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Journal articles on the topic 'Enhanced emission'

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Published: 7 July 2024
Last updated: 7 July 2024

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1

Oda, Masato, and Nguyen Huu Chiem. "Rice cultivation reduces methane emissions in high-emitting paddies." F1000Research 7 (August 29, 2018): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15859.1.

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Background: Rice is typically understood to enhance methane emissions from paddy fields. However, rice actually has two separate functions related to methane: i) emission enhancement, such as by providing emission pathways (aerenchyma) and methanogenetic substrates; and ii) emission suppression by providing oxygen pathways, which suppress methanogenesis or enhance methane oxidation. The overall role of rice is thus determined by the balance between its enhancing and suppressing functions. Although existing studies have suggested that rice enhances total methane emissions, we aimed to demonstrate that the balance between rice’s emitting and suppressing functions changes according to overall methane emission levels, which have quite a large range (16‍–500 kg methane ha−1 crop−1). Methods: Using PVC chambers, we compared methane emissions emitted by rice paddy fields with and without rice plants in rice fields in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatograph. Results: We found high overall methane emission levels and our results indicated that rice in fact suppressed methane emissions under these conditions. Emission reductions increased with the growth of rice, up to 60% of emission rate at the maximum tillering stage, then decreased to 20% after the heading stage, and finally recovering back to 60%. Discussion: It is known that methane is emitted by ebullition when the emission level is high, and methane emission reductions in rice-planted fields are thought to be due to oxidation and methanogenesis suppression. However, although many studies have found that the contribution of soil organic matter to methanogenesis is small, our results suggested that methanogenesis depended mainly on soil organic matter accumulated from past crops. The higher the methane emission level, the lower the contribution of rice-providing substrate. Conclusion: As a result, during the growing season, rice enhanced methane emissions in low-emission paddy fields but suppressed methane emissions in high-emission paddy fields.
2

SHAO, BO, ZHENGWEN YANG, JUN LI, JIAYAN LIAO, SHENFENG LAI, JIANBEI QIU, ZHIGUO SONG, YONG YANG, and DACHENG ZHOU. "PHOTONIC CRYSTAL SURFACE ENHANCED UPCONVERSION EMISSION OF YF3:Yb3+, Er3+ NANOPARTICLES." Surface Review and Letters 22, no. 01 (February 2015): 1550010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x15500109.

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The opal photonic crystals made of polystyrene microspheres with 155, 230, 270 or 410 nm in diameter were used to enhance upconversion (UC) emission of YF 3: Yb 3+, Er 3+ nanoparticles, respectively. The red or green UC emission of YF 3: Yb 3+, Er 3+ nanoparticles can be selectively enhanced when the red or green UC emission wavelength overlapped with the photonic bandgaps of opals, which is attributed to Bragg reflection of photonic bandgap. In addition, when the 980 nm excitation light wavelength was in the region of the photonic bandgap, red and green UC emissions of YF 3: Yb 3+, Er 3+ nanoparticles were enhanced due to the enhancement of excitation field.
3

Tu, Linyu, Siyu Ding, Shefeng Li, Haitao Zhang, and Wei Feng. "Investigation of the Combustion Properties of Ethylene in Porous Materials Using Numerical Simulations." Energies 17, no. 9 (April 30, 2024): 2153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17092153.

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As industrial modernization advances rapidly, the need for energy becomes increasingly urgent. This paper aims to enhance the current burner design by optimizing the combustion calorific value, minimizing pollutant emissions, and validating the accuracy of the burner model using experimental data from previous studies. The enhanced porous medium burner model is used to investigate the burner’s combustion and pollutant emission characteristics at various flow rates, equivalence ratios, combustion orifice sizes, and porosity of porous media. In comparison with the previous model, the combustion traits during ethylene combustion and the emission properties of pollutants under various operational circumstances have been enhanced with the enhanced porous medium burner model. The maximum temperature of ethylene combustion in the enhanced model is 174 k higher than that before the improvement, and the CO emissions are reduced by 31.9%. It is believed that the findings will serve as a guide for the practical implementation of porous media combustion devices.
4

Griffis, Timothy J., Zichong Chen, John M. Baker, Jeffrey D. Wood, Dylan B. Millet, Xuhui Lee, Rodney T. Venterea, and Peter A. Turner. "Nitrous oxide emissions are enhanced in a warmer and wetter world." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 45 (October 16, 2017): 12081–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704552114.

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Nitrous oxide (N2O) has a global warming potential that is 300 times that of carbon dioxide on a 100-y timescale, and is of major importance for stratospheric ozone depletion. The climate sensitivity of N2O emissions is poorly known, which makes it difficult to project how changing fertilizer use and climate will impact radiative forcing and the ozone layer. Analysis of 6 y of hourly N2O mixing ratios from a very tall tower within the US Corn Belt—one of the most intensive agricultural regions of the world—combined with inverse modeling, shows large interannual variability in N2O emissions (316 Gg N2O-N⋅y−1to 585 Gg N2O-N⋅y−1). This implies that the regional emission factor is highly sensitive to climate. In the warmest year and spring (2012) of the observational period, the emission factor was 7.5%, nearly double that of previous reports. Indirect emissions associated with runoff and leaching dominated the interannual variability of total emissions. Under current trends in climate and anthropogenic N use, we project a strong positive feedback to warmer and wetter conditions and unabated growth of regional N2O emissions that will exceed 600 Gg N2O-N⋅y−1, on average, by 2050. This increasing emission trend in the US Corn Belt may represent a harbinger of intensifying N2O emissions from other agricultural regions. Such feedbacks will pose a major challenge to the Paris Agreement, which requires large N2O emission mitigation efforts to achieve its goals.
5

Vequizo, Junie Jhon M., Sunao Kamimura, Teruhisa Ohno, and Akira Yamakata. "Oxygen induced enhancement of NIR emission in brookite TiO2 powders: comparison with rutile and anatase TiO2 powders." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 5 (2018): 3241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp06975h.

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6

Yinsheng Xu, Yinsheng Xu, Jiani Qi Jiani Qi, Changgui Lin Changgui Lin, Peiqing Zhang Peiqing Zhang, and Shixun Dai Shixun Dai. "Nanocrystal-enhanced near-IR emission in the bismuth-doped chalcogenide glasses." Chinese Optics Letters 11, no. 4 (2013): 041601–41604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201311.041601.

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7

Luo, Haiyan, Junlin Pan, Yan Han, Zheng Li, and Zhuo Cai. "A Cooperation Model for EPC Energy Conservation Projects Considering Carbon Emission Rights: A Case from China." Energies 17, no. 13 (June 21, 2024): 3071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17133071.

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This paper introduces an innovative cooperative model for energy efficiency retrofitting that incorporates carbon emission rights, addressing critical financial constraints in Energy Performance Contracting (EPC). By employing the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) to evaluate risk assessment indicators and stakeholder contributions and utilizing the enhanced Shapley method for equitable benefit distribution, the model demonstrates significant improvements in financing and efficiency for energy conservation projects. The findings are as follows: (1) the energy efficiency retrofit model, which integrates carbon emission rights, effectively alleviates the financial constraints and fosters energy conservation and emission reduction in guaranteed-savings EPC projects; (2) the enhanced Shapley method is deemed appropriate for the equitable distribution of energy-saving benefits among stakeholders; (3) when compared with the traditional model and the benefit allocation-absent carbon rights, the energy-saving benefits of the energy efficiency retrofit model incorporating carbon emission rights are higher in individual and overall terms. The findings of this study offer a viable solution to financing challenges faced by stakeholders in such projects and delineate a pragmatic approach for enterprises to enhance energy efficiency and reduce emissions.
8

Schnobrich, Popham Haik, and James A. Mennell. "Enhanced Monitoring Requirements for Air Emission Sources in the United States." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 4, Issue 4 (April 1, 1995): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1995026.

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The regulation of emissions to the air is currently at the top of the agenda for US environmental lawyers. In addition to emission limits, air emission sources will be subject to extensive monitoring requirements. This short article reviews the proposals of the U S Environmental Protection Agency for an Enhanced Monitoring Program, affecting industries operating in the US.
9

Xu, Hongbo, Lingxiao Liu, Fei Teng, and Nan Lu. "Emission Enhancement of Fluorescent Molecules by Antireflective Arrays." Research 2019 (November 27, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2019/3495841.

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Traditional fluorescence enhancement based on a match of the maximum excitation or emission of fluorescence molecule with the spectra of the nanostructure can hardly enhance blue and red fluorescent molecules. Here, an enhanced method which is a new strategy based on the antireflective array has been developed to enhance the emission of blue and red fluorescent molecules. The fluorescence emission is enhanced by increasing the absorption at excitation wavelengths of the fluorescent molecules and reducing the fluorescent energy dissipation with an antireflective array. By introducing the antireflective arrays, the emission enhancement of blue and red fluorescent molecules is, respectively, up to 14 and 18 fold. It is a universal and effective strategy for enhancing fluorescence emission, which could be applied to enhance the intensity of organic LED and imaging.
10

Liu, Shaojie, Fengwei Guo, Peiyan Li, Gaoshuai Wei, Chun Wang, Xinhou Chen, Bo Wang, et al. "Nanoplasmonic‐Enhanced Spintronic Terahertz Emission." Advanced Materials Interfaces 9, no. 2 (November 28, 2021): 2101296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admi.202101296.

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11

Sivis, M., M. Duwe, B. Abel, and C. Ropers. "Nanostructure-enhanced atomic line emission." Nature 485, no. 7397 (May 9, 2012): E1—E2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10978.

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12

Zhang, Yongxia, Buddha L. Mali, and Chris D. Geddes. "Metal-enhanced fluorescence exciplex emission." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 85, no. 1 (January 2012): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2011.09.046.

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13

Kundrotas, Jurgis, Aurimas Čerškus, Viktorija Nargelienė, Algirdas Sužiedėlis, Steponas Ašmontas, Jonas Gradauskas, A. Johannessen, and E. Johannessen. "Enhanced light emission in nanostructures." Lithuanian Journal of Physics 51, no. 4 (2011): 292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3952/lithjphys.51404.

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14

Eggleston, Michael S., Kevin Messer, Liming Zhang, Eli Yablonovitch, and Ming C. Wu. "Optical antenna enhanced spontaneous emission." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 6 (January 26, 2015): 1704–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423294112.

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Atoms and molecules are too small to act as efficient antennas for their own emission wavelengths. By providing an external optical antenna, the balance can be shifted; spontaneous emission could become faster than stimulated emission, which is handicapped by practically achievable pump intensities. In our experiments, InGaAsP nanorods emitting at ∼200 THz optical frequency show a spontaneous emission intensity enhancement of 35× corresponding to a spontaneous emission rate speedup ∼115×, for antenna gap spacing, d = 40 nm. Classical antenna theory predicts ∼2,500× spontaneous emission speedup at d ∼ 10 nm, proportional to 1/d2. Unfortunately, at d < 10 nm, antenna efficiency drops below 50%, owing to optical spreading resistance, exacerbated by the anomalous skin effect (electron surface collisions). Quantum dipole oscillations in the emitter excited state produce an optical ac equivalent circuit current, Io = qω|xo|/d, feeding the antenna-enhanced spontaneous emission, where q|xo| is the dipole matrix element. Despite the quantum-mechanical origin of the drive current, antenna theory makes no reference to the Purcell effect nor to local density of states models. Moreover, plasmonic effects are minor at 200 THz, producing only a small shift of antenna resonance frequency.
15

Viskadouros, G., A. Zak, M. Stylianakis, E. Kymakis, R. Tenne, and E. Stratakis. "Enhanced Field Emission of WS2Nanotubes." Small 10, no. 12 (March 7, 2014): 2398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201303340.

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16

Rosli, Hazwani Mohd, Syahirah Abd Halim, Lilik Jamilatul Awalin, and Seri Mastura Mustaza. "Economic-emission load dispatch for power system operation using enhanced sunflower optimization." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i1.pp1-10.

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Conventional thermal power plant uses limited sources of gas, fuel or coal which contributes to the rise of air pollution. Thus, it is crucial to efficiently use the natural sources and minimize the emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. This paper presents an optimal economic dispatch considering three factors which are cost of generation, loss of power transmission and amount of emission for an efficient operation of power generation. Enhanced sunflower optimization (ESFO) algorithm is applied to determine the solution for three different cases: economic load dispatch, emission load dispatch and economic-emission load dispatch. The optimal solution based on the minimum generation cost and emission is obtained for the IEEE 6-unit test system using MATLAB software
17

Sergienko, T., B. Gustavsson, U. Brändström, and K. Axelsson. "Modelling of optical emissions enhanced by the HF pumping of the ionospheric F-region." Annales Geophysicae 30, no. 5 (May 31, 2012): 885–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-885-2012.

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Abstract. Strong enhancement of the optical emissions with excitation threshold from 1.96 eV (630.0 nm from O(1D)) up to 18.75 eV (427.8 nm from N2+(1NG)) have been observed during experiments of the ionosphere modification by high power HF radio waves. Analysis of the optical emission ratios showed clearly that a significant part of the ionospheric electrons have to be accelerated to energies above 30 eV and more in the region where the HF radio wave effectively interacts with the ionospheric plasma. The Monte-Carlo model of electron transport and the optical emission model were used to study the dependence of the optical emission intensity on the acceleration electron parameters. We obtained the following results from analysis of the enhanced intensities of the four optical emissions (630.0, 557.7, 844.6 and 427.8 nm) observed in the EISCAT heating experiment on 10 March 2002. The 630.0 emission with an excitation threshold of 1.96 eV is formed predominately by the thermal electrons, where the accelerated electrons play a minor role in the excitation of this emission. In order to explain the experimentally observed intensity ratios, the accelerated electrons must gain energies of more than 60 eV. For accelerated electrons with a power law energy dependence, the efficiency of the optical emission excitation depends on the exponent defining the shape of the electron spectra. However, an agreement with the observed emission intensities is achieved for exponent values not less than zero. Moreover, increasing the exponent to higher values does not affect the emission intensity ratios.
18

Ting Fan, Ting Fan, Qinyuan Zhang Qinyuan Zhang, and Zhonghong Jiang Zhonghong Jiang. "Enhanced near infrared emission in water-soluble NdF3 nanocrystals by Ba2+ doping." Chinese Optics Letters 10, no. 2 (2012): 021602–21605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201210.021602.

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19

Xiaohai Liu, Xiaohai Liu, Siguo Xiao Siguo Xiao, Zhifeng Xiang Zhifeng Xiang, Biyao Zhou Biyao Zhou, Qing Wen Qing Wen, Xiaoliang Yang Xiaoliang Yang, and Xiangliang Jin Xiangliang Jin. "Enhanced NIR emission in Ce3+/Er3+-doped YAG induced by Bi3+ doping." Chinese Optics Letters 11, no. 12 (2013): 122602–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201311.122602.

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20

Thorpe, G. H., L. J. Kricka, S. B. Moseley, and T. P. Whitehead. "Phenols as enhancers of the chemiluminescent horseradish peroxidase-luminol-hydrogen peroxide reaction: application in luminescence-monitored enzyme immunoassays." Clinical Chemistry 31, no. 8 (August 1, 1985): 1335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/31.8.1335.

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Abstract Certain phenol derivatives, including p-iodophenol and p-phenylphenol, enhance light emission from the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of cyclic diacyl hydrazides such as luminol. The light emission decays slowly (glowing for several minutes) and its intensity may be greater than 1000-fold that of the unenhanced reaction. The enhanced system enables rapid, sensitive assay of peroxidase conjugates. We describe its application in immunoassays for human choriogonadotropin, digoxin, and factor VIII-related antigen. Luminescent quantification of peroxidase labels has been directly incorporated into immunoassays based on beads, tubes, or microtiter plates, used in conjunction with photodetectors such as photomultiplier tubes or instant photographic film. Enhancement with phenol derivatives exceeds that achieved with 6-hydroxybenzothiazole derivatives and depends on pH and enhancer concentration. Emission spectra of phenol-enhanced and unenhanced reactions are remarkably similar, suggesting that the enhancers do not act as more efficient emitters but exert their action earlier in the complex reaction between peroxidase, oxidant, and luminol.
21

Chandrasekharan, Swathi Vanaja, Nithiyanandan Krishnan, Siriki Atchimnaidu, Gowtham Raj, Anusree Krishna P. K., Soumya Sagar, Suresh Das, and Reji Varghese. "Blue-emissive two-component supergelator with aggregation-induced enhanced emission." RSC Advances 11, no. 32 (2021): 19856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra03751j.

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22

Ran, L., D. H. Loughlin, D. Yang, Z. Adelman, B. H. Baek, and C. G. Nolte. "ESP v2.0: enhanced method for exploring emission impacts of future scenarios in the United States – addressing spatial allocation." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 1 (January 13, 2015): 263–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-263-2015.

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Abstract. The Emission Scenario Projection (ESP) method produces future-year air pollutant emissions for mesoscale air quality modeling applications. We present ESP v2.0, which expands upon ESP v1.0 by spatially allocating future-year emissions to account for projected population and land use changes. In ESP v2.0, US Census Division-level emission growth factors are developed using an energy system model. Regional factors for population-related emissions are spatially disaggregated to the county level using population growth and migration projections. The county-level growth factors are then applied to grow a base-year emission inventory to the future. Spatial surrogates are updated to account for future population and land use changes, and these surrogates are used to map projected county-level emissions to a modeling grid for use within an air quality model. We evaluate ESP v2.0 by comparing US 12 km emissions for 2005 with projections for 2050. We also evaluate the individual and combined effects of county-level disaggregation and of updating spatial surrogates. Results suggest that the common practice of modeling future emissions without considering spatial redistribution over-predicts emissions in the urban core and under-predicts emissions in suburban and exurban areas. In addition to improving multi-decadal emission projections, a strength of ESP v2.0 is that it can be applied to assess the emissions and air quality implications of alternative energy, population and land use scenarios.
23

Pittkowski, Rebecca, and Thomas Strassner. "Enhanced quantum yields by sterically demanding aryl-substituted β-diketonate ancillary ligands." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (March 21, 2018): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.54.

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Luminescent organometallic platinum(II) compounds are of interest as phosphors for organic light emitting devices. Their emissive properties can be tuned by variation of the ligands or by specific electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents. Different ancillary ligands can have a profound impact on the emission color and emission efficiency of these complexes. We studied the influence of sterically hindered, aryl-substituted β-diketonates on the emission properties of C^C* cyclometalated complexes, employing the unsubstituted methyl-phenyl-imidazolium ligand. The quantum yield was significantly enhanced by changing the auxiliary ligand from acetylacetonate, where the corresponding platinum(II) complex shows only a very weak emission, to mesityl (mes) or duryl (dur) substituted acetylacetonates. The new complexes show very efficient emission with quantum yields >70% in the sky-blue spectral region (480 nm) and short decay times (<3 μs).
24

Ran, L., D. H. Loughlin, D. Yang, Z. Adelman, B. H. Baek, and C. G. Nolte. "ESP v2.0: enhanced method for exploring emission impacts of future scenarios in the United States – addressing spatial allocation." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 6 (June 17, 2015): 1775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1775-2015.

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Abstract. The Emission Scenario Projection (ESP) method produces future-year air pollutant emissions for mesoscale air quality modeling applications. We present ESP v2.0, which expands upon ESP v1.0 by spatially allocating future-year non-power sector emissions to account for projected population and land use changes. In ESP v2.0, US Census division-level emission growth factors are developed using an energy system model. Regional factors for population-related emissions are spatially disaggregated to the county level using population growth and migration projections. The county-level growth factors are then applied to grow a base-year emission inventory to the future. Spatial surrogates are updated to account for future population and land use changes, and these surrogates are used to map projected county-level emissions to a modeling grid for use within an air quality model. We evaluate ESP v2.0 by comparing US 12 km emissions for 2005 with projections for 2050. We also evaluate the individual and combined effects of county-level disaggregation and of updating spatial surrogates. Results suggest that the common practice of modeling future emissions without considering spatial redistribution over-predicts emissions in the urban core and under-predicts emissions in suburban and exurban areas. In addition to improving multi-decadal emission projections, a strength of ESP v2.0 is that it can be applied to assess the emissions and air quality implications of alternative energy, population and land use scenarios.
25

Wang, Z. P., J. Gulledge, J. Q. Zheng, W. Liu, L. H. Li, and X. G. Han. "Physical injury stimulates aerobic methane emissions from terrestrial plants." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 1 (January 29, 2009): 1403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-1403-2009.

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Abstract. Physical injury is common in terrestrial plants as a result of grazing, trampling, and extreme weather events. Previous studies demonstrated enhanced emission of non-microbial CH4 under aerobic conditions from plant tissues when they were exposed to increasing UV radiation and temperature. Since physical injury is also a form of environmental stress, we sought to determine whether it would also affect CH4 emissions from plants. Physical injury (cutting) stimulated CH4 emission from fresh twigs of Artemisiaspecies under aerobic conditions. More cutting resulted in more CH4 emissions. Hypoxia also enhanced CH4 emission from both uncut and cut Artemisia frigida twigs. Physical injury typically results in cell wall degradation, which may either stimulate formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or decrease scavenging of them. Increased ROS activity might explain increased CH4 emission in response to physical injury and other forms of stress. There were significant differences in CH4 emissions among 10 species of Artemisia, with some species emitting no detectable CH4 under any circumstances. Consequently, CH4 emissions may be species-dependent and therefore difficult to estimate in nature based on total plant biomass. Our results and those of previous studies suggest that a variety environmental stresses stimulate CH4 emission from a wide variety of plant species. Global change processes, including climate change, depletion of stratospheric ozone, increasing ground-level ozone, spread of plant pests, and land-use changes, could cause more stress in plants on a global scale, potentially stimulating more CH4 emission globally.
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Wang, Z. P., J. Gulledge, J. Q. Zheng, W. Liu, L. H. Li, and X. G. Han. "Physical injury stimulates aerobic methane emissions from terrestrial plants." Biogeosciences 6, no. 4 (April 17, 2009): 615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-615-2009.

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Abstract. Physical injury is common in terrestrial plants as a result of grazing, harvesting, trampling, and extreme weather events. Previous studies demonstrated enhanced emission of non-microbial CH4 under aerobic conditions from plant tissues when they were exposed to increasing UV radiation and temperature. Since physical injury is also a form of environmental stress, we sought to determine whether it would also affect CH4 emissions from plants. Physical injury (cutting) stimulated CH4 emission from fresh twigs of Artemisia species under aerobic conditions. More cutting resulted in more CH4 emissions. Hypoxia also enhanced CH4 emission from both uncut and cut Artemisia frigida twigs. Physical injury typically results in cell wall degradation, which may either stimulate formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or decrease scavenging of them. Increased ROS activity might explain increased CH4 emission in response to physical injury and other forms of stress. There were significant differences in CH4 emissions among 10 species of Artemisia, with some species emitting no detectable CH4 under any circumstances. Consequently, CH4 emissions may be species-dependent and therefore difficult to estimate in nature based on total plant biomass. Our results and those of previous studies suggest that a variety of environmental stresses stimulate CH4 emission from a wide variety of plant species. Global change processes, including climate change, depletion of stratospheric ozone, increasing ground-level ozone, spread of plant pests, and land-use changes, could cause more stress in plants on a global scale, potentially stimulating more CH4 emission globally.
27

Bodner, Gernot, Axel Mentler, Andreas Klik, Hans-Peter Kaul, and Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern. "Do cover crops enhance soil greenhouse gas losses during high emission moments under temperate Central Europe conditions?" Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment 68, no. 3 (March 2, 2018): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/boku-2017-0015.

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SummaryCover cropping is a key agro-environmental measure in Europe. Cover crops may reduce N2O emissions by reducing soil nitrate content, while easily decomposable residues can enhance greenhouse gas losses. In a field study, emissions from the cover cropped fields compared to the fallow at two climatically different sites (semi-arid vs. humid) in Austria were measured with closed chambers and different driving factors were studied. The height of post-cover crop emissions was compared to gaseous losses during the management operations in the subsequent main crop maize. N2O and CO2emissions following the cover crops were low even at high emission moments compared to the losses induced by the main crop management operations. Highest risk of N2O losses was from mustards due to low C/N ratio and possibly as a consequence of glucosinolate decomposition. CO2emissions in the cover cropped plots were generally higher compared to the fallow, indicating an enhanced soil microbiological activity. Dissolved organic carbon was found as a sensitive indicator related to the greenhouse gas emissions. We concluded that the environmental benefits from cover cropping are not achieved at the cost of an enhanced greenhouse gas emission and that pure stands of late sown brassica cover crops should be avoided to prevent any risk of increased N2O losses.
28

Zhang, Tianyue, Jian Xu, Zi-Lan Deng, Dejiao Hu, Fei Qin, and Xiangping Li. "Unidirectional Enhanced Dipolar Emission with an Individual Dielectric Nanoantenna." Nanomaterials 9, no. 4 (April 18, 2019): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040629.

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Light manipulation at the nanoscale is the vanguard of plasmonics. Controlling light radiation into a desired direction in parallel with high optical signal enhancement is still a challenge for designing ultracompact nanoantennas far below subwavelength dimensions. Here, we theoretically demonstrate the unidirectional emissions from a local nanoemitter coupled to a hybrid nanoantenna consisting of a plasmonic dipole antenna and an individual silicon nanorod. The emitter near-field was coupled to the dipolar antenna plasmon resonance to achieve a strong radiative decay rate modification, and the emitting plasmon pumped the multipoles within the silicon nanorod for efficient emission redirection. The hybrid antenna sustained a high forward directivity (i.e., a front-to-back ratio of 30 dB) with broadband operating wavelengths in the visible range (i.e., a spectral bandwidth of 240 nm). This facilitated a large library of plasmonic nanostructures to be incorporated, from single element dipole antennas to gap antennas. The proposed hybrid optical nanorouter with ultracompact structural dimensions of 0.08 λ2 was capable of spectrally sorting the emission from the local point source into distinct far-field directions, as well as possessing large emission gains introduced by the nanogap. The distinct features of antenna designs hold potential in the areas of novel nanoscale light sources, biosensing, and optical routing.
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Rajamanikandan, Ramar, and Malaichamy Ilanchelian. "Highly selective and sensitive biosensing of dopamine based on glutathione coated silver nanoclusters enhanced fluorescence." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 24 (2017): 15244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj03170j.

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The emission intensity of red emissive GSH-AgNCs is notably enhanced after the addition of dopamine. The increasing emission intensity is attributed to the hydrogen bonding interaction between the carboxyl groups of GSH-AgNCs and amino groups of dopamine.
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A Williamson, Lewis, and Jevon J Longdell. "Cavity enhanced rephased amplified spontaneous emission." New Journal of Physics 16, no. 7 (July 30, 2014): 073046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/16/7/073046.

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Ferrari, Lorenzo, Dylan Lu, Dominic Lepage, and Zhaowei Liu. "Enhanced spontaneous emission inside hyperbolic metamaterials." Optics Express 22, no. 4 (February 18, 2014): 4301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.22.004301.

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Zheng, Wei, Shaolin Xue, and Hange Feng. "Ag nanoparticles decoratedAg3PO4with enhanced field emission." Materials Letters 282 (January 2021): 128717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128717.

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Sharma, Bipin, Longyu Hu, Achyut Raghavendra, Wren Gregory, and Ramakrishna Podila. "Silver Nanodiscs for Enhanced Fluorescence Emission." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 123, no. 49 (November 18, 2019): 29811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b04642.

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34

Bernstein, E. M., M. W. Clark, J. A. Tanis, W. G. Graham, T. J. Morgan, M. P. St�ckli, K. H. Berkner, A. S. Schlachter, and J. W. Stearns. "Enhanced radiative auger emission from lithiumlike20Ca17+." Zeitschrift f�r Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters 21, S1 (March 1991): S231—S232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01426301.

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Ulrich, J., R. Zobl, K. Unterrainer, G. Strasser, and E. Gornik. "Magnetic-field-enhanced quantum-cascade emission." Applied Physics Letters 76, no. 1 (January 3, 2000): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.125642.

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Morris, S. M., A. D. Ford, M. N. Pivnenko, and H. J. Coles. "Enhanced emission from liquid-crystal lasers." Journal of Applied Physics 97, no. 2 (January 15, 2005): 023103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1829144.

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Liu, Jingle, and Xi-Cheng Zhang. "Terahertz radiation-enhanced-emission-of-fluorescence." Frontiers of Optoelectronics 7, no. 2 (March 17, 2014): 156–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12200-014-0396-4.

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Niedermann, P., N. Sankarraman, and O. Fischer. "Enhanced field emission from molybdenum disulfide." IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation 23, no. 1 (February 1988): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/14.2324.

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Renner, C., P. Niedermann, and O. Fischer. "Enhanced field emission investigation of aluminum." IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation 24, no. 6 (1989): 911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/14.46310.

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Pau, S., G. Björk, H. Cao, F. Tassone, R. Huang, Y. Yamamoto, and R. P. Stanley. "LO-phonon-enhanced microcavity polariton emission." Physical Review B 55, no. 4 (January 15, 1997): R1942—R1945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.55.r1942.

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Chung, Jihoon, Deokjae Heo, Gunsub Shin, Dukhyun Choi, Kyungwho Choi, Dongseob Kim, and Sangmin Lee. "Ion‐Enhanced Field Emission Triboelectric Nanogenerator." Advanced Energy Materials 9, no. 37 (August 20, 2019): 1901731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201901731.

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42

Banerjee, D., S. H. Jo, and Z. F. Ren. "Enhanced Field Emission of ZnO Nanowires." Advanced Materials 16, no. 22 (November 18, 2004): 2028–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400629.

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43

Fang, Huan, and Greg Michalski. "Assessing the roles emission sources and atmospheric processes play in simulating &lt;i&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N of atmospheric NO&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; and NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; using CMAQ (version 5.2.1) and SMOKE (version 4.6)." Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 10 (June 1, 2022): 4239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4239-2022.

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Abstract. Nitrogen oxides (NOx= nitric oxide (NO) + nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) are important trace gases that affect atmospheric chemistry, air quality, and climate. Contemporary development of NOx emissions inventories is limited by the understanding of the roles of vegetation (net NOx source or net sink), vehicle emissions from gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles, the application of NOx emission control technologies, and accurate verification techniques. The nitrogen stable isotope composition (δ15N) of NOx is an effective tool to evaluate the accuracy of the NOx emission inventories, which are based on different assumptions. In this study, we traced the changes in δ15N values of NOx along the “journey” of atmospheric NOx, driven by atmospheric processes after different sources emit NOx into the atmosphere. The 15N was incorporated into the emission input dataset, generated from the US EPA trace gas emission model SMOKE (Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions). Then the 15N-incorporated emission input dataset was used to run the CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality) modeling system. By enhancing NOx deposition, we simulated the expected δ15N of NO3-, assuming no isotope fractionation during chemical conversion or deposition. The simulated spatiotemporal patterns in NOx isotopic composition for both SMOKE outputs (simulations under the “emission only” scenario) and CMAQ outputs (simulations under the “emission + transport + enhanced NOx loss” scenario) were compared with corresponding measurements in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. The simulations under the emission + transport + enhanced NOx loss scenario were also compared to δ15N of NO3- at NADP (National Atmospheric Deposition Program) sites. The results indicate the potential underestimation of emissions from soil, livestock waste, off-road vehicles, and natural-gas power plants and the potential overestimation of emissions from on-road vehicles and coal-fired power plants, if only considering the difference in NOx isotopic composition for different emission sources. After considering the mixing, dispersion, transport, and deposition of NOx emission from different sources, the estimation of atmospheric δ15N(NOx) shows better agreement (by ∼ 3 ‰) with observations.
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Yang, Chih-Min, I.-Wei Lee, Tai-Lin Chen, Wei-Lun Chien, and Jin-Long Hong. "Enhanced emission of organic and polymeric luminogens containing 2,4,6-triphenylpyridine moieties: crystallization- and aggregation-enhanced emission." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 1, no. 16 (2013): 2842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3tc00851g.

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Keyong Chen, Keyong Chen, Xue Feng Xue Feng, and Yidong Huang Yidong Huang. "Surface plasmon-enhanced amorphous-silicon-nitride light emission with single-layer gold waveguides." Chinese Optics Letters 11, no. 2 (2013): 022401–22403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201311.022401.

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46

Huang, Xiaohu, Yuhan Liu, Mei Sha, Bing Han, Dezhi Han, and Han Liu. "ETE-SRSP: An Enhanced Optimization of Tramp Ship Routing and Scheduling." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 5 (May 14, 2024): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050817.

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In the contemporary tramp shipping industry, route optimization and scheduling are directly linked to enhancements in operations, economics, and the environment, making them key factors for the effective management of maritime transportation. To enhance effective ship-to-cargo matching and the refinement of maritime transportation itineraries, this paper introduces a time efficiency and carbon dioxide emission multi-objective optimization algorithm named ETE-SRSP (efficiency–time–emission multi-optimization algorithm). ETE-SRSP incorporates several factors, including the initial positions of ships, time windows for loading and unloading operations, and varying sailing speeds. Within the ETE-SRSP framework, pioneering an approach that integrates ballast and laden sailing velocities as decisional parameters, it employs a multi-objective optimization technique to investigate the intricate interplay between temporal efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, the model’s proficiency in mitigating emissions and managing costs is clearly demonstrated through the optimization of these objectives, thereby offering a robust framework for decision support. The experimental results show that the optimal sailing speeds derived from the ETE-SRSP, under typical time-weight scenarios, can achieve an optimal balance between emission reduction and cost control. In summary, this study underscores the optimization strategy’s potential to effectively address the maritime sector’s need for economic growth and ecological conservation, showcasing its practical value in the industry.
47

Risk, Neil, David Snider, and Claudia Wagner-Riddle. "Mechanisms leading to enhanced soil nitrous oxide fluxes induced by freeze–thaw cycles." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 93, no. 4 (September 2013): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2012-071.

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Risk, N., Snider, D. and Wagner-Riddle, C. 2013. Mechanisms leading to enhanced soil nitrous oxide fluxes induced by freeze–thaw cycles. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 401–414. The freezing and thawing of soil in cold climates often produces large emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) that may contribute significantly to a soil's annual greenhouse gas emission budget. This review summarizes the state of knowledge of the physical and biological mechanisms that drive heightened N2O emissions at spring melt. Most studies of freeze–thaw N2O emissions have concluded that denitrification is the dominant process responsible for the large thaw fluxes. Soil moisture, availability of carbon and nitrogen substrates, and freeze temperature and duration are the major factors identified as controlling freeze–thaw cycle (FTC) N2O emissions. Two mechanisms are proposed to lead to enhanced N2O emissions at thaw: (1) the physical release of N2O that is produced throughout the winter and trapped under frozen surface layers and/or within nutrient-rich water films in the frozen layers, and (2) the emission of newly produced (de novo) N2O at the onset of thaw, which is stimulated by increased biological activity and changes in physical and chemical soil conditions. Early studies implicated the physical release of N2O from subsurface soil layers as the main mechanism contributing to spring thaw emissions, but most current studies do not support this hypothesis. Mounting evidence suggests that most of the emitted N2O is produced de novo. This may be fueled by newly available denitrification substrates that are liberated from dead microbes, fine roots, and/or the disintegration of soil aggregates. The release of N2O trapped in shallow surface layers may represent a small, but important contribution of the total emissions. Application of new techniques to study microbial communities in their natural environments, such as metagenomics and stable isotope studies, have the potential to enhance our understanding of the soil N cycle and its linkages to FTC N2O emissions. Future field studies of N2O emissions ought to quantify both overwinter accumulation/release and the de novo production of N2O so that the contribution of each mechanism to the annual emission budget is known.
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Li, Zhen, Shaocai Yu, Mengying Li, Xue Chen, Yibo Zhang, Zhe Song, Jiali Li, et al. "The Modeling Study about Impacts of Emission Control Policies for Chinese 14th Five-Year Plan on PM2.5 and O3 in Yangtze River Delta, China." Atmosphere 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010026.

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The Chinese government has made great efforts to combat air pollution through the reductions in SO2, NOx and VOCs emissions, as part of its socioeconomic Five-Year Plans (FYPs). China aims to further reduce the emissions of VOCs and NOx by 10% in its upcoming 14th FYP (2021–2025). Here, we used a regional chemical transport model (e.g., WRF/CMAQ) to examine the responses of PM2.5 and O3 to emission control policies of the 14th FYP in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region. The simulation results under the 4 emission control scenarios in the 2 winter months in 2025 indicate that the average concentrations of city mean PM2.5 in 41 cities in the YRD were predicted to only decrease by 10% under both S1 and S1_E scenarios, whereas the enhanced emission control scenarios (i.e., S2_E and S3_E) could reduce PM2.5 in each city by more than 20%. The model simulation results for O3 in the 3 summer months in 2025 show that the O3 responses to the emission controls under the S1 and S1_E scenarios show different control effects on O3 concentrations in the YRD with the increase and decrease effects, respectively. The study found that both enhanced emission control scenarios (S2_E and S3_E) could decrease O3 in each city by more than 20% with more reductions in O3 under the S3_E emission control scenario because of its higher control strengths for both NOx and VOCs emissions. It was found that emission reduction policies for controlling high emission sectors of NOx and VOCs such as S2_E and S3_E were more effective for decreasing both PM2.5 and O3 in the YRD. This study shows that O3 controls will benefit from well-designed air pollution control strategies for reasonable control ratios of NOx and VOCs emissions.
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Ciarlo, Gregorio, Daniele Angelosante, Marco Guerriero, Giorgio Saldarini, and Nunzio Bonavita. "Enhanced PEMS Performance and Regulatory Compliance through Machine Learning." Sustainability in Environment 3, no. 4 (November 2, 2018): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v3n4p329.

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<p><em>Modeling technologies</em><em> can pro</em><em>vide strong support to existing emission management systems, by means of what is known as a Predictive Emission Monitoring System (PEMS). These systems do not measure emissions through any hardware device, but use computer models to predict emission concentrations on the ground of process data (e.g., fuel flow, load) and ambient parameters (e.g., air temperature, relative humidity). They actually represent a relevant application arena for the so-called Inferential Sensor technology which has quickly proved to be invaluable in modern process automation and optimization strategies (Qin et al., 1997; Kadlec et al., 2009). While lots of applications demonstrate that software systems provide accuracy comparable to that of hardware-based Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS), virtual analyzers are able to offer additional features and capabilities which are often not properly considered by end-users. Depending on local regulations and constraints, PEMS can be exploited either as primary source of emission monitoring or as a back-up of hardware-based CEMS able to validate analyzers’ readings and extend their service factor. PEMS consistency (and therefore its acceptance from environmental authorities) is directly linked to the accuracy and reliability of each parameter used as input of the models. While environmental authorities are steadily opening to PEMS, it is easy to foresee that major recognition and acceptance will be driven by extending PEMS robustness in front of possible sensor failures. Providing reliable instrument fail-over procedures is the main objective of Sensor Validation (SV) strategies. In this work, the capabilities of a class of machine learning algorithms will be presented, showing the results based on tests performed actual field data gathered at a fluid catalytic cracking unit.</em></p>
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Wang, Lingyun, Linhui Zhu, Lin Li, and Derong Cao. "Tetraphenylethene-functionalized diketopyrrolopyrrole solid state emissive molecules: enhanced emission in the solid state and as a fluorescent probe for cyanide detection." RSC Advances 6, no. 60 (2016): 55182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra10073b.

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