Journal articles on the topic 'Enjeux de la scarification'
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1
Vertreace, Martha. "Scarification." Chicago Review 41, no. 2/3 (1995): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25305946.
2
Roman, Jorge. "African Scarification." JAMA Dermatology 152, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.0086.
3
Ubaidillah, A. V. Zulaiha, and R. Dianita. "SEED PHYSICAL SCARIFICATION AND GROWING MEDIA ON VIGOR OF Moringa oleifera." Pastura 9, no. 2 (May 9, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/pastura.2020.v09.i02.p08.
Abstract:
This experiment was aimed to reveal the effect of seed physical scarification and various growing mediaon vigor of Moringa oleifera. This study was conducted in greenhouse and consisted of two phases ofexperiment; first was studied the effect of physical scarification on seed germination of M. oleifera and thesecond was studied the effect of seed physical scarification and various sub optimum growing media onvigor of M. oleifera. The germination test was arranged in randomized completely design with 4 treatmentsthat were P0 = non scarification, P1 = one side scarification, P2 = two sides scarification, and P3 = full sidescarification. The variables measured were germination percentage (%) and seedling dry weight (g/plant).The second study was arranged in a factorial randomized completely design with the four treatments ofscarification (P0, P1, P2 and P3) over six growing media (sands, bricks, bricks and sands mixture, bricksand soils mixture, soils and sands mixture, and soils). The variables observed were petioles number, plantheight (cm/plant), and plant dry weight (g/plant). The scarification was significantly affect (P<0.05) thegermination percentage and seedling dry weight. Scarification and growing media also affected the vigorof M. oleifera significantly (P<0.05). Two side seed scarification improve the germination and seedling dryweight instead of control. Combination of scarification in two sides and growing media of soils and sandsmixture given the highest vigor of M. oleifera reflected on petioles number, plant height, and plant dry weight. Keywords: germination, M. oleifera, scarification, sub optimum media, vigor
4
Davis, Tim D., Steven W. George, Abha Upadhyaya, and Jerry Persons. "Improvement of Seedling Emergence of Lupinus texensis Hook. Following Seed Scarification Treatments." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 9, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-9.1.17.
Abstract:
Abstract Seeds from four commercial seedlots of Lupinus texensis Hook. (Texas bluebonnet) were placed in concentrated sulfuric acid for 0 to 120 minutes and then sown. Emergence was promoted by acid scarification in three of the four seedlots. For the lots that responded to acid scarification, the optimal scarification time was 30–60 minutes which resulted in 85–95% emergence one month after planting. In addition to increasing the total number of seedlings that emerged, acid scarification hastened emergence. The same aliquot of sulfuric acid was used for five 60-minute scarification periods before its efficacy was reduced. Acid scarification did not reduce seed coat thickness or strength but created several small pores in the seed coat which likely facilitated imbibition. Cutting, filing, or piercing the seed coat promoted emergence to a similar extent. Placement of seeds in 85%C (185%F) water and then cooling for 24 hrs promoted emergence relative to the non-treated controls, but was not as effective as other scarification techniques. Freezing and thawing of seeds had no effect on emergence. Results indicate that acid scarification functions by removing a mechanical rather than a chemical barrier to gennination of L. texensis.
5
Garduza-Acosta, B., L. C. Lagunes-Espinoza, C. C. Bautista-Muñoz, G. García-de-los-Santos, J. M. Zaldívar-Cruz, and A. Hernández-Flores. "Germination of Crotalaria and Lupinus (Fabaceae) seeds submitted to different pre-germination treatments and their effect on enzymatic activity during early germination." Brazilian Journal of Biology 80, no. 1 (February 2020): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.185813.
Abstract:
Abstract Most of the wild and native legume seeds has a hard and impermeable testa, which causes physical dormancy and prevents them from germinating even when environmental conditions are favorable. The study evaluated the effect of scarification treatments on germination and enzymatic activity of Crotalaria longirostrata (Cl) and Lupinus exaltatus (Le) seeds. After scarification treatments, germination percentage (GP) and rate (GR) were assessed during 30 days after seeding (DAS); and water absorption (WA) and specific enzymatic activity (SEA) during early germination (0, 6, 18, 36, 72, 120 h) in a growing chamber at 25 °C and photoperiod of 12 h. Scarification with 98% H2SO4 15 min increased GP and GR in both species. At 30 DAS, GP and GR of Le seeds were 34% and 0.97 seeds day-1, respectively. In Cl seeds, GP was 64% and GR 0.90 seeds day-1. Scarification with H2O at 80 °C 1 min also promoted germination in Cl (52%). At 120 h after seeding, Le and Cl seeds showed already a high GP with acid scarification (31% and 48%, respectively). In seeds of both species, scarification treatments affected WA and SEA during early germination. During this period, scarification treatments that increased GP also showed a higher α-D-galactosidase activity. The maximum enzyme activity was observed 72 h after hot water scarification in Cl (82.6 U/mg total protein), followed by acid scarification (54.5 U/mg total protein). In Le, the activity peak was 36 h after acid scarification (9.5 U/mg total protein). No relationship was observed between β-glucosidase activity and GP in both species. In conclusion, during early germination of both species, the increase in GP is accompanied by a rise in α-D-galactosidase activity between 36 and 72 h after seeding; and in Cl seeds, an alternative scarification treatment to increase GP may be the use of hot water.
6
Ayeni, Olubimpe A., Olubukunola O. Ayeni, and Robert Jackson. "Observations on the Procedural Aspects and Health Effects of Scarification in Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 11, no. 6 (November 2007): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7750.2007.00026.
Abstract:
Background: Scarification involves cutting or making an incision into the skin and then allowing the wound to heal, leaving a permanent scar. The purpose of this article is to examine the origins of scarification and its social and medical significance in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: We conducted a computerized search in the MEDLINE electronic database with combinations of the following terms: scarification, tribal marks, keloid, hypertrophic scar, Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa. Inclusion criteria were studies published in English involving human participants. We reviewed the bibliography of each article that met our inclusion criteria for additional relevant studies. We abstracted data on the historical, social, and medical aspects of scarification from eligible studies. Results: This review of scarification in sub-Saharan Africa highlights the complex interplay that exists between biology and society. Photographs, artwork, and literary descriptions reveal that scarification results in hypertrophic or atrophic scars, although these types of scars are often mistakenly referred to as keloids. In terms of the procedural aspects of scarification, specific tools and substances were consistently used by various ethnic groups. Although much is known about the history of scarification as a form of identification in Africa, it appears that the practice also had medical applications. Scarification was used to treat conditions such as epilepsy, although it was also known to exacerbate conditions such as sarcoidosis, lichen planus, and psoriasis. Evolving cultural beliefs, in addition to the association of scarification with an increased risk of contracting hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are contemporary threats to this long-standing practice. Conclusions: Given the remarkably consistent appearance of scars that are described in the literature and depicted in images, scarification does not appear to be a random or accidental occurrence. Instead, it is a deliberate attempt to reproduce a custom that has been perfected after many years of practice in sub-Saharan Africa.
7
Liyanage, Ganesha S., Catherine A. Offord, and Karen D. Sommerville. "Techniques for breaking seed dormancy of rainforest species from genus Acronychia." Seed Science and Technology 48, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2020.48.2.03.
Abstract:
We tested for dormancy in three species of Acronychia (Rutaceae) occurring in the rainforest in eastern Australia, A. imperforata, A. laevis and A. oblongifolia, by incubating fresh intact seeds on 0.8% water agar for one month at 25/10°C. Four different techniques were then tested for their effect on dormancy: (i) incubation of intact seeds on agar incorporating gibberellic acid (GA3); (ii) seed coat removal (decoating); (iii) scarification near the radicle emergence point (scarification-emergence point); and (iv) scarification opposite the radicle emergence point (scarification-back). Imbibition tests were performed to determine whether dormancy was due to an impermeable seed coat. Germination differed among treatments, but all three species showed a similar pattern. Intact seeds showed < 6% germination after one month indicating the presence of dormancy. Highest germination (> 65%) was observed following scarification-emergence point treatment. Seed coat removal also resulted in increased germination (40-47%), in comparison with intact seeds, but GA3 and scarification-back treatments did not (< 12%). Though the seedcoats of all species were permeable, increased germination responses to decoating and scarification-emergence point treatments suggest scarification is required to clear the radicle emergence point. This may be a useful dormancy-breaking technique for Acronychia spp. and may be suitable for related Rutaceae species.
8
Ghantous, Katherine M., and Hilary A. Sandler. "Mechanical Scarification of Dodder Seeds with a Handheld Rotary Tool." Weed Technology 26, no. 3 (September 2012): 485–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-11-00077.1.
Abstract:
Dodder seeds are physically dormant because of hard seed coats and do not readily germinate without scarification. Reliable methods of scarification for small lots of dodder seed are needed to facilitate laboratory, greenhouse, and field research projects. Dodder seed was scarified for varying times using a handheld rotary tool at the 10,000 rpm setting with a conical grinding-stone bit attached. Percentage of germination and weight change of seeds were assessed using scarification times between 0 and 4 min at 0.5-min increments. Mean seed weight loss and mean number of germinated seeds increased quadratically as scarification time increased. Scarifying for 2.5 min was judged the shortest time with maximal germination. Another study evaluated the effect of seed number (100 to 400 seeds sample−1) on the efficacy of rotary tool scarification when scarification time was held constant at 2.5 min. Percentage of germination decreased linearly as seed batch size increased. The handheld rotary tool provides consistent and repeatable scarification of dodder seed with germination rates greater than 80%.
9
Vaughan, Megan. "Scarification in Africa." Cultural and Social History 4, no. 3 (September 2007): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/147800407x219269.
10
Saren, Serma, and Ankan Das. "Effect of Sulfuric Acid Scarification followed by Organic Mulching for Papaya Seedling Growth and Development, in Pot Culture." Research Biotica 5, no. 3 (September 16, 2023): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54083/resbio/5.3.2023/117-121.
Abstract:
A major obstacle to the development of papaya seeds is the aril, or sarcotesta, which is present in papaya and results in low and sluggish germination. Hence sulfuric acid was applied in order to evaluate its scarifying effect and materials like rice bran, wood chips and saw dust were used as organic mulching material for further facilitating the process of seed germination. The experiment was consisted of seven treatments and each treatment had 3 replications. The treatments were T1 (sulphuric acid scarification for 1 min + Saw dust mulching), T2 (sulphuric acid scarification for 1 min + Wood chips), T3 (sulphuric acid scarification for 1 min + Rice bran mulching), T4 (sulphuric acid scarification for 30 sec + Saw dust), T5 (sulphuric acid scarification for 30 sec + Wood chips), T6 (scarification for 30 sec + Rice bran) and T7 control (water). Experiment was carried on completely randomized design. Total leaf count and their length, number of rootlets, plant height, length of roots, germination percentage and chlorophyll content were the parameters which were observed in periodic intervals of seedling growth. From the entire experiment it can be stated that, acid scarification and use of organic mulches proved good for the papaya seedling development. However, amongst the various treatments, sulphuric acid scarification for one minute with use of wood chips as an organic mulch material was best, documenting proper results for the different attributes.
11
Cotner, Stanta, John R. Clark, and Eric T. Stafne. "EVALUATION OF SCARIFICATION PERIOD AND GENOTYPE ON BLACKBERRY SEED GERMINATION." HortScience 40, no. 3 (June 2005): 879a—879. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.879a.
Abstract:
A study was conducted in the Winter–Spring 2004 to evaluate the effects of seed (pyrene) scarification period on blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus) genotypes that had a range of seed weights. The study was done in an attempt to identify optimum scarification period for variable seed weights for the purpose of increasing germination of blackberry seeds produced from hybridizations in the Arkansas blackberry breeding program. Scarification treatments of 1, 2, or 3 hours were used on 14 genotypes. Seeds were then stratified for 3.5 months and sowed on a commercial potting medium in a heated greenhouse. Germinating seedlings were counted over a 15-week period and total germination determined. Data analysis indicated significant genotype effect on germination but no scarification treatment nor genotype × scarification treatment interaction significance. The results indicated that scarification period did not affect germination and varying this period predicated on seed weight was not beneficial based on the genotypes used in the study.
12
Olszewski, Michael W., Courtney A. Young, and Joel B. Sheffield. "Germination and Seedling Growth of Desmanthus illinoensis and Desmodium canadense in Response to Mechanical Scarification." HortScience 45, no. 10 (October 2010): 1554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.10.1554.
Abstract:
Illinois bundleflower [Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill. ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald] and showy ticktrefoil [Desmodium canadense (L.) DC.] are legumes native to North America used during meadow restoration efforts. However, insufficient or slow germination or reduced emergence may result attributable to seedcoat-mediated reductions in permeability to water. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of a single-speed electric scarifier lined with 40-grit sandpaper for increasing germination and seedling growth of two native legumes. Seeds of Illinois bundleflower and showy ticktrefoil were mechanically scarified for 3, 6, or 12 s before they were subjected to germination and vigor testing. After scarification, final germination percentage (FGP), germination rate, and uniformity at multiple temperatures (15, 20, and/or 20 to 30 °C) were improved for Illinois bundleflower. However, FGP decreased for showy ticktrefoil, whereas germination rate and uniformity increased. For both species, there was a decline in FGP with longer scarification durations. Illinois bundleflower seed subjected to scarification and accelerated aging (AA) had higher FGP than non-scarified seed subjected to AA (59% and 6%, respectively), whereas both scarified and non-scarified seed of showy ticktrefoil subjected to AA had low FGP (11% and 18%, respectively). Mechanical scarification increased electrical conductivity (EC) of leachates for both species, but scarified showy ticktrefoil seed subjected to AA resulted in the highest EC compared with all other treatments, indicating a reduction of vigor. Evaluation of a seedling grow-out test 3 weeks after sowing confirmed that emergence was enhanced after 3 s of mechanical scarification of Illinois bundleflower seed but that scarification of showy ticktrefoil seed decreased emergence and increased the number of abnormal seedlings. Mechanical scarification resulted in peripheral damage and seed tissue obliteration of both species as indicated by viewing with a stereomicroscope. We conclude that scarifier limitations caused excessive physical damage of showy ticktrefoil. For Illinois bundleflower, however, mechanical scarification using an electric scarifier increased emergence from 18% (non-scarified seed) to 77% after 3 s of scarification and FGP from 32% (non-scarified seed) to 87% after 3 s of scarification. Compared with responses from non-scarified Illinois bundleflower seeds, scarification treatment also resulted in 24% faster germination and 37% more uniformity.
13
Rice, Amanda D., Mathew M. Adams, Scott F. Lindsey, Daniele M. Swetnam, Brandi R. Manning, Andrew J. Smith, Andrew M. Burrage, Greg Wallace, Amy L. MacNeill, and Richard W. Moyer. "Protective Properties of Vaccinia Virus-Based Vaccines: Skin Scarification Promotes a Nonspecific Immune Response That Protects against Orthopoxvirus Disease." Journal of Virology 88, no. 14 (April 23, 2014): 7753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00185-14.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTThe process of vaccination introduced by Jenner generated immunity against smallpox and ultimately led to the eradication of the disease. Procedurally, in modern times, the virus is introduced into patients via a process called scarification, performed with a bifurcated needle containing a small amount of virus. What was unappreciated was the role that scarification itself plays in generating protective immunity. In rabbits, protection from lethal disease is induced by intradermal injection of vaccinia virus, whereas a protective response occurs within the first 2 min after scarification with or without virus, suggesting that the scarification process itself is a major contributor to immunoprotection.IMPORTANCEThese results show the importance of local nonspecific immunity in controlling poxvirus infections and indicate that the process of scarification should be critically considered during the development of vaccination protocols for other infectious agents.
14
Tahing, Albertus, Agustinus Semang, and Stormy Vertygo. "The Effect of Hot Water Scarification Duration on Germination and Growth of Indigofera zollingeriana Seeds." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 24, no. 2 (May 30, 2024): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v24i2.6848.
Abstract:
Indigofera zollingeriana is a type of leguminous plant that is excellent for cultivation as forage for ruminant livestock such as cattle, buffalo, goats, and sheep. This study aims to determine the effect of the duration of hot water scarification on the germination of Indigofera zollingeriana seeds. The research was conducted at the Livestock Feed Technology Laboratory of the State Agricultural Polytechnic of Kupang. The study was carried out for 2 weeks using a Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatments and 5 replications, namely P0: without hot water scarification, P1: hot water scarification at 65°C for 30 minutes, P2: hot water scarification at 65°C for 60 minutes, and P3: hot water scarification at 65°C for 90 minutes. The variables measured in this study were germination percentage, mean daily germination, and seedling height. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and if there was a significant effect, it was followed by Duncan's test. The results showed that the effect of scarification of Indigofera zollingeriana seeds with hot water at 65°C for different durations significantly affected the parameters of germination percentage and mean daily germination, with the treatment without scarification providing the best results. This could be due to the prolonged duration of soaking, which caused the seeds to experience heat stress. As for the seedling height parameter, the treatment did not have a significant effect. Therefore, hot water scarification with excessively long durations is not recommended as a strategy to promote germination and growth of these seeds.
15
Ismail Marzuki, T. Irmansyah, and Ferry Sitepu. "Application of Natural Growth Regulator on Viability of Soursop Seeds (Annona Muricata Linn.)." Jurnal Pertanian Tropik 8, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpt.v8i2.8077.
Abstract:
Soursop (Annona Muricata Linn.) is a plant that has hard seeds that inhibits germination. One way that can be done to accelerate the process of germination of soursop is by scarifying and using natural growth regulators. This research aim was to identify the effect of scarification and immersion of natural growth regulators on the viability of soursop seeds. This research was conducted at the USU Faculty of Agriculture from July to September 2018 by using a Completely Randomized Design of two treatment factors namely, (1) Scarification (without scarification / control and scarification) and (2) Immersion of Natural Growth Regulators (No Immersion / Control, Immersion with young coconut water; red onion extract and young coconut water). The scarification treatment and immersion of young coconut water and/or red onion extract gave the highest yield, significantly on plant height, leaf number and vigor index.
16
KATSENIOS, Nikolaos, Ioannis E. ROUSSIS, Aspasia EFTHIMIADOU, Ioanna KAKABOUKI, and Dimitrios BILALIS. "Seed Treatment Techniques to Improve Germination of Wild Asparagus (Asparagus acutifolius L.), a Potential New Crop." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 47, no. 3 (July 16, 2019): 995–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha47311554.
Abstract:
Pre-sowing seed treatment techniques of stratification and scarification were used in order to find the most appropriate method to overcome dormancy of wild asparagus (Asparagus acutifolius L.) seeds. An indoor and an outdoor experiment were carried out at the Agricultural University of Athens. For the indoor experiment, the pre-sowing treatments of stratification (fresh and stratified seeds) and scarification (non-scarified, mechanical scarification and chemical scarification with sulfuric acid) were used as the main treatments, and three different temperatures (15, 20 and 25 °C) as sub-treatments. For the outdoor experiment, there were only the treatments of stratification and scarification. The stratification of asparagus seeds was found to have a positive effect on germination and vigor indices compared to non-stratified (fresh) seeds. The highest germination percentage, vigor index I and II were recorded with the stratified seeds that had been mechanically scarified in both indoor and outdoor conditions. The results indicate that just the scarification cannot improve germination of fresh collected seeds of wild asparagus. Stratification increased the germination percentage from 2.7-6.6% to 45.1-75.3%. The mechanical and the chemical scarification had a positive effect on the root length compared to the non-scarified seeds that have been stratified. These pre-sowing treatments can increase the germination percentage and produce vigorous seedlings that can be used to establish plantations of this potential new crop.
17
Petersson, Magnus, and Göran Örlander. "Effectiveness of combinations of shelterwood, scarification, and feeding barriers to reduce pine weevil damage." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-156.
Abstract:
In a field experiment in southern Sweden we investigated the single and combined effects of shelterwood, soil scarification, and feeding barriers on pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) damage to Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings. The seedlings were planted on four different sites, each consisting of two plots, one clearcut and one with shelterwood (98148 stems/ha). These plots were each subdivided into two parts, one scarified and one left untreated. The seedlings were protected with insecticide or feeding barriers or left as unprotected controls. Three years after planting the mortality due to pine weevil damage was high (88%) for unprotected seedlings on clearcuts with no scarification. The damage-reducing effects of shelterwood, scarification, and physical protection were additive. Using all three methods in combination the mortality due to pine weevil feeding was less than 7% after 3 years. The order of effectiveness of the individual measures for reducing damage by pine weevils was insecticide, scarification, physical protection, and shelterwood. Scarification reduced pine weevil damage equally well on clearcuts as in shelterwoods. However, the effects of scarification were more long lasting in shelterwoods.
18
ELIDAR, YETTI. "Seed emergence and growth of the short age sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) as a response of seed scarification and liquid organic fertilizer application." Asian Journal of Agriculture 2, no. 01 (June 1, 2018): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g020102.
Abstract:
Elidar Y. 2018. Seed emergence and growth of the short age sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) as a response of seed scarification and liquid organic fertilizer application. Asian J Agric 2: 8-13. The research was aimed to know the effect of seed scarification and liquid organic fertilizer application to the seed emergence and growth of the short age sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr). The research was conducted at two experiments, i.e. (i) effect of seed scarification, and (ii) effect of liquid organic fertilizer application. The first experiment was a single factor designed at Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The factor consisted of 4 scarification technique treatments i.e. s1 = seed abaxial scarification; s1 = seed tip scarification; s3 = seed left and right sides scarification; s4= seed embryo scarification. All treatments were replicated 6 times. The second experiment was arranged at a factorial (3 x 3) using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 replications. The first factor was the dose/volume of liquid organic fertilizer treatment in concentration of 3 cc L-1 of water (D) consisting of 3 levels i.e. d1 = 300 mL; d2 = 400 mL; d3 = 500 mL, while the second treatment was the interval of liquid organic fertilizer (I) application consisting of 3 levels i.e. i1 = 2 weeks; i2 = 3 weeks; i3 = 4 weeks. Seedling emergence test, germination rate, vigor index and seed germination percentage were measured and the growth parameters such as the plant height increase, plant midrib girth, number of midrib increase, and number of leaves were observed. The results showed that scarification at the embryo part (s4) resulted in the best seed germination percentage of the short age sugar palm at around 99.81%. Combination treatments between 500 mL dose of liquid organic fertilizer in concentration of 3 cc L-1 of water with the interval of 2 weeks (d3i1) produced the best seedling growth of the short age sugar palm.
19
Mirzamatov, R., and D. Maskulov. "SUBSTANTIATION OF THE CHOICE OF MODEL OF EXPERIMENTAL DISK SCARIFICATOR." RUSSIAN ELECTRONIC SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL 36, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/2308-9644-2020-36-2-102-109.
Abstract:
This paper discusses the concept of scarification, methods of scarification of seeds, and also presents an experimental model of a disk scarifier. In our work, we consider a disk scarifier, which uses a disk as a working organ, which receives seeds and an abrasive working circle. It is installed in an experimental scarifier, which allows performing three consecutive operations on pre-sowing seed treatment in a mechanized way. These operations are performed in their own scarifier seed processing zone. The proposed technical solution and the created scarifier makes it possible to improve the quality of scarification during three consecutive mechanized operations – scarification, seed cleaning and treatment with the microbiological preparation rizotorfin.
20
K, PARAMESWARI, SRIMATHI P, and MALARKODI K. "Influence of seed size and duration of acid sacrification on seed germination of tamarind (Tamarindus indica linn.)." Madras Agricultural Journal 88, March (2001): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00302.
Abstract:
Studies were made to traceout the relationship between seed size and duration of acid scarification in tamarind seed for removal of hard seededness without affecting the quality of seed, The experiment was formulated with different size grades (27/64", 25/64" and 23/64" round perforated metal sieve) and various durations (20, 15 and 10 minutes) of acid scarification with commercial sulphuric acid @ 200 ml kg of seed. The study revealed that seed size and durations of acid scarification are positively related, where bigger sized seed require 20 minutes of acid scarification while it reduced to 15 and 10 minutes with medium and smaller sized seeds, respectively.
21
Katayama, Noboru, Osamu Kishida, Chikako Miyoshi, Shintaro Hayakashi, Kinya Ito, Rei Sakai, Aiko Naniwa, Hiroyuki Takahashi, and Kentaro Takagi. "Demography and productivity during the recovery time sequence of a wild edible bamboo after large-scale anthropogenic disturbance." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): e0243089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243089.
Abstract:
Anthropogenic disturbances in forest management practices can affect wild edible plants. Soil scarification is a large-scale disturbance that may cause long-term reduction in productivity of edible dwarf bamboo, Sasa kurilensis, in northern Japan. For their effective and sustainable use, we need to understand the recovery process after such disturbances. At 14 study sites in the Teshio Experimental Forest of Hokkaido University where soil scarification had been conducted between 2 and 44 years prior, the number and stem diameter of old and young (newly emerged, edible) culms was recorded. At sites that were within 11 years of soil scarification, the proportion of old culms (<11%) was lower than in the control area where soil scarification had never been conducted. At sites where more than 15 years had passed since soil scarification, the relative number of old culms was nearly equal to that in control area. Additionally, the number of young culms increased with an increasing number of old culms. These results suggest that recovery of productivity (in term of number) of edible culms may take a few decades. In contrast, the culm diameter of young culms increased linearly with time since soil scarification, but the 95% confidence interval in this relationship suggests that dwarf bamboo can produce thick edible culms soon after soil scarification. These findings will provide useful insights into how to obtain high quality bamboo culms following anthropogenic disturbances in future.
22
Gonzalez, Juan Manuel González, Salvador Guzman Gonzalez, Arnoldo Michel Rosales, Francisco Radillo Juarez, Marcelino Bazan Tene, and Fernando Cervantes T. "(426) Evaluation of Pregerminative Treatmentsin Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Seeds." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1023A—1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1023a.
Abstract:
The most common spread of this species is sexual or by seed. In normal conditions, the germination of the seeds of Anonaceae can increase with pregerminative treatments prior to sowing. The objective was to determine the best pregerminative treatment to increase germination of soursop seeds. This study was carried out under the the dry, tropic conditions of Tecomán, Colima, Mexico. The experimental design was completely random with 12 treatments: 1) dip in water for 24 hours; 2) dip in water for 24 hours + gibberellic acid (GA3) at 350 ppm; 3) dip in water for 24 hours + GA3 at 500 ppm; 4) dip in water for 24 hours + GA3 at 1000 ppm; 5) mechanical scarification; 6) dip in water for 24 hours + mechanical scarification; 7) mechanical scarification + GA3 at 350 ppm; 8) mechanical scarification + GA3 at 500 ppm; 9) mechanical scarification + GA3 at 1000 ppm; 10) GA3 at 350 ppm; 11) GA3 at 500 ppm; and 12) GA3 at 1000 ppm; and control. There were four repetitions with 10 seeds in each experimental unit. The evaluated variables were the percentage of germination and the number of days from planting to emergence. To record results, analysis of variance and Tukey's test averages were used. The major percentage of germination resulted from the seeds treated with soaking in water for 24 hours plus GA3 to 350 ppm, dip in water for 24 hours plus scarification and GA3 at 1000 ppm, and equalized statistically to the control. For the number of days from planting to emergence, the treatment with mechanical scarification + GA3 at 500 ppm was statistically better. The use of gibberellic acid with mechanical scarification diminishes the dormancy of soursop seeds, producing plants in a relatively short period.
23
Romdyah, Neneng Laila, Melya Riniarti, Ceng Asmarahman, and Slamet Budi Yuwono. "Skarifikasi Awal Dan Penambahan Beberapa Jenis Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Untuk Percepatan Perkecambahan Benih Kayu Kuku (Pericopsis moonianna Thw)." EnviroScienteae 16, no. 2 (December 8, 2020): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v16i2.9661.
Abstract:
Scarification was the destruction of the seed coat to softening seed coat and became permeable to water and gas. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best scarification techniques, types of growth regulatory substances and the combination of scarification treatments and addition of growth regulatory substances to accelerate the germination of Pericopsis mooniana seeds. The study was conducted using factorial randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was the scarification technique, with hot water, and broken the seed skin. The second factor was the addition of growth regulatory substances (coconut water and, bamboo shoots) shoot water and artificial growth regulatory substances Dates analyzed with variance and continued with the tukey test at 5% level. The results showed that the scarification technique by broken seed skin significant differences in the percentage of sprouts, germination, average days of germination, vigor index, number of leaves, and seedling height. The addition of growth regulatory substances did not show a significant difference in all observed variables.
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Pinto, Adriana Hernandes, Thiago Barbosa Batista, Flávio Ferreira da Silva Binotti, Eliana Duarte Cardoso Binotti, and Edilson Costa. "THERMAL STRESS IN THE ADEQUACY OF THE CHEMICAL SCARIFICATION PERIOD IN BRACHIARIA SEEDS." Revista de Agricultura Neotropical 8, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): e5753. http://dx.doi.org/10.32404/rean.v8i1.5753.
Abstract:
Forage seeds often have a low germination percentage due to their seeds' dormancy, such as seeds of the genus Urochloa. Chemical scarification is chosen to overcome the dormancy, yet the seed's vigor level is not taken into account. On this wise, the method can harm the seed's quality. In this context, the study aimed to investigate the appropriate scarification period in brachiaria seeds and how the lot's thermal stress can affect this result. The experimental design was completely randomized, arranged in a 3x4 factorial scheme, designated by thermal stress (0, 24, and 48 hours) and periods of chemical scarification with concentrated sulfuric acid (0, 5, 10, and 15 minutes), with four repetitions. After scarification of the treatments, the seeds were evaluated for germination and vigor criteria. Scarification for 5 minutes is enough to express the quality of Urochloa brizantha cv. MG-5. This technique is not recommended after the seeds are severely stressed by temperature and humidity.
25
Grbic, Mihailo, Dragana Skocajic, Matilda Djukic, and Danijela Djunisijevic. "Presowing treatments for breaking seed dormancy of Hovenia dulcis Thunb." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 93 (2006): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0693049g.
Abstract:
The aim of the experiment was to determine the optimal presowing treat?ment for breaking seed dormancy of Japanese raisin tree (Hovenia dulcis Thunb.), a very rare exotic species introduced to the Mediterranean parts of Serbia and Mon?tenegro. Three pretreatments are applied: mechanical scarification and chemical scarification (conc. H2SO4) lasting for 5 and 120 minutes. The best treatment was the longer chemical scarification, which confirmed the dormancy of the seedcoat.
26
Hasnat, Syed, and Ramesh Thapliyal. "Enhancement of seed germination in hard coated seeds of Cassia fistula L." Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2005-9so784.
Abstract:
Cassia fistula L. is an important source of timber and non-timber forest produce. The seeds of this specie suffer from seed coat imposed dormancy and require pre-treatment to enhance germination. This study was undertaken to identify better pre-treatment for enhancement of germination in hard coated seeds of Cassia fistula. The seeds were subjected to different pre-treatment, viz., control, manual scarification, soaking in gibberellic acid, in cold water, hot water, and acid scarification for varying periods. Among different pre-treatments manual scarification and acid scarification were found to be the best pre-treatments in terms of germination percentage and mean germination time. However, untreated seeds showed eleven per cent germination.
27
Mackay, Wayne A., Tim D. Davis, Daksha Sankhla, and Don E. Riemenschneider. "Factors Influencing Seed Germination of Lupinus perennis." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-14.4.167.
Abstract:
Abstract Seeds of Lupinus perennis Wats. (perennial lupine) were subjected to a variety of scarification and temperature treatments. Without scarification, <15% germination was observed within 1 week. Germination increased quadratically as the duration of acid scarification time increased. After 15 min scarification, nearly 90% of the seeds germinated and nearly 100 percent germination was obtained after 45 min scarification. Nicking the seed coats with a razor blade resulted in 100% germination. In contrast, soaking seeds in 22C (72F) water for 24 hr failed to enhance germination. Total germination of scarified seeds was >80% between 21 and 29C (70 and 85F) within 54 hr. The most rapid germination occurred within 24 to 29C (75 to 85F). At 32C (90F), total germination was reduced to approximately 60%. At temperatures ≥ 35C (95F), total germination was reduced to less than 4%. Germination occurred equally well in the light or dark. Our data indicate that seeds of L. perennis must be scarified to germinate and the most rapid germination occurs between 24–29C (75–85F).
28
Sulzbach, Manuela, Wendel Paulo Silvestre, Magnólia Aparecida Silva Da Silva, Mateus Pereira Gonzatto, Leonardo André Schneider, Gerson Nestor Böettcher, Gabriel Fernandes Pauletti, and Sergio Francisco Schwarz. "Characterization of green mandarin peel essential oil extracted by laboratory and industrial methods." DELOS: DESARROLLO LOCAL SOSTENIBLE 16, no. 44 (June 28, 2023): 1185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/rdelosv16.n44-012.
Abstract:
This study aimed to evaluate the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of immature fruits of C. deliciosa varieties cultivated in Rio Grande do Sul using laboratory (hydrodistillation) and industrial (scarification) methods. During the period of industrial processing (scarification), fruits from the same batches were sampled for laboratory hydrodistillation. Essential oil yield and chemical composition were evaluated by GC/MS and GC-FID The average yield obtained was 0.07 wt.% (hydrodistillation) and 0.53 wt.% (scarification). EO yield followed a quadratic model regarding sample collection time in both methods, indicating an optimum time for fruit collection regarding EO yields. According to EO characterization, 24 different compounds were identified in hydrodistillation and 19 in scarification. The major compounds detected were limonene (66.5 – 71.3 wt.%) and γ-terpinene (12.1 – 18.4 wt.%), regardless of the extraction method. A greater number of compounds with content above 1.0 wt.% was found in the oil obtained by hydrodistillation. The scarification method provided greater extraction yield and a smaller number of compounds relative to the essential oil of mandarins extracted by hydrodistillation.
29
Godoi Junior, Márcio Antônio, Rebeca Soares da Silva, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa, Cleide Maria Ferreira Pinto, Wellington Souto Ribeiro, and Kassio Ferreira Mendes. "Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) as an Agricultural Crop in Brazil: Tuber Dormancy Breaking." Agronomy 14, no. 4 (March 27, 2024): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040688.
Abstract:
Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) is cultivated worldwide due to its agricultural and biotechnological potential. In Brazil, it is considered a weed, and we lack studies on its cultivation. Overcoming tuber dormancy is crucial for propagation. This study aimed to assess various dormancy-breaking methods’ effects on tubers and initial plant development. The treatments included gibberellic acid immersion, ethylene exposure, purple nutsedge extract immersion, temperature conditioning, scarification, and bud cutting, along with a control. Scarification resulted in the shortest emergence time (0.904 days) and fastest emergence speed (5.092 tubers/day). Plant development was minimally affected by the treatments, with scarification and gibberellic acid (100 mg L−1) resulting in taller plants (1.19–1.23 times higher than the control). The conditioning at 4 °C and 70 °C proved to be less effective in breaking dormancy. Purple nutsedge extract immersion and bud cutting hindered plant growth. Scarification emerged as the most effective dormancy-breaking method. This study provides insights into the cultivation of yellow nutsedge in Brazil, highlighting the effectiveness of scarification in improving tuber germination and the early growth stages of plants.
30
NAYAR, MALLIKA. "SARCOIDOSIS ON RITUAL SCARIFICATION." International Journal of Dermatology 32, no. 2 (February 1993): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1993.tb01449.x.
31
Nicholson, J. "The chamber scarification test." Contact Dermatitis 35, no. 2 (August 1996): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02325.x.
32
Elfianis, Rita, Siti Hartina, Indah Permanasari, and Jully Handoko. "PENGARUH SKARIFIKASI DAN HORMON GIBERELIN (GA3) TERHADAP DAYA KECAMBAH DAN PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT PALEM PUTRI (Veitchia merillii)." Jurnal Agroteknologi 10, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/ja.v10i1.7306.
Abstract:
Christmas palm is a plant that has high economic value as an ornamental plant and is in great demand. Christmas palm seeds begin to germinate 3-4 weeks after planting, slow germination because of to seeds experiencing physical dormancy. To break dormancy can be done by scarification and immersion GA3. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of scarification and GA3 on the germination and growth of christmas palm seedlings and the interaction between the two treatments. This research was carried out from December 2017 to March 2018 on experimental Field and Agronomy Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science State Islamic University Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau. The method used Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors and four replications. The first factor was the scarification (control and with scarification) and the second factor is immersion GA3 (0 ppm, 150 ppm, 300 ppm and 450 ppm). The results showed that scarification by means of sandpaper can increase the growth rate and height of the christmas palm plant.The dipping of GA3 with concentration of 450 ppm for 2 hours is the best concentration for growth speed. There was no interaction between scarification and GA3 immersion on all observational parameters both in germination and in the nursery of chritmas palm plants on the land.
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Febriyan, Dwi Gery, and Eny Widajati. "Pengaruh Teknik Skarifikasi Fisik dan Media Perkecambahan terhadap Daya Berkecambah Benih Pala (Myristica fragrans)." Buletin Agrohorti 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/agrob.3.1.71-78.
Abstract:
<em>The objective of this experiment is studying the effect of physical scarification of nutmeg seed coat and germination media to accelerating germination rate and enhancing nutmeg seed viability. This experiment was conducted in December 2013 until May 2014 at Leuwikopo Experimental Field’s green house and Seed Laboratory of Agronomy and Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. This experiment was using factorial randomize complete block design with 3 replications. The first factor was physical scarification on the seed coat with three levels: without scarification, one hole scarification on seed’s base, and two holes scarifications on seed’s base. The Second factor was the seed germination substrate that consist of sand, charcoal of husk rice, and mixture of sand and compost 1:1 (v/v). The results showed that two holes physical scarification could enhance germination process according to the earlier appearance of roots and shoot. Sand as the germinating substrate was observed as a better substrate according to the parameters of germinating potency and shoot height. Two holes physical scarification treatment which was sowed in sand substrate showed the increase of lateral root number into 6 lateral roots. Nutmeg seedling growth from sand substrate seedling showed a better growth than the charcoal of husk rice substrate seedling by evaluating these parameters on stem diameter, seedling’s height, amount of leaves, canopy’s width, and leaves colour.</em>
34
Febriyan, Dwi Gery, and Eny Widajati. "Pengaruh Teknik Skarifikasi Fisik dan Media Perkecambahan terhadap Daya Berkecambah Benih Pala (Myristica fragrans)." Buletin Agrohorti 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/agrob.v3i1.14829.
Abstract:
The objective of this experiment is studying the effect of physical scarification of nutmeg seed coat and germination media to accelerating germination rate and enhancing nutmeg seed viability. This experiment was conducted in December 2013 until May 2014 at Leuwikopo Experimental Field’s green house and Seed Laboratory of Agronomy and Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. This experiment was using factorial randomize complete block design with 3 replications. The first factor was physical scarification on the seed coat with three levels: without scarification, one hole scarification on seed’s base, and two holes scarifications on seed’s base. The Second factor was the seed germination substrate that consist of sand, charcoal of husk rice, and mixture of sand and compost 1:1 (v/v). The results showed that two holes physical scarification could enhance germination process according to the earlier appearance of roots and shoot. Sand as the germinating substrate was observed as a better substrate according to the parameters of germinating potency and shoot height. Two holes physical scarification treatment which was sowed in sand substrate showed the increase of lateral root number into 6 lateral roots. Nutmeg seedling growth from sand substrate seedling showed a better growth than the charcoal of husk rice substrate seedling by evaluating these parameters on stem diameter, seedling’s height, amount of leaves, canopy’s width, and leaves colour.
35
Lhotka, John M., and James J. Zaczek. "Effects of Scarification Disturbance on the Seedling and Midstory Layer in a Successional Mixed-Oak Forest." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/20.2.85.
Abstract:
Abstract This study investigated whether soil scarification during the presence of abundant white oak (Quercus alba L.) acorns and other mast could be used to increase the density of oak reproduction and reduce competitive midstory species in a mid-successional mixed-oak upland forest. The study was conducted in a 7.3 ha forest with a mature oak overstory and a well-developed midstory of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and pawpaw (Asmina triloba Dunal.) in southern Illinois. The soil scarification was conducted in the autumn after acorn dissemination using a crawler tractor with a six-tooth brush rake. One growing season after treatment, significantly higher numbers of oak seedlings, primarily white oak, were present in the scarified plots (5,164 ha-1) compared to the control plots (1,273 ha-1). Seedling density of all other species classes did not differ between treatments. Scarification affected 61% of midstory trees and thus reduced their density and competitive position. Of these trees, 21% of stems were completely removed by the scarification treatment. Results suggest that, in the presence of abundant acorns, scarification may increase the number of new oak germinants in stands lacking advanced oak reproduction. Finally, because scarification increased the density of oak seedlings and reduced competing midstory trees, it can play a role in promoting the establishment of advanced oak reproduction. North. J. Appl. For. 20(2):85–91.
36
Ogbimi, E. R., and A. M. A. Sakpere. "Germination and seedling growth in Afzelia africana Sm. ex. Pers." Ife Journal of Science 23, no. 1 (May 3, 2021): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i1.5.
Abstract:
This study determined the best pre–treatment regime required for germination of the seeds of Afzelia africana Sm.Ex.Pers. and also provided information on the early growth parameters of the plant seedlings. Seeds of A. africana were collected from Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile – Ife (Lat 7° 32'N, Long 4° 31'E) and authenticated at the IFE-herbarium. One hundred and twenty five (125) seeds were sown per treatment (n=5 with 5 replicates and 5 repeats). Five (5) seeds each were sown in small petri dishes, without pre–treatment (control), or treated by subjecting to mechanical scarification and chemical scarification using Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid (H SO ) and Trioxonitrate (V) acid (HNO3 ) for germination studies. Germination counts were made at an interval of 2 days. For the six different pre–treatments, five seedlings per plastic bowl were transferred into soil in a total of twenty plastic bowls laid out in a randomized design and their growth monitored for 40 weeks. Results showed that pre–treatment of seeds with mechanical scarification gave the highest percentage germination. Significant differences (P ˂ 0.05) occurred in the shoot height and in the number of leaves between 4 and 12 weeks of growth. The study established that pre–treatment with mechanical scarification was the best for uniform germination of seeds of the plant. This study has provided alternative means of pretreating A. africana seeds apart from using H2SO4 – the first to subject seeds to mechanical scarification and 2 4 chemical scarification using HNO3 , in addition to providing information on the germination parameters and the seedling growth rate of Afzelia africana.
Key words: Propagation, Growth, Acid, Scarification
37
Woods, Brandon J., Suzanne T. Millman, Natalia A. da Silva, Reneé D. Dewell, Rebecca L. Parsons, Chong Wang, and Annette M. O'Connor. "Pain and sickness behavior associated with corneal lesions in dairy calves." F1000Research 4 (August 11, 2015): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6649.1.
Abstract:
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a common corneal disease of calves that adversely affects animal welfare by causing pain and weight loss. Identifying behavioral indicators of pain and sickness in calves with IBK is necessary for designing studies that aim to identify effective means of pain mitigation. Consistent with principles of the 3Rs for animal use in research, data from a randomized blinded challenge study was used to identify and describe variation of behaviors that could serve as reliable indicators of pain and sickness in calves with corneal injuries. Behavioral observations were collected from 29 Holstein calves 8 to 12 weeks of age randomly allocated to one of three treatments: (1) corneal scarification only, (2) corneal scarification with inoculation with Moraxella bovoculi and (3) corneal scarification with inoculation with Moraxella bovis. Behavior was continuously observed between time 1230 - 1730 h on day -1 (baseline time period) and day 0 (scarification time period). Corneal scarification and inoculation occurred between 0800 - 1000 h on day 0. Frequency of head-directed behaviors (head shaking, head rubbing, head scratching) and durations of head rubbing, feeding, standing with head lifted, lying with head lifted and sleeping were compared between study days and groups. Following scarification, the frequency of head-directed behavior significantly increased (p = 0.0001), as did duration of head rubbing (p=0.02). There was no significant effect of trial, trial day, treatment or treatment-day interaction on other behaviors studied. Our study demonstrated that head-directed behavior, such as head shaking, rubbing and scratching, was associated with scarification of eyes using an IBK challenge model, but sickness behavior was not observed.
38
Mokeeva, S. А., S. I. Kokonov, and Т. N. Ryabova. "DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY OF EASTERN GALEGA DURING SOWING SEED TREATMENT." Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy, no. 2 (50) (June 8, 2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18286/1816-4501-2020-2-47-53.
Abstract:
Productivization of field crops providing farm feed in total demand is at the forefront of agroindustrial complex. Seed preparation of eastern galega is underexplored and is meant to be a deep bench for achieving a goal. The research aim is the study of effectiveness of pre- sowing seed treatments of eastern galega during cultivation on feeding aims. The research was conducted sod- podzol average clay-loam soil laced with humus of 2,3-2,9 %, mobile phosphorus 232-282 mg/kg of soil, mobile potassium 109-252 mg/kg of soil. Exchange soil acidity is subacidic and close to circumneutral (рН = 5,3-5,9). Experimental scheme included the following variants: 1) without dressing (control), 2) scarification, 3) molybdene- acidic ammonium (300 g/t), 4) scarification + molybdene- acidic ammonium (300 g/t), 5) bacterial preparation Rizotrophin (1 l/t), 6) scarification + bacterial preparation Rizotrophin (1 l/t), 7) plant regulator НВ-101 (1 ml/t), 8) scarification + plant regulator НВ-101 (1 ml/t), 9) multiple nutrient fertilizer Agree`s «Forsage» (1,2 l/t), 10) scarification + multiple nutrient fertilizer Agree`s «Forsage» (1,2 l/t). With the help of research by an average 3 years it was found that pre-sowing seed treatment by plant growth regulators НВ-101 and multiple nutrient fertilizer Agree’s Forsage separately and together with scarification provided with the highest field emergence of seeds 47-51 %. It is proved that overwintering raise of eastern galega for 8-12 % in applying Rizotrophin, plant growth regulators НВ-101 and multiple nutrient fertilizer Agree’s Forsage and them together with scarification. Inclusion into cultivation technology of eastern galega the pre-sowing seed treatment by bacterial preparation Rizotrophin, by plant growth regulator НВ-101, by multiple nutrient fertilizer Agree’s Forsage together with scarification raise the productivity for 1,6-3,7 t/ha or for 15-47 % at the expense of quantity and mass input of nodule in the bud of eastern galega .
39
Basham, J. T. "Decay and stain 10 years later in aspen suckers subjected to scarification at age 3." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 1507–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-232.
Abstract:
A trembling aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) sucker stand was scarified at age 3 to benefit subsequently planted white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss). Survivors were examined 4, 6, and 10 years after treatment. The effects of scarification on aspen stem growth, and on external and internal quality of both roots and stems, were assessed at those times. Damage inflicted on the parent root system significantly reduced stem growth after scarification. Ten years after scarification normal height growth had resumed, but diameter growth was still slightly slower than that of unscarified suckers. Scarification wounds on the root systems were common and frequently associated with root and root-collar decay. Both the root systems and stems of scarified suckers had significantly more internal decay and stain than those of unscarified suckers. Stem wounds apparently caused by scarification were present on approximately 75% of the survivors, and accounted for most of the extra defect in scarified stems. The extent of advanced stem decay was closely correlated with the severity of stem wounds. Several basidiomycete fungi known to cause advanced butt and stem decay in mature aspen in Ontario were isolated from decay within the root systems and stems of scarified suckers. In unscarified suckers these basidiomycetes were not isolated or were isolated much less frequently. The large numbers of surviving suckers, their nearly normal growth rates, and the relatively small size of the planted spruce 10 years after scarification indicate that the aspen will develop into well-stocked, harvestable stands. However, a high proportion of the aspen that survive scarification will likely be more susceptible than unscarified aspen to windthrow or breakage. The scarified trees will likely be of lower quality as well, because the incidence and extent of decay in the root systems and lower stems are comparatively high.
40
Cruz, Eniel David, José Edmar Urano de Carvalho, and Rafaela Josemara Barbosa Queiroz. "Scarification with sulphuric acid of Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke seeds - FABACEAE." Scientia Agricola 64, no. 3 (June 2007): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162007000300017.
Abstract:
Seed coat impermeability to water occurs in many species, including Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke. To promote germination in seeds with coat impermeability the use of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is recommended. The objective of this study was to identify a better time for the scarification with sulphuric acid for S. amazonicum seeds. The effect of scarification with sulphuric acid for 20, 40 and 60 min on germination and speed germination was studied for seeds that were either sowed immediately after scarification or after a 24-hour period of immersion in water. Seeds were sown on a mix of sand and sawdust (1:1). The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 50 seeds. The statistical analysis of germination was carried out at six, nine, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 days after sowing, in a factorial scheme. For speed germination the means were compared by the Tukey test. There was an interaction between treatments to overcome dormancy and immersion time after scarification in most evaluations. Immersion in water accelerated the beginning of germination. All treatments to overcome dormancy promoted seed germination. However, scarification for 60 min, showed better germination, 92% when immediately sown and 86.5% when sown after 24 hours. Speed germination index was highest for scarified seeds for 60 min followed by immersion in water. Scarification for 60 min was the most efficient treatment to promote germination in S. amazonicum seeds.
41
Góes, Naiala da Hora, Jacqueline de Brito Bispo, Taise Conceição Rodrigues, Manassés dos Santos Silva, and Teresa Aparecida Soares de Freitas. "Superação de dormência e pré-germinação de sementes de Leucaena leucocephala." Revista Agraria Academica 4, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32406/v4n3/2021/40-48/agrariacad.
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to evaluate alternative methods to overcome dormancy in Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) seeds. The seeds were collected from four different matrices and subsequently submitted to different treatments with mechanical scarification and immersion in water and soft drink at different times (0, 6, 24 and 48 h) at 25 ºC. A completely randomized design was used, consisting of 14 treatments composed of four replications containing 50 seeds each. The variables analyzed were: Germination at the first count (G); Normal Seedlings (PN); Hard or Dormant Seeds (SD); and Germination Speed Index (IVG). The results increased higher percentages of germination (G) in the T1 treatment (mechanical scarification) with 46.7 and 43.2% of normal seedlings (PN) with 43.2% and IVG of 41.9. However, when observing only the treatments submitted in different combinations, it was noted that the treatments T8 (Mechanical scarification and immersion in soda for 6h at 25 ºC) and T2 (Mechanical scarification and immersion in distilled water for 6h at 25 ºC) presented a germination of 44.7 and 39.7%, respectively. Thus, shorter water immersion times associated with mechanical scarification are required to obtain the highest percentage of germination and formation of normal seedlings.
42
Lhotka, John M., and James J. Zaczek. "Soil Scarification Effects on Oak Reproduction in Two Mixed-Oak Bottomland Stands of Southern Illinois." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/27.3.164.
Abstract:
Abstract This study investigated whether soil scarification during the presence of oak mast could increase oak seedling establishment and decrease poison ivy cover in two mixed-oak bottomland stands that lacked adequate advanced oak reproduction. Study sites were located along the Saline River in southern Illinois and designated as Cherrybark Bottoms, with an overstory dominated by cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.), and Post Oak Flat, which contained an even mixture of post oak (Q. stellata Wang.) and cherrybark oak. Scarification was completed in November of 1999 using a small farm tractor with a pull-behind field disk to incorporate acorns into the soil. One growing season after scarification, Cherrybark Bottoms had significantly more oak seedlings in the scarified plots (7,243 ha-1) than in controls (453 ha-1). Likewise, Post Oak Flat had a significantly greater density of oak seedlings in scarified plots (8,715 ha-1) when compared to control plots (679 ha-1). In addition, scarification decreased poison ivy [Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze] cover in both stands. Results suggest that, in the presence of abundant acorns, scarification may increase the establishment of new oak seedlings in mixed-oak bottomland forests. South. J. Appl. For. 27(3):164–171.
43
Malavasi, Ubirajara Contro, and Marlene de Matos Malavasi. "Dormancy breaking and germination of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong seed." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 47, no. 6 (November 2004): 851–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132004000600003.
Abstract:
Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. is a Mimosaceae tropical tree species recommended for heterogeneous reforestation of degraded tropical areas. "Timburi" seeds present low germination due to the high degree of seed dormancy. Different methods to overcome seed dormancy was compared: sanding, sanding followed by 24 hours water (25ºC) soaking, imbibition in boiling water followed by exposure to water at room temperature (28ºC), and concentrated sulfuric acid (5, 15, 30, 60, 120 or 180 minutes) followed by washing with tap water. All seeds were germinated in rolled towels at 25ºC and 12 hours photoperiod. Total germination, first count of germination test and germination velocity index were recorded. Mechanical scarification (sanding), chemical scarification (treatment with acid for 30, 60, 120 or 180 minutes) and mechanical scarification followed by cold water imbibition were efficient in promoting germination. For practical purposes, mechanical scarification is highly recommended for forest nurseries.
44
Bredow, Alex Alan, Alicia Baumhardt Dorneles, Mara Grohs, Rodrigo De Moura Silveira, Giovane Rodrigo Friedrich Neu, Caren Alessandra da Rosa, Valéria Pohlmann, and Jéssica Maciel Machado. "Fatores determinantes para a construção do potencial produtivo da soja em terras baixas." Ciência e Natura 42 (February 7, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x40599.
Abstract:
The soybean is an alternative of diversification and financial return to the rice farmer. However, it presents difficulties of cultivation and low yield due to the physical characteristics of the soil. In this scenario, the objective of this work was to verify the influence of soil scarification, the genetic material used and the sowing date. Three soybean cultivars, with yield potential classified as “medium”, “high” and “very high”, were sown in a scarified and non-scarified area, in the dates november 7th and december 10th, year of 2018. The scarification opperation occurred on october 1st. Initial establishment varied according to cultivar, soil mechanism and sowing date. Soil scarification effect was verified up to 100 days after the operation. Within the construction of the yield potential, scarification accounted for 14.4 %, sowing date 12.5 % and genetic material 73.1 % of crop grain yield, in the “high” and “very high” potential materials.
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Alizadeh, M. A., H. A. Arab, R. Tabaie, M. Nasiri, and A. A. Jafari. "Evaluation of Seed Emergence, Seedling Vigor Enhancement of Some Populations from Satureja bachtiarica with Chemical, Mechanical and Physiological Treatment." Plant Breeding and Seed Science 74, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/plass-2016-0013.
Abstract:
Abstract The seeds of 3 populations from Satureja bachtiarica were collected from three native vegetation areas (Simirom2, Sharkord and Yazd). The different treatments including: cold stratification, gibberlic acid (50 and 100 ppm) Potassium nitrate (0.2 and 0.4 percent). Physical scarification (sand paper), chemical scarification (Ethylic alcohol %70) and distilled water (control) were used for breaking dormancy of the seed samples. For greenhouse experiment, the seed samples were treated with treatments and then were sown in pots using randomize design with three replications. Emergence percentage, emergence speed, length of root and shoot, seedling length, root/shoot length ratio, vigor index, seedling fresh and dry weight, dry/fresh weight ratio were evaluated during 45 days of experiment. Comparing of population Semirom2 form savory of Bachtiary was higher than other population. It was concluded that effect of gibberlic acid and potassium nitrate was higher than physical scarification and chemical scarification comparing with control.
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Bonnart, Remi, Anthony Koski, and Harrison Hughes. "425 Comparisons of Mechanical Scarification Techniques for Enhancing Seed Germination in Two Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Seed Lots." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 466D—466. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.466d.
Abstract:
Native turfgrasses have received greater attention in recent years because of their usefulness in growing in areas where many other grasses cannot. Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) has good salt tolerance, but the natural germination rate for the seed is low. This is most likely due to the thickness of the seed coat inhibiting normal imbibition of water. Previous research in our laboratory has demonstrated increased germination with hand-scarification. The purpose of this research was to compare germination rates of machine-scarified, hand-scarified, and nonscarified seed. Scarifying the seeds by hand results in greater uniformity, but the operation is tedious and time-consuming. Machine scarification is quick, but the seeds have reduced uniformity. Two seed lots, one designated “Modoc” and one designated “Granite,” were compared in laboratory and field germination tests. Preliminary observations have shown that “Granite” seed had somewhat higher viability and vigor than the “Modoc” seed. Significantly greater germination occurred with scarification when seeds were germinated at 14 h of light at 30 °C and 10 h of darkness at 20 °C in the laboratory. Although scarification treatments were similar with the “Granite” seeds, near 80% germination, there were significant differences between hand and machine scarification with the”Modoc” seeds; hand scarified seed had greater germination. The field germination experiment had similar results to the laboratory experiments with “Granite” seed. However, scarification did not aid germination of “Modoc” seed. This is thought to be due to low vigor and associated death of seedlings prior to emergence. Preliminary data confirm the low vigor of the “Modoc” seed as compared to “Granite” seed.
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Dantas Silva, Andreza Agda, Djair Alves De Melo, George Henrique Câmelo Guimarães, and Jeane Medeiros Martins De Araújo. "Avaliação da qualidade de mudas de mulungu (Erythrina velutina Willd.) submetidas a diferentes métodos de quebra de dormência." Revista Principia - Divulgação Científica e Tecnológica do IFPB 1, no. 45 (June 28, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18265/1517-03062015v1n45p11-19.
Abstract:
<p class="western" align="justify">Several forest species typical of semi-arid regions are used for afforestation and mulungu among them has great ecological importance. This study aims to evaluate the development of mulungu (Erythrina velutina Willd) seedlings from seeds which have been submitted to different dormancy breaking treatments. The seeds were submitted to eleven treatments: mechanical scarification with sandpaper No. 80 (T1); mechanical scarification with sandpaper No. 60 (T2); hole with soldering iron hole(T3); mechanical scarification with sandpaper No. 60 + immersion in water for 24 hours (T4); mechanical scarification with sandpaper No. 80 + immersion in water for 24 hours (T5); immersion in water at 60 °C for 5 minutes (T6); immersion in water at 80 °C for 5 minutes (T7); immersion in water at 90 °C for 5 minutes (T8); immersion in water for 24 hours (T9); immersion in water for 48 hours (T10) and hole with soldering iron hole+ immersion in water for 24 hours (T11). The treatments applied were efficient in the beginning of development the seedling’s (height, stem diameter and number of leaves), the treatments with water immersion showed better results for the analysis of the total fresh phytomass, divergent results from the literature were found for water scarification treatments, resulting in the least developed seedlings. Thus, it seems clear that of E. velutina dormancy can be overcome with different methods, in order to promote faster germination, and the mechanical scarification more efficient in the initial development of the seedling.</p>
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Prévost, Marcel, and Daniel Dumais. "Croissance et statut nutritif de marcottes, de semis naturels et de plants d'épinette noire à la suite du scarifiage : résultats de 10 ans." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 2097–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-130.
Abstract:
Careful logging around advance growth (CLAAG) and tree planting following site preparation or not (fill planting) are widely used to regenerate black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands in the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. However, few mid-term studies have compared these different regeneration modes. In this study, we examined height growth and nutrient status of black spruce layers, natural seedlings, and planted seedlings over a 10-year period, in an experimental design combining CLAAG, natural seeding, planting, and two types of scarification (cones and disks). Without scarification, growth of planted seedlings (5.8 cm·year1) was slightly greater than that of layers (4.4 cm·year1) and natural seedlings (4.1 cm·year1). Scarification improved growth of the three types of regeneration, but the treatment was more beneficial for planted seedlings (+7.1 cm·year1) than for natural seedlings (+1.6 cm·year1) and layers (+1,0 cm·year1). Five years after treatment, scarification had increased the current-year needle N concentration of the three types of regeneration, but this beneficial effect on N was still detectable only in foliage of layers after 10 years. The effect of the treatment was variable for P and K contents, for which natural regeneration seems to have taken advantage more than plants. Our results indicate that scarification can improve the initial growth and nutrient status of both natural and artificial regeneration of black spruce and thus accelerate site recovery after cutting in the boreal forest. Furthermore, fill planting without site preparation appeared to be clearly less efficient than planting combined with scarification.
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Silva Júnior, Gerson Dias da, Rubson Da Costa Leite, Guilherme Octávio de Sousa Soares, Tatiane De Sousa Cruz, Robson Da Costa Leite, Amanda Da Silva Reis, José Lucas de Sousa Soares, and Marcio Rogério Pereira Leite. "Overcoming Dormancy in Seeds of Amazonian Species." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 6 (May 6, 2018): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n6p245.
Abstract:
Despite the importance of the Amazonian species Schizolobium amazonicum, there is still no official protocol to favor the germination process of its seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate methods of overcoming dormancy of paricá seeds and the quality of seedlings produced. The work was carried out at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Tocantins-Campus Araguatins. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of: intact seeds; lateral mechanical scarification of the tegument with electric emery for 2 seconds; lateral mechanical scarification of the tegument, using sandpaper number 50 for 1 minute + immersion in water at room temperature for 12 hours; chemical scarification of the tegument with caustic soda at 20% concentration for 30 minutes; chemical scarification of the tegument with caustic soda at a concentration of 20% for 45 minutes; immersion in water at 80 ºC + stay in water (room temperature) for 12 hours; immersion in water at 90 ºC + stay in water (room temperature) for 12 hours. The treatment with lateral mechanical scarification of the integument using electric emery for 2 seconds is the most suitable for overcoming dormancy in paricá seeds. Methods of overcoming dormancy had no influence on the quality of paricá seedlings.
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Nur, Holil Pathan, Agung Kusuma Wijaya, Liman Liman, and Muhtarudin Muhtarudin. "PENGARUH SKARIFIKASI MENGGUNAKAN URIN KAMBING PADA BIJI GAMAL (Gliricida sepium) DENGAN WAKTU PERENDAMAN BERBEDA TERHADAP KUALITAS BENIH." Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi Peternakan (Journal of Research and Innovation of Animals) 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jrip.2021.5.1.1-7.
Abstract:
This study aimed to determine the effect of scarification using goat urine with different soaking time on the quality of gamal seeds (Gliricidia sepium) and determine the best scarification treatment that produces normal sprouts and the best sprouts. This research was conducted in January 2020, located in the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. This study used an experimental method using Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments (control or without soaking, seed soaking for 4, 8, 12, and 16 hours) and 6 replications. Each trial unit received 30 seeds of Gamal. Data analysis was performed using the ANOVA continued by the least significant difference (LSD) test. The results showed that scarification of gamal seeds in goat urine at different times of soaking gave significantly effect (P <0.05) on germination, normal sprouts, dead seeds and hard seeds, but did not affect on abnormal sprouts and yield attacked by pests. The best scarification treatment for normal sprouts and sprouts rate was soaking for 16 hours, namely 60.00% and 47.73%, respectively. This results showed the longer soaking the seeds, the higher the germination and normal sprouts.
Keywords: Gamal seeds, Goat urine, Scarification, Soaking time