Journal articles: 'Enrichment'

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Upadhyay, Kapil Dev, and Dr Vijay Kumar Soni. "Job Enrichment." Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 6 (October 1, 2011): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/mar2012/36.

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Sun, Chao, and Richard Breheny. "Shared mechanism underlying unembedded and embedded enrichments: evidence from enrichment priming." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 61 (January 1, 2018): 425–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.61.2018.505.

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In this paper, we use a priming paradigm to explore the mechanisms underlyingunembedded and embedded scalar enrichments. In particular, the aim is to see if localpragmatic enrichment could be a shared mechanism, involved in both. The two experimentspresented adopt Bott & Chemla's (2016) enrichment priming paradigm and test whetherunembedded and embedded enrichments could prime each other. The goal is to investigatewhether local pragmatic enrichment is indeed being accessed for the interpretation of theunembedded scalar and whether local enrichments, like other lexical semantic phenomena,are susceptible to priming.Keywords: pragmatics, scalar enrichments, priming.

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Powell, D. M. "Preliminary Evaluation of Environmental Enrichment Techniques for African Lions (Panthera leo)." Animal Welfare 4, no. 4 (November 1995): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600018054.

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AbstractA study was conducted over 24 days to evaluate the effects of three environmental enrichment techniques (frozen balls of ice containing fish, various scents, hanging logs) on four captive African lions (Panthera leo). Behavioural data on activity level and behavioural diversity were collected daily during a baseline and an enriched session. All enrichments produced positive changes in behaviour. Enrichment was also associated with increased use of space by the lions. The enrichment techniques evaluated in this study each produced distinct and positive changes in behaviour thus reinforcing the need for variety to be exercised in captive enrichment programmes. Providing different enrichments allows animals to perform a greater range of behaviours, become more active in captivity, and will decrease the likelihood of habituation to certain enrichment items. Environmental enrichment should be a part of any management protocol for animal welfare and health.

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Kallail, K. James, Pam Shaw, Tyler Hughes, and Benito Berardo. "Enriching Medical Student Learning Experiences." Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development 7 (January 2020): 238212052090216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2382120520902160.

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Objective: Medical students should develop skills in assessing their own learning needs and developing strategies to meet those needs. Medical curricula should be designed to provide active and enriching ways to explore medicine beyond the classroom. The program should enrich the elements of motivation, discovery, innovation, social services, cultural exploration, and personal development. The University of Kansas School of Medicine instituted a new curriculum in 2017 called ACE (Active, Competency-based, and Excellence-driven). Eight 1-week courses of enrichment experiences are embedded within the first 2 years of the curriculum. Methods: After each of 8 medical content blocks, students are required to participate in a 1-week, nongraded enrichment experience according to their own learning needs and interests. Students choose the type of enrichment activities including clinical experiences, professional development, leadership development, research and scholarly activity, and community engagement. Students select their top enrichment choices and a computer lottery makes the assignments from their designations. Students engaged in research and scholarly activity are guided to appropriate research mentors. Results: A total of 196 enrichment activities at 3 campuses were developed for 211 students during the first 2 years of medical school. Most students selected clinical experiences with enrichments available in most medical specialties and subspecialties. Students also use enrichment weeks to conduct research/scholarly activity, particularly those students pursuing the Honors Track. A total of 2071 enrichment experiences were completed in the first 2 years. Conclusions: Most enrichments involved clinical experiences, although research/scholarly activity and professional development enrichments also were popular. Evaluations from students and antidotal data suggested enrichments are popular among students and a good change of pace from the usual rigorous activities of the curriculum. Because of the large number of experiences required to conduct the enrichment weeks, a continuous process of evaluation is required to maintain the program. Therefore, flexibility is required to administer the program.

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Wang, Bai, Liu, Zhang, Chen, and Lu. "Enrichments of Cadmium and Arsenic and Their Effects on the Karst Forest Area." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 22, 2019): 4665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234665.

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An understanding of the enrichment mechanisms of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in the process of rock weathering and soil formation is essential to develop agriculture according to local conditions. However, the enrichments of soil Cd and As under natural background conditions in karst areas are still uncertain. The enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index, redundancy analysis, and other methods were used to analyze the enrichment degree and the influencing factors of Cd and As on 5 rock–soil profiles and 15 topsoil samples, which were collected from a karst forest area in Libo County, Guizhou Province. The results showed that the enrichment process was divided into three stages. In the first stage, Cd and As were enriched in carbonate rocks, and their mean concentrations were 1.65 and 3.9 times those of the corresponding abundance of the crust. In the second stage, the enrichment of the parent rock into the soil, the enrichment factors of Cd and As in the parent material horizon relative to the bedrock horizon were 9.2 and 2.82, respectively. The third stage refers to the enrichments of Cd and As in the topsoil, where Cd enrichment was more obvious than that of As. Soil organic matter (SOM) and phosphorus (P) are important factors that influenced the enrichments of Cd and As in the topsoil. The functional groups of SOM were complexed with Cd and As; P easily formed precipitates with Cd, and the tree litter was fed back to the topsoil, which may be the reason for the surface enrichment of Cd and As. This study will help the scientific community understand the enrichment mechanisms of soil Cd and As in karst areas.

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Dixon, LM, IJH Duncan, and GJ Mason. "The effects of four types of enrichment on feather-pecking behaviour in laying hens housed in barren environments." Animal Welfare 19, no. 4 (November 2010): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600001913.

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AbstractSevere feather pecking, a potentially stereotypic behaviour in chickens (Gallus gallus), can be reduced by providing enrichment. However, there is little comparative information available on the effectiveness of different types of enrichment. Providing forages to birds is likely to decrease feather-pecking behaviour the most, as it is generally thought that feather pecking stems from re-directed foraging motivation. Yet, other types of enrichment, such as dustbaths and novel objects, have also been shown to reduce feather pecking. In order to develop a practical and effective enrichment, these different possibilities must be examined. Using a Latin Square Design, 14-week old birds were given each of four treatments: i) forages; ii) novel objects; iii) dustbaths; or iv) no enrichment. The amount of feather-pecking behaviour and the number of pecks to the enrichments were recorded. Results showed feather pecking to be highest when no enrichment was present and lowest when the forages were present, with the other two enrichments intermediate. This was despite the fact that the numbers of pecks birds gave to the forages and dustbaths were not significantly different, suggesting that they were similarly used. Thus, we suggest here that forage enrichments are most effective at alleviating feather pecking at least in the short term and attempts should be made to develop poultry housing that allows for natural foraging behaviour. Following this, providing any kind of enrichment will increase bird welfare and is therefore still beneficial.

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Sandilands, Victoria, Laurence Baker, Jo Donbavand, and Sarah Brocklehurst. "Do Hens Use Enrichments Provided in Free-Range Systems?" Animals 12, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12080995.

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Hens in free-range systems are given enrichments to increase foraging and limit injurious pecking, but the efficacy of enrichment types requires investigation. We studied hen behaviour and feather cover in eight commercial free-range flocks each given access to four enrichments within the shed. Sheds were split into quarters, in which two enrichments (jute ropes (R) + other) were installed. Other enrichments were: lucerne hay bales (B), pecking blocks (PB), pelleted feed (PF), or further R (control). Hens were observed at three ages, at three times per age (−1, 0, ≥1 h relative to PF application), in 1 m diameter circle locations around ropes (ControlR), Enrich (B, PB, PF, R), and Away from each enrichment. Feather scores were recorded at all ages/times, at the Away location only. Significantly more birds were in Enrich locations where PB, B, and PF were available, and least near R, ControlR, and Away locations (p < 0.001). Proportions of birds interacting with enrichments were significantly higher for PB, B, and PF than R (p < 0.001), but enrichments did not generally affect proportions of birds foraging in the litter, apart from a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in PF birds foraging in the Enrich location because they were directing behaviour at PF instead. Feather scores worsened with age (p < 0.001) but were not consistently affected by enrichment. Enrichment replacement rates varied between farms. Enrichments costs were highest for PB and cheapest for R. Enrichments except R were used by hens, but with no obvious effect on feather cover. A balance has to be struck between enrichment benefits to hens and economics, but evidence suggested that hens did not benefit from R.

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Buijs, Stephanie, and Ramon Muns. "A Review of the Effects of Non-Straw Enrichment on Tail Biting in Pigs." Animals 9, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100824.

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Tail biting remains a common problem in pig production. As producers are reluctant to use straw to reduce this behaviour, we review studies on the effectiveness of other types of enrichment. Roughage, hessian sacks, compost, fresh wood, space dividers, rope, and providing new objects regularly can significantly reduce tail damage. These results should be interpreted with some caution, as often only one study per enrichment could be identified. No evidence was found that commonly applied enrichment objects (processed wood, plastic or metal) reduce tail biting significantly unless exchanged regularly, even though multiple studies per type of enrichment were identified. Many studies evaluated the duration of enrichment use, but few evaluated the manner of use. This hampers identification of combinations of enrichment that will satisfy the pig’s motivation to eat/smell, bite, root and change enrichments, which is suggested to reduce tail biting. New objects designed to satisfy specific motivations were shown to receive high levels of interaction, but their effectiveness at reducing tail damage remains unknown. More in-depth study of how pigs interact with non-straw enrichment, which motivations this satisfies and how this affects behaviour towards conspecifics, is necessary to optimize enrichment strategies. Optimization is necessary because ceasing tail docking in a way that improves pig welfare requires more effective enrichments than those described in this review, or alternatively, better control over other factors influencing tail biting.

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Álvarez-Vázquez, Miguel Ángel, Elena De Uña-Álvarez, Alexandra María Ramírez-Pérez, Esther de Blas, and Ricardo Prego. "Distinctive Accumulation Patterns of Trace Elements in Sediments of Bedrock Rivers (Miño River, NW Iberian Peninsula)." Geosciences 13, no. 10 (October 19, 2023): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13100315.

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Sediment compositions and enrichment patterns are investigated in an urban reach of a bedrock river, the Miño River passing through Ourense City, Spain. This study focuses on the trace element distribution in different fractions to gain insights into trace element enrichment. To assess enrichment, a context-specific approach was employed, based on the mean, the standard deviation of the estimated background, and the empirical rule, avoiding the pitfalls of general and arbitrary thresholds. Notably, the <0.063 mm and <2 mm fractions showed differential accumulation patterns. Both fractions serve to detect enrichments that can be indicative of contamination, but they measure different things, the maturity of sediments and postdepositional processes being key factors in understanding the sediment composition and enrichments. These findings also highlight the role of rock cavities, particularly those hosting permanent deposits, as traps for trace elements and their potential significance in assessing environmental enrichment. This work contributes to understanding sediment compositions and enrichment dynamics in bedrock rivers. It also underscores the significance of considering site-specific approaches for enrichment assessment and the necessity for further research to unravel the mechanisms driving differential accumulation within distinct depositional environments.

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JIANG, G. C., DONG-HYUN KANG, and DANIEL Y. C. FUNG. "Enrichment Procedures and Plating Media for Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica†." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.11.1483.

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A shortened enrichment procedure (25°C for 24 h) was compared with cold enrichment procedures (4°C for 1 to 3 weeks) and direct plating for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from commercial ground meat samples. The combined data of all recovery procedures showed that this organism was isolated from 34% of the ground beef samples. The highest isolation rate was 32% for the 4°C/3-week enrichment, followed by 28% for the 4°C/2-week enrichment, 26% for the 25°C/24-h enrichment, 22% for the 4°C/1-week enrichment, and 10% for direct plating. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in isolation rate occurred between the 4°C/3-week, 4°C/2-week, 25°C/24-h, and 4°C/1-week enrichments. The combined data of all recovery procedures showed that Y. enterocolitica was isolated from 64% of ground pork samples. The highest isolation rate was 48% for the 4°C/3-week enrichment, followed by 40% for the 25°C/24-h enrichment, 34% for the 4°C/2-week enrichment, 24% for the 4°C/1-week enrichment, and 24% for direct plating. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in isolation rate occurred between the 4°C/3-week, 25°C/24-h, and 4°C/2-week enrichments. During the plating phase of the experiment, the efficiency of a dye-containing, Yersinia-selective medium (KV202) was compared with that of a commercially available cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin medium. Recovery rates were similar for both media. However, KV202 agar differentiated Y. enterocolitica from such contaminating bacteria as Enterobacter, Serratia, and Salmonella by colony morphologic characteristics and color.

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Roy, Cyril, Lindsey Lippens, Victoria Kyeiwaa, Yolande M. Seddon, Laurie M. Connor, and Jennifer A. Brown. "Effects of Enrichment Type, Presentation and Social Status on Enrichment Use and Behaviour of Sows with Electronic Sow Feeding." Animals 9, no. 6 (June 18, 2019): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060369.

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The goal of this study was to identify practical enrichments for sows in partially or fully slatted pen systems. Four treatments were applied: (1) Constant: constant provision of wood on chain; (2) Rotate: rotation of rope, straw and wood enrichments; (3) Stimulus: rotation of enrichments (as in Rotate) with an associative stimulus (bell or whistle); and (4) Control: no enrichment, with each treatment lasting 12 days. Six groups of 20 ± 2 sows were studied from weeks 6 to 14 of gestation in pens with one electronic sow feeder. Each group received all treatments in random order. Six focal animals (3 dominant and 3 subordinate) were selected per pen using a feed competition test. Digital photos were collected at 10 min intervals for 8 h (between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m.) on 4 days/treatment (d 1, 8, 10 and 12) to record interactions with enrichment. Skin lesions were assessed on days 1 and 12, and saliva cortisol samples collected in weeks 6, 10 and 14 of gestation on focal pigs. Sows spent more time in contact with enrichments in Rotate and Stimulus treatments than Constant. Enrichment treatments did not influence lesion scores. Subordinate sows spent more time standing and near enrichments than dominants. Subordinate sows also received more skin lesions and had higher salivary cortisol concentrations than dominants. These results indicate that access to enrichment is valued by sows but can result in greater aggression directed towards subordinates.

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Baumann, P. Q., W. S. Stirewalt, B. D. O'Rourke, D. Howard, and K. S. Nair. "Precursor pools of protein synthesis: a stable isotope study in a swine model." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 267, no. 2 (August 1, 1994): E203—E209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1994.267.2.e203.

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The accuracy of using other free pools in lieu of tRNA for calculation of tissue protein synthesis in liver (L), skeletal muscle (SM), and heart (H) was assessed in six adult miniature swine using L-[1-13C]leucine and L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine as tracers. L leucyl-tRNA enrichment was higher than arterial plasma leucine and ketoisocaproate (KIC) enrichments, and L phenylalanyl-tRNA enrichment was higher than arterial phenylalanine enrichment (P < 0.05). No such differences were noted in SM and H. Leucyl- and phenylalanyl-tRNA enrichments in L were best predicted by the respective amino acid enrichments in tissue fluid [TF; Leu: slope (m) = 0.954 +/- 0.035; Phe: m = 1.011 +/- 0.032] using linear regression analysis to determine the accuracy of the prediction, whereas plasma phenylalanine reasonably predicted phenylalanyl-tRNA (artery: m = 0.821 +/- 0.032; vein: m = 0.947 +/- 0.135). In SM, plasma KIC (artery: m = 0.846 +/- 0.046; vein: m = 0.881 +/- 0.043) and TF leucine (m = 0.788 +/- 0.034) predicted leucyl-tRNA with high accuracy. In H tissue, TF (m = 0.991 +/- 0.044) was the best predictor of leucyl-tRNA enrichment, whereas arterial phenylalanine (m = 0.912 +/- 0.015) was the most reliable predictor of phenylalanyl-tRNA enrichment. The relationships between aminoacyl-tRNA and other free pools in the same species under the same study conditions differ in different tissues. Use of KIC in lieu of leucyl-tRNA for calculating muscle protein synthesis is supported by this study.

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Putri, Prescillia Rindang, Richard S. Moore, Noviar Andayani, and Karmele L. Sanchez. "EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT ON THE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF JAVAN SLOW LORIS, Nycticebus javanicus." TAPROBANICA 7, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v7i1.152.

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We conducted a behavioural study on rescued captive N. javanicus housed at International Animal Rescue Centre, West Java, focussing on the frequency of social interactions in relation to varying amounts of enrichment provided. Three different sized cages were chosen comprising a total of ten slow lorises in groups of five, three and two individuals respectively. After providing extra enrichment, we observed a general increase in all social behaviours in both cages, except for proximity and attack. A significant increase in positive social interactions (clasp interaction) was observed when all data combine after environmental enrichment was given. We made sociograms to visualize the significant results of before and after enrichments. The clasp sociogram before enrichments phase revealed that the only male in both cages acted as the initiator of clasp behaviour to other female actors in the cage. This short study reveals positive signs in increasing certain desired behaviours and the role of individuals within the cage during enrichment.

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Fominykh, N., and A. Kenessary. "DIGITAL ENRICHMENT OF MATHEMATICS EDUCATIO." МАТЕМАТИКАНЫ, ФИЗИКАНЫ ЖӘНЕ ИНФОРМАТИКАНЫ ОҚЫТУДЫҢ ӨЗЕКТІ МӘСЕЛЕЛЕРІ 1 (2023): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52081/mpimet.2023.v01.i1.001.

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The research work is aimed at studying the methodology of teaching mathematics, the impact of digital transformation in education on the culture of teaching the subject. The object of the study is the methodology of teaching mathematics, the purpose of which is to study the disciplinary features of digital resources that are widely introduced into the educational process, as well as their impact on the educational process. The article describes some questions of the inclusion of digital resources in the subject of mathematics in accordance with the new requirements of education and their use in the teacher's practice. The specific features of special digital pedagogical solutions for teaching mathematics are shown in the course of the written work. At the same time, the effect of the enrichment of the subject teaching methodology with digital resources on the activity of the student and teacher is described. Research results are presented in quantitative-statistical and qualitative-content form. According to the analysis of the results, it was observed that the use of digital resources has an effect on students' learning, motivation, and the improvement of the quality of education. In addition, the need to design and distribute digital solutions with an interface in the Kazakh languages was determined. In order to modify the current training practice, it is necessary to organize training courses on the use of applications and special specialized packages that cause digital transformation

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Isserlin, Ruth, Daniele Merico, Veronique Voisin, and Gary D. Bader. "Enrichment Map – a Cytoscape app to visualize and explore OMICs pathway enrichment results." F1000Research 3 (July 1, 2014): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.4536.1.

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High-throughput OMICs experiments generate signals for millions of entities (i.e. genes, proteins, metabolites or any measurable biological entity) in the cell. In an effort to summarize and explore these signals, expression results are examined in the context of known pathways and processes, through enrichment analysis to generate a set of pathways and processes that is significantly enriched. Due to the high redundancy in annotation resources this often results in hundreds of sets. To facilitate the analysis of these results, we have developed the Enrichment Map app to visualize enrichments as a network. We have updated Enrichment Map to support Cytoscape 3, and have added additional features including new data formats and command line access.

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Peveler, Jessica L., Melissa P. Swan, R'nld R. Wheeler, Christine A. Boehm, and Debra L. Hickman. "Effects of Various Commercially Available Enrichment Options on Handling and Chronic Stress Markers in Female ICR Mice." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 58, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-17-000103.

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Although social housing of mice generally is preferred, mice must be individually housed in some situations. In these cases, enhanced attention to environmental enrichment is encouraged, but few studies assess the wellbeing of mice provided various enrichments. In this study, we used female ICR mice to evaluate enrichment strategies that encouraged natural behaviors including foraging, exercise, sheltering, and socialization. After 3 mo of exposure to the assigned enrichment strategy, wellbeing was assessed by evaluating behavioral and physiologic differences between groups. The results suggested that the use of red-tinted igloos may decrease markers of mouse wellbeing. However, none of the selected strategies yielded measures of wellbeing indicating improvement as compared to individually housed mice with no enrichment (negative control). Furthermore, measures were not significantly different between paired mice and individually housed mice with no enrichment.

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Duvall, Robert E., Marjut Eklund, Tony T. Tran, and Anthony D. Hitchins. "Improved DNA Probe Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Enrichment Culture After Physical-Chemical Fractionation." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.1.172.

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Abstract Bacterial detection in foods by nucleic acid probes is limited by microflora competition during selective enrichment. Probe target concentration by extraction and fractionation of enrichments may diminish this limitation. The 1-h AccuProbe chemiluminescent culture identification test for Listeria monocytogenes was used as a model. Its high detection threshold provides a stringent challenge for evaluating enrichmentwork-up protocols. Detection of L. monocytogenes, at 14 colony-forming units/g food,was not consistently possible in 48 h enrichment cultures usingAccuProbe. Concentration by cell sedimentationwas occasionally helpful but the volume of co-sedimented food limited concentration to about 10-fold. To improve concentration, enrichment sedimentswere sonicated or enzymatically lysed to release the probe's target, r-RNA. The RNAwas separated from non-RNA material by extraction with phenol and precipitation with ethanol. Enrichments (250 mL) were concentrated 2500-fold, and the limitation was food RNA volume. A strongly competitive Enterococcus faecium food isolate was used to demonstrate the effect of artificial competition on the kit's ability to detect L. monocytogenes in enrichments. High competitor concentrations repressed the level of the target below the detection threshold, but concentration of r-RNA enabled detection of L. monocytogenes. The effectiveness of this enrichment sample work-up was demonstrated with naturally contaminated hummus.

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Wawrik, Boris, Lee Kerkhof, Jerome Kukor, and Gerben Zylstra. "Effect of Different Carbon Sources on Community Composition of Bacterial Enrichments from Soil." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 11 (November 2005): 6776–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.11.6776-6783.2005.

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ABSTRACT Soil is a highly heterogeneous matrix, which can contain thousands of different bacterial species per gram. Only a small component of this diversity (maybe <1%) is commonly captured using standard isolation techniques, although indications are that a larger proportion of the soil community is in fact culturable. Better isolation techniques yielding greater bacterial diversity would be of benefit for understanding the metabolic activity and capability of many soil microorganisms. We studied the response of soil bacterial communities to carbon source enrichment in small matrices by means of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis. The community composition of replicate enrichments from soil displayed high variability, likely attributable to soil heterogeneity. An analysis of TRFLP data indicated that enrichment on structurally similar carbon sources selected for similar bacterial communities. The same analysis indicated that communities first enriched on glucose or benzoate and subsequently transferred into medium containing an alternate carbon source retained a distinct community signature induced by the carbon source used in the primary enrichment. Enrichment on leucine presented a selective challenge that was able to override the imprint left by primary enrichment on acetate. In a time series experiment community change was most rapid 18 hours after inoculation, corresponding to exponential growth. Community composition did not stabilize even 4 days after secondary enrichment. Four different soil types were enriched on four different carbon sources. TRFLP analysis indicated that in three out of four cases communities enriched on the same carbon source were more similar regardless of which soil type was used. Conversely, the garden soil samples yielded similar enrichment communities regardless of the enrichment carbon source. Our results indicate that in order to maximize the diversity of bacteria recovered from the environment, multiple enrichments should be performed using a chemically diverse set of carbon sources.

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Caselli, Marta, Patrizia Messeri, Francesco Dessì-Fulgheri, and Francesca Bandoli. "Enriching Zoo-Housed Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta): Assessing the Influence of Three Types of Environmental Enrichment on Behavior." Animals 12, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 2836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12202836.

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Environmental enrichment is a management tool used to promote positive animal welfare by stimulating species-specific behaviors and providing animals with opportunities to exert choice and control over the environment. Our study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of three enrichment types and environmental/individual factors (i.e., individual age and rank position) on the behavior of six adult Lemur catta hosted at Pistoia Zoo (Italy). We collected data from June to September 2013 using a within-subject experimental design consisting of five conditions: Baseline, Food-based enrichment, Physical enrichment, Auditory enrichment and No enrichment provided. We conducted six 30-minute observation sessions per sampling day (total = 107 h). We recorded the animals’ behavior via 2-minute focal animal sampling per individual per observation period and analyzed data with Generalized Linear Models. The study group only performed normal species-specific behaviors. Enrichments decreased stress-related behavioral patterns, whreas environmental and individual factors influenced the other recorded behaviors. Our study confirmed the usefulness of employing an integrated methodological approach to enrichment assessment for enhancing captive lemur care.

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DRURY, C. F., D. A. TEL, and E. G. BEAUCHAMP. "15N ANALYSIS OF HIGHLY ENRICHED SAMPLES ON A MASS SPECTROMETER." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 67, no. 4 (November 1, 1987): 779–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss87-075.

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Mass spectrometer analysis of highly enriched 15N samples underestimated the 15N enrichment. Conventional 15N analysis utilizes a ratiometer procedure in which the ratio of 29N2 to 28N2 ions is determined. Samples containing high enrichments had a low quantity of 28N2 ions and it appeared background contamination of 28N2 produced erroneous results with this procedure. Therefore, results obtained with the ratiometer procedure were compared to those obtained with a scanning procedure which measured the 28N2, 29N2 and 30N2 peak heights. The 15N enrichment was determined by the scanning procedure by using all three N2 peaks (28/29/30 method), the 28N2 and 29N2 peaks (28/29 method), and 29N2 and 30N2 peaks (29/30 method). These four methods were compared over a range of enrichments from 0.366 to 99 atom % 15N in samples containing 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg N. Samples with enrichments less than 10 atom % 15N were best estimated by the ratiometer method. Enrichments greater or equal to 10 atom % 15N were most accurately determined by the 29/30 method. Background contamination during sample preparation produced 28N2 peaks which had a negligible effect on samples containing low enrichments, but was a source of error in highly enriched samples. Since natural levels of 29N2 and 30N2 in air are very low, the 29/30 method was found to closely estimate the expected 15N enrichment in standard samples greater than 10 atom % and had the lowest standard deviation. Key words: High 15N enrichment, mass spectrometer, ratiometer procedure, peak scanning procedure

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Futamata, Hiroyuki, Yayoi Nagano, Kazuya Watanabe, and Akira Hiraishi. "Unique Kinetic Properties of Phenol-Degrading Variovorax Strains Responsible for Efficient Trichloroethylene Degradation in a Chemostat Enrichment Culture." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 2 (February 2005): 904–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.2.904-911.2005.

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ABSTRACT A chemostat enrichment of soil bacteria growing on phenol as the sole carbon source has been shown to exhibit quite high trichloroethylene (TCE)-degrading activities (H. Futamata, S. Harayama, and K. Watanabe, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:4671-4677, 2001). To identify the bacterial populations responsible for the high TCE-degrading activity, a multidisciplinary survey of the chemostat enrichment was conducted by employing molecular-ecological and culture-dependent approaches. Three chemostat enrichment cultures were newly developed under different phenol-loading conditions (0.25, 0.75, and 1.25 g liter−1 day−1) in this study, and the TCE-degrading activities of the enrichments were measured. Among them, the enrichment at 0.75 g liter−1 day−1 (enrichment 0.75) expressed the highest activity. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments detected a Variovorax ribotype as the strongest band in enrichment 0.75; however, it was not a major ribotype in the other samples. Bacteria were isolated from enrichment 0.75 by direct plating, and their 16S rRNA genes and genes encoding the largest subunit of phenol hydroxylase (LmPHs) were analyzed. Among the bacteria isolated, several strains were affiliated with the genus Variovorax and were shown to have high-affinity-type LmPHs. The LmPH of the Variovorax strains was also detected as the major genotype in enrichment 0.75. Kinetic analyses of phenol and TCE degradation revealed, however, that these strains exhibited quite low affinity for phenol compared to other phenol-degrading bacteria, while they showed quite high specific TCE-degrading activities and relatively high affinity for TCE. Owing to these unique kinetic traits, the Variovorax strains can obviate competitive inhibition of TCE degradation by the primary substrate of the catabolic enzyme (i.e., phenol), contributing to the high TCE-degrading activity of the chemostat enrichments. On the basis of physiological information, mechanisms accounting for the way the Variovorax population overgrew the chemostat enrichment are discussed.

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Mayagoitia-Novales, Lilian, Ana Lilia Cerda-Molina, María Andrea Martín-Guerrero, Emmanuel Muñoz-Zamudio, Gema R. Estudillo-Mendoza, and Javier I. Borráz-León. "The Comparative Effect of Occupational and Musical Enrichment on Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite Levels in a Captive Colony of Stumptail Macaques (Macaca arctoides)." Biology 13, no. 2 (February 17, 2024): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology13020124.

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Environmental enrichment improves captive animal welfare by reducing stress-related behaviors. Previous studies in a captive colony of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) reported a reduction of aggression, coprophilia, and stereotypic behaviors after an occupational enrichment program; however, the effect on stress hormones such as glucocorticoids has not been investigated yet. The goal of this study was to compare the effect of sex, age, and social rank on changes in fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM) after applying two kinds of enrichments (occupational vs. musical) in a captive colony of stumptail macaques. We collected 234 fecal samples from 25 stumptail macaques under the following conditions: (1) basal (no enrichment), (2) three weeks of occupational enrichment, and (3) three weeks of relaxing/classical music. The Generalized Estimated Equation Model showed an increase in fGCM levels after the occupational enrichment only in adult subjects (p = 0.003 compared to basal). The fGCM levels reached by the adults after the occupational enrichment was higher than that of juveniles (p = 0.002) and subadults (p = 0.02). Occupational and musical enrichment decreased fGCM levels only in middle-ranking individuals (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively). No sex differences were found. In conclusion, there were age and rank differences in individuals’ physiological reactivity to the effects of environmental enrichment which need to be considered when planning enrichment programs.

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Previs, Stephen F., Richard Fatica, Visvanathan Chandramouli, James C. Alexander, Henri Brunengraber, and Bernard R. Landau. "Quantifying rates of protein synthesis in humans by use of2H2O: application to patients with end-stage renal disease." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 286, no. 4 (April 2004): E665—E672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00271.2003.

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A method is introduced for quantitating protein synthetic rates in humans by use of2H2O. Its validity was tested in subjects with end-stage renal disease. Six clinically stable subjects, hemodialyzed three times weekly, ingested2H2O to a body water2H enrichment of ∼0.4%. On dialysis, body water enrichment declined to ∼0.1%. Enrichment of the α-hydrogen of plasma free alanine was also ∼0.4% before and ∼0.1% after dialysis. β-Hydrogen enrichment was ∼80-100% of α-hydrogen enrichment.2H2O was ingested to replace2H2O removed after each dialysis for 15-51 days, returning enrichment to ∼0.4%. Enrichment of alanine from plasma albumin gradually increased, with again ∼80-100% as much2H in β- as in α-hydrogens. With continued dialyses, without2H2O replacement, alanine from albumin enrichment gradually declined, whereas free alanine and water enrichments were negligible. The fractional albumin synthesis rate, calculated from the increase in enrichment in alanine from albumin, was 4.0 ± 0.5%/day, and from the decrease, 4.6 ± 0.2%/day. Thus body water enrichment in a subject given2H2O can be maintained constant long term. A rapid exchange, essentially complete, occurs between the hydrogens of alanine and body water. An integrated measure over a long period of albumin's synthetic rate can be estimated from both the rise in enrichment of alanine from the protein during2H2O ingestion and fall on2H2O withdrawal, while the subject's living routine is uninterrupted. Estimates are in subjects with renal disease, but the method should be applicable to estimates of protein synthetic rates in normal subjects and in other pathological states.

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Puehringer-Sturmayr, Verena, Monika Fiby, Stephanie Bachmann, Stefanie Filz, Isabella Grassmann, Theresa Hoi, Claudia Janiczek, and Didone Frigerio. "Effects of food-based enrichment on enclosure use and behavioral patterns in captive mammalian predators: a case study from an Austrian wildlife park." PeerJ 11 (October 9, 2023): e16091. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16091.

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Background Combining naturalistic enclosure design and animal welfare with visitor interests and education can be challenging for zoos and wildlife parks. To accomplish both purposes, different types of enrichment (food-based or non-food-based items, such as environmental, sensory, cognitive, social) can be used. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of food-based and olfactory enrichments on enclosure use, behavior, and visibility of captive brown bears (Ursus arctos), pine martens (Martes martes), domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo), and golden jackals (Canis aureus). Methods We used observational approaches to measure enclosure use, behavior, and visibility during three different experimental phases: (1) pre-enrichment (baseline, no experience with the enrichment yet), (2) during enrichment (enrichment was provided at low frequented locations in the enclosures that are easily visible to visitors), and (3) post-enrichment (enrichment was removed from the enclosures). Results We found that enrichment led to a uniform use of the enclosure and enhanced visibility in brown bears, increased activity budgets in pine martens, and observed high object interaction in both species. No effects of enrichment were detected in domestic ferrets. Golden jackals did not leave their burrows during daytime during the entire observation period; thus, observations were not possible at all. Our results suggest different effects of food-based enrichment, e.g., enclosure use, temporal activity patterns, and animal visibility. However, further studies should control for the specific role of the factors involved. Our study represents one of the first explorations of food-based enrichment in rather understudied species.

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Sarwar, Farhan, Siti Aisyah Panatik, and Zia ur Rehman. "Additive and multiplicative effect of academic facultyâ€™s bi-directional conflict and enrichment on satisfaction with work family balance." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 2, no. 3 (December 2, 2018): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v2i3.274.

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This study explores how work to family conflict, family to work conflict, work to family enrihcment and family to work enrichmetn influence facultyâ€™s global balance measured as satisfaction with work family balance (SWFB). In addition the multiplicative interactive effect of work to fmaily conflict with enrichment and family to work conflict and enrichment were also tested. Results revealed that work to family conflict and enrichment, their interaction and family to work enrichment were significantly related to SWFB. Work to family conflict was most potent predictor of outcome variable but there is a need for managers to improve facultyâ€™s percepteion of work interfering with family. Both directions of enrichment had high levels but their importance was moderate while family to work conflict was very low in importance requiring minimal managerial interventions. Multi group analysis revealed no significant difference between male and female faculty.

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Underwood, Lauren L., Anjali Patel, Arlene Garcia, and Nichole C. Anderson. "PSIII-1 Preference Testing of Three Materials on Sows Prior to Farrowing." Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_2 (October 28, 2023): 264–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad341.300.

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Abstract Enrichment increases the ability of a sow to express innate behavior in a barren environment and can reduce aggressive behaviors, stress, and promote animal welfare. The objective of this study was to determine sow interaction with different types of enrichment materials provided before farrowing. A total of 11 sows were randomly assigned an enrichment combination of cardboard, paper, and banana leaves. Sows received two enrichment types, then enrichment was switched for the following day, until all combinations were completed. The enrichment material hung from 2x4 wood using ropes that hung the enrichment and chains placed in the ceiling of the farrowing room that held the 2x4 above the pen of each sow. Therefore, enrichment was placed within the nose reach of each sow. Enrichment material (113 g) was placed in the pens at 0700 h and left for 24 h each day before changing with another enrichment combination. Any enrichment material remaining was weighed. Final weight varied by treatment (P = 0.01), with sows consuming the least of cardboard (24.9 ± 10.0 g) and having an equal preference for banana leaves and paper (74.1 ± 10.0 g and 50.1 ± 11.3 g, respectively). Scan sampling was utilized to measure the frequency of interaction with the enrichments. The scans were designed with the first hour recording every minute a sow interacted with enrichment and the following 3 hours recording every 10 minutes. Continuous observation for the first hour of placement was performed for count data. Each time the sow made contact with the enrichment with her nose, the observation was recorded. The results of the behavior observation suggested that time in contact with enrichment did not differ (P > 0.05), nor did the number of times the pig-initiated contact with enrichment (P > 0.05). In conclusion, sow preference showed that bananas and papers were preferred over cardboard. However, sows will engage with any enrichment material provided before farrowing. Future research should be done to see if any environmental factors play a role in sow’s preference.

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Friedrich, M., R. J. Grosser, E. A. Kern, W. P. Inskeep, and D. M. Ward. "Effect of Model Sorptive Phases on Phenanthrene Biodegradation: Molecular Analysis of Enrichments and Isolates Suggests Selection Based on Bioavailability." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 2703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.7.2703-2710.2000.

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ABSTRACT Reduced bioavailability of nonpolar contaminants due to sorption to natural organic matter is an important factor controlling biodegradation of pollutants in the environment. We established enrichment cultures in which solid organic phases were used to reduce phenanthrene bioavailability to different degrees (R. J. Grosser, M. Friedrich, D. M. Ward, and W. P. Inskeep, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:2695–2702, 2000). Bacteria enriched and isolated from contaminated soils under these conditions were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing of PCR-amplified 16S ribosomal DNA segments. Compared to DGGE patterns obtained with enrichment cultures containing sand or no sorptive solid phase, different DGGE patterns were obtained with enrichment cultures containing phenanthrene sorbed to beads of Amberlite IRC-50 (AMB), a weak cation-exchange resin, and especially Biobead SM7 (SM7), a polyacrylic resin that sorbed phenanthrene more strongly. SM7 enrichments selected for mycobacterial phenanthrene mineralizers, whereas AMB enrichments selected for a Burkholderia sp. that degrades phenanthrene. Identical mycobacterial andBurkholderia 16S rRNA sequence segments were found in SM7 and AMB enrichment cultures inoculated with contaminated soil from two geographically distant sites. Other closely relatedBurkholderia sp. populations, some of which utilized phenanthrene, were detected in sand and control enrichment cultures. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that different phenanthrene-utilizing bacteria inhabiting the same soils may be adapted to different phenanthrene bioavailabilities.

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BAILEY, J. S., D. L. FLETCHER, and N. A. COX. "Effect of Enrichment Media and Sampling Protocol on Recovery of Listeria monocytogenes." Journal of Food Protection 53, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 505–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-53.6.505.

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These studies examined the differences in recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from pure culture and in the populations of mixed aerobic microflora from chicken and Brie cheese incubated in University of Vermont (UVM) and Listeria enrichment broth (LEB) enrichment broths for different times and conditions. No significant differences were observed in levels of L. monocytogenes from pure cultures in UVM or LEB on any sampling day. No differences were observed in the levels of mixed microflora from Brie cheese in either UVM or LEB, but from chicken rinse the level of mixed flora competitors was significantly higher on all sampling days in LEB as compared to UVM. No differences were observed between a single enrichment in UVM or LEB for 2 d and a transfer to a secondary enrichment tube after 1 d. Overall, the level of mixed microflora capable of growing in enrichment broths was greater from chicken rinse than from Brie cheese. The ratio of L. monocytogenes to mixed microflora which survived the selective enrichments was most favorable for recovery of L. monocytogenes after 2 d of enrichment.

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Patterson-Kane, EG. "Enrichment of laboratory caging for rats: a review." Animal Welfare 13, S1 (February 2004): S209—S214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600014615.

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AbstractRats are a well-understood and widely used laboratory species that should be provided with environmentally enriched caging in line with modern animal welfare guidelines. This paper reviews which sources of enrichment are effective and should be prioritised, and how methods for providing enrichment might be selected using rats’ preferences as a guide. Rats demonstrate high demand for social contact and prefer larger cages, and cages with shelters, nesting material and foraging devices. Rats also discriminate between different methods of providing a given type of enrichment. It is clear that rats should be provided with enrichments such as social contact and shelter, and, in fact, that these should probably be considered basic husbandry requirements rather than optional improvements. It is still difficult, however, for animal caretakers to access proven, standardised methods for providing appropriately enriched caging, and the level of enrichment routinely provided to most rats in the laboratory appears to be low. Further research is required to assess the impact of enrichment upon research variables and to develop commercially viable enrichment products for rats in the laboratory.

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Nurbaeti, Ditya, and Achmad Noerkhaerin Putra. "Enrichment Effect of Artemia sp. with Fruktooligosaccharides to enhance Growth, Survival Rate and Digestive enzyme of Litopenaeus vannamei Larvae." Arwana: Jurnal Ilmiah Program Studi Perairan 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2023): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51179/jipsbp.v5i2.2189.

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Larvae are the most critical stage in the life stages of fish and shrimp due to the high mortality at this stage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the enrichment effect of Artemia sp. as live feed using different doses of Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on the growth, survival rate and amylase, protease and lipase enzymes of vannamei larvae. Four Artemia sp. enrichments with different doses of FOS (P0: 0%, P1: 1.3%, P2: 1.5%, P3: 1.7%) were fed to vannamei larvae. The absolute weight, absolute length, daily growth rate, and protease activity of enrichment treatments were higher (P<0.05) than without enrichment. There are no differences (P>0.05) in protease activity of vannamei larvae between P2 and P3 treatment. Artemia sp. enrichment using different doses of FOS can increase the growth and protease enzyme activity of white shrimp larvae. The growth, protease and amylase activity of vaname larvae are improved with increasing FOS enrichment dose on Artemia sp. The FOS enrichment dose of 1.7% is the best because it can produce the best growth performance, survival rate and digestive enzyme activity.

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31

Smith, Lionel. "Unjust Enrichment." McGill Law Journal 66, no. 1 (2020): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1082056ar.

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Steinberg, Meyer. "Uranium Enrichment." Science 229, no. 4712 (August 2, 1985): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.229.4712.428.a.

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Shank, Barbara W., and W. Randolph Herman. "Geriatric Enrichment." Journal of Gerontological Social Work 48, no. 1-2 (December 20, 2006): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j083v48n01_05.

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Stevens, Robert. "Justified Enrichment." Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal 5, no. 1 (January 2005): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14729342.2005.11421453.

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35

Weitzman, Jonathan B. "Retina enrichment." Genome Biology 3 (2002): spotlight—20021024–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-spotlight-20021024-01.

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36

Dyer, Lois. "Overseas Enrichment." Physiotherapy 76, no. 9 (September 1990): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)63035-0.

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37

Batarshin, V., A. Semiokhin, and P. Sotnikova. "Microbiological Enrichment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 459 (April 15, 2020): 042075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/459/4/042075.

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Virgo, Graham. "EVALUATING ENRICHMENT." Cambridge Law Journal 72, no. 3 (November 2013): 508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197313001037.

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39

Francl, Michelle. "Isotopic enrichment." Nature Chemistry 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41557-018-0206-5.

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STEINBERG, M. "Uranium Enrichment." Science 229, no. 4712 (August 2, 1985): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.229.4712.428.

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HULL, B. J. "Uranium Enrichment." Science 237, no. 4813 (July 24, 1987): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.237.4813.349.

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Wolfle, T. L. "Environmental Enrichment." ILAR Journal 46, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar.46.2.79.

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Diskin, Sandra. "Marriage Enrichment." Journal of Psychotherapy & The Family 2, no. 1 (June 10, 1986): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j287v02n01_11.

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Hedley, Steve. "“Unjust Enrichment”." Cambridge Law Journal 54, no. 3 (November 1995): 578–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300097348.

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Restitution has always been part of the common law. Yet in recent years a startling transformation has taken place: an active and determined group of scholars have collected together the hitherto scattered materials, insisting that this is the only way in which these materials can be understood; and have claimed that despite the apparent diversity they are all bound together by a single notion, that of “unjust enrichment”. A great deal of attention has been paid to elaborating this notion, and to defending particular conceptions of it.

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Heunen, Chris. "Semimodule Enrichment." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 218 (October 2008): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2008.10.012.

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Brisebois, Ronald, Alain Abran, Apollinaire Nadembega, and Philippe N'techobo. "A Semantic Metadata Enrichment Software Ecosystem Based on Topic Metadata Enrichments." International Journal of Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process 7, no. 3 (May 30, 2017): 01–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijdkp.2017.7301.

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Kamashwaran, S. R., and Don L. Crawford. "Mechanisms of cadmium resistance in anaerobic bacterial enrichments degrading pentachlorophenol." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 49, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-053.

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The mechanisms of heavy-metal resistance used by adapted sulfidogenic and methanogenic enrichments degrading pentachlorophenol in the presence of cadmium (Cd) were studied. The enrichment cultures adapted to and readily tolerated bioavailable Cd concentrations up to 50 ppm while degrading an equal concentration of pentachlorophenol. Both cultures removed >95% of the Cd from solution. Transmission electron micrographs revealed (i) the presence of electron-dense particles surrounding the cells in the sulfidogenic enrichments and (ii) the unusual clumping of cells and the presence of an exopolymer in the methanogenic enrichments. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that the sulfidogenic enrichments removed Cd by extracellular precipitation of cadmium sulfide, while the methanogenic enrichment culture removed Cd by extracellular sequestration of Cd into the exopolymer.Key words: cadmium, pentachlorophenol, sulfidogenic, methanogenic, resistance.

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48

Abdul-Mawah, Siti Sarayati, Lo Chor-Wai, Farnidah Jasnie, Y. Norma-Rashid, and R. Ramli. "Effects of environmental enrichment on behaviours and faecal glucocorticoid levels in captive sun bear (Helarctus malayanus)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1019, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1019/1/012016.

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Abstract Stereotypic behaviour is correlated to stress in wild animals in captivity. When wild animals are exposed to stress repeatedly, they may experience a chronic elevation of glucocorticoids (G.C.s), especially for captive sun bears. This study aimed to investigate the stress in captive sun bears by analysing the cortisol level using Faecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite (FGM) analysis before and after introducing environmental enrichments. 57 samples of faecal captive sun bears were collected from four selected study sites around Malaysia. The behavioural data were collected with an instantaneous sampling method. While for FGM analysis, glucocorticoids were analysed using enzyme immunoassays. As predicted, the stereotypic behaviour increased in pre and post enrichment and decreased during the enrichment period. For FGM analysis, the cortisol level was high in pre-enrichment and low in the enrichment period. In conclusion, the outcome of this study indicated that environmental enrichment might help reduce chronically elevated cortisol concentrations that are generally associated with distress in mammals.

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Shim, J. H., H. H. Powers, C. W. Meyer, A. Knohl, T. E. Dawson, W. J. Riley, W. T. Pockman, and N. McDowell. "Hydrologic control of the oxygen isotope ratio of ecosystem respiration in a semi-arid woodland." Biogeosciences 10, no. 7 (July 23, 2013): 4937–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4937-2013.

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Abstract. We conducted high frequency measurements of the δ18O value of atmospheric CO2 from a juniper (Juniperus monosperma) woodland in New Mexico, USA, over a four-year period to investigate climatic and physiological regulation of the δ18O value of ecosystem respiration (δR). Rain pulses reset δR with the dominant water source isotope composition, followed by progressive enrichment of δR. Transpiration (ET) was significantly related to post-pulse δR enrichment because the leaf water δ18O value showed strong enrichment with increasing vapor pressure deficit that occurs following rain. Post-pulse δR enrichment was correlated with both ET and the ratio of ET to soil evaporation (ET/ES). In contrast, the soil water δ18O value was relatively stable and δR enrichment was not correlated with ES. Model simulations captured the large post-pulse δR enrichments only when the offset between xylem and leaf water δ18O value was modeled explicitly and when a gross flux model for CO2 retro-diffusion was included. Drought impacts δR through the balance between evaporative demand, which enriches δR, and low soil moisture availability, which attenuates δR enrichment through reduced ET. The net result, observed throughout all four years of our study, was a negative correlation of post-precipitation δR enrichment with increasing drought.

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Jones, Graham, Mike Harvey, Stacey King, Anke Schneider, Simon Wright, Darren Fortescue, Hilton Swan, and Damien T. Maher. "Varying Biological Activity and Wind Stress Affect the DMS Response during the SAGE Iron Enrichment Experiment." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8040268.

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Surface dissolved dimethylsulfide (DMS) and depth-integrated dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) measurements were made from March to April 2004 during the SOLAS Air–Sea Gas Exchange Experiment (SAGE), a multiple iron enrichment experiment in subantarctic waters SE of New Zealand. During the first two iron enrichments, chl a and DMS production were constrained, but during the third enrichment, large pulses of DMS occurred in the fertilised IN patch, compared with the unfertilised OUT patch. During the third and fourth iron infusions, total chl a concentrations doubled from 0.52 to 1.02 µg/L. Hapto8s and prasinophytes accounted for 50%, and 20%, respectively, of total chl a. The large pulses of DMS during the third iron enrichment occurred during high dissolved DMSP concentrations and wind strength; changes in dinoflagellate, haptophyte, and cyanobacteria biomass; and increased microzooplankton grazing that exerted a top down control on phytoplankton production. A further fourth iron enrichment did cause surface waters to increase in DMS, but the effect was not as great as that recorded in the third enrichment. Differences in the biological response between SAGE and several other iron enrichment experiments were concluded to reflect microzooplankton grazing activities and the microbial loop dominance, resulting from mixing of the MLD during storm activity and high winds during iron enrichment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Enrichment'

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