]
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Esposito, Elena. "The Side Effects of Immunity: Malaria and African Slavery in the United States." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 14, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 290–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20190372.
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This paper documents the role of malaria in the diffusion of African slavery in the United States. The novel empirical evidence reveals that the introduction of malaria triggered a demand for malaria-resistant labor, which led to a massive expansion of African enslaved workers in the more malaria-infested areas. Further results document that among African slaves, more malaria-resistant individuals—i.e., those born in the most malaria-ridden regions of Africa—commanded significantly higher prices. (JEL I12, J23, J47, N31, N37, N91)
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Waples, Emily. "Breathing Free: Environmental Violence and the Plantation Ecology in Hannah Crafts's The Bondwoman's Narrative." Victorian Literature and Culture 48, no. 1 (2020): 91–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150319000524.
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This essay presents an ecocritical analysis of Hannah Crafts's The Bondwoman's Narrative, the 1850s manuscript novel by a formerly-enslaved African American woman that was recovered by Henry Louis Gates in 2001. Examining Crafts's extensive engagement with Charles Dickens's Bleak House, it argues that Crafts's fictionalized narrative of enslavement and self-emancipation re-imagines a Victorian politics of environmental health as a critique of environmental racism. Showing how Crafts presents the material ecology of the plantation South as a site and vector of violence, it reads The Bondwoman's Narrative as resisting nineteenth-century scientific discourses of racialized immunity that sought to legitimize the systemic neglect of enslaved people in the antebellum United States.
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Abdullah Alotaibi, Mohrah. "Unmasking the Master Narrative: Exclusionary Practices and the Enslaved African Muslims Omar ibn Said, Bilali Muhammad, and Abdulrahman Ibrahima Sori." Arab World English Journal For Translation and Literary Studies 8, no. 1 (February 15, 2024): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awejtls/vol8no1.15.
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This study aims to investigate the exclusionary practices encountered by enslaved African Muslims in the antebellum United States, with an emphasis on how these practices shaped their lives. The significance of this study is that it sheds light on the challenges faced by individuals such as Omar ibn Said, Bilali Muhammad, and Abdulrahman Ibrahima Sori, offering insights into the workings of historical power structures. The guiding research question is: “In what ways did exclusionary practices impact the lives of the enslaved Muslims under study?” Utilizing a decolonial framework, inspired by the works of Walter Mignolo and Anibal Quijano, the study engages with concepts including the ‘master narrative’, ‘coloniality of power’, and ‘exclusionary practices’ to assess the legacy of oppression. The study contributes to the scholarship by providing a focused analysis of the experiences of enslaved Muslims, a topic that has received limited attention in historical and archival research. The conclusion will synthesize the discussion on exclusionary practices and the ‘master narrative’, reinforcing their importance in historical analysis.
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LeFlouria, Talitha L. "Writing Working-Class History from the Bottom Up and Beyond." Labor 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-7790225.
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This essay recognizes the important role the Working Class in American History book series has played in shaping our understanding of the historical experiences of African American and women workers in the United States. It outlines the advancements historians have made in the field of working-class labor history and challenges scholars to incorporate the stories of informal, enslaved, and incarcerated workers.
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Toledano, Ehud R. "Enslavement and Freedom in Transition." Journal of Global Slavery 2, no. 1-2 (2017): 100–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00201002.
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This article explores the transition from enslavement to post-emancipation realities in the Muslim-majority societies of the Middle East and North Africa during the last stage of empire and the first phase of nation-building. The main argument is that within enslavement, there were gradations of bondage and servitude, not merely a dichotomy between free and enslaved. The various social positions occupied by the enslaved are best understood as points on a continuum of social, economic, and cultural realities. In turn, these were reproduced after emancipation in the successor states that emerged following the demise of the Ottoman and Qajar empires, the Sharifian state in Morocco, and the various principalities of the Arab/Persian Gulf. Hence, post-emancipation did not create equal citizenship for all freed persons, but rather the inequality within enslavement transitioned into the post-imperial societies of the Middle East and North Africa.
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Massengale, Michael, Karen M. Shebuski, Sara Karaga, Elise Choe, Jihee Hong, Tameeka L. Hunter, and Franco Dispenza. "Psychology of Working Theory With Refugee Persons: Applications for Career Counseling." Journal of Career Development 47, no. 5 (March 10, 2019): 592–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894845319832670.
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The world is facing the largest number of displaced persons in history, with many refugee persons seeking safety in the United States. Among many challenges, refugee persons may face difficulty when navigating the world of work in the United States. We conceptualize career-related barriers for refugee persons residing in the United States, including economic constraints, acculturation challenges, and health disparities. Given these challenges, we describe the relevance of psychology of working theory as a potential theoretical model from which to conceptualize career concerns in refugee persons. Finally, based on previous research, we provide implications for counselors working with refugee persons with vocational concerns, as well as suggested areas for future research.
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Xia, Qiang, Sarah L. Braunstein, Ellen W. Wiewel, Joanna J. Eavey, Colin W. Shepard, and Lucia V. Torian. "Persons Living With HIV in the United States." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 72, no. 5 (August 2016): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000001008.
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Blackbird, Leila K. ""It Has Always Been Customary to Make Slaves of Savages": The Problem of Indian Slavery in Spanish Louisiana Revisited, 1769–1803." William and Mary Quarterly 80, no. 3 (July 2023): 525–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wmq.2023.a903166.
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Abstract: The enslavement of Indigenous peoples by Europeans was not a small and isolated practice in the lands that now comprise the United States. Contests for land and labor were not mutually exclusive, and enslaved Native people labored in mines, domestic households, and plantations across North America. In the vast Louisiana Colony, French records frequently enumerated enslaved Indigenous people, but their presence is conspicuously absent from Spanish period records. Scholars have previously assumed that the practice of Indian slavery had simply been outlawed and any remaining Indian slaves were emancipated under the Leyes y Ordenanzas Nuevamente de las Indias after Don Alejandro O'Reilly raised the Spanish flag over New Orleans in August 1769. However, the very first case brought before the Louisiana State Supreme Court disproves that assumption. During the period of its supposed illegality, Indigenous enslavement persisted through a discursive practice of Indigenous erasure; changing notions of race and legal personhood hid enslaved Native Americans within a socioracial order that negated their existence. These machinations allowed "Indianness" to be controlled and exploited, and Native people continued to be trafficked and enslaved across the Gulf South into the antebellum period. Their stories must become part of the broader history of American slavery.
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Craemer, Thomas, Trevor Smith, Brianna Harrison, Trevon Logan, Wesley Bellamy, and William Darity. "Wealth Implications of Slavery and Racial Discrimination for African American Descendants of the Enslaved." Review of Black Political Economy 47, no. 3 (June 19, 2020): 218–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034644620926516.
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We compare the 2018 per capita Black–White wealth gap of about US$352,250 with portions of the estimated total cost of slavery and discrimination to African American descendants of the enslaved. For the period of slavery in the United States, we arrive at estimates of about US$12 to US$13 trillion in 2018 dollars using Darity’s land-based and Marketti’s price-based estimation methods, respectively. Estimates using Craemer’s wage-based method tend to be higher ranging from US$18.6 trillion at 3% interest to US$6.2 quadrillion at 6% interest. The value of lost freedom (LF) based on Japanese American World War II internment reparations is estimated at 3% interest to amount to US$35 trillion and at 6% to US$16 quadrillion. Further research is required to estimate the cost of lost opportunities (LC) and pain and suffering (PS). Further research is also required to estimate the costs of colonial slavery, as well as racial discrimination following the abolition of slavery in the United States to African American descendants of the enslaved. Whether the full cost of slavery and discrimination should be compensated, or only a portion, and at what interest rate remain to be determined by negotiations between the federal government and the descendant community.
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Wahad Kalil Hashem. "THE SELF-ALIENATION AND DESTRUCTION OF IDENTITY: A POSTCOLONIAL STUDY OF TONI MORRISON'S BELOVED." European Journal of Learning on History and Social Sciences 1, no. 6 (June 10, 2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.61796/ejlhss.v1i6.582.
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This article analyzes Toni Morrison's novel Beloved from the viewpoints. postcolonial perspective of Edward Said. By deconstructing the archetype of slavery, Morrison challenges white stereotypes of enslaved individuals and explores their feelings of self-alienation and identity deconstruction. This postcolonial analysis also situates the novel within the historical and political realities of African Americans in the United States. Sethe's character reveals the double oppression black women suffer and their contradictory experiences. In addition, the narrative structure and fragmented language of "Beloved" reflect the fractured experiences of enslaved African people, challenging traditional historical narratives dominated by white perspectives Morrison highlighted the intergenerational trauma caused by slavery and the ongoing systemic oppression and racism faced by African Americans. Analyzing the novel through Said's postcolonial lens also illuminates the intersectional constructions of power, culture, and identity and reveals the continuing impact of colonialism.
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Benedict, Kaitlin, Ian Hennessee, Jeremy A. W. Gold, Dallas J. Smith, Samantha Williams, and Mitsuru Toda. "Blastomycosis-Associated Hospitalizations, United States, 2010–2020." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 9 (August 22, 2023): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9090867.
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Background: Blastomycosis is an environmentally acquired fungal disease that can cause severe illness, with approximately 65% of reported cases requiring hospitalization. Recent trends in blastomycosis-associated hospitalizations in the United States have not been described. Methods: We analyzed hospital discharge data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample. We calculated hospitalization rates per 100,000 population using U.S. census data and examined factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Results: An estimated 11,776 blastomycosis-associated hospitalizations occurred during 2010–2020 (average yearly rate 0.3 per 100,000 persons), with no apparent temporal trend. Rates were consistently highest among persons ≥65 years old and males. In-hospital death occurred in 7.9% and approximately doubled from 3.9% in 2010 to 8.5% in 2020. Older age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and malignancy were associated with mortality. Conclusions: Blastomycosis-associated hospitalizations can result in poor outcomes, underscoring the continued need for attention to early detection and treatment of blastomycosis and monitoring of disease trends.
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Cain, Kevin P., Connie A. Haley, Lori R. Armstrong, Katie N. Garman, Charles D. Wells, Michael F. Iademarco, Kenneth G. Castro, and Kayla F. Laserson. "Tuberculosis among Foreign-born Persons in the United States." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 175, no. 1 (January 2007): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200608-1178oc.
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Jones, J. L., P. L. Fleming, C. A. Ciesielski, D. J. Hu, J. E. Kaplan, and J. W. Ward. "Coccidioidomycosis among Persons with AIDS in the United States." Journal of Infectious Diseases 171, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/171.4.961.
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Bowles, Daniel W. "Persons Registered for Medical Marijuana in the United States." Journal of Palliative Medicine 15, no. 1 (January 2012): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2011.0356.
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Prince, Jonathan D., Ayse Akincigil, Ece Kalay, James T. Walkup, Donald R. Hoover, Judith Lucas, John Bowblis, and Stephen Crystal. "Psychiatric Rehospitalization Among Elderly Persons in the United States." Psychiatric Services 59, no. 9 (September 2008): 1038–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.2008.59.9.1038.
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Katz, Mitchell H. "HIV Infection Among Persons Born Outside the United States." JAMA 308, no. 6 (August 8, 2012): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.8670.
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Ciobanu, Monica, and Mihaela Şerban. "Legitimation crisis, memory, and United States exceptionalism: Lessons from post-communist Eastern Europe." Memory Studies 14, no. 6 (December 2021): 1285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17506980211054328.
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The article examines how the experiences of post-communist transitional justice policies could inform current controversies in the United States regarding its reckoning with the past. To lay the ground for this analysis, three facets of American exceptionalism—the dual state reality, the triumphalist myth, and the denialist myth—are identified as principal obstacles that have preempted any substantive reparations for the crimes against humanity perpetrated against enslaved Africans and their descendants. This is followed by a presentation of how the 1989 revolutions in East and Central Europe failed to promote an inclusive and pluralistic model of the past. Instead, current representations of the past rooted in essentialist and ethnocentric historical narratives are weaponized by non-democratic political actors. Finally, the authors caution against misguided representations of historical trauma and memory wars in the United States that could potentially reproduce White supremacist ideologies and escalate existent political and cultural divisions.
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Zhong, Yiming. "The Issue of Protection of Disabled Persons Rights." Communications in Humanities Research 5, no. 1 (September 14, 2023): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/5/20230152.
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This article covers the present condition of disability rights in the United States, focusing on the continued obstacles experienced by those with disa-bilities in the workplace, public spaces, and sporting venues. Despite the fact that the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) offers extensive safeguards for those with impairments, these provisions are seldom implemented. In 2019, the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission re-ceived over 24,000 complaints of disability-related employment discrimina-tion, illustrating the persistent difficulties experienced by handicapped work-ers. In addition, the United States Department of Justice received approxi-mately 8,000 complaints involving accessibility issues in public areas, under-scoring the ongoing need for stricter enforcement of laws governing public accessibility. Participation in sports has been proven to provide substantial advantages for those with disabilities, but it remains difficult to ensure that sports facilities are really accessible and inclusive. According to the article's premise, full application and enforcement of disability rights laws in the United States requires more education and awareness among employers, public accommodations, and sports management.
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Palley, Howard A. "The White Working Class and the Politics of Race in the United States." Open Political Science 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2021-0016.
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Abstract The Declaration of Independence asserts that “All men are created equal, and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” Nevertheless, the United States, at its foundation has been faced with the contradiction of initially supporting chattel slavery --- a form of slavery that treated black slaves from Africa purely as a commercial commodity. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, both of whom had some discomfort with slavery, were slaveholders who both utilized slaves as a commodity. Article 1 of our Constitution initially treated black slaves as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of apportioning representation in order to increase Southern representation in Congress. So initially the Constitution’s commitment to “secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity” did not include the enslaved black population. This essay contends that the residue of this initial dilemma still affects our politics --- in a significant manner.
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Sharling, Lisa, Suzanne M. Marks, Michael Goodman, Terence Chorba, and Sundari Mase. "Rifampin-resistant Tuberculosis in the United States, 1998–2014." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 8 (June 22, 2019): 1596–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz491.
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Abstract Background Monoresistance to rifamycins necessitates longer and more toxic regimens for tuberculosis (TB). We examined characteristics and mortality associated with rifampin-monoresistant (RMR) TB in the United States. Methods We analyzed Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture-positive cases reported to the National TB Surveillance System (excluding California) between 1998 and 2014. We defined RMR TB found on initial drug susceptibility testing and possible acquired rifampin-resistant (ARR) TB. We assessed temporal trends in RMR TB. For both classifications of rifampin resistance, we calculated adjusted risk ratios (adjRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for characteristics associated with mortality when compared with drug-susceptible TB in multivariable models using backward selection. Results Of 180 329 TB cases, 126 431 (70%) were eligible for analysis, with 359 (0.28%) of eligible cases reported as RMR. The percentage of RMR TB cases with HIV declined 4% annually between 1998 and 2014. Persons with HIV and prior TB were more likely to have RMR TB (adjRR, 25.9; 95% CI, 17.6–38.1), as were persons with HIV and no prior TB (adjRR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.4–4.1) vs those without either characteristic, controlling for other statistically significant variables. RMR cases had greater mortality (adjRR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.04–1.8), controlling for HIV and other variables. Persons with HIV had greater risk of ARR than persons without HIV (adjRR, 9.6; 95% CI, 6.9–13.3), and ARR was also associated with increased mortality, controlling for HIV and other variables. Conclusions All forms of rifampin resistance were positively associated with HIV infection and increased mortality.
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Warren, Kellee E. "Reimagining Instruction in Special Collections: The Special Case of Haiti." American Archivist 83, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 289–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.17723/0360-9081-83.2.289.
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ABSTRACT A growing body of literature has developed around critical archival instruction and archivists as educators. This development demonstrates the pedagogical evolution beyond show-and-tell sessions to critical approaches in archival instruction and specific standards in archival literacy. This article provides a cross-disciplinary discussion of an approach to archival instruction. Also included is a reimagined instruction session using a fragmentary collection from the Saint-Domingue/Haiti colonial administration. Stories of the enslaved are usually marked by death and brutality. But Haiti's is a story of triumph; though fleeting, a victory nonetheless. When instructors decolonize archival instruction, they bring the past into the present and the future. The Haitian Revolution was a large-scale revolt by enslaved Africans, and it was also directly connected to the expansion of the United States. Archival instructors should encourage students to reimagine the stories told from the Saint-Domingue colonial administration collection and from any colonial collections that may be under their care.
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Craemer, Thomas. "International Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade." Journal of Black Studies 49, no. 7 (June 4, 2018): 694–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934718779168.
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This article compares German Holocaust reparations with reparations regarding slavery and the slave trade in the United States and beyond. I review many historical reparations measures (proposed and realized) making them comparable in 2016 U.S. dollars. Based on slave-ship manifests, I investigate how reparations for the slave trade may be distributed. I propose that European slave-trade reparations could be used in Africa and the New World to indemnify the descendants of the formerly enslaved. Total and per-recipient amounts provide a wide range for possible negotiations. They range from only US$71.08 per recipient demanded by James Forman in 1969 to US$3.6 million per recipient actually paid by the descendants of Haiti’s enslaved to the descendants of their former oppressors. The German example suggests that a political solution can be worked out if the representatives of the perpetrating side reach out to the representatives of the victimized side for negotiations.
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Fatmasari, Yuniar. "WOMB CONTROL IN TONI MORRISON’S BELOVED." Jurnal POETIKA 4, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/poetika.13312.
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This study reveals the ideological strategies the dominant takes to exploit Black enslaved women’s womb experienced by the characters in Toni Morrison’s Beloved as well as their resistance. Written in 1987, the novel is set eight years after the end of the Civil War in time painful experiences during slavery era are still there in the mind of ex-enslaved Black women and men. The novel narrates the past through personal life experiences presented by Sethe and Baby Suggs. During slavery era, their bodies are not merely used to work in the plantation area but since they are women, their wombs are valuable commodity providing advantages and profit to the masters. To make it possible, the dominant function ideological strategies to control the Black enslaved women’s wombs. Therefore, this study tries to explore how the ideological strategies are practiced in the novel. According to Collins, creating negative images such as mammy, breeder woman, and jezebel addresses to the bodies of Black enslaved women belongs to ideological strategy which is more powerful compared to theeconomic and politic strategy. Each image covers dominant interest to control Black women’s womb under new-progressive capitalism in United States. The result of the study shows that those three images works effectively to control the Black enslaved women, even nowadays, those images are still there in the body of young generation of Black women and provide another form of womb’scontrol. However, the study as well finds out that the resistance toward the oppression is also varied. Self-definition is presumed to be a fundamental element to the journey of internalized oppression to the ‘free mind’ which eventually leads to the action of resistance. With this self-definition, Blackwomen begin to deny the existed negative images controlling their wombs.
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Fatmasari, Yuniar. "WOMB CONTROL IN TONI MORRISON’S BELOVED." Poetika 4, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/poetika.v4i1.13312.
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This study reveals the ideological strategies the dominant takes to exploit Black enslaved women’s womb experienced by the characters in Toni Morrison’s Beloved as well as their resistance. Written in 1987, the novel is set eight years after the end of the Civil War in time painful experiences during slavery era are still there in the mind of ex-enslaved Black women and men. The novel narrates the past through personal life experiences presented by Sethe and Baby Suggs. During slavery era, their bodies are not merely used to work in the plantation area but since they are women, their wombs are valuable commodity providing advantages and profit to the masters. To make it possible, the dominant function ideological strategies to control the Black enslaved women’s wombs. Therefore, this study tries to explore how the ideological strategies are practiced in the novel. According to Collins, creating negative images such as mammy, breeder woman, and jezebel addresses to the bodies of Black enslaved women belongs to ideological strategy which is more powerful compared to theeconomic and politic strategy. Each image covers dominant interest to control Black women’s womb under new-progressive capitalism in United States. The result of the study shows that those three images works effectively to control the Black enslaved women, even nowadays, those images are still there in the body of young generation of Black women and provide another form of womb’scontrol. However, the study as well finds out that the resistance toward the oppression is also varied. Self-definition is presumed to be a fundamental element to the journey of internalized oppression to the ‘free mind’ which eventually leads to the action of resistance. With this self-definition, Blackwomen begin to deny the existed negative images controlling their wombs.
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Lambert, Lauren A., Robert H. Pratt, Lori R. Armstrong, and Maryam B. Haddad. "Tuberculosis among Healthcare Workers, United States, 1995–2007." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 33, no. 11 (November 2012): 1126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/668016.
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Objective.We examined surveillance data to describe the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) among healthcare workers (HCWs) in the United States during the period 1995–2007.Design.Cross-sectional descriptive analysis of existing surveillance data.Setting and Participants.TB cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from the 50 states and the District of Columbia from 1995 through 2007.Results.Of the 200,744 reported TB cases in persons 18 years of age or older, 6,049 (3%) occurred in individuals who were classified as HCWs. HCWs with TB were more likely than other adults with TB to be women (unadjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 4.1 [3.8–4.3]), be foreign born (1.3 [1.3–1.4]), have extrapulmonary TB (1.6 [1.5–1.7]), and complete TB treatment (2.5 [2.3–2.8]).Conclusions.Healthcare institutions may benefit from intensifying TB screening of HCWs upon hire, especially persons from countries with a high incidence of TB, and encouraging treatment for latent TB infection among HCWs to prevent progression to TB disease.
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Paul Mbuya, Alphonce. "Protection of Older Persons’ Right to Healthcare by United Nations Human Rights Treaties." International Journal of Legal Developments & Allied Issues 08, no. 05 (2022): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55662/ijldai.2022.8501.
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This article examines the protection of older persons’ right to healthcare by the United Nations (UN) Human Rights treaties. Although there are diverse scholarly views on its nature and scope, health is firmly recognised as a right by UN human rights treaties which define health as a right and impose certain obligations on states for realising it. Therefore, the inclusion of the right to health in various human rights instruments is the basis for understanding the normative framework of the right as it applies to older persons and the nature of the measures which states must take to ensure its realisation. At the UN level, human rights treaties offer very limited protection to older persons, in part due to the absence of a specific treaty on older persons. However, soft law instruments adopted under the auspices of the said treaties elaborate the application of specific rights (including healthcare) to older persons. It is argued that the limited protection of older persons’ rights in the UN treaties should not be an excuse for states to take special measures to ensure realisation of older persons’ right to healthcare. Moreover, elaboration of older persons’ rights in general comments adopted by UN treaty bodies is a clear indication of the need for a specific UN treaty for recognising and protecting older persons’ rights, including healthcare which has been identified as a critical issue affecting older persons worldwide.
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Rees, Chris A., Michael C. Monuteaux, Isabella Steidley, Rebekah Mannix, Lois K. Lee, Jefferson T. Barrett, and Eric W. Fleegler. "Trends and Disparities in Firearm Fatalities in the United States, 1990-2021." JAMA Network Open 5, no. 11 (November 29, 2022): e2244221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.44221.
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ImportanceFirearm fatality rates in the United States have reached a 28-year high. Describing the evolution of firearm fatality rates across intents, demographics, and geography over time may highlight high-risk groups and inform interventions for firearm injury prevention.ObjectiveTo understand variations in rates of firearm fatalities stratified by intent, demographics, and geography in the US.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study analyzed firearm fatalities in the US from 1990 to 2021 using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heat maps, maximum and mean fatality rate graphs, and choropleth maps of county-level rates were created to examine trends in firearm fatality rates by intent over time by age, sex, race, ethnicity, and urbanicity of individuals who died from firearms. Data were analyzed from December 2018 through September 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresRates of firearm fatalities by age, sex, race, ethnicity, urbanicity, and county of individuals killed stratified by specific intent (suicide or homicide) per 100 000 persons per year.ResultsThere were a total of 1 110 421 firearm fatalities from 1990 to 2021 (952 984 among males [85.8%] and 157 165 among females [14.2%]; 286 075 among Black non-Hispanic individuals [25.8%], 115 616 among Hispanic individuals [10.4%], and 672 132 among White non-Hispanic individuals [60.5%]). All-intents total firearm fatality rates per 100 000 persons declined to a low of 10.1 fatalities in 2004, then increased to 14.7 fatalities (45.5% increase) by 2021. From 2014 to 2021, male and female firearm homicide rates per 100 000 persons per year increased from 5.9 to 10.9 fatalities (84.7% increase) and 1.1 to 2.0 fatalities (87.0% increase), respectively. Firearm suicide rates were highest among White non-Hispanic men aged 80 to 84 years (up to 46.8 fatalities/100 000 persons in 2021). By 2021, maximum rates of firearm homicide were up to 22.5 times higher among Black non-Hispanic men (up to 141.8 fatalities/100 000 persons aged 20-24 years) and up to 3.6 times higher among Hispanic men (up to 22.8 fatalities/100 000 persons aged 20-24 years) compared with White non-Hispanic men (up to 6.3 fatalities/100 000 persons aged 30-34 years). Males had higher rates of suicide (14.1 fatalities vs 2.0 fatalities per 100 000 persons in 2021) and homicide (10.9 fatalities vs. 2.0 fatalities per 100 000 persons in 2021) compared with females. Metropolitan areas had higher homicide rates than nonmetropolitan areas (6.6 fatalities vs 4.8 fatalities per 100 000 persons in 2021). Firearm fatalities by county level increased over time, spreading from the West to the South. From 1999 to 2011 until 2014 to 2016, fatalities per 100 000 persons per year decreased from 10.6 to 10.5 fatalities in Western states and increased from 12.8 to 13.9 fatalities in Southern states.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found marked disparities in firearm fatality rates by demographic group, which increased over the past decade. These findings suggest that public health approaches to reduce firearm violence should consider underlying demographic and geographic trends and differences by intent.
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Balme, Richard, Jeanne Becquart-Leclercq, Terry N. Clark, Vincent Hoffmann-Martinot, and Jean-Yves Nevers. "New Mayors: France and the United States." Tocqueville Review 8 (December 1987): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.8.263.
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In 1983 we organized a conference on “Questioning the Welfare State and the Rise of the City” at the University of Paris, Nanterre. About a hundred persons attended, including many French social scientists and political activists. Significant support came from the new French Socialist government. Yet with Socialism in power since 1981, it was clear that the old Socialist ideas were being questioned inside and outside the Party and government—especially in the important decentralization reforms. There was eager interest in better ways to deliver welfare state services at the local level.
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Bajema, Kristina L., Alexandra M. Oster, Olivia L. McGovern, Stephen Lindstrom, Mark R. Stenger, Tara C. Anderson, Cheryl Isenhour,, et al. "Persons Evaluated for 2019 Novel Coronavirus — United States, January 2020." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69, no. 6 (February 14, 2020): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6906e1.
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