Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'ENISA'

<p>Att införa ett miljöledningssystem enligt ISO 14001 kan vara ett sätt att uppnå en bra miljöorganisation i ett företag. I dagsläget är det ett måste, om ett företag vill överleva på längre sikt. Faran är att miljöledningssystemet i sig självt blir ett mål och inte ett medel för att få ett strukturerat miljöarbete. Enista AB i Norrköping har ett integrerat ledningssystem med miljö, kvalitet och arbetsmiljö. Företaget är certifierat enligt ISO 14001. Syftet är att, i form av en fallstudie på ett företag, undersöka hur tre faktorer påverkar arbetet med ett miljöledningssystem hos medarbetarna i den operativa delen av verksamheten. Påverkar den operativa personalens tillgång till information/kommunikation företagets miljöarbete? Kan formen av, och innehållet i, utbildning inom miljöområdet ha en påverkan på medarbetarnas arbete med ledningssystemet? Vad säger medarbetarna på den operativa nivån i företaget om att arbeta med ledningssystemet? Fallstudien är en nulägesanalys på företaget. För att undersöka mitt syfte använde jag mig av semistrukturerade, kvalitativa, gruppintervjuer och individuella intervjuer. Övergripande blev slutsatsen att kommunikation, information och utbildning är viktiga faktorer att arbeta med och utveckla, för att få ett väl integrerat och effektivt miljöledningssystem. Dessa tre faktorer samverkar och skapar attityder till miljöledningssystemet hos de anställda i den operativa verksamheten.</p>

Sweden has a long tradition of participation in different kinds of peacekeeping missions. During the Cold War, Sweden’s troop contributions were exclusively focused on UN operations, but in the early 1990s Sweden’s official troop contribution policy changed from an “only under the UN flag” position to one of “only under UN Security Council mandate”. It is fair to say that Sweden’s foreign policy has undergone fundamental changes and the country has been contributing military forces to both EU and NATO missions for quite some time. Swedish foreign policy debate has largely been characterized by a sense of political unity or consensus. Despite this, there have been occasions when the political parties have been in disagreement. There are studies that confirm that the level of conflict in the foreign policy debate has increased over time. Political and ideological disagreements do exist and the political landscape has changed during the last 10 years. These changes should also have an impact on foreign policy decisions. The aim of this study is to investigate the political decision making process regarding Swedish military international missions. It will examine the political unity in the decisions concerning eight different cases; Kosovo (1999-2010), Congo (2003) , Liberia (2003-2006), Afghanistan (2004-2014), Chad (2007), Somalia (2009-2017), Libya (2011) and Mali (2015 à).  The focus for the study will be the political unity regarding the decision process within Parliament and, more specifically, the work of the combined Foreign affairs and Defence committee, and the debates in Parliament. The empirical analysis reveals that the rate of political controversy has increased. However, there is still a great sense of unity and broad agreement among the political parties on the main question regarding troop contributions.  In many cases any conflict and debate concern side issues such as timings, personnel and finance. The two main parties, the Social Democrats and the Moderate Party, are generally in agreement. They also conduct negotiations before a proposition becomes official, which leads to less conflict in the subsequent debate. The study also reveals a higher level of opposition from the Left party and from the Sweden Democrats. Some of their opposition can have ideological explanations. The Left party is mainly critical about participation in NATO missions.

Le lien entre Paris et la Turquie remonte à l'ouverture des relations diplomatiques entre les deux pays au 17e siècle. Depuis lors, la culture, la langue et la littérature françaises occupent une place importante au sein de l'intelligentsia turque, première victime de l'instabilité que connaît le pays depuis 1960. Paris a ainsi joué le rôle de fenêtre sur l'Occident, conduisant des générations d'écrivains à cultiver le mythe de la Ville Lumière, cité de l'amour, des révolutions et des libertés. Le débat sur la place de la Turquie en Europe justifiait une étude approfondie des images de Paris dans la littérature turque contemporaine. Pour ce faire, il s'agissait de se pencher sur trois écrivains, qui œuvrent sous l'ombre de leur aîné, le précurseur Attilâ Ilhan, décédé en 2005. Demir Özlü, le solitaire nauséeux pour qui Paris reste un rêve inaccessible, Nedim Gürsel, l'amoureux prolixe qui en fit sa maîtresse, et Enis Batur, l'explorateur scientifique qui en scruta chacune des pierres, ont, chacun à leur façon, placé Paris au cœur de leur production littéraire, préservant ainsi la place particulière dont jouit la capitale française dans l'imaginaire turc. Au travers de leurs exils et errances, ils servent de pont entre une Turquie traditionnellement enracinée dans l'Orient et Paris, qui incarne un Occident tantôt flamboyant, tantôt décadent mais toujours obsessionnel. Le fait qu'ils soient constamment tiraillés entre deux langues, deux cultures et deux lieux, Paris d'une part et Istanbul et la Turquie d'autre part, les conduit à une lancinante et permanente quête de leur identité d'homme et d'écrivain.

Le lien entre Paris et la Turquie remonte à l’ouverture des relations diplomatiques entre les deux pays au 17e siècle. Depuis lors, la culture, la langue et la littérature françaises occupent une place importante au sein de l’intelligentsia turque, première victime de l’instabilité que connaît le pays depuis 1960. Paris a ainsi joué le rôle de fenêtre sur l’Occident, conduisant des générations d’écrivains à cultiver le mythe de la Ville Lumière, cité de l’amour, des révolutions et des libertés. Le débat sur la place de la Turquie en Europe justifiait une étude approfondie des images de Paris dans la littérature turque contemporaine. Pour ce faire, il s’agissait de se pencher sur trois écrivains, qui œuvrent sous l’ombre de leur aîné, le précurseur Attilâ Ilhan, décédé en 2005. Demir Özlü, le solitaire nauséeux pour qui Paris reste un rêve inaccessible, Nedim Gürsel, l’amoureux prolixe qui en fit sa maîtresse, et Enis Batur, l’explorateur scientifique qui en scruta chacune des pierres, ont, chacun à leur façon, placé Paris au cœur de leur production littéraire, préservant ainsi la place particulière dont jouit la capitale française dans l’imaginaire turc. Au travers de leurs exils et errances, ils servent de pont entre une Turquie traditionnellement enracinée dans l’Orient et Paris, qui incarne un Occident tantôt flamboyant, tantôt décadent mais toujours obsessionnel. Le fait qu’ils soient constamment tiraillés entre deux langues, deux cultures et deux lieux, Paris d’une part et Istanbul et la Turquie d’autre part, les conduit à une lancinante et permanente quête de leur identité d’homme et d’écrivain<br>The link between Paris and Turkey was founded when both countries opened diplomatic relationships in the 17th century. Since then, the French culture, language and literature has been key to the Turkish intelligentsia, the first victim of the political instability the country is experiencing since 1960. Paris played the role of a window into the Western world, driving generations of writers to cultivate the myth of the Ville Lumière, city of love, revolutions and freedom. The debate on the place of Turkey in Europe justified a close look into the images of Paris in the contemporary Turkish literature. This study focused on three contemporary writers, who all worked under the shadow of Attilâ Ilhan the precursor, who died in 2005. Demir Özlü, the nauseated loner, for whom Paris will always remain an inaccessible dream, Nedim Gürsel, the prolix lover who turned the city into his mistress, and Enis Batur, the scientific explorer who observed each and every of its stones, have each in their own way placed Paris at the heart of their literary production. In doing so, they preserve the special status the French capital city enjoys in the Turkish collective imagination. Through their exiles and wanderings, they serve as a bridge between Turkey, whose traditions are grounded in the Middle-East, and Paris, which incarnates a Western world that is depicted either as flamboyant or decadent but will always remain obsessive. The fact that they are constantly split between two languages, cultures and places, Paris on the one hand, Istanbul and Turkey on the other hand, pulls them into a gnawing and permanent quest of their identity of human being and writer

L'industrie du sucre de betteraves, presentant la particularite que la science y a precede la technique et que l'industrie y a precede l'agriculture, est a l'origine de la mise en place, en 1893, a douai (nord), sous le nom d'ecole nationale des industries agricoles, d'un enseignement ayant l'ambition de federer l'ensemble des filieres de transformation de produits agricoles en produits alimentaires. Le developpement de l'automobile puis la premiere guerre mondiale ayant fait apparaitre l'alcool industriel comme un carburant possible permettant de diminuer la dependance energetique de la france, la distillerie, autre filiere fondatrice, donne a l'ecole un nouveau dynamisme. Toutefois, elle reste jusqu'en 1939 essentiellement une ecole technique regionale. La deuxieme guerre mondiale rend necessaire l'implantation provisoire de l'ecole a paris. Il s'ensuit une elevation du niveau scolaire du recrutement qui, jointe au passage a 3 annees d'etudes necessite par l'extension du nombre de filieres enseignees, font que l'etablissement devient veritablement une grande ecole. L'implantation partielle en region parisienne, se concretise a massy (essonne) en 1961. Les lois de 1954 et 1961 lui donnent le titre d'ecole nationale superieure des industries agricoles et alimentaires (ensia). A la meme periode apparait a l'ensia l'enseignement de genie des procedes alimentaires qui permet de rendre compte de l'ensemble des techniques de transformation. La crise economique revelee par le premier choc petrolier incite les pouvoirs publics a prendre davantage conscience de l'importance de l'enseignement de ces techniques, ce qui se traduit par la creation en 1981, de l'institut superieur de l'agro-alimentaire dans lequel l'ensia joue un role essentiel. En 1986, l'ecole, qui s'est par ailleurs implantee a montpellier, se retire des locaux historiques de douai.

Cette recherche s’inscrit dans une volonté de lecture de la formation au projet architectural et urbain dans les écoles françaises tant d’un point de vue pédagogique que didactique. Il s’agit d’identifier les principaux courants d’enseignement transversaux aux ENSA. Pour ce faire nous nous appuyons sur les références modernes comme outil d’identification, élément transversal de tous les enseignements de projet. Nous supposons un lien intrinsèque entre référence, formes de réinterprétation des références et construction des référentiels. Pour vérifier nos hypothèses nous avons cherché à comprendre les grandes périodes historiques de l’enseignement, structurantes de notre modèle actuel. Puis nous avons suivi durant un semestre 6 ateliers issus des ENSA de Bordeaux, Saint-Étienne et Paris Belleville, chacun marqué par une forme de réinterprétation des références. Si la référence apparaît bien comme un outil d’identification propre au projet d’architecture, et que plusieurs formes de réinterprétation sont identifiables (formelle, constructive, méthodologique et valorielle), il n’est plus possible d’identifier des référentiels d’enseignement. La didactique et la pédagogie construisant auparavant le référentiel sont aujourd’hui multiples. De plus la notion de situation intègre l’étudiant dans son processus d’apprentissage. Si nous ne parlons plus de référentiel d’enseignement, nous emploierons le terme de référentiel de compétence pour identifier les transversalités. Cette identification s’adresse à la fois aux enseignants dans le but de positionner leurs pratiques, mais aussi aux étudiants pour qu’ils comprennent les attendus de l’enseignement qui leur est prodigué. Cette recherche souhaite donc réinstaurer un dialogue entre les acteurs du projet<br>This research goes along a will of architectural and urban training scheme reading in French schools, such on didactics than teaching skills. It about to identify the main teaching flows across the ENSA. In order to do this, we base on modern references as identifying tools, cross-elements of all teaching projects. We suppose an inherent link between references, reference-reinterpretation forms and frame of reference building. In order to confirm our hypothesis we have tried to understand greats teaching historic periods, structure of our actual model. Then, we have followed during a semester 6 project studios from Bordeaux, Saint-Étienne and Paris Belleville ENSA, each committed by a form of reference reinterpretation. If the reference appears correctly, an identifying tool peculiar to the architectural project, and that multiple forms of reinterpretation are identifiable (formal, constructive, methodological and moral), it is no longer possible to identify frames of reference teaching schemes. Didactics and teaching skills formerly building the frame of reference are nowadays multiple. Furthermore, circumstances concept incorporates the student into his own learning process. If we do not talk about teaching frame of reference anymore, we will use the term of skill frames of reference in order to identify interdisciplinarities. This identification is directed at both teachers and students, in order to get into position their practices, but also to make students reach a better understanding of the teaching goals they receive. This research intends to re-establish a dialogue between the project participants

Miessen states, in the book ‘The Nightmare of Participation’ (2010), that ‘participation’ is too often observed through romantic concepts of negotiation and decision making. However, the author proceeds, it has been noted that some formulas do not generate significant results. This research’s framework is based, fundamentally, in the turning of the inhabitant into an active agent in the architectural processes. Specifically, it tracks and highlights the positions and project practices of the French architects Anne Lacaton (1955) and Jean-Philippe Vassal (1954). The ‘turning of the inhabitant into an active agent’ has a clear antecedent: during the decades that go from the 50s until the end of the 70s of the xx century (period that undoubtedly shook the discipline with the promotion of various significant displacements), the rebalancing of architect and inhabitant agencies, the dislocation of disciplinary limits, or the unlocking of excessively autonomous and determinists gazes, drew a complex scenario in which both the architecture and what is attributed to the architect were diluted into positions that had a difficult fit for the discipline. Such discipline reacted, as Rossi pointed out, reinforcing disciplinary autonomy, thus distancing it from uncomfortable, unknown, or plainly impossible places. In the contemporary scenario, once again, ‘participation’, ‘spatial flexibility’, ‘versatility’, or other similar concepts explored during that period, reappear around the discipline. In order not to fall, yet again, into slippery territories, this research explores an intermediate stage where we can focus on 'participation', within the processes of architecture, from the perspective of 'emancipation' (Rancière): architecture as an in-between interface which conveys, mediates and promotes both knowledge of the architect and the inhabitant. This research explores how Lacaton and Vassal project architectures that are understood as a 'thing in-between'; architectures that make the deployment of the concept ‘freedom’ possible, a term continuously used by them. ‘Freedom’ for the (emancipated) architect to explore and propose architectures –professional knowledge within the framework of a non-deterministic disciplinary autonomy– and incorporate their intuitions, reflections and personal background; as well as ‘freedom’ for the (emancipated) inhabitant in order to play, explore, discover, and implement their own knowledge. Architecture thus becomes a kind of communication tool (dialogue), through time, between the architect and the inhabitant, without impositions and, fundamentally, without resignations. After an exhaustive analysis of Lacaton and Vassal’s works, three basic project strategies have been detected: space deregulation –excessively regulated space, in multiple dimensions, heir to modernity–, biodynamic skin –the active relationship between inhabitant, architecture and the environment–, and, unlocking the support –allowing, for a community of inhabitants, to reconfigure a finished as well as open architecture. Each one of these strategies is deployed by a set of project techniques that are explored and contextualized with the aim of giving this research an operational nature. This thesis focuses on three works by Lacaton and Vassal in which the following strategies are implemented: the Latapie House (1993), the 14-dwelling building in Mulhouse (2005), and the Nantes School of Architecture (2009). Architectures that become ‘relational’, ‘performative’, and operate in and from everyday life. "Inhabited space should be generous, comfortable, appropriable, economical, fluid, flexible, bright, evolving and 'luxurious', while allowing for the simplest uses: eating, working, resting, isolating, welcoming and receiving friends, hang clothes, play music, do DIY, park your bicycle, car or watch orchids grow”. Lacaton y Vassal, 2016<br>Esta investigación explora cómo Lacaton y Vassal proyectan arquitecturas que se leen como una ‘cosa en medio’; arquitecturas que despliegan el concepto ‘libertad’, término al que hacen continua referencia. ‘Libertad’ para el arquitecto (emancipado) para explorar y proponer arquitecturas –saber profesional en el marco de una autonomía disciplinar no determinista– e incorporar sus intuiciones, reflexiones y saber personales; así como ‘libertad’ para el habitante (emancipado) en tanto puede –que no debe– jugar, explorar, descubrir e implementar su saber. La arquitectura deviene, así, una herramienta de comunicación (diálogo), en el tiempo, entre arquitecto y habitante, sin imposiciones y, fundamentalmente, sin renuncias. Tras un exhaustivo análisis de la obra de Lacaton y Vassal, se han detectado tres estrategias de proyecto que operan en este estadio: desregular el espacio –aquél excesivamente regulado, en múltiples dimensiones, heredero de la modernidad–, envolventes bio-dinámicas –relación activa entre habitante, arquitectura y medio–, y, desbloquear el soporte –posibilidad, para una comunidad de habitantes, de reconfigurar una arquitectura terminada a la vez que abierta–. Cada una de estas estrategias es desplegada por un conjunto de técnicas de proyecto que se exploran y se contextualizan con el objetivo de dotar a esta investigación de un carácter operativo. Esta tesis recorre tres obras de Lacaton y Vassal en las que se implementan estas estrategias: la Casa Latapie (1993), el edificio de 14 viviendas en Mulhouse (2005), y la escuela de arquitectura de Nantes (2009). Arquitecturas que devienen ‘relacionales’, ‘performativas’, y que operan en y desde la contingencia de lo cotidiano

碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>生物醫學研究所<br>102<br>DNA methylation is one of several epigenetic changes observed in cells. Normal DNA methylation regulates cell fate, whereas abnormal DNA methylation transforms normal cells. A genetic hypomorphic model indicated that global hypomethylation could lead to the loss of genome stability and accelerate cellular transformation. In contrast, increased DNA methylation within tumor suppressor genes such as HIC1 and RassF1A is sufficient to transform a somatic stem cell into cancer stem cell-like (CSC-like) cells. Taken together, we suggest that associated abnormal DNA methylation indicates dysregulated gene function, which might be associated with tumorigenesis. Previously, CD44 and CD133 in particular have been identified as markers for stem cells in colon cancer. Our laboratory used the microarray to detect the methylation differences between the HCT116 subpopulation. One of the genes, ENSA is a bivalent locus in somatic stem cells, suggesting its critical role in cell fate determination. Endosulfine alpha (ENSA) was initially identified as an endogenous ligand of sulfonylurea receptor associated with ATP-dependent potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells. Thus, ENSA is a regulator of insulin secretion. Furthermore, the ENSA promoter is hypermethylated in CD90-expressing HepG2 cells but is hypomethylated in CD90 non-expressing HepG2 cells. We speculate that silenced ENSA function might be essential for liver cancer initiating cells but is not necessary for tumor expansion in liver cancer. But CD90 cells are very rare, so we try to use the CD133 mark to isolated CSC-like cells from HCT116 cells. Through methylated PCR(MSP) analysis, I discovered that the ENSA promoter is hypermethylted in CD133-expressing HCT116 cells but is hypomethylated in CD133-nonexpressing HCT116 cells. Through reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis, the CD133-nonexpressing HCT116 cells expressing level is higher than CD133-expressing HCT116 cells. We suggest that the ENSA methylation is an early biomarker in colon cancer initiating cells and confirm that ENSA is a tumor suppressor gene in colon cancer.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Informática.<br>A Internet, e mais especificamente a World Wide Web (WWW), tornou-se uma plataforma de referência para a publicação da informação dos mais variados assuntos e das mais diversas origens. Cada vez é maior o número de organizações e pessoas que recorrem a este tipo de serviço. Assim, um dos objectivos desta investigação é perceber até que ponto os sítios escolares apresentam informação e conteúdos relevantes para os agentes educativos. Verificar se as actividades desenvolvidas na escola promovem e reflectem a interactividade e a partilha entre os diversos intervenientes na comunidade educativa, através da disponibilização no seu sítio escolar, foi outro dos objectivos deste trabalho. Este trabalho versou sobre os sítios das escolas ENIS (European Network of Innovative Schools), visto que são escolas de vanguarda relativamente à utilização das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC). Pretendeu-se ainda conhecer, em que medida, as escolas ENIS dispõem de tecnologias Web 2.0, procurando identificar os conteúdos disponíveis. Para a análise dos sítios das diferentes escolas ENIS, em primeiro lugar analisou-se a bibliografia existente sobre sítios de uma forma geral e de seguida elaborou-se uma tabela, na qual constava a opinião dos diferentes autores investigados. Desta tabela, considerou-se que, para a análise de sítios, as dimensões mais importantes são cinco (Conteúdos, Usabilidade, Interactividade, Acessibilidade e Funcionalidade), sendo apenas seleccionada a dimensão, Conteúdos, para a construção de uma grelha com base nesta dimensão. Esta grelha é resultado de uma reflexão pessoal, com base na consulta de bibliografia e visualização de sítios em geral e sítios escolares, em particular, e com base na opinião de diferentes especialistas na área. Da análise dos sítios das escolas secundárias ENIS, verificou-se que as escolas Portuguesas se destacam, pela positiva, relativamente às escolas Italianas e Francesas. Constatou-se, ainda, que a informação mais divulgada é relativa à descrição da escola e que a maioria dos sítios não disponibiliza tecnologias Web 2.0. É com alguma desilusão que se constata que estas escolas de vanguarda na utilização das TIC apresentam informação reduzida para cada um dos actores do processo educativo. The Internet, and more specifically the World Wide Web (WWW), has become a platform of reference for the publication of information from many different subjects and from various origins. The number of organizations and individuals engaged in this type of service has increased a lot. Thus, one objective of this research was to understand to what point the school sites have information and content relevant to education officials. Check if the activities at school promote and reflect the interactivity and the sharing between different actors in the education community by providing on its site school, was one of the objectives of this work. This work was based on the sites of the schools ENIS (European Network of Innovative Schools), since these schools are cutting-edge on the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Another aim was to find out, to what extent the schools have ENIS Web 2.0 technology, seeking to identify the available contents. For the analysis of the sites of the different schools ENIS, in first place it was analysed the existing literature on sites in general and then drafted up a table, in which was the opinion of different searched authors. From this table, it was considered that, for the analysis of sites, the most important dimensions are five (Content, Usability, interactivity, accessibility and functionality), being only selected the size, Content for the construction of a grid on the basis of this size. This grid is a result of a personal reflection, based on the study of literature and viewing of sites, in general, and school sites, in particular, and based on the opinions of various experts in the area. From the analysis of the sites of secondary schools ENIS, it was found that Portuguese schools stand out, positively, when compared with the Italian and French schools. It was also clear that the most known information is connected with the description of the school and that most sites do not provide Web 2.0 technology. It is with some disappointment that it is verifiable that these cutting-edge schools in the use of ICT have scant information for each of the actors in the education process.<br>Orientação: Prof.º Doutor Fernando Moreira.

Relatório de estágio do Mestrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial apresentado à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.<br>Esta dissertação tem como pilar fundamental a implementação de um Sistema de Gestão da Qualidade no âmbito da instalação e manutenção de Unidades Autónomas de Regaseificação de Gás Natural Liquefeito (UAGNL), atividades desenvolvidas pela Molgás Energia Portugal, S.A. O objetivo final, não contemplado no âmbito desta dissertação, consiste na certificação do sistema de gestão da qualidade segundo a norma NP EN ISO 9001:2008, a norma ISO para sistemas de gestão da qualidade. Desta forma, apresenta-se o estado da arte da implementação de sistemas de gestão da qualidade, sendo feita uma abordagem ao sistema efetivamente implementado na Molgás Energia Portugal, S.A.<br>This dissertation has as a key pillar the implementation of a Quality Management System in the scope of installing and maintaining of liquefied natural gas satellite station, activities developed by Molgás Energia Portugal, S.A. The final goal, not contemplated in the scope of this dissertation, consists of the certification of the quality management system according to the NP EN ISO 9001:2008 standard, the ISO standard for quality management systems. Thus, it is presented the state of the art of the implementation of quality management systems, being the system effectively implemented at Molgás Energia Portugal, S.A. approached.

碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>分子生物研究所<br>104<br>Abnormal DNA methylation within tumor suppressor (TS) genes and/or bivalent loci was hypothesized to cause cancer. Therefore, we aimed to identify the crucial TS or bivalent loci that their methylation might be sufficient for the development of breast cancer. From 79 pairs of breast cancer samples, we found significant RassF1A methylation differences between the tumor and adjacent normal parts. On the other hand, the abnormal ENSA methylation was found to correlate with low and high stage breast cancer progression. At last, overexpressed RassF1A and HIC1 in breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF7, was validated by immunostaining and found to only reduce the cell proliferation rate in MDA-MB-231.

A Estratégia Nacional para a Integração de Pessoas Sem Abrigo (ENIPSA) foidesenvolvida enquanto um conjunto de orientações e compromissos, que deveriam serimplementadas consoante as diferentes necessidades locais. Após a criação do Núcleo dePlaneamento e Intervenção Sem Abrigo (NPISA) do Porto e o desenvolvimento dediferentes plataformas neste âmbito, surge a Associação Solidária Uma Vida como a Arte,sobre a qual recai maioritariamente esta investigação. Assim, pretendeu-se analisar aENIPSA de uma forma geral e, especificamente, caracterizar o fenómeno das pessoas emsituação de sem-abrigo, assim como as suas trajetórias de vida descendentes (quecolmataram nesta condição) e ascendentes (que originaram a sua reinserção nasociedade), tendo em conta o impacto da associação nestas. Para tal, utilizou-se ametodologia de investigação-ação, recorrendo-se à elaboração de um diário de campo, àobservação participante e à realização de entrevistas etnográficas.Os principais resultados desta investigação revelaram que as questõesrelacionadas com a família (e.g., ruturas e alterações estruturais), assim como questõesrelacionadas com o trabalho e ocupação (e.g., desemprego, desocupação, precariedadelaboral), ou o abuso/dependência de substâncias, podem estar na origem das progressivastrajetórias descendentes destes indivíduos. Para além disto, foram tambémfrequentemente mencionados acontecimentos ou situações consideradas problemáticas emarcantes pelos indivíduos. Por sua vez, verificou-se que o facto de os mesmosencontrarem uma ocupação (onde se inserem as atividades realizadas no âmbito daassociação), assim como um emprego, pode estar inerente à sua progressiva reinserção.Concomitantemente, verificou-se que existe uma grande diversidade de experiênciasvividas consoante as trajetórias de vida e as diferentes formas de reagir a uma mesmasituação. Por último, a ENIPSA demonstrou ter trazido avanços no que diz respeito aofenómeno das pessoas em situação de sem-abrigo, na cidade do Porto, e especificamentena vida dos membros da Associação Solidária Uma Vida como a Arte. Não obstante,reconhece-se que ainda existem aspetos a ser melhorados, de modo a colmatar osestereótipos ainda existentes.

A Estratégia Nacional para a Integração de Pessoas Sem Abrigo (ENIPSA) foidesenvolvida enquanto um conjunto de orientações e compromissos, que deveriam serimplementadas consoante as diferentes necessidades locais. Após a criação do Núcleo dePlaneamento e Intervenção Sem Abrigo (NPISA) do Porto e o desenvolvimento dediferentes plataformas neste âmbito, surge a Associação Solidária Uma Vida como a Arte,sobre a qual recai maioritariamente esta investigação. Assim, pretendeu-se analisar aENIPSA de uma forma geral e, especificamente, caracterizar o fenómeno das pessoas emsituação de sem-abrigo, assim como as suas trajetórias de vida descendentes (quecolmataram nesta condição) e ascendentes (que originaram a sua reinserção nasociedade), tendo em conta o impacto da associação nestas. Para tal, utilizou-se ametodologia de investigação-ação, recorrendo-se à elaboração de um diário de campo, àobservação participante e à realização de entrevistas etnográficas.Os principais resultados desta investigação revelaram que as questõesrelacionadas com a família (e.g., ruturas e alterações estruturais), assim como questõesrelacionadas com o trabalho e ocupação (e.g., desemprego, desocupação, precariedadelaboral), ou o abuso/dependência de substâncias, podem estar na origem das progressivastrajetórias descendentes destes indivíduos. Para além disto, foram tambémfrequentemente mencionados acontecimentos ou situações consideradas problemáticas emarcantes pelos indivíduos. Por sua vez, verificou-se que o facto de os mesmosencontrarem uma ocupação (onde se inserem as atividades realizadas no âmbito daassociação), assim como um emprego, pode estar inerente à sua progressiva reinserção.Concomitantemente, verificou-se que existe uma grande diversidade de experiênciasvividas consoante as trajetórias de vida e as diferentes formas de reagir a uma mesmasituação. Por último, a ENIPSA demonstrou ter trazido avanços no que diz respeito aofenómeno das pessoas em situação de sem-abrigo, na cidade do Porto, e especificamentena vida dos membros da Associação Solidária Uma Vida como a Arte. Não obstante,reconhece-se que ainda existem aspetos a ser melhorados, de modo a colmatar osestereótipos ainda existentes.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Sociologia apresentada à Faculdade de Economia<br>A situação de sem-abrigo é um fenômeno social em expansão que, apesar de ter existido ao longo da história sob variadas formas e expressões, atualmente tem sido incrementado pela crise econômica, pelas consequências negativas da globalização e do capitalismo desenfreado e pela precariedade dos mercados de trabalho. É um fenômeno complexo, multidimensional e heterogêneo que gera diferentes percepções político-sociais e formas de lidar com o problema, sendo de difícil conceitualização. Em Portugal, não há estudos suficientes que sustentem a realidade do fenômeno, porém, isto não impediu a construção de uma estratégia integrada para enfrentar o problema. A nossa proposta é analisar as formas pelas quais o fenômeno se expressa nesse país, com o fim específico de identificar e conhecer os contornos da condição da mulher em situação de sem-abrigo e identificar o mainstreaming de gênero nas políticas públicas e respostas sociais direcionadas ao fenômeno. Este estudo foi baseado numa abordagem qualitativa, mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas e bastante flexíveis, cuja maior atenção recaiu sobre as mulheres em situação de sem-abrigo. Neste estudo, participaram nove mulheres e cinco homens em situação de sem-abrigo, oito entidades de suporte direto e (in)direto e quatro entidades relacionadas à dimensão de gênero. Os dados recolhidos comprovam a limitação do conceito adotado em Portugal, cuja restrição delimita um fenômeno exclusivamente masculino, invisibilizando as situações das mulheres. As rotas das mulheres para a situação de sem-abrigo são marcadas por eventos relacionados ao gênero (violência doméstica, monoparentalidade e prostituição). As próprias mulheres não identificam a relação entre a sua condição de mulher e a situação de sem-abrigo. As entidades e profissionais reconhecem as diferenças nas trajetórias de mulheres e homens para a situação de sem-abrigo, porém, não identificam a necessidade de uma abordagem integrada de gênero nas respostas sociais. No mesmo sentido, as respostas sociais direcionadas às mulheres em situação de exclusão habitacional são formatadas pelos estereótipos de gênero. As políticas públicas e as respostas sociais são totalmente neutras em termos de gênero, ou seja, não contemplam o mainstreaming de gênero em quaisquer das suas fases.<br>Homelessness is an expanding social phenomenon that, despite having existed throughout history under various forms and expressions, has now been compounded by the economic crisis, the negative consequences of globalization and unbridled capitalism, and the precariousness of work markets. It is a complex, multidimensional and heterogeneous phenomenon that generates different social-political perceptions and ways of dealing with the problem, given the difficulty in conceptualizing it. In Portugal there are not enough studies that support the reality of the phenomenon, but this did not prevent the construction of an integrated strategy to face the problem. Our proposal is to analyze the ways in which the phenomenon manifests itself in Portugal, with the specific purpose of identifying and acknowledging the contours of the situation of women’s homelessness and to identify gender mainstreaming in public policies and social responses directed toward the phenomenon. This study was based on a qualitative approach, by means of semi-structured and somewhat flexible interviews, with a strong focus on women’s homelessness. The participants of this study were nine women and five men in a homelessness situation, eight direct and (in)direct support entities and four entities related to the gender dimension. The collected data proves how limited the adopted concept in Portugal is and such restriction determines an exclusively male phenomenon, rendering women’s plight invisible. Women's routes to homelessness are marked by gender-related events (domestic violence, single parenting and prostitution). Women themselves do not identify the relationship between their womanhood and the state of homelessness. Entities and professionals recognize the different trajectories of women and men toward homelessness, but do not identify the need for an integrated gender approach in social responses. Likewise, social responses directed to women in situations of housing exclusion are shaped by gender stereotypes. Public policies and social responses are completely gender neutral, that is, they do not address gender mainstreaming in any of their phases.