Journal articles: 'Enhanced metal fertility'

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Chu, Chen-Yao, and Tzu-Hsing Ko. "Evaluation of Acid Leaching on the Removal of Heavy Metals and Soil Fertility in Contaminated Soil." Journal of Chemistry 2018 (June 4, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5036581.

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Heavy metal-contaminated soils were leached with various acid reagents, and a series of treatments was assessed to understand soil fertility after acid leaching. Aqua regia digestion and a five-step sequential extraction procedure were applied to determine heavy metal distribution. The average total concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Pb for contaminated soil were 1334, 25, 263, and 525 mg·kg−1 based on the ICP/AES quantitative analysis. Other than Pb extracted by H2SO4, over 50% removal efficiency of other heavy metals was achieved. A five-step sequential extraction revealed that the bound-to-carbonate and bound-to-Fe-Mn oxides were the major forms of the heavy metals in the soil. The addition of organic manure considerably promoted soil fertility and increased soil pH after acid leaching. Seed germination experiments demonstrated that after acid leaching, the soil distinctly inhibited plant growth and the addition of manure enhanced seed germination rate from 35% to 84%. Furthermore, the procedure of soil turnover after acid leaching and manure addition greatly increased seed germination rate by 61% and shortened the initial germination time. Seed germination in untreated soil was superior to that in acid-leached soil, illustrating that the phytotoxic effect of acid leaching is more serious than that of heavy metals.

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Aslam, Tehreem, and Ambreen Ahmed. "Lead-Tolerant Bacteria Can Minimize Lead Toxicity in Plants." RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (September 10, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37962/jbas.v9i1.135.

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In todayâ€™s world, environment is exposed to lead due to various anthropogenic activities. It adversely affects plants as well as microorganisms by disturbing soil health and fertility. Bioremediation is a technique used to sequester heavy metals from the contaminated soil and it can be used to decontaminate the polluted soil. Lead-tolerant plant health promoting rhizobacteria (PHPR) can be used to enhance the efficacy of lead remediation. Lead uptake can be enhanced through bacteria by modifying root structure, secreting metal sequestering molecules in rhizosphere and alleviating lead induced phytotoxicity. For this purpose, lead-resistant auxin-producing bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of some plants. These auxin-producing lead-tolerant bacteria were used to treat Zea mays both in the presence and absence of lead-stress under laboratory conditions and its impact on plant growth and biochemical parameters of Zea mays were analysed.

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Miller, Jarrod O., Anastasios D. Karathanasis, and Christopher J. Matocha. "In Situ Generated Colloid Transport of Cu and Zn in Reclaimed Mine Soil Profiles Associated with Biosolids Application." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/762173.

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Areas reclaimed for agricultural uses following coal mining often receive biosolids applications to increase organic matter and fertility. Transport of heavy metals within these soils may be enhanced by the additional presence of biosolids colloids. Intact monoliths from reclaimed and undisturbed soils in Virginia and Kentucky were leached to observe Cu and Zn mobility with and without biosolids application. Transport of Cu and Zn was observed in both solution and colloid associated phases in reclaimed and undisturbed forest soils, where the presence of unweathered spoil material and biosolids amendments contributed to higher metal release in solution fractions. Up to 81% of mobile Cu was associated with the colloid fraction, particularly when gibbsite was present, while only up to 18% of mobile Zn was associated with the colloid fraction. The colloid bound Cu was exchangeable by ammonium acetate, suggesting that it will release into groundwater resources.

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Roebuck, C. J., S. J. Siebert, J. M. Berner, and J. Marcelo-Silva. "The Influence of Serpentine Soil on the Early Development of a Non-Serpentine African Thistle, Berkheya radula (Harv.) De Wild." Plants 11, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11182360.

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Serpentine soils are rich in heavy metals and poor in nutrients, limiting plant species’ performance and survival. Nevertheless, specificities of such limitations as well as adaptability features required for thriving in serpentine environments are barely known. The Barberton Greenstone Belt in South Africa is an example of an area containing serpentine soil with adapted vegetation. In this study, a pot experiment was performed to compare development features (i.e., germination rates, leaf count, leaf length, biomass and photosynthetic capacity) during the early development of the non-serpentine species Berkheya radula, a genus consisting of known metal hyperaccumulators from serpentine areas in South Africa. B. radula was grown in serpentine soils taken from the Barberton region. B. radula leaves had heavy metals in concentrations that confirmed the species as a phytoextractor. There were trends for enhanced productivity and photosynthesis in the serpentine treatments compared to the control. Leaf count, leaf length, electron transport efficiency (ψEo/(1 − ψEo), density of reaction centers and PIABS,total were significantly and positively correlated with at least one of the heavy metals in the leaves. Germination rates were positively influenced by K, whereas biomass and the density of reaction centers were negatively affected by Ca and P, and only Ca, respectively. The heavy metals Zn, Ni and Co were positively correlated with each other, whereas they were negatively correlated with the macronutrients K, Ca and P. The latter correlated positively with each other, confirming higher fertility of the control soil. Our study suggests that B. radula exhibits metallophyte characteristics (i.e., preadapted), despite not naturally occurring on metal-enriched soil, and this provides evidence that the potential for bioaccumulation and phytoremediation is shared between serpentine and non-serpentine species in this genus.

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Ma, Degang, Yuxin Wang, Yu Ye, Xiaomei Ge, and Xuebin Lu. "Effects of Three Sludge Products from Co-Treatment of Wastewater on the Soil Properties and Plant Growth of Silty Loam." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 4385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074385.

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Currently, little is known about systematic comparisons of sludge products obtained from different sludge treatment processes in terms of land use. Moreover, it is worth evaluating whether the sludge produced from the co-treatment of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage can be applied to land use. In this study, three sludge products derived from the same municipal sludge—sludge biochar (SSB), dried sludge (DSS), and sludge compost (SSC)—were added to silty loam (SL) at a 20% mass ratio to assess their effects on soil structure, properties, and fertility. Chinese cabbage was planted as a model crop and its growth and physiological state were monitored. The experimental results showed that the water retention of the soil was significantly related to its porosity, and the moisture in the three sludge products-modified soil mainly existed in the form of free water. The addition of three sludge products increased the total porosity of SL. SSC enhanced the water retention of SL by increasing the capillary porosity, and SSB improved the gas permeability of SL by increasing the non-capillary porosity. The three sludge products all increased the content of large particles in the soil and improved the stability of the aggregates of SL. Among them, SSB and DSS had significant effects on improving the stability of the aggregates. Although the addition of the three sludge products improved the fertility of SL, compared with that of DSS and SSC, the addition of SSB made the growth indices of Chinese cabbage the best, indicating that SSB can effectively maintain soil nutrients. The heavy metal test results of Ni showed that SSB had a good stabilizing effect on heavy metals. Therefore, compared with drying and composting, pyrolysis of municipal sludge is more suitable for SL improvement.

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Cardarelli, Mariateresa, Antonio El Chami, Paola Iovieno, Youssef Rouphael, Paolo Bonini, and Giuseppe Colla. "Organic Fertilizer Sources Distinctively Modulate Productivity, Quality, Mineral Composition, and Soil Enzyme Activity of Greenhouse Lettuce Grown in Degraded Soil." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2023): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010194.

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Intensive greenhouse vegetable production is often associated with a decline of crop productivity due to the increase of soil salinity and/or a reduction of biological fertility. The aim of the current work was to assess the effects of three organic fertilizers on morpho-physiological and agronomic traits of greenhouse lettuce as well as soil enzyme activity under poor soil quality conditions. The tested organic fertilizers (poultry manure, vinasse-based fertilizer, and insect’s frass fertilizer) were applied pre-planting at the same equivalent nitrogen (N) rate (90 kg N ha−1). Laboratory incubation assay results showed that vinasse-based fertilizer was the most suitable fertilizer in supplying the mineral N in the short term. All fertilizers increased shoot fresh and dry weight compared to unfertilized control with a more pronounced effect (+75%) with vinasse-based fertilizer and insect’s frass. Insect frass reduced by 27% the leaf nitrate concentration in comparison with the other treatments. The toxic heavy metal Pb was 46% lower in all organically fertilized lettuce leaves. Soil enzymatic activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase (ArS), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase), dehydrogenase, and total hydrolase (THA) were enhanced by poultry manure and insect’s frass in comparison with unfertilized control while vinasse-based fertilizer increased ArS, NAGase, and THA. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the application of organic fertilizers especially vinasse-based fertilizer and insect’s frass during intensive crop production is a suitable approach for mitigating the negative impact of soil salinity, enhancing soil biological fertility, and improving agronomic performance of greenhouse lettuce.

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Subhalakshmi, Thangjam, and R. K. Imotomba Singh. "Trichoderma: A Beneficial Organism for Agriculture." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1101.055.

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Trichoderma spp. are the most commonly used and widely applied biocontrol agents which is known for its antagonistic activities against plant pathogens especially soil borne pathogens such as Fusarium spp. (Fusarium wilt), Rhizoctonia, Pythium (Damping off), Sclerotium rolfsii (Sclerotinia rot), etc. Trichoderma exhibit diverse array of activities viz. plant growth promotion, biofertilizer, bioagents through the production of different biocontrol mechanisms (enzymes) such as chitinase, protease, glucanase, etc. Their mode of action is either by parasitizing the plant pathogens, secreting antibiotics or by competing for space and nutrients. Nutrient uptake is also enhanced as it regulates the root architecture promoting better root growth. Recently studies have found that it can also be utilized for bioremediation which will play a pivotal role in rejuvenating the environment from toxic substances. Heavy metal contaminants like Ni, Cd, Zn, Pb, As has been tolerated and accumulated by Trichoderma sp. Decomposition rate was fastened when Trichoderma was inoculated in agricultural waste substrate. It can detoxify toxic pesticides and fungicides which will be of great help in solving the environment pollutants besides increasing the soil fertility. Its role as biocontrol and as bioremediation can be of great advantage to the agriculture sector in solving disease problems and providing safe environment.

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G, ROSIN K., SARVENDRA KUMAR, N. PATEL, K. LAL, R. KAUR, and V. K. SHARMA. "Effect of improved land and water management strategies on crop productivity and soil fertility in wastewater irrigated eggplant (Solanum melongena)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 10 (December 4, 2020): 1959–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i10.107973.

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Wastewater irrigation with efficient land and water management strategies improve the marketable yield as well as reduce the pollutant threat posed by the irrigation. A field experiment was conducted for two years (2014- 2016) at ICAR- IARI farm, New Delhi to study the effect of municipal wastewater irrigation along with two land configurations (ridge and furrow and basin) and two methods of irrigation (drip and flood) on the yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena cv. Supriya) and soil health. Wastewater irrigated eggplants resulted significantly higher yield (37.1 t/ha), fruit weight (325 g) and fruit diameter (10.02 cm) in the tune of 38, 26 and 7% higher respectively over groundwater irrigated plot. Among irrigation methods, drip irrigation increased yield, fruit weight and fruit diameter of eggplant by 10, 9 and 1% higher over flood irrigation. Significantly higher fruit weight (294 g) of eggplant was recorded with the flat bed system compared to a raised bed system (288 g) and higher yield (4%) was also recorded under a flat bed system over a raised bed system. Wastewater irrigated plots recorded higher plant height, number of branches per plant as compared to groundwater irrigated plants at 120 and 180 days after transplanting. Application of wastewater significantly enhanced available N and P content and DTPA-Pb and Fe in the soil as compared to groundwater irrigated soil. Flood irrigation led to the accumulation of DTPA-Pb and Ni in soil, compared to drip irrigation. Significantly higher dehydrogenase activity, fluorescein diacetate activity and soil microbial biomass carbon were noticed in wastewater irrigated soil as compared to groundwater plots at upper depth (0-5cm). The findings of the present investigation illustrate that wastewater applied through drip irrigation resulted in yield increment as well as reduced metal concentrations in soil.

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McLaughlin, Dave. "A decade of forest tree monitoring in Canada: evidence of air pollution effects." Environmental Reviews 6, no. 3-4 (September 1, 1998): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a98-008.

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In Canada, the eastern tolerant hardwood forest is potentially at risk from air pollution. Surveys indicate that, overall, the condition of hardwood forests has either not changed or has marginally improved. However, stands growing on shallow, poorly buffered soils have a higher frequency and severity of decline symptoms, and some of these stands have continued to decline, in contrast to the general trend. In Ontario on the most sensitive sites (<6 mequiv. exchangeable bases/100 g), decline symptoms increased coinciding with a decrease in B horizon pH and base saturation and with an exchangeable Al increase. On these sites the chemical analysis of foliage, root, xylem, and soils indicate that nutrient deficiencies, nutrient imbalances, or metal/nutrient antagonism are related to stand decline. There is a consistent spatial relationship between white birch decline in the Bay of Fundy area and acidic sea fog. Acid fog injures and leaches foliage and hastens soil acidification, leaving the stands weakened and making them more sensitive to stress, particularly drought. Some recent studies suggest that forest growth rates are declining and that the relationship with climate has deteriorated, implying that the forests are responding to a regional, nonclimatic, nonpathogenic stress. This could be a response to altered forest nutrient cycling associated with acidic deposition and chronic O3 exposure. A study of sugar maple in Ontario estimated that after the mid-1960s growth has declined between 0.66 and 0.96 m3·ha-1·year-1, and that the decline was greatest on poorly buffered soils. Without enhanced forest management and more stringent air pollution regulations, the sustainability of forest productivity in Eastern Canada is likely to be difficult because of air pollution and soil fertility losses.Key words: dendroecology, acid deposition, ozone, forest decline, sugar maple, climate change.

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Mohamad, Maheera, Nor Hasni Osman, Mohd Kamarul Irwan Abdul Rahim, Ismail Abustan, Mohd Remy Rozainy Mohd Arif Zainol, Kamarudin Samuding, Siti Nor Farhana Zakaria, and Falah Abu. "Potentiality of Pressmud as an Additional Material in Soil Amendments to Enhance Soil Fertility and Strength Ability." Key Engineering Materials 938 (December 26, 2022): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-e76z5w.

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In Malaysia, there are some accumulation of sugar refinery byproducts with a lot of this material not being utilized in a productive manner, while, these byproducts had the great potential when mixed into agricultural soils as organic fertilizer with many of benefits that can improve soil health, and sustainable agronomic productivity. Pressmud or known as filter cake is a by-product of sugar industry and for every 100 tons of sugarcane crushed about 3 tons of pressmud cake is left behind as by-product. This studies carried out on this material have not properly summarized their characteristics properties that they can be used as aid for future works. Data from tests involving pressmud samples from Malayan Sugar Manufacturing (MSM) Prai Berhad, Penang which was part of a larger collection was analyzed. The physicochemical properties of pressmud characterization as well as leaching test were carried out. The physicochemical and engineering properties involved compaction behavior, permeability, cation exchange capacity (CEC), compressive stress test and its surface functional groups. The leaching test method included batch equilibrium test and column test. The optimum value of water content in pressmud was determined in the compaction test. It was found out that pressmud has higher optimum water content value was observed. The permeability test of pressmud gave value in ranges of 1.84 x 10-5 cm/s. The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of pressmud indicated value in the range of 99 to 101 meq/100 g. The high cation exchange capacity indicated that pressmud was believed to be primarily responsible for sorption of metal ions. It can be concluded that pressmud having the capability to remove heavy metals through CEC process. Pressmud also showed higher compressive strength value. Batch equilibrium test glaringly showed that pressmud have the capability to remove from 53.6%-93.8% metal removed from metal solutions for Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Nickle (Ni), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn). From the result of column test, pressmud alone was able to retain efficiently all the heavy metals as these metals did not reach 1 (relative concentration) until 10 pore volume (PV.) indicating that pressmud was a good mixture material as it can assist in adsorption of heavy metals. Based on the characterization study, removal efficiency and column test, pressmud has great potentiality to be used as an additional material in soil amendments to enhance soil fertility and strength ability.

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., Sudaryono. "PENGARUH PUPUK HAYATI DAN TANAMAN JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha curcas L.)TERHADAP PENYERAPAN LOGAM BERAT TEMBAGA (Cu) DAN TIMBAL (Pb) PADA LAHAN BERPASIR." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 11, no. 2 (December 2, 2016): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v11i2.1212.

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In general, coastal areas have the physical and chemical properties of lessfertile land with an extreme dry climate, so that only a few plants that can live,including Jatropha curcas L. To enhance fertility and improve soil physicalproperties, need the addition of organic fertilizer. Source of compost canbe derived from a variety of wastes, including household waste and landfill.Quality compost landfill taken from Piyungan, Yogyakarta, has a high content of organic C, pH neutral, low N concentration, with the ratio C/N is very high. But compost landfill has an obstacle in the form of heavy metal containing high Cu and Pb. To prevent accumulation heavy metals into plant tissue or clean up heavy metals from the soil it was attempted by phytoremediation using jatropha plantation and bio-fertilizer that contains bacteria Azotobacter sp and Pseudomonas sp.From the research results can be informed that: (1) The city compost and biological fertilizers, can increase soil fertility with increasing nutrient content in soil. (2) Biofertilizers could inhibit the accumulation of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) into Jatropha curcas L., (3)Jatropha plant can be classified as phytoremediation plants, because it can absorption heavy metals into leaf tissue.Key words: landfill compost , bio fertilizer, jatropha plants, heavy metals

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Wang, Qingren, Yuncong Li, and Waldemar Klassen. "Summer Cover Crops and Soil Amendments to Improve Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Okra." HortTechnology 16, no. 2 (January 2006): 328–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.16.2.0328.

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A pot experiment with summer cover crops and soil amendments was conducted in two consecutive years to elucidate the effects of these cover crops and soil amendments on `Clemson Spineless 80' okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) yields and biomass production, and the uptake and distribution of soil nutrients and trace elements. The cover crops were sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana), and sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × S. bicolor var. sudanense) with fallow as the control. The organic soil amendments were biosolids (sediment from wastewater plants), N-Viro Soil (a mixture of biosolids and coal ash, coal ash (a combustion by-product from power plants), co-compost (a mixture of 3 biosolids: 7 yard waste), and yard waste compost (mainly from leaves and branches of trees and shrubs, and grass clippings) with a soil-incorporated cover crop as the control. As a subsequent vegetable crop, okra was grown after the cover crops, alone or together with the organic soil amendments, had been incorporated. All of the cover crops, except sorghum sudangrass in 2002-03, significantly improved okra fruit yields and the total biomass production (i.e., fruit yields were enhanced by 53% to 62% in 2002-03 and by 28% to 70% in 2003-04). Soil amendments enhanced okra fruit yields from 38.3 to 81.0 g/pot vs. 27.4 g/pot in the control in 2002-03, and from 59.9 to 124.3 g/pot vs. 52.3 g/pot in the control in 2003-04. Both cover crops and soil amendments can substantially improve nutrient uptake and distribution. Among cover crop treatments, sunn hemp showed promising improvement in concentrations of calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo) in fruit; magnesium (Mg), Zn, Cu, and Mo in shoots; and Mo in roots of okra. Among soil amendments, biosolids had a significant influence on most nutrients by increasing the concentrations of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mo in the fruit; Mg, Zn, Cu, and Mo in the shoot; and Mg, Zn, and Mo in the root. Concentrations of the trace metal cadmium (Cd) were not increased significantly in either okra fruit, shoot, or root by application of these cover crops or soil amendments, but the lead (Pb) concentration was increased in the fruit by application of a high rate (205 g/pot) of biosolids. These results suggest that cover crops and appropriate amounts of soil amendments can be used to improve soil fertility and okra yield without adverse environmental effects or risk of contamination of the fruit. Further field studies will be required to confirm these findings.

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Herath BMMD, Madushan KWA, Lakmali JPD, and Yapa PN. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a potential tool for bioremediation of heavy metals in contaminated soil." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 10, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.3.0255.

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Human activities have introduced large amounts of heavy metals into natural ecosystems in recent years. As a result, the accumulation of heavy metals and metalloids in plants, animals, and humans, which may have caused some health problems. Chemical and physical methods can remove the heavy metal in contaminated soil, but both are very expensive and ineffective. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are mutualistic symbionts in most plant roots. Furthermore, AMF are the essential mycorrhizae for phytoremediation, and the extensive hyphal network of them can increase the uptake of micro and macronutrients, water and heavy metals from the soil. However, AMF hyphae colonized in plant roots have an ability for compartmentalizing heavy metals inside plant roots. Furthermore, AMF hyphae are capable of secreting a glycoprotein, named glomalin, which can bind heavy metals and subsequently remove heavy metals absorbed by the plants from contaminated soil. Glomalin can develop the properties and structure of the soil, which helps to enhance soil fertility. This paper presents the role of AMF in the ecosystems and as potential tools for bioremediation of heavy metals in the soil.

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Naz, Saira, Francesco Fazio, Syed Sikandar Habib, Ghazala Nawaz, Sobia Attaullah, Mujeeb Ullah, Adil Hayat, and Imtiaz Ahmed. "Incidence of Heavy Metals in the Application of Fertilizers to Crops (Wheat and Rice), a Fish (Common carp) Pond and a Human Health Risk Assessment." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 18, 2022): 13441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013441.

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Though manure has been used for centuries to enhance soil fertility and final agricultural yield, the overuse of fertilizers on the land can cause serious pollution issues, such as heavy metals and eutrophication, that can further lead to health problems. The current study aimed to assess the heavy metals in the most consumed crops (wheat and rice) and fish (common carp) and their risk to human health. Results revealed that there was an irregular trend of heavy metals in different sites of the study area; however, the general trend that was observed during the current research work was Pb>Cr>Cd>Mn in soil samples and crops, while in the case of fish muscle, the trend was Cr>Pb>Cd>Mn. Furthermore, after health index analysis, it was revealed that in some of the sites, the hazard index (HI) was above 1. Principal component analysis suggests a strong positive correlation of the heavy metals from the soil and water to the crops and fish muscles, respectively. Cd was highly bioaccumulated in the crops and fish muscles from different sites. There was an unusual increase in the metal concentration in the samples from the Sargodha. This result suggests a rapid increase in the metal concentration within the agricultural land and its products that can put human health at risk of developing multiple diseases related to the heavy metals, as indicated by the HI values. It is highly recommended that fertilizers should be used carefully so that human populations and animals can safely consume heavy-metal-free food.

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Stefanowicz, Anna M., Paweł Kapusta, Grażyna Szarek-Łukaszewska, Krystyna Grodzińska, Maria Niklińska, and Rolf D. Vogt. "Soil fertility and plant diversity enhance microbial performance in metal-polluted soils." Science of The Total Environment 439 (November 2012): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.030.

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Ukiwe, Lugard N., Allinor J.I, Ejele A.E, Anyadiegwu C.I.C, and Ibeneme S.I. "Chemical and Biological Leaching Methods to Remove Heavy Metals from Sewage Sludge: A Review." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 4, no. 3 (December 12, 2008): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v4i3.948.

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The removal of heavy metals (HMs) in sewage sludge (SS) is important since sludge is often disposed or applied on farmland to enhance soil fertility. The present study reviewed two conceptual approaches (chemical and biological leaching) of removing HMs present in SS. In the chemical leaching method, traditional acid treatment together with novel methods such as aeration, complexation and sequential extraction procedure have been reviewed extensively. Certain factors influence the removal of HMs in SS. These factors include; pH, leaching agent, redox potential, and contact time. Nitric acid (HNO3), hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulphuric acid (H2SO4), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), as well as Thiobacillus thiooxidans and Thiobacillus ferrooxidans are the most widely studied leaching agents and substrates involved in the chemical and bioleaching processes. However, the bioleaching process has been proposed as a safe, efficient, economical, environmental friendly method to remove HMs in SS due to its simplicity, high yield of metal extraction, low acid consumption, and low sludge solids concentration. Nevertheless, the present review has noted that most researchers are of the opinion that more studies are needed in the bioleaching method in order to enhance its commercial attraction.

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Verma, Pankaj Kumar, Shikha Verma, Alok Kumar Meher, Rudra Deo Tripathi, Debasis Chakrabarty, and Nalini Pandey. "Bioremediation of Heavy Metals using the Interaction between Plants and Genetically Engineered Microbes." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 6, no. 04 (December 30, 2020): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v6i04.02.

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Excessive levels of heavy metals (HMs) in agricultural soil is a critical concerns for crop production and food safety and pose potential hazards to human and animal health. Anthropogenic sources including agriculture, mining, smelting, electroplating, and other industrial activities have resulted in the deposition of undesirable concentration of metals, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) in the soil. Unlike many other pollutants, HMs are difficult to remove from the environment as they cannot be degraded by any method, and are ultimately indestructible. The use of microorganisms and plants for soil remediation of HMs are of great interest because of their high efficiency, ease of use, and cost-effective application. Microorganisms can be used to remediate contaminated soil by detoxification, sequestration, and solubilization of HMs to facilitate their extraction. These microbes may act on HMs by chelation, precipitation, transformation (oxidation-reduction, methylation), biosorption, and accumulation. However, high concentrations of HMs in soil lead to decreased number of soil microbes. These symbiotic rhizospheric microbes depend on plant root exudates for their nutrition, thus to improve the number of microbes, it is also essential to optimize microbial nutrition by optimizing plant-microbe interaction. Different approaches were adopted to address these problems, from enrichment with rhizosphere bacterial consortia resistant to HMs to genetic engineering of plant growth-promoting symbiotic microbes. These genetically engineered (GE) microbes show improved bioremediation potential by enhancing their metal metabolism efficiency as well as increasing soil fertility. In this review, we describe how GE microbes and their association with plants enhance metal tolerance, accumulation, and detoxification in microbes and plants. We also describe the potential of bioremediation using symbiosis between plants and GE microbes.

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Maienza, Anita, Fabrizio Ungaro, Silvia Baronti, Ilaria Colzi, Laura Giagnoni, Cristina Gonnelli, Giancarlo Renella, Francesca Ugolini, and Costanza Calzolari. "Biological Restoration of Urban Soils after De-Sealing Interventions." Agriculture 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030190.

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Most urban greening interventions involve soil de-sealing and management to enhance fertility. Management typically requires translocating fertile topsoil to the site, which comes at great environmental costs. We hypothesized that de-sealed urban soils would undergo an increase of their fertility without exogenous topsoil application. We assessed experimental plots with de-sealed soil with topsoil, and de-sealed soil without topsoil. Both treatments were vegetated with two ornamental shrub species and irrigated. Soil fertility was analyzed by chemical (total and organic carbon) and biological indicators of soils (biological quality index and microbial activities). Since metal contamination is related to urban de-sealed soil, we also monitored the concentration of Zn, Cu and Pb in soil and detected it in plant leaves. The results demonstrate that de-sealed urban soils rapidly restore their biological quality and fertility. Restoration of de-sealing soils can contribute to the recent growing interest reclamation of urban soils for improving the urban environment quality through the restoration of soil functions and related ecosystem services. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that de-sealed soils can improve their functionality and can contribute to the recent growing interest in reclamation of urban soils for improving the urban environment quality.

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Touceda-González, M., V. Álvarez-López, Á. Prieto-Fernández, B. Rodríguez-Garrido, C. Trasar-Cepeda, M. Mench, M. Puschenreiter, C. Quintela-Sabarís, F. Macías-García, and P. S. Kidd. "Aided phytostabilisation reduces metal toxicity, improves soil fertility and enhances microbial activity in Cu-rich mine tailings." Journal of Environmental Management 186 (January 2017): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.019.

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Belyaev, A. I., and A. S. Mezhevova. "Study of the Properties and Composition of Processed Waste Water Mud in Terms of their Use as an Enhancer." Ecology and Industry of Russia 26, no. 7 (July 6, 2022): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2022-7-56-61.

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Studies of the chemical composition of processed waste water mud were carried out. It was concluded that it fully complies with the properties of wastewater mud and is suitable for biological reclamation. Wastewater use as a soil fertility enhancer and crop yields improver was shown. Presentation of the field studies results on the cultivation of safflower, as well as those of monitoring of soil samples for the content of macroelements, organic matter and heavy metals associated with the introduction of sediment as an enhancer. It was proved that after the first year of sludge application, the content of humus and macroelements in soils increases during next three years, as well as the yield of safflower increases.

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Zhou, Changrui, Qiang Ma, Wantai Yu, Zhuqing Xia, Chuanchuan Ning, Haiyan Yuan, and Shuailin Li. "Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and maize after 17-year pig manure application in Northeast China." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 2 (February 28, 2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/648/2019-pse.

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Application of composted pig manure (PM) is a traditional practice to improve soil fertility, whereas generally leads to some environmental questions. The effects of PM application on Cd, Cu and Zn accumulation in soil and maize were investigated based on a long-term field trial in Northeast China, including control (CK), PML, PMM, and PMH, receiving 0, 100, 250 and 500 kg total N/ha/year from 2002 to 2008 and 0, 10, 25 and 50 t fresh weight/ha/year from 2009 to 2018, respectively. Results showed that long-term soil application of PM increased maize grain yield, soil organic carbon (SOC) contents, coupled with significant accumulation and availability of Cd, Cu, and Zn in soil (0–15 cm). Compared with CK, the soil total Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations significantly increased by 105, 287 and 108% at high PM rate, respectively. Notably, the increments enhanced these heavy metals storage in maize roots rather than in grains. Moreover, the application of PM confirmed vertical transport of heavy metals in the tested soil, particularly for Cd and Cu in PMH treatment. Overall, the repeated application of PM can cause the accumulation and leaching of Cd, Cu and Zn in soil.

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Muoni, T., B. Mhlanga, J. Forkman, M. Sitali, and C. Thierfelder. "Tillage and crop rotations enhance populations of earthworms, termites, dung beetles and centipedes: evidence from a long-term trial in Zambia." Journal of Agricultural Science 157, no. 6 (August 2019): 504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185961900073x.

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AbstractMacro-organisms contribute significantly to soil fertility improvement. The influence of conservation agriculture (CA) in southern Africa on their populations has not yet been fully understood. Thus, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of CA and conventional tillage on below ground biological activity in a CA long-term trial in Monze, Zambia from 2011 to 2013. The study had ten treatments which differed by tillage systems (conventional ploughing, planting basins and direct seeding) and crop diversification intensity (sole cropping, 2- or 3-year crop rotations) involving maize, cotton and sunn hemp. These factors were combined to create rotation-tillage (RotTill) treatments. Sampling of macrofauna was done once per year using a metal frame measuring 0.25 m2, hand-sorted to 30-cm depth. RotTill treatments had a significant effect on earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris), termites (Coptotermes formosanus), dung beetles (Scarabaeus viettei) and centipedes (Lithobius forficatus). Earthworms and termites were more abundant in CA treatments than in conventionally ploughed (CP) treatments. Biota diversity was generally higher in CA treatments than in CP controls. Conventional mouldboard ploughing generally reduced macrofauna, thus affecting biological soil fertility and the beneficial effect of the interactions of these organisms with the soil. CA treatments had the highest maize grain yields throughout the study period. Based on the results, reduced tillage systems and crop rotations increase biological activity shown by increased densities of termites and earthworms.

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Romeiro, Joana, Paulo Nogueira, Jenny Hall, and Sílvia Caldeira. "The Resilience Scale in Portuguese Adults under Assisted Reproductive Techniques." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10 (May 13, 2022): 5932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105932.

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Assessing resilience response to an adverse event such as infertility requires measuring the same construct adequately and accurately by nurses. The objective of this study was to explore the validity and reliability of the Portuguese version of the Resilience Scale for adults. A cross-sectional and methodological design was used, and factor analyses were performed. The sample comprised 140 adult Portuguese individuals under fertility treatment recruited from health-related websites. The findings yielded a bad fit of the hypothesized Resilience Scale structure with the observed data. Instead, a 21-item tool with a four-factor structure revealed high internal consistency (0.94). The tool correlated positively and significantly to the Portuguese version of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire and was negatively associated and lacked correlation with the Fertility Adjustment Scale. The 21-item Resilience Scale is a reliable tool suitable to measure resilience in Portuguese adults under assisted reproductive techniques. This tool offers the opportunity of early recognition by health professionals aiming to enhance patients’ coping skills effectively and promote positive psychological and mental health outcomes.

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Przygocka-Cyna, Katarzyna, and Witold Grzebisz. "Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response." Open Chemistry 16, no. 1 (April 10, 2018): 258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0027.

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AbstractThe agricultural usability of biogas digestate solids (BDS) as a soil amendment depends upon its impact on soil fertility and the content of minerals in the edible part of the grown crop. This hypothesis was verified in a series of field experiments with maize conducted between 2014 and 2016 at Brody, Poland. The two-factorial experiment consisted of the DBS application method (broadcast and row) and its rate: 0, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 t ha–1. The post-harvest analysis of soil fertility showed that BDS can, at least partly, replace mineral fertilizers. The supply of N-NO3 to maize as a growth driving factor was significantly limited by a shortage of iron, potassium and, to some extent, magnesium. As recorded in 2016, the shortage of available Fe resulted in a low/pool of N-NO3, thus significantly decreasing the yield of grain. The shortage of K supply to grain created a pathway for the accumulation of other elements, including heavy metals. The disadvantage of the N-NO3 pool increase, due to the DBS application, was concomitant with the enhanced intake of cadmium and lead, which consequently exceeded their permissible concentration limits in grain. These unfavorable results of biogas digestate impact on the quality of maize grain can be ameliorated by incorporating zinc into the biogas type of soil amendment and keeping a sufficiently high level of available potassium and iron. The shortage of K can be partly overcome by a better sodium supply, however, its accumulation in grain results in an enhanced accumulation of cadmium and lead.

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Antonenko, D. A., Y. Y. Nikiforenko, O. A. Melnik, D. A. Yurin, and A. A. Danilova. "Organomineral compost and its effects for the content of heavy metals in the top layer leached chernozem." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1010, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1010/1/012028.

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Abstract To date, the most reliable and environmentally friendly way to increase soil fertility and reduce the concentration of mobile forms of heavy metals is the use of organic fertilizers. The article discusses the results of field trials of compost composed of semi-rotted cattle manure, phosphogypsum and alfalfa hay. It was revealed that organic fertilization increases the concentration of organic matter in the upper layer of chernozem leached in the agrocenosis of maize. This enhances the sorption of the organic mineral complex of the soil and decreases the mass fraction of some heavy metals (HM). It is noted that the use of compost in doses of 40 and 60 t/ha helps to reduce the mass concentration of zinc, copper and manganese. The excess of the permissible concentration of highly toxic and dangerous for humans HM was not detected in any field variant.

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Ali, Majeed, Talaat Ahmed, Mohammed Abu-Dieyeh, and Mohammad A. Al-Ghouti. "Investigating the Quality and Efficiency of Biosolid Produced in Qatar as a Fertilizer in Tomato Production." Agronomy 11, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 2552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122552.

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This study evaluated biosolid quality over time and the efficiency of using amounts (5 and 7 kg/m2) of municipal class A biosolids in Qatar to fertilize tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). Random samples were subjected to physical and chemical analysis, which revealed excellent particle uniformity and stability with minor odor defects. The analysis confirmed the product was nutrient-rich while pollutant levels were below the international standards. The nominated rates were used to fertilize tomato plants in pots grown in a greenhouse for four months with a control treatment of manure and Peat-Moss, before measuring the plant biological characteristics. Plants were examined via chemical analysis of nutrients and pollutants both for the whole plant and for stems, fruits, and leaves. Results indicated that both experimental treatments enhanced plant growth and development as compared to the control treatment. However, the chemical analyses also revealed levels of zinc, copper, and manganese in the plant fruits that were well in excess of the maximum acceptable levels, as defined by international health organizations. This study found that while the application of class A biosolids as organic fertilizer for tomato plants greatly enhanced the overall plant growth, the plant fruits contained toxic levels of trace heavy metals.

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Flores-Duarte, Noris J., Julia Pérez-Pérez, Salvadora Navarro-Torre, Enrique Mateos-Naranjo, Susana Redondo-Gómez, Eloísa Pajuelo, and Ignacio D. Rodríguez-Llorente. "Improved Medicago sativa Nodulation under Stress Assisted by Variovorax sp. Endophytes." Plants 11, no. 8 (April 17, 2022): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11081091.

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Legumes are the recommended crops to fight against soil degradation and loss of fertility because of their known positive impacts on soils. Our interest is focused on the identification of plant-growth-promoting endophytes inhabiting nodules able to enhance legume growth in poor and/or degraded soils. The ability of Variovorax paradoxus S110T and Variovorax gossypii JM-310T to promote alfalfa growth in nutrient-poor and metal-contaminated estuarine soils was studied. Both strains behaved as nodule endophytes and improved in vitro seed germination and plant growth, as well as nodulation in co-inoculation with Ensifer medicae MA11. Variovorax ameliorated the physiological status of the plant, increased nodulation, chlorophyll and nitrogen content, and the response to stress and metal accumulation in the roots of alfalfa growing in degraded soils with moderate to high levels of contamination. The presence of plant-growth-promoting traits in Variovorax, particularly ACC deaminase activity, could be under the observed in planta effects. Although the couple V. gossypii-MA11 reported a great benefit to plant growth and nodulation, the best result was observed in plants inoculated with the combination of the three bacteria. These results suggest that Variovorax strains could be used as biofertilizers to improve the adaptation of legumes to degraded soils in soil-recovery programs.

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Samokhvalova, V. L., A. O. Khristenko, L. O. Shedey, P. A. Samokhvalova, and O. V. Karatsuba. "Prediction of soil fertility considering their macronutrient status." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 18, no. 3-4 (November 25, 2017): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041711.

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The method for prediction of productive functions of soils, according to their macronutrient status, is grounded on the example of the total concentrations of nitrogen as biogenic macronutrient in different soil types of Polesie, Forest-Steppe and Steppe climatic zones of Ukraine including soils contaminated by heavy metals and fertilized (organic-mineral, organic and mineral system of fertilizer) soils. In the elaborated methodical approach the productive function (fertility) of different genesis soils forecasts by establishing new relationships of total nitrogen content with a humus calorific value, the energy reserves of the soil in layer up to 20 cm, the application of mathematical-statistical analysis. For example, according to the total nitrogen content as a biogenic macronutrient in accordance with the fixed gradations, with a further extension of the method algorithm for different soil types of climatic zones by the influence of technogenic pollution and technological load. The technical result of the elaborated method is to improve the known method of soil fertility prediction, considering their macronutrient status, by the selective choice of the most correlation associated, diagnostics capable of integral indicators of the energy and nitrogen status of the soil, which enhances the informativeness, accuracy and quick speed forecasting of production and ecological functions of different genesis soils with the identification of differences in ecological condition of soils for prediction and regulation of their quality. The elaborated methodological approach may find application in the assessment and ecological standardization of soil quality by chemical elements content, regulation of loads (technogenic, technological) on a soil system, in agroecology by investigating the question of soil fertility monitoring, lands certification of different purpose and use; organic farming, bioenergy and energy of soil formation; diagnosis, evaluation, determination of quality of humus and the state of the chemical elements; in environmental management of soils both for background conditions and different anthropogenic impacts and in research practice – investigating the biogeochemistry and nutrient macronutrients of the soil cover. Distinctive features and advantages of the proposed elaboration in comparison with known methods and approaches are: 1) express obtain of the accurate by predicted levels of total nitrogen content as a nutrient in the soil with the improving of the soil diagnosis accuracy by establishing some interconnected diagnostically suitable indicators of soils humus substances and nitrogen systems functioning, the direction of the mobilization and immobilization of nutrients (C, N) processes, the humification-mineralization and energy intensity of soils, including the negative impacts of anthropogenic pressures and degradation processes; 2) providing the opportunity for increasing effectiveness of predicting data on the functioning of the nitrogen systems of different genesis soils, environmental and energy state of soil and level of their potential fertility due to the background conditions, the application of different fertilization systems, and risk the availability of heavy metals pollution while minimizing the consumption of material resources; 3) expansion of the user’s ability to determine the total nitrogen content in the soil without long-term chemical analytical research due to the choice of regression equations obtained on the basis of the use of baseline soil properties of a certain type and subtype, according to available information; 4) versatility due to suitability of installed dependencies of the proposed method for all soil types and subtypes, climatic zones and contaminants.

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MAITI, Deblina, and Bably PRASAD. "STUDIES ON COLONISATION OF FLY ASH DISPOSAL SITES USING INVASIVE SPECIES AND AROMATIC GRASSES." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 25, no. 3 (September 20, 2017): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2016.1231114.

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Fly ash disposal activities by coal based thermal power plants will continue to be a serious issue across the globe due to its hiked generation every year. To obviate the hazardous effects of fly ash disposal sites on the surrounding ecosystems, rapid stabilization of the dumps is essential. This paper conglomerates the past activities, challenges; present scenario of vegetation establishment on these sites as well as future research requirements based on various experimental case studies. An insight has been presented on the usefulness of native, tuft, aromatic grasses which can reduce the length of successive phases in reclamation programmes and also enhance the fertility of the substrate as found from the significantly increased nitrogen content in the present field sites. Metal bioaccumulation studies depicted that by virtue of high biomass production potential of Saccharum spontaneum it can also be used as a phytoextractor of toxic metals, thus helping in phytoremediation of the metals in fly ash. Field studies allude the fact that knowledge of phytodiversity of old fly ash deposits is essential for a right choice of species before every reclamation programme. Secondly, application of amendments is conjointly a prerequisite for establishment of plants on fly ash. In a pot scale study it was found that lower rate of amendment application (2–5% farmyard manure and 5–10% topsoil on weight basis) in fly ash improves the growth and biomass of Cymbopogon citratus. Extensive root system of the grass was substantiated by high root: shoot biomass which stabilized the surface of the ash. To investigate the possibilities of ground water contamination due to amendments leaching studies were carried out. An initial high concentration of some ions marginally near permissible limit as per Indian drinking water standards was observed but their concentrations were below acceptable limit during harvestable stages. Above studies can contribute significantly in field studies through a properly planned restoration programme.

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Xu, Junzeng, Shihong Yang, Shizhang Peng, Qi Wei, and Xiaoli Gao. "Solubility and Leaching Risks of Organic Carbon in Paddy Soils as Affected by Irrigation Managements." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/546750.

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Influence of nonflooding controlled irrigation (NFI) on solubility and leaching risk of soil organic carbon (SOC) were investigated. Compared with flooding irrigation (FI) paddies, soil water extractable organic carbon (WEOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in NFI paddies increased in surface soil but decreased in deep soil. The DOC leaching loss in NFI field was 63.3 kg C ha−1, reduced by 46.4% than in the FI fields. It indicated that multi-wet-dry cycles in NFI paddies enhanced the decomposition of SOC in surface soils, and less carbon moved downward to deep soils due to less percolation. That also led to lower SOC in surface soils in NFI paddies than in FI paddies, which implied that more carbon was released into the atmosphere from the surface soil in NFI paddies. Change of solubility of SOC in NFI paddies might lead to potential change in soil fertility and sustainability, greenhouse gas emission, and bioavailability of trace metals or organic pollutants.

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Sun, Guan, Yang, and Wang. "Removal of Chromium from a Contaminated Soil Using Oxalic Acid, Citric Acid, and Hydrochloric Acid: Dynamics, Mechanisms, and Concomitant Removal of Non-Targeted Metals." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 2771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152771.

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Soil leaching is an effective remediation technique using agents to leach the target pollutants from the soil. However, the dynamics and mechanisms for leaching of Cr and other non-pollutant metals from Cr-contaminated soils are not yet well understood. Here, column leaching experiments were conducted to determine the effect of hydrochloric acid (HCl), citric acid (CA), and oxalic acid (OX) on the leaching of Cr, as well as of Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn, from a soil contaminated by a Cr slag heap. Acid leaching decreased soil pH and enhanced the mobility of all the surveyed metals. Leaching dynamics varied with both metals and acids. OX had the highest removal rates for Cr, Fe, Mn, and Mg, but had the poorest ability to leach Ca. HCl leached the largest amount of Ca, while CA leached similar amounts of Mg and Mn to OX, and similar amounts of Fe and Cr to HCl. Cr in the leachates was correlated with Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn. Cr mainly interacted with soil mineral components and showed a punctate distribution in soil particles. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed soil mineralogical and morphological properties were differently altered after leaching by different acids. Complexation of Cr(III), competitive desorption, and reduction of Cr(VI) make significant contribution to Cr leaching by organic acids. In conclusion, OX can be applied in leaching remediation of Cr-contaminated soil, but the concomitant removal of other non-targeted metals should be taken into account because of the loss of soil minerals and fertility.

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Шигаева, Т. Д., Ю. М. Поляк, and В. А. Кудрявцева. "ОКИСЛИТЕЛЬНО-ВОССТАНОВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ КАК ПОКАЗАТЕЛЬ СОСТОЯНИЯ ОБЪЕКТОВ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ." Biosfera 12, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24855/biosfera.v12i3.549.

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The present review addresses the redox conditions of bottom sediments, soils, natural waters, waste waters, and biological objects, each having its specificities with regard to quantitating its redox potential (Eh). Insights gained from numerous studies provide for better understanding the modes of redox processes in soils and aqueous ecosystems, finer controlling the quality of natural milieus and deeper understanding vital processes in organisms. The redox conditions, as reflected by Eh, of natural entities are altered by anthropogenic impacts. In aqueous ecosystems, this may enhance reductive processes associated with migration of metal-, nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing compounds from bottom sediments into water thus promoting the secondary environmental pollution. The predominance of reduction in soils decreases their fertility and necessitates taking measures aimed at controlling redox conditions in soils. Studies of the redox properties of natural entities are useful for assessing their ecological conditions under long-term anthropogenic impacts and for detecting the most vulnerable zones. Data obtained in studies of redox processes in organisms highlight the relationships between the development of microorganisms and changes in Eh of their environment and suggest possibilities for using Eh measurements in biotechnology and medicine.

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Perera, Kariyakeranage Chandi, Menuka Arawwawala, Sumeda Wijeratne, and Deepal Mathew. "Physico-chemical and Proximate Analysis of Poly Herbal Formula- Palakalyana Ghrita." Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 4, no. 3 (August 31, 2018): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2018.4307.

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Background: Standardization is necessary in order to assess the quality of herbal formulations. Palakalyana Ghrita (PKG) is an herbal formula used in Ayurveda medical system to enhance fertility and immunity in both genders which consists nineteen medicinal plants with cow’s ghee and milk. As per available literature PKG formula has not been standardized although it is a commonly used drug by traditional practitioners. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the physio-chemical properties, nutrition composition and possible toxic elements and microorganisms of PKG formula. Methodology: Physico-chemical properties tested include refractive index, total ash content, acid in soluble ash content, water soluble ash content, moisture content, acid value, peroxide value, saponification value. Carbohydrate, protein, fatty acid, vitamin and mineral composition were assessed as nutritional parameters of PKG. Heavy metals and microorganisms were tested using standard protocols. Results: Unsaturated fatty acids namely Palmitoleic acid (0.26%), Oleic acid (40.36%) and Linoleic acid (9.19%) and saturated fatty acids; Capric acid (0.63%), Myristic acid (1.68%) Pentadecyclic acid (0.23%) Palmitic acid (42.25%) Margaric acid ((0.26%) and Stearic acid (4.85%) were present in the PKG formulation. The percentages of carbohydrate, protein and fat content of PKG were 0.04±0.0, 98.8±0.2 and 0.7 ± 0.0 respectively. Heavy metals and microbes were not detected. Conclusion: Results obtained could be utilized as references standard for quality assurance of PKG.

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Bomfim, Anne Shayene Campos de, Daniel Magalhães de Oliveira, Eric Walling, Alexandre Babin, Grégory Hersant, Céline Vaneeckhaute, Marie-Josée Dumont, and Denis Rodrigue. "Spent Coffee Grounds Characterization and Reuse in Composting and Soil Amendment." Waste 1, no. 1 (August 20, 2022): 2–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/waste1010002.

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As an everyday beverage, coffee is consumed worldwide, generating a high amount of waste after brewing, which needs attention for its disposal. These residues are referred to as spent coffee grounds (SCGs), which have been shown to have applications as polymers/composites precursors, biofuels, and biofertilizers. This review focuses on agricultural applications usually based on organic matter to fertilize the soil and consequently improve plant growth. To date, SCGs have been shown to exhibit outstanding performance when applied as soil amendment and composting because it is a nutrient-rich organic waste without heavy metals. Therefore, this review presents the different options to use SCGs in agriculture. First, SCG composition using different characterization techniques is presented to identify the main components. Then, a review is presented showing how SCG toxicity can be resolved when used alone in the soil, especially at high concentrations. In this case, SCG is shown to be effective not only to enhance plant growth, but also to enhance nutritional values without impacting the environment while substituting conventional fertilizers. Finally, a conclusion is presented with openings for future developments.

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Serafín, V., B. Arévalo, G. Martínez-García, J. Aznar-Poveda, J. A. Lopez-Pastor, J. F. Beltrán-Sánchez, A. J. Garcia-Sanchez, et al. "Enhanced determination of fertility hormones in saliva at disposable immunosensing platforms using a custom designed field-portable dual potentiostat." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 299 (November 2019): 126934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.126934.

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Vicic, Drazen, Milovan Stoiljkovic, Jordana Ninkov, Nenad Bojat, Marko Sabovljevic, and Branka Stevanovic. "Dynamics of soil chemistry in different serpentine habitats from Serbia." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 79, no. 9 (2014): 1185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc130917028v.

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To enhance understanding of edaphic conditions in serpentine habitats, a thorough investigation of chemical and mechanical properties of three soils from disjunct ultramafic outcrops in the central Balkans was undertaken. Soil from a nearby chemically-contrasting limestone habitat was also analyzed. Three plant species differently associated with serpentine (Halacsya sendtneri, Cheilanthes marantae, and Seseli rigidum) were references for site and soil selection. Twenty elements were scanned for, and fourteen were measured in seven sequentially-extracted soil fractions. Quantified soil properties also included: pH, levels of free CaCO3, organic matter, P2O5, K2O, N, C, S, cation exchange capacity, total organic carbon, field capacity and soil mechanical composition. The usual harsh components for plant growth in serpentine soil such as elevated Mg:Ca ratio, high levels of Ni, Cr, or Co, were significantly lower in the available fractions. There was a significant positive correlation of organic matter and field capacity, with most available Ca (70-80%) found in the mobile, rather than the organically-bound fraction. This showed that a more favorable Mg:Ca ratio is highly dependent upon a higher field capacity, which is also in accordance with a more developed vegetation. Increasing the availability of metals (Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Mg, Ni, Zn) in a more developed serpentine grassland and forest vegetation, occurred only simultaneously with decrease of the Mg:Ca ratio and rise in other factors of fertility (N, P, K). Progressive development of ecosystem complexity therefore raised the availability of metals, but also reduced harsh Mg:Ca ratio disproportion, boosted levels of nutrients and raised soil field capacity. Principal components analysis confirmed that the main differences among serpentine habitats lay primarily in factors of fertility. The common habitat which hosts all three reference species offers intermediate conditions in a plant habitat selection gradient. Comparing serpentine with limestone showed ample difference in total content and availability of most of the surveyed elements, but very few differences in other chemical properties. The fragility of soil and ecosystem, and biological value of serpentine habitats demand intensive research and protection of these diversity and endemism hotspots of the Balkan Peninsula.

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Lynch, Jonathan P. "Roots of the Second Green Revolution." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 5 (2007): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06118.

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The Green Revolution boosted crop yields in developing nations by introducing dwarf genotypes of wheat and rice capable of responding to fertilisation without lodging. We now need a second Green Revolution, to improve the yield of crops grown in infertile soils by farmers with little access to fertiliser, who represent the majority of third-world farmers. Just as the Green Revolution was based on crops responsive to high soil fertility, the second Green Revolution will be based on crops tolerant of low soil fertility. Substantial genetic variation in the productivity of crops in infertile soil has been known for over a century. In recent years we have developed a better understanding of the traits responsible for this variation. Root architecture is critically important by determining soil exploration and therefore nutrient acquisition. Architectural traits under genetic control include basal-root gravitropism, adventitious-root formation and lateral branching. Architectural traits that enhance topsoil foraging are important for acquisition of phosphorus from infertile soils. Genetic variation in the length and density of root hairs is important for the acquisition of immobile nutrients such as phosphorus and potassium. Genetic variation in root cortical aerenchyma formation and secondary development (‘root etiolation’) are important in reducing the metabolic costs of root growth and soil exploration. Genetic variation in rhizosphere modification through the efflux of protons, organic acids and enzymes is important for the mobilisation of nutrients such as phosphorus and transition metals, and the avoidance of aluminum toxicity. Manipulation of ion transporters may be useful for improving the acquisition of nitrate and for enhancing salt tolerance. With the noteworthy exceptions of rhizosphere modification and ion transporters, most of these traits are under complex genetic control. Genetic variation in these traits is associated with substantial yield gains in low-fertility soils, as illustrated by the case of phosphorus efficiency in bean and soybean. In breeding crops for low-fertility soils, selection for specific root traits through direct phenotypic evaluation or molecular markers is likely to be more productive than conventional field screening. Crop genotypes with greater yield in infertile soils will substantially improve the productivity and sustainability of low-input agroecosystems, and in high-input agroecosystems will reduce the environmental impacts of intensive fertilisation. Although the development of crops with reduced fertiliser requirements has been successful in the few cases it has been attempted, the global scientific effort devoted to this enterprise is small, especially considering the magnitude of the humanitarian, environmental and economic benefits being forgone. Population growth, ongoing soil degradation and increasing costs of chemical fertiliser will make the second Green Revolution a priority for plant biology in the 21st century.

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Wang, Min, Chenyan Sha, Jianqiang Wu, Peng Li, Juan Tan, and Shenfa Huang. "Comparison of Bacterial Community in Paddy Soil after Short-Term Application of Pig Manure and the Corresponding Organic Fertilizer." Land 11, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010009.

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Agricultural fertilization significantly affects nutrients cycling in paddy soils. However, there are few systematic studies on the response of the application of livestock manure and corresponding organic fertilizer resulting in the microorganism and its nutrients entering farmland. Short-term application of pig manure and its corresponding organic fertilizer on the microorganisms of paddy fields were investigated. High-throughput sequencing technology was conducted to comprehensively study the microbial community composition and structure. Our results showed that organic fertilizer effectively enhanced nutrient substances such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium at ripening stage and reduced the pH of soil, benefitting the soil fertility and the growth of rice. Though application of pig manure maintained higher microbial diversity, it increased the relative abundance of several pathogenic bacteria, which could threaten the soil health of the paddy fields. A large number of pathogenic bacteria can be reduced through composting pig manure to organic fertilizer. Nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria such as Anaerolineaceae, Pseudarthrobacter, Bacillus, and Nitrospira in the paddy soil were significantly promoted. The heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, and Cd, and nutrient substances such as phosphorus, as well as temperature, have important influences on the microbial compositions in ripening stage. The correlation analysis revealed more correlation efficiencies were observed with manure application, especially with the application of organic fertilizer. This study will provide a theoretical basis for improving land productivity and sustainable development in paddy fields.

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Jabeen, Hina, Akhtar Rasool, and Rakhshinda Sadiq. "Production of Quality Compost from Pennywort Plant Wastes." Pakistan Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 248–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/pjbb.v2i2.57.

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Abstract Composting is an environment friendly phenomenon which recycles the organic materials such as plants converting them to beneficial fertilizers. Hence composting limits the use of toxic chemical fertilizers. The aim of the study was to prepare compost/bio-fertilizer from nutrient rich plant, the pennywort, for organic crop production and to reduce the plant wastes by reusing them for environmental benefits. For this purpose, the plants were mixed with different other additives like rock phosphate, urea, cow dung and sludge to boost up the quality of compost. Pennywort plant compost alone (without any additive) was considered as a control and aerobic conditions were maintained. Physico-chemical parameters like organic matter, ash content, total nitrogen, pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and level of heavy metals and micronutrients were taken into account. All tested parameters showed a beneficial level in the amended plant composts compared to plant alone. Therefore, the prepared compost could be very promising for crops improvement. Hence, the present study would prove a significant advancement in the pool of efforts to enhance the agricultural welfares. Moreover, the current study provides useful knowledge about enhancing the properties and profile of natural composted products because it can provide an alternate source to increase the fertility of the soil and also a good approach to reduce the pressure of solid waste on environment.

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Daud, Sapna, Syeda Khadija, and Faiza Jabeen. "Comparison Study of Infertility Issues in Rural and Urban Areas." Saudi Journal of Medicine 7, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjm.2022.v07i01.006.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of infertility in both urban and rural regions. Materials and method: In this systematic review data published by Medline, PubMed, the science straightforward and Obs gyne online library were asked about studies published between 2000 and 2021 using specific MeSH terms. We provided data on 15 phase 6 studies undertaken at a tertiary care facility in rural and urban training locations. Results: In this study, we examined the causes of infertility variability in all habitats. Our revised study shows that fertility rates are very high in small towns and rural areas and very low in the capital, as expected. The study included 7100 married people between the ages of 15 and 49 when 2600 were infertile. The reason for infertility in a couple is assigned on the basis of history and test results. Most women in rural areas are educated. There was a substantial difference between the amount of education and occupation of the site of residence for infertile women. In both rural and urban regions, couples experiencing infertility for less than 5 years were 46 percent and 42 percent, respectively. Women with a familial history of infertility were nearly comparable. In rural places, the history of marriage is common. Female characteristics, male characteristics, and associated features have been claimed to be responsible for infertility in 40percent, 40percent and 20percent of cases, respectively. Conclusion: The poor state of education in rural areas is a major obstacle to encouraging couples to access health care in rural areas. Though PCOS is still a major issue, diseases are still a significant factor in tubal factor infertility, and smoking and liquor enhance the male factor. Most women in rural areas are illiterates. Thus our revised research shows that fertility rates are much higher in small towns and rural areas and compared with the capital due to lack of information and medical services.

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Wali, Khan, Haris Ahmad Khan, Mark Farrell, Eldert J. Van Henten, and Erik Meers. "Determination of Bio-Based Fertilizer Composition Using Combined NIR and MIR Spectroscopy: A Model Averaging Approach." Sensors 22, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 5919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155919.

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Application of bio-based fertilizers is considered a practical solution to enhance soil fertility and maintain soil quality. However, the composition of bio-based fertilizers needs to be quantified before their application to the soil. Non-destructive techniques such as near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) are generally used to quantify the composition of bio-based fertilizers in a speedy and cost-effective manner. However, the prediction performances of these techniques need to be quantified before deployment. With this motive, this study investigates the potential of these techniques to characterize a diverse set of bio-based fertilizers for 25 different properties including nutrients, minerals, heavy metals, pH, and EC. A partial least square model with wavelength selection is employed to estimate each property of interest. Then a model averaging, approach is tested to examine if combining model outcomes of NIR with MIR could improve the prediction performances of these sensors. In total, 17 of the 25 elements could be predicted to have a good performance status using individual spectral methods. Combining model outcomes of NIR with MIR resulted in an improvement, increasing the number of properties that could be predicted from 17 to 21. Most notably the improvement in prediction performance was observed for Cd, Cr, Zn, Al, Ca, Fe, S, Cu, Ec, and Na. It was concluded that the combined use of NIR and MIR spectral methods can be used to monitor the composition of a diverse set of bio-based fertilizers.

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Shevtsova, L. "Economic efficiency of the use of broiler chicken wastes as organic fertiliser in the spring wheat production." Balanced nature using, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.1.2021.231820.

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This article analyzes the current state of broiler poultry in Ukraine. As a result of increasing the scale of production, the volumes of poultry waste increase proportionally. One of the promising areas increasing the sustainability of the domestic broiler poultry industry is the production of organic-mineral fertilizers, the use of which helps to preserve soil fertility and to increase the economic efficiency of this industry. To determine the efficiency of production of organic-mineral fertilizers based on chicken manure, their introduction into the cultivation of spring wheat was studied, using the following indicators: yield, production of additional products per unit area, grain costs, yield profit and the resulting level of profitability of the production chain. When investigating the dynamics of the profitability of poultry manure on the basis of statistical data, it was found that this indicator during 2016–2018 varied in the range of 5–7%. The increase in spring wheat yield (yield profit) was analyzed, as this indicator is the primary factor determining the level of profitability of the production chain. The efficiency of the use of chicken manure fertilizers in comparison with traditional organic fertilizers is confirmed by the increase of spring wheat yield by 12–24%. It was proved that the optimal dose of chicken manure fertilizers is a dose of 5–7 t/ha. Thus, in the cultivation of spring wheat, such fertilizers are a low-cost and resource-saving element. Given that the current state of Ukrainian agriculture is mainly determined by its poor economical state, the use of wastes of the broiler industry (manure and possibly also litter) is a promising way to make this industry sustainable and to enhance agricultural production with cheap and in principle environment-friendly fertilizers. It is concluded that the production of organo-mineral fertilizers from chicken manure as a by-product of animal origin is a relevant, economically feasible, effective and promising way in agriculture in the current socio-economic situation, because it allows to preserve and improve soil fertility and increase economic efficiency of poultry production.

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Raeeszadeh, Mahdieh, Behzad Karimfar, Ali Akbar Amiri, and Abolfazl Akbari. "Protective Effect of Nano-Vitamin C on Infertility due to Oxidative Stress Induced by Lead and Arsenic in Male Rats." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (September 30, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9589345.

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Occupational and environmental exposure to heavy metals such as arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) by inducing oxidative damage may impair male fertility. However, there is a new view that shows that the nano form of vitamins such as vitamin C, which have antioxidant activity, can be effective in improving this disorder. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of NVC (NVC) on reproductive toxicity caused by the combination of Pb and As on testicular histology, sperm morphology, oxidative stress parameters, and hormonal changes in male rats. In this experimental study, forty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, NVC (200 mg/kg), As (50 ppm sodium arsenate), Pb (500 ppm Pb acetate), As + NVC, and Pb + NVC. FSH, LH, and testosterone levels were measured in serum. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), carbonyl protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured in testis. Histological examination and sperm parameters were also evaluated. FSH, LH, and testosterone levels and sperm parameters significantly decreased, and levels of protein carbonyl, MDA, and DNA fragmentation increased in the As and Pb groups, while treatment with NVC could improve them. Histological evaluation and sperm parameters in As and Pb groups showed damage in the process of spermatogenesis and sperm parameters. The treatment with NVC could significantly improve these parameters. The activity of GPx, SOD, and CAT in testis decreased in As and Pb groups, while treatment with NVC could enhance them. It can be concluded that NVC by inhibiting oxidative damage and improving serum level of testosterone, LH, and FSH could overcome As- and Pb-induced reproductive dysfunction.

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Olatuyi, S. O., and L. A. Leskiw. "Evaluation of soil reclamation techniques at the Key Lake uranium mine." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 95, no. 2 (May 2015): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss-2014-084.

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Olatuyi, S. O. and Leskiw, L. A. 2015. Evaluation of soil reclamation techniques at the Key Lake uranium mine. Can. J. Soil Sci. 95: 153–176. Adequate soil nutrients and water supply are critical to vegetation establishment and creation of sustainable ecosystems in post-disturbed mining sites. This study investigated effects of various amendments and capping techniques on soil quality and moisture distribution on a reclaimed waste rock pile at the Key Lake uranium mine in northern Saskatchewan, Canada. Soil profiles were reconstructed in 2010 using locally available sandy glacial materials to create soil covers of 1 m thickness. The reclamation treatments consisted of a Control plot, commercial peat (Peat), a local lake sediment (Sediment), underlying flax straw (Straw), mulched forest floor and Ae (LFH), fertilizer (NPK), manure pellets (Pellets), and a demonstration plot (Demo) comprised of Sediment, LFH and Pellets. Soil amendments were applied by various techniques as broadcast, surface incorporation, below the surface or surface mounding. Annual plot monitoring was conducted from 2011 to 2013 and soil samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), available nutrients, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and regulated metals. Volumetric moisture contents were measured periodically to examine soil moisture response to growing-season precipitation. In 2013, the topsoil of the Control plot was slightly acidic (pH of 6.3) while the Sediment and Demo plots had the lowest pH of 4.0. The EC and SAR values were below 1.0 in all treatment plots. The highest levels of available N, TN, TOC and CEC were in the Sediment and Demo plots, followed by the Peat. The concentration of arsenic exceeded the regulatory limit by 3.4- and 2.6-fold in the Sediment and Demo topsoil, respectively, while concentrations of other metals were below the limits in all treatment plots. The Sediment and Demo treatments were most effective in retaining water in the topsoil, while application of soil amendment by mounding enhanced infiltration and water transmission in the profile. In terms of soil fertility and moisture storage, the combination of organic amendments in multi-layers plus surface mounding, as in the Demo plot, is the most promising capping technique for restoring soil health, vegetative cover and ecosystem functions on the waste rock pile.

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Wang, Zhen-Yu, Hong-Rui Fan, Lingli Zhou, Kui-Feng Yang, and Hai-Dong She. "Carbonatite-Related REE Deposits: An Overview." Minerals 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10110965.

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The rare earth elements (REEs) have unique and diverse properties that make them function as an “industrial vitamin” and thus, many countries consider them as strategically important resources. China, responsible for more than 60% of the world’s REE production, is one of the REE-rich countries in the world. Most REE (especially light rare earth elements (LREE)) deposits are closely related to carbonatite in China. Such a type of deposit may also contain appreciable amounts of industrially critical metals, such as Nb, Th and Sc. According to the genesis, the carbonatite-related REE deposits can be divided into three types: primary magmatic type, hydrothermal type and carbonatite weathering-crust type. This paper provides an overview of the carbonatite-related endogenetic REE deposits, i.e., primary magmatic type and hydrothermal type. The carbonatite-related endogenetic REE deposits are mainly distributed in continental margin depression or rift belts, e.g., Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit, and orogenic belts on the margin of craton such as the Miaoya Nb-REE deposit. The genesis of carbonatite-related endogenetic REE deposits is still debated. It is generally believed that the carbonatite magma is originated from the low-degree partial melting of the mantle. During the evolution process, the carbonatite rocks or dykes rich in REE were formed through the immiscibility of carbonate-silicate magma and fractional crystallization of carbonate minerals from carbonatite magma. The ore-forming elements are mainly sourced from primitive mantle, with possible contribution of crustal materials that carry a large amount of REE. In the magmatic-hydrothermal system, REEs migrate in the form of complexes, and precipitate corresponding to changes of temperature, pressure, pH and composition of the fluids. A simple magmatic evolution process cannot ensure massive enrichment of REE to economic values. Fractional crystallization of carbonate minerals and immiscibility of melts and hydrothermal fluids in the hydrothermal evolution stage play an important role in upgrading the REE mineralization. Future work of experimental petrology will be fundamental to understand the partitioning behaviors of REE in magmatic-hydrothermal system through simulation of the metallogenic geological environment. Applying “comparative metallogeny” methods to investigate both REE fertile and barren carbonatites will enhance the understanding of factors controlling the fertility.

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Sarti, Otmane, Fouad El Mansouri, Emilia Otal, José Morillo, Abdelhamid Ouassini, Jamal Brigui, and Mohamed Saidi. "Assessing the Effect of Intensive Agriculture and Sandy Soil Properties on Groundwater Contamination by Nitrate and Potential Improvement Using Olive Pomace Biomass Slag (OPBS)." C 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c9010001.

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The relationship between agricultural activities, soil characteristics, and groundwater quality is critical, particularly in rural areas where groundwater directly supplies local people. In this paper, three agricultural sandy soils were sampled and analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, water content, bulk density, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and soil grain size distribution. Major and trace elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP/OES) to determine their concentrations in the fine fraction (FF) of the soils. Afterward, the elemental composition of the soils was identified by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and quantified by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The surface soil characteristics were determined by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, whereas the thermal decomposition of the soils was carried out using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric (TGA-DSC) measurements. The morphological characteristics were obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Afterward, column-leaching experiments were conducted to investigate the soil’s retention capacity of nitrate (NO−3). Parallelly, a chemical and physical study of olive pomace biomass slag (OPBS) residue was carried out in order to explore its potential use as a soil additive and improver in the R’mel area. The OPBS was characterized by physicochemical analysis, assessed for heavy metals toxicity, and characterized using (XRD, XRF, SEM, and BET) techniques. The results show that the R’mel soils were slightly acidic to alkaline in nature. The soils had a sandy texture with low clay and silt percentage (<5% of the total fraction), low OM content, and weak CEC. The column experiments demonstrated that the R’mel irrigated soils have a higher tendency to release large amounts of nitrate due to their texture and a higher degree of mineralization which allows water to drain quickly. The OPBS chemical characterization indicates a higher alkaline pH (12.1), higher water content (7.18%), and higher unburned carbon portion (19.97%). The trace elements were present in low concentrations in OPBS. Macronutrients in OPBS showed composition rich in Ca, K, and Mg which represent 10.59, 8.24, and 1.56%, respectively. Those nutrients were quite low in soil samples. Both XRD and XRF characterization have shown a quasi-dominance of SiO2 in soil samples revealing that quartz was the main crystalline phase dominating the R’mel soils. Oppositely, OPBS showed a reduced SiO2 percentage of 26,29% while K, Ca, and P were present in significant amounts. These results were confirmed by XRF analysis of OPBS reporting the presence of dolomite (CaMg, (CO3)2), fairchildite (K2Ca (CO3)2), and free lime (CaO). Finally, the comparison between the surface characteristic of OPBS and soils by BET and SEM indicated that OPBS has a higher surface area and pore volume compared to soils. In this context, this study suggests a potential utilization of OPBS in order to (1) increase soil fertility by the input of organic carbon and macronutrients in soil; (2) increase the water-holding capacity of soil; (3) increase soil CEC; (4) stabilize trace elements; (5) enhance the soil adsorption capacity and porosity.

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Johnson, G., K. Hickey, A. Azin, K. Guidolin, K. Guidolin, F. Shariff, J. Gentles, et al. "2021 Canadian Surgery Forum01. Design and validation of a unique endoscopy simulator using a commercial video game03. Is ethnicity an appropriate measure of health care marginalization?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the outcomes of diabetic foot ulceration in the Aboriginal population04. Racial disparities in surgery — a cross-specialty matched comparison between black and white patients05. Starting late does not increase the risk of postoperative complications in patients undergoing common general surgical procedures06. Ethical decision-making during a health care crisis: a resource allocation framework and tool07. Ensuring stability in surgical training program leadership: a survey of program directors08. Introducing oncoplastic breast surgery in a community hospital09. Leadership development programs for surgical residents: a review of the literature10. Superiority of non-opioid postoperative pain management after thyroid and parathyroid operations: a systematic review and meta-analysis11. Timing of ERCP relative to cholecystectomy in patients with ductal gallstone disease12. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing intraoperative red blood cell transfusion strategies13. Postoperative outcomes after frail elderly preoperative assessment clinic: a single-institution Canadian perspective14. Selective opioid antagonists following bowel resection for prevention of postoperative ileus: a systematic review and meta-analysis15. Peer-to-peer coaching after bile duct injury16. Laparoscopic median arcuate ligament release: a video abstract17. Retroperitoneoscopic approach to adrenalectomy19. Endoscopic Zenker diverticulotomy: a video abstract20. Variability in surgeons’ perioperative management of pheochromocytomas in Canada21. The contribution of surgeon and hospital variation in transfusion practice to outcomes for patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal cancer surgery: a population-based analysis22. Perioperative transfusions for gastroesophageal cancers: risk factors and short- and long-term outcomes23. The association between frailty and time alive and at home after cancer surgery among older adults: a population-based analysis24. Psychological and workplace-related effects of providing surgical care during the COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia, Canada25. Safety of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a systematic review26. Complications and reintervention following laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis27. Synchronization of pupil dilations correlates with team performance in a simulated laparoscopic team coordination task28. Receptivity to and desired design features of a surgical peer coaching program: an international survey9. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rates of emergency department utilization due to general surgery conditions30. The impact of the current COVID-19 pandemic on the exposure of general surgery trainees to operative procedures31. Association between academic degrees and research productivity: an assessment of academic general surgeons in Canada32. Laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) for subepithelial gastric lesion: a video presentation33. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute care general surgery at an academic Canadian centre34. Opioid-free analgesia after outpatient general surgery: a pilot randomized controlled trial35. Impact of neoadjuvant immunotherapy or targeted therapies on surgical resection in patients with solid tumours: a systematic review and meta-analysis37. Surgical data recording in the operating room: a systematic review of modalities and metrics38. Association between nonaccidental trauma and neighbourhood socioeconomic status during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective analysis39. Laparoscopic repair of a transdiaphragmatic gastropleural fistula40. Video-based interviewing in medicine: a scoping review41. Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography for prevention of anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery: a cost analysis from the hospital payer’s perspective43. Perception or reality: surgical resident and faculty assessments of resident workload compared with objective data45. When illness and loss hit close to home: Do health care providers learn how to cope?46. Remote video-based suturing education with smartphones (REVISE): a randomized controlled trial47. The evolving use of robotic surgery: a population-based analysis48. Prophylactic retromuscular mesh placement for parastomal hernia prevention: a retrospective cohort study of permanent colostomies and ileostomies49. Intracorporeal versus extracorporeal anastomosis in laparoscopic right hemicolectomy: a retrospective cohort study on anastomotic complications50. A lay of the land — a description of Canadian academic acute care surgery models51. Emergency general surgery in Ontario: interhospital variability in structures, processes and models of care52. Trauma 101: a virtual case-based trauma conference as an adjunct to medical education53. Assessment of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Surgical Risk Calculator for predicting patient-centred outcomes of emergency general surgery patients in a Canadian health care system54. Sustainability of a narcotic reduction initiative: 1 year following the Standardization of Outpatient Procedure (STOP) Narcotics Study55. Barriers to transanal endoscopic microsurgery referral56. Geospatial analysis of severely injured rural patients in a geographically complex landscape57. Implementation of an incentive spirometry protocol in a trauma ward: a single-centre pilot study58. Impostor phenomenon is a significant risk factor for burnout and anxiety in Canadian resident physicians: a cross-sectional survey59. Understanding the influence of perioperative education on performance among surgical trainees: a single-centre experience60. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on current and future endoscopic personal protective equipment practices: a national survey of 77 endoscopists61. Case report: delayed presentation of perforated sigmoid diverticulitis as necrotizing infection of the lower limb62. Investigating disparities in surgical outcomes in Canadian Indigenous populations63. Fundoplication is superior to medical therapy for Barrett esophagus disease regression and progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis64. Development of a novel online general surgery learning platform and a qualitative preimplementation analysis65. Hagfish slime exudate as a potential novel hemostatic agent: developing a standardized assessment protocol66. The effect of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical oncology case volumes and wait times67. Safety of same-day discharge in high-risk patients undergoing ambulatory general surgery68. External validation of the Codman score in colorectal surgery: a pragmatic tool to drive quality improvement69. Improved morbidity and gastrointestinal restoration rates without compromising survival rates for diverting loop ileostomy with colonic lavage versus total abdominal colectomy for fulminant Clostridioides difficile colitis: a multicentre retrospective cohort study70. Potential access to emergency general surgical care in Ontario71. Immersive virtual reality (iVR) improves procedural duration, task completion and accuracy in surgical trainees: a systematic review01. Clinical validation of the Canada Lymph Node Score for endobronchial ultrasound02. Venous thromboembolism in surgically treated esophageal cancer patients: a provincial population-based study03. Venous thromboembolism in surgically treated lung cancer patients: a population-based study04. Is frailty associated with failure to rescue after esophagectomy? A multi-institutional comparative analysis of outcomes05. Routine systematic sampling versus targeted sampling of lymph nodes during endobronchial ultrasound: a feasibility randomized controlled trial06. Gastric ischemic conditioning reduces anastomotic complications in patients undergoing esophagectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis07. Move For Surgery, a novel preconditioning program to optimize health before thoracic surgery: a randomized controlled trial08. In case of emergency, go to your nearest emergency department — Or maybe not?09. Does preoperative SABR increase the risk of complications from lung cancer resection? A secondary analysis of the MISSILE trial10. Segmental resection for lung cancer: the added value of near-infrared fluorescence mapping diminishes with surgeon experience11. Toward competency-based continuing professional development for practising surgeons12. Stereotactic body radiotherapy versus surgery in older adults with NSCLC — a population-based, matched analysis of long-term dependency outcomes13. Role of adjuvant therapy in esophageal cancer patients after neoadjuvant therapy and curative esophagectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis14. Evaluation of population characteristics on the incidence of thoracic empyema: an ecological study15. Determining the optimal stiffness colour threshold and stiffness area ratio cut-off for mediastinal lymph node staging using EBUS elastography and AI: a pilot study16. Quality assurance on the use of sequential compression stockings in thoracic surgery (QUESTs)17. The relationship between fissureless technique and prolonged air leak for patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy18. CXCR2 inhibition as a candidate for immunomodulation in the treatment of K-RAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma19. Assessment tools for evaluating competency in video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy: a systematic review20. Understanding the current practice on chest tube management following lung resection among thoracic surgeons across Canada21. Effect of routine jejunostomy tube insertion in esophagectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis22. Recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax following bullectomy with pleurodesis or pleurectomy: a retrospective analysis23. Surgical outcomes following chest wall resection and reconstruction24. Outcomes following surgical management of primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumours25. Does robotic approach offer better nodal staging than thoracoscopic approach in anatomical resection for non–small cell lung cancer? A single-centre propensity matching analysis26. Competency assessment for mediastinal mass resection and thymectomy: design and Delphi process27. The contemporary significance of venous thromboembolism (deep venous thrombosis [DVT] and pulmonary embolus [PE]) in patients undergoing esophagectomy: a prospective, multicentre cohort study to evaluate the incidence and clinical outcomes of VTE after major esophageal resections28. Esophageal cancer: symptom severity at the end of life29. The impact of pulmonary artery reconstruction on postoperative and oncologic outcomes: a systematic review30. Association with surgical technique and recurrence after laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hernia: a single-centre experience31. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in esophagectomy32. Surgical treatment of esophageal cancer: trends in surgical approach and early mortality at a single institution over the past 18 years34. Adverse events and length of stay following minimally invasive surgery in paraesophageal hernia repair35. Long-term symptom control comparison of Dor and Nissen fundoplication following laparoscopic para-esophageal hernia repair: a retrospective analysis36. Willingness to pay: a survey of Canadian patients’ willingness to contribute to the cost of robotic thoracic surgery37. Radiomics in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma: a prediction tool for tumour immune microenvironments38. Effectiveness of intraoperative pyloric botox injection during esophagectomy: how often is endoscopic intervention required?39. An artificial intelligence algorithm for predicting lymph node malignancy during endobronchial ultrasound40. The effect of major and minor complications after lung surgery on length of stay and readmission41. Measuring cost of adverse events following thoracic surgery: a scoping review42. Laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair: characterization by hospital and surgeon volume and impact on outcomes43. NSQIP 5-Factor Modified Frailty Index predicts morbidity but not mortality after esophagectomy44. Trajectory of perioperative HRQOL and association with postoperative complications in thoracic surgery patients45. Variation in treatment patterns and outcomes for resected esophageal cancer at designated thoracic surgery centres46. Patient-reported pretreatment health-related quality of life (HRQOL) predicts short-term survival in esophageal cancer patients47. Analgesic efficacy of surgeon-placed paravertebral catheters compared with thoracic epidural analgesia after Ivor Lewis esophagectomy: a retrospective noninferiority study48. Rapid return to normal oxygenation after lung surgery49. Examination of local and systemic inflammatory changes during lung surgery01. Implications of near-infrared imaging and indocyanine green on anastomotic leaks following colorectal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis02. Repeat preoperative endoscopy after regional implementation of electronic synoptic endoscopy reporting: a retrospective comparative study03. Consensus-derived quality indicators for operative reporting in transanal endoscopic surgery (TES)04. Colorectal lesion localization practices at endoscopy to facilitate surgical and endoscopic planning: recommendations from a national consensus Delphi process05. Black race is associated with increased mortality in colon cancer — a population-based and propensity-score matched analysis06. Improved survival in a cohort of patients 75 years and over with FIT-detected colorectal neoplasms07. Laparoscopic versus open loop ileostomy reversal: a systematic review and meta-analysis08. Posterior mesorectal thickness as a predictor of increased operative time in rectal cancer surgery: a retrospective cohort study09. Improvement of colonic anastomotic healing in mice with oral supplementation of oligosaccharides10. How can we better identify patients with rectal bleeding who are at high risk of colorectal cancer?11. Assessment of long-term bowel dysfunction in rectal cancer survivors: a population-based cohort study12. Observational versus antibiotic therapy for acute uncomplicated diverticulitis: a noninferiority meta-analysis based on a Delphi consensus13. Radiotherapy alone versus chemoradiotherapy for stage I anal squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis14. Is the Hartmann procedure for diverticulitis obsolete? National trends in colectomy for diverticulitis in the emergency setting from 1993 to 201515. Sugammadex in colorectal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis16. Sexuality and rectal cancer treatment: a qualitative study exploring patients’ information needs and expectations on sexual dysfunction after rectal cancer treatment17. Video-based interviews in selection process18. Impact of delaying colonoscopies during the COVID-19 pandemic on colorectal cancer detection and prevention19. Opioid use disorder associated with increased anastomotic leak and major complications after colorectal surgery20. Effectiveness of a rectal cancer education video on patient expectations21. Robotic-assisted rectosigmoid and rectal cancer resection: implementation and early experience at a Canadian tertiary centre22. An online educational app for rectal cancer survivors with low anterior resection syndrome: a pilot study23. The effects of surgeon specialization on the outcome of emergency colorectal surgery24. Outcomes after colorectal cancer resections in octogenarians and older in a regional New Zealand setting — What are the predictors of mortality?25. Long-term outcomes after seton placement for perianal fistulae with and without Crohn disease26. A survey of patient and surgeon preference for early ileostomy closure following restorative proctectomy for rectal cancer — Why aren’t we doing it?27. Crohn disease independently associated with longer hospital admission after surgery28. Short-stay (≤ 1 d) diverting loop ileostomy closure can be selectively implemented without an increase in readmission and complication rates: an ACS-NSQIP analysis29. A comparison of perineal stapled rectal prolapse resection and the Altemeier procedure at 2 Canadian academic hospitals30. Mental health and substance use disorders predict 90-day readmission and postoperative complications following rectal cancer surgery31. Early discharge after colorectal cancer resection: trends and impact on patient outcomes32. Oral antibiotics without mechanical bowel preparation prior to emergency colectomy reduces the risk of organ space surgical site infections: a NSQIP propensity score matched study33. The impact of robotic surgery on a tertiary care colorectal surgery program, an assessment of costs and short-term outcomes — a Canadian perspective34. Should we scope beyond the age limit of guidelines? Adenoma detection rates and outcomes of screening and surveillance colonoscopies in patients aged 75–79 years35. Emergency department admissions for uncomplicated diverticulitis: a nationwide study36. Obesity is associated with a complicated episode of acute diverticulitis: a nationwide study37. Green indocyanine angiography for low anterior resection in patients with rectal cancer: a prospective before-and-after study38. The impact of age on surgical recurrence of fibrostenotic ileocolic Crohn disease39. A qualitative study to explore the optimal timing and approach for the LARS discussion01. Racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in diagnosis, treatment and survival of patients with breast cancer: a SEER-based population analysis02. First-line palliative chemotherapy for esophageal and gastric cancer: practice patterns and outcomes in the general population03. Frailty as a predictor for postoperative outcomes following pancreaticoduodenectomy04. Synoptic electronic operative reports identify practice variation in cancer surgery allowing for directed interventions to decrease variation05. The role of Hedgehog signalling in basal-like breast cancer07. Clinical and patient-reported outcomes in oncoplastic breast conservation surgery from a single surgeon’s practice in a busy community hospital in Canada08. Upgrade rate of atypical ductal hyperplasia: 10 years of experience and predictive factors09. Time to first adjuvant treatment after oncoplastic breast reduction10. Preparing to survive: improving outcomes for young women with breast cancer11. Opioid prescription and consumption in patients undergoing outpatient breast surgery — baseline data for a quality improvement initiative12. Rectal anastomosis and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: Should we avoid diverting loop ileostomy?13. Delays in operative management of early-stage, estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic — a multi-institutional matched historical cohort study14. Opioid prescribing practices in breast oncologic surgery15. Oncoplastic breast reduction (OBR) complications and patient-reported outcomes16. De-escalating breast cancer surgery: Should we apply quality indicators from other jurisdictions in Canada?17. The breast cancer patient experience of telemedicine during COVID-1918. A novel ex vivo human peritoneal model to investigate mechanisms of peritoneal metastasis in gastric adenocarcinoma (GCa)19. Preliminary uptake and outcomes utilizing the BREAST-Q patient-reported outcomes questionnaire in patients following breast cancer surgery20. Routine elastin staining improves detection of venous invasion and enhances prognostication in resected colorectal cancer21. Analysis of exhaled volatile organic compounds: a new frontier in colon cancer screening and surveillance22. A clinical pathway for radical cystectomy leads to a shorter hospital stay and decreases 30-day postoperative complications: a NSQIP analysis23. Fertility preservation in young breast cancer patients: a population-based study24. Investigating factors associated with postmastectomy unplanned emergency department visits: a population-based analysis25. Impact of patient, tumour and treatment factors on psychosocial outcomes after treatment in women with invasive breast cancer26. The relationship between breast and axillary pathologic complete response in women receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer01. The association between bacterobilia and the risk of postoperative complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy02. Surgical outcome and quality of life following exercise-based prehabilitation for hepatobiliary surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis03. Does intraoperative frozen section and revision of margins lead to improved survival in patients undergoing resection of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis04. Prolonged kidney procurement time is associated with worse graft survival after transplantation05. Venous thromboembolism following hepatectomy for colorectal metastases: a population-based retrospective cohort study06. Association between resection approach and transfusion exposure in liver resection for gastrointestinal cancer07. The association between surgeon volume and use of laparoscopic liver resection for gastrointestinal cancer08. Immune suppression through TIGIT in colorectal cancer liver metastases09. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” — a combined strategy to reduce postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy10. Laparoscopic versus open synchronous colorectal and hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer11. Identifying prognostic factors for overall survival in patients with recurrent disease following liver resection for colorectal cancer metastasis12. Modified Blumgart pancreatojejunostomy with external stenting in laparoscopic Whipple reconstruction13. Laparoscopic versus open pancreaticoduodenectomy: a single centre’s initial experience with introduction of a novel surgical approach14. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus upfront surgery for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: a single-centre cohort analysis15. Thermal ablation and telemedicine to reduce resource utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic16. Cost-utility analysis of normothermic machine perfusion compared with static cold storage in liver transplantation in the Canadian setting17. Impact of adjuvant therapy on overall survival in early-stage ampullary cancers: a single-centre retrospective review18. Presence of biliary anaerobes enhances response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma19. How does tumour viability influence the predictive capability of the Metroticket model? Comparing predicted-to-observed 5-year survival after liver transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma20. Does caudate resection improve outcomes in patients undergoing curative resection for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis21. Appraisal of multivariable prognostic models for postoperative liver decompensation following partial hepatectomy: a systematic review22. Predictors of postoperative liver decompensation events following resection in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: a population-based study23. Characteristics of bacteriobilia and impact on outcomes after Whipple procedure01. Inverting the y-axis: the future of MIS abdominal wall reconstruction is upside down02. Progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum: a single-centre retrospective study03. The role of radiologic classification of parastomal hernia as a predictor of the need for surgical hernia repair: a retrospective cohort study04. Comparison of 2 fascial defect closure methods for laparoscopic incisional hernia repair01. Hypoalbuminemia predicts serious complications following elective bariatric surgery02. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band migration inducing jejunal obstruction associated with acute pancreatitis: aurgical approach of band removal03. Can visceral adipose tissue gene expression determine metabolic outcomes after bariatric surgery?04. Improvement of kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease and severe obesity after bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis05. A prediction model for delayed discharge following gastric bypass surgery06. Experiences and outcomes of Indigenous patients undergoing bariatric surgery: a mixed-methods scoping review07. What is the optimal common channel length in revisional bariatric surgery?08. Laparoscopic management of internal hernia in a 34-week pregnant woman09. Characterizing timing of postoperative complications following elective Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy10. Canadian trends in bariatric surgery11. Common surgical stapler problems and how to correct them12. Management of choledocholithiasis following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Canadian Journal of Surgery 64, no. 6 Suppl 2 (December 14, 2021): S80—S159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cjs.021321.

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Eid, Ebrahem, Kamal Shaltout, Saad Alamri, Sulaiman Alrumman, Ahmed Hussain, Nasser Sewelam, and Gehad Ragab. "Sewage sludge enhances tomato growth and improves fruit-yield quality by restoring soil fertility." Plant, Soil and Environment, September 10, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/205/2021-pse.

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Among the various disposal strategies for sewage sludge (SS), soil application is the most suitable. This study was conducted to evaluate soil amendment with SS (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g/kg) and its impact on soil fertility and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth. The SS significantly improved the agromorphological attributes, the number of produced fruits, and the fruit biomass of tomato plants. The 30 g/kg application of SS led to the highest growth rate and fruit yield. Considering the fruits, the best safe enrichment of metal nutrients was recorded at 30 g/kg, with a significant increase in the micronutrient metals Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Fe with 624, 193, 125, 70, and 32%, respectively, compared to the control. The SS amendment enhanced soil fertility, and heavy metals were within the permissible ranges for agricultural soils. Bioaccumulation factors (BFs) indicated that SS application induced the accumulation of most of the studied metals in the roots, and the BF values of Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb were > 1. The current study concluded that recirculating SS nutrient components to agricultural soils could offer a valid solution for the sustainable management of this organic waste and enhance plant-crop productivity.

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Kimber, Richard L., Heath Bagshaw, Kurt Smith, Dawn M. Buchanan, Victoria S. Coker, Jennifer S. Cavet, and Jonathan R. Lloyd. "Biomineralization of Cu2S Nanoparticles by Geobacter sulfurreducens." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 86, no. 18 (July 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00967-20.

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ABSTRACT Biomineralization of Cu has been shown to control contaminant dynamics and transport in soils. However, very little is known about the role that subsurface microorganisms may play in the biogeochemical cycling of Cu. In this study, we investigate the bioreduction of Cu(II) by the subsurface metal-reducing bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens. Rapid removal of Cu from solution was observed in cell suspensions of G. sulfurreducens when Cu(II) was supplied, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses showed the formation of electron-dense nanoparticles associated with the cell surface. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) point analysis and EDX spectrum image maps revealed that the nanoparticles are rich in both Cu and S. This finding was confirmed by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analyses, which identified the nanoparticles as Cu2S. Biomineralization of CuxS nanoparticles in soils has been reported to enhance the colloidal transport of a number of contaminants, including Pb, Cd, and Hg. However, formation of these CuxS nanoparticles has only been observed under sulfate-reducing conditions and could not be repeated using isolates of implicated organisms. As G. sulfurreducens is unable to respire sulfate, and no reducible sulfur was supplied to the cells, these data suggest a novel mechanism for the biomineralization of Cu2S under anoxic conditions. The implications of these findings for the biogeochemical cycling of Cu and other metals as well as the green production of Cu catalysts are discussed. IMPORTANCE Dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria are ubiquitous in soils and aquifers and are known to utilize a wide range of metals as terminal electron acceptors. These transformations play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of metals in pristine and contaminated environments and can be harnessed for bioremediation and metal bioprocessing purposes. However, relatively little is known about their interactions with Cu. As a trace element that becomes toxic in excess, Cu can adversely affect soil biota and fertility. In addition, biomineralization of Cu nanoparticles has been reported to enhance the mobilization of other toxic metals. Here, we demonstrate that when supplied with acetate under anoxic conditions, the model metal-reducing bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens can transform soluble Cu(II) to Cu2S nanoparticles. This study provides new insights into Cu biomineralization by microorganisms and suggests that contaminant mobilization enhanced by Cu biomineralization could be facilitated by Geobacter species and related organisms.

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Yuan, Xin-qi, Zhao-lai Guo, Chang-qun Duan, Jie Yang, Hong Tang, Lin-yang Li, Ting Li, and Chang-e. Liu. "Alleviation of heavy metal stress and enhanced plant complex functional restoration in abandoned Pb–Zn mining areas by the nurse plant Coriaria nepalensis." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10 (October 10, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.1006468.

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Heavy metal pollution caused by mining has been a topic of concern globally because it threatens ecological functions and human health. Nearly all current remediation strategies take into account only such short-term issues as how to reduce or stabilize the content of heavy metals in soil, how to reduce the toxicity of heavy metals, and how to preserve water, soil and nutrients. However, little attention is paid to such long-term issues as whether plants can survive, whether communities can be stabilized, and whether ecosystem functions can be restored. Therefore, improving plant diversity and community stability are key aspects of improved mine restoration. To explore the possibility of reconstructing plant complexes in mining areas, the local nurse plant Coriaria nepalensis was selected as the research object for a study in the Huize Pb–Zn mining area of southwest China. C. nepalensis could increase the contents of nutrient elements (C, N, and P), reduce the contents of heavy metals (Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb), and strengthen the plant complex functions (diversity, functional traits, and complex biomass) in its root zone. In general, C. nepalensis can form fertility islands (survival islands) in mining areas, which facilitate the colonization and success of additional less stress-resistant species. We propose C. nepalensis as a key species for use in restoration based on its ability to restore ecosystem functions under extremely stressful conditions. We encourage combination of C. nepalensis with other nurse plants to reinforce the rehabilitation of ecosystem functions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Enhanced metal fertility'

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