Journal articles on the topic 'Enhanced cognitive health'
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Mercer, Calvin. "Mental and Spiritual Health Needs of Cognitively Enhanced People: A Therapeutic and Spiritual Care Model for Responding." Religions 13, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13080701.
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Cognitively enhanced people will have mental and possibly spiritual health needs that merit therapeutic and spiritual care response. This article addresses people who, although significantly enhanced, overlap with ordinary or “normal” (i.e., non-enhanced) people such that their status as humans is not questioned. Effective therapeutic and spiritual care approaches for these cognitively enhanced individuals will have a strong cognitive component. Cognitive therapy, originated by Aaron Beck, is an example of a therapeutic model that could prove useful with people cognitively enhanced. Four relevant elements of the cognitive therapy modality are explored: a developed cognitive structure, little consideration to unconscious factors, minimum attention to family of origin, and collaboration. Two psychological challenges with religious dimensions and import, which could be faced by individuals as a consequence of their cognitive enhancements, are concerns about physicality and fitting into community with ordinary humans and other enhanced humans.
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Ward, Simon E., Mark H. Harries, Laura Aldegheri, Andrea M. Bradford, Elisa Ballini, Lee Dawson, Laurent Lacroix, et al. "Pharmacological characterisation of MDI-222, a novel AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator with an improved safety profile." Journal of Psychopharmacology 34, no. 1 (November 26, 2019): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119872198.
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Purpose: There is considerable interest in positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors as therapeutic agents for a range of cognitive and mood disorders. However, the challenge is to increase AMPA receptor (AMPAR) function sufficient to enhance cognitive function but not to the extent that there are mechanism-related pro-convulsant or convulsant side effects. In this present study, we report the preclinical pharmacology data for MDI-222, an AMPAR PAM which enhances cognition but has a much reduced side-effect (i.e. convulsant) liability relative to other molecules of this mechanism. Methods: The pharmacological effects of MDI-222 were characterised in in vitro and in vivo preclinical electrophysiology, efficacy (cognition), side-effect (pro-convulsant/convulsant), tolerability and toxicity assays. Results: We demonstrate that MDI-222 is an AMPAR PAM, since it enhanced AMPAR function in vitro at human (hGluA1-4) and rat (rGluA2) homomeric receptors, and potentiated hetero-oligomeric AMPARs in rat neurons. MDI-222 enhanced electrically evoked AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission in the anaesthetised rat at 10 mg/kg (administered intravenously) and did not significantly lower the seizure threshold in the pro-convulsant maximal electroshock threshold test (MEST) at any dose tested up to a maximum of 30 mg/kg (administered by oral gavage (p.o.)). MDI-222 reversed a delay-induced deficit in novel object recognition (NOR) in rats with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 0.3 mg/kg (p.o.) following acute administration, which was reduced to 0.1 mg/kg following sub-chronic administration, and improved passive avoidance performance in scopolamine-impaired rats with a MED of 10 mg/kg p.o. On the other hand, MDI-222 was not pro-convulsant in the MEST, resulting in a therapeutic window between plasma concentrations that enhanced cognitive performance and those associated with mechanism-related side effects of ⩾1000-fold. Unfortunately, despite the excellent preclinical profile of this compound, further development had to be halted due to non-mechanism-related issues. Conclusions: We conclude that MDI-222 is an AMPAR PAM which enhances cognitive performance in rats and has a significantly improved safety profile in preclinical species.
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Grennan, Gillian, Pragathi Priyadharsini Balasubramani, Fahad Alim, Mariam Zafar-Khan, Ellen E. Lee, Dilip V. Jeste, and Jyoti Mishra. "Cognitive and Neural Correlates of Loneliness and Wisdom during Emotional Bias." Cerebral Cortex 31, no. 7 (March 5, 2021): 3311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab012.
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Abstract Loneliness and wisdom have opposing impacts on health and well-being, yet their neuro-cognitive bases have never been simultaneously investigated. In this study of 147 healthy human subjects sampled across the adult lifespan, we simultaneously studied the cognitive and neural correlates of loneliness and wisdom in the context of an emotion bias task. Aligned with the social threat framework of loneliness, we found that loneliness was associated with reduced speed of processing when angry emotional stimuli were presented to bias cognition. In contrast, we found that wisdom was associated with greater speed of processing when happy emotions biased cognition. Source models of electroencephalographic data showed that loneliness was specifically associated with enhanced angry stimulus-driven theta activity in the left transverse temporal region of interest, which is located in the area of the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), while wisdom was specifically related to increased TPJ theta activity during happy stimulus processing. Additionally, enhanced attentiveness to threatening stimuli for lonelier individuals was observed as greater beta activity in left superior parietal cortex, while wisdom significantly related to enhanced happy stimulus-evoked alpha activity in the left insula. Our results demonstrate emotion-context driven modulations in cognitive neural circuits by loneliness versus wisdom.
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Perneczky, R., P. Alexopoulos, S. Wagenpfeil, H. Bickel, and A. Kurz. "Head circumference, apolipoprotein E genotype and cognition in the Bavarian School Sisters Study." European Psychiatry 27, no. 3 (April 2012): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.01.008.
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AbstractBackgroundThe apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 allele is correlated with an earlier onset of Alzheimer's disease symptoms; larger head circumference has been associated with an individual resilience against cognitive impairment.MethodsWe explored if larger head circumference attenuates the effect of the APOE ɛ4 allele on cognition in 380 Catholic sisters covering the spectrum from normal cognitive performance to severe dementia.ResultsLinear regression analysis, adjusting for risk factors for cognitive decline, revealed that APOE ɛ4 was correlated with worse cognition and that larger head circumference attenuated the negative effect of the ɛ4 allele on cognitive performance.ConclusionLarger head circumference (i.e. larger brain size) seems to be associated with greater resilience against genetic determinants of cognitive impairment, possibly due to enhanced brain or cognitive reserve.
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Harvey, N. S. "Serial Cognitive Profiles in Levodopa-induced Hypersexuality." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 6 (December 1988): 833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.6.833.
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A patient with recent-onset Parkinson's disease was tested for mood, physical disability, and cognition, before treatment and then during and after a period of levodopa-induced hypersexuality. The effects of different anti-Parkinsonian drugs on cognition and behaviour are described. The unique cognitive data from this case support the hypothesis that hypersexuality is a manifestation of enhanced libido and not frontal disinhibition.
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Postman, Whitney Anne, Maureen Fischer, Kellie Dalton, Kailin Leisure, Samantha Thompson, Laura Sankey, and Hailey Watkins. "Coupling Hearing Health With Community-Based Group Therapy for Cognitive Health in Low-Income African American Elders." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 7, no. 2 (April 14, 2022): 387–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_persp-21-00110.
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Purpose: To address disparities in the domains of hearing health and cognitive health experienced by African American elders in early stages of cognitive-communicative decline, a cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) group was established. The group intervention was coupled with comprehensive audiology services. This clinical focus article describes the features of the program, its implementation, and outcomes from its first cohort of participants. Method: CST is an evidence-based group intervention for elderly individuals living with mild-to-moderate dementia. The program was designed to (a) adapt and then apply CST to a target group of low-income African American elders and (b) integrate audiology services and education about hearing health and hearing loss in the context of CST therapy. In partnership with two community health centers in North St. Louis, a CST group was established for 12 elderly African American clients with cognitive-communicative impairments as measured by standardized assessments. During weekly group sessions, culturally informed activities and discussions were conducted with input from staff and participants to stimulate social interaction and cognition. Health topics relevant to age-related sensory and cognitive decline were introduced, with emphasis on management of common chronic diseases such as diabetes that are known to be associated with increased risk of hearing loss. Free hearing health services were provided, including screenings and, as needed, full audiological evaluations, cerumen management, otolaryngology referrals, hearing aids, and aural rehabilitation. Results: Participants' self-administered ratings and self-generated comments indicated meaningful increases in actionable knowledge about both hearing and cognitive health that led to enhanced utilization of available health services. They also suggested that audiology services were paramount to their enthusiastic adherence to the combined CST–audiology program. Conclusion: Interlinking of interventions for hearing and cognition reduced common barriers to care for this target group of low-income African American elders with cognitive-communicative impairments.
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Saenz, Joseph, and Amina Khan. "EDUCATION AND COGNITIVE ABILITY: EXPLORING DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS IN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2954.
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Abstract Education positively relates with cognition, which may be explained by enhanced cognitive reserve. However, education may also impact cognition indirectly by improving health, health behaviors, and life-course socioeconomic status (SES). This analysis explores the associations between education and cognition in the US and Mexico and quantifies the extent to which associations are direct versus indirect through health and SES. We use data from two studies: the MexCog in Mexico (n=2,042) and US Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP, n=3,267). Cognitive domains included Memory, Executive Function, Language, Visuospatial, and Orientation. Karlson-Holm-Breen (KHB) methods were used in linear regression models to quantify how much of the associations between years of education and cognitive domains were direct versus indirect through chronic conditions, income, wealth, smoking, and exercise. In regression models, years of education related positively with all cognitive domains in both studies, even when controlling for health and SES. KHB mediation analyses suggested that most of the education-cognition association was direct. In MexCog, estimates of the percent of the education-cognition association that was indirect through health and SES ranged from 4.17% (Memory) to 5.15% (Executive Function). In HCAP, indirect effects ranged from 8.95% (Orientation) to 12.15% (Language). Education was associated with better cognitive abilities in the US and Mexico regardless of cognitive domain or adjustment for late-life health and SES. Results suggested that education primarily related with cognition directly and that effects of education on cognitive abilities are not eliminated by reducing educational disparities in the late-life health and SES factors we analyzed.
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Daansen, Peter, and Martie de Jong. "Voldoet Fairburns Enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy voor eetstoornissen?" Tijdschrift voor Psychotherapie 35, no. 4 (August 2009): 262–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03080504.
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Yang, Lei, and Zhenbo Wang. "Early-Life Conditions and Cognitive Function in Middle-and Old-Aged Chinese Adults: A Longitudinal Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 3451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103451.
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A range of previous studies have suggested that early-life conditions (ELCs) are associated with various health problems throughout life in Western societies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether, and how, early-life conditions predicted the level and trajectory of cognitive function in middle- and old-aged Chinese adults. Data were obtained from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study which comprised 16,258 adults at baseline. Cognitive function was assessed using mental intactness and episodic memory and ELCs were measured by early parental death, childhood socioeconomic status (SES), food deprivation, and childhood health. Growth curve modeling was used to examine the trajectory of cognitive function (three waves in a 6-year period)with particular attention paid to the effects of ELCs on cognition. The results show that early maternal death is associated with the baseline cognitive level among middle- and old-aged Chinese adults (β range between −0.44 and −0.35, p < 0.05), but that this association is also largely attenuated by adulthood education. Higher childhood SES predicts an enhanced level of baseline cognition in both age groups (β range between 0.08 and 1.27, p < 0.001), but only protects against cognitive decline at baseline in middle-aged adults. Participants who were less healthy during childhood tended to have lower cognitive performance than those who had enjoyed good health (β range between −0.36 and −0.14, p < 0.05). The results of this study highlight the detrimental impact of deleterious ELCs on cognitive function throughout later life.
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Arnason, Gardar. "The Moral Status of Cognitively Enhanced Monkeys and Other Novel Beings." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 30, no. 3 (June 10, 2021): 492–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180120001048.
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AbstractThe discussion about the moral status of novel beings tends to focus on artificial intelligence, robots, and other man-made systems. We should, however, also consider a likelier kind of novel beings: animals that are genetically modified to develop human-like cognitive capabilities. This paper focuses on the possibility of conferring human characteristics on nonhuman primates (NHPs) in the context of neuroscientific research. It first discusses the use of NHPs for neuroscientific research and then, second, describes recent developments that promise to revolutionize the field and how that may lead to NHPs attaining human-like cognitive capabilities. Third, an account of moral status is developed to ground the central claim, that making the NHP brain more human-like is unproblematic as long as the NHPs do not become persons. In conclusion, this paper discusses the implications for the moral status of cognitively enhanced NHPs, as well as the implications for other novel beings.
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Smith, E., and J. Eloff. "Cognitive fuzzy modeling for enhanced risk assessment in a health care institution." IEEE Intelligent Systems 15, no. 2 (March 2000): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5254.850830.
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de Jong, Martie, Maartje Schoorl, and Hans W. Hoek. "Enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with eating disorders." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 31, no. 6 (November 2018): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000452.
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Jao, Nancy C., Marcia M. Tan, Phoenix A. Matthews, Melissa A. Simon, Robert Schnoll, and Brian Hitsman. "Menthol Cigarettes, Tobacco Dependence, and Smoking Persistence: The Need to Examine Enhanced Cognitive Functioning as a Neuropsychological Mechanism." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 4 (December 14, 2018): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty264.
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Abstract Introduction Despite the overall decline in the prevalence of cigarette use in the United States, menthol cigarette use among smokers is rising, and evidence shows that it may lead to more detrimental effects on public health than regular cigarette use. One of the mechanisms by which nicotine sustains tobacco use and dependence is due to its cognitive enhancing properties, and basic science literature suggests that menthol may also enhance nicotine’s acute effect on cognition. Aims and Methods The purpose of this review is to suggest that the cognitive enhancing effects of menthol may be a potentially important neuropsychological mechanism that has yet to be examined. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of basic science studies examining neurobiological and cognitive effects of menthol and menthol cigarette smoking. We also review studies examining menthol essential oils among humans that indicate menthol alone has acute cognitive enhancing properties. Finally, we present factors influencing the rising prevalence of menthol cigarette use among smokers and the importance of this gap in the literature to improve public health and smoking cessation treatment. Conclusions Despite the compelling evidence for menthol’s acute cognitive enhancing and reinforcing effects, this mechanism for sustaining tobacco dependence and cigarette use has yet to be examined and validated among humans. On the basis of the basic science evidence for menthol’s neurobiological effects on nicotinic receptors and neurotransmitters, perhaps clarifying menthol’s effect on cognitive performance can help to elucidate the complicated literature examining menthol and tobacco dependence. Implications Menthol cigarette use has continued to be a topic of debate among researchers and policy makers, because of its implications for understanding menthol’s contribution to nicotine dependence and smoking persistence, as well as its continued use as a prevalent flavoring in tobacco and nicotine products in the United States and internationally. As international tobacco regulation policies have begun to target menthol cigarettes, research studies need to examine how flavoring additives, specifically menthol, may acutely influence neurobiological and cognitive functioning as a potential mechanism of sustained smoking behavior to develop more effective treatments.
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Quigley, Leanne, David J. A. Dozois, R. Michael Bagby, Daniela S. S. Lobo, Lakshmi Ravindran, and Lena C. Quilty. "Cognitive change in cognitive-behavioural therapy v. pharmacotherapy for adult depression: a longitudinal mediation analysis." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 15 (December 18, 2018): 2626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718003653.
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AbstractBackgroundAlthough cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is a well-established treatment for adult depression, its efficacy and efficiency may be enhanced by better understanding its mechanism(s) of action. According to the theoretical model of CBT, symptom improvement occurs via reductions in maladaptive cognition. However, previous research has not established clear evidence for this cognitive mediation model.MethodsThe present study investigated the cognitive mediation model of CBT in the context of a randomized controlled trial of CBT v. antidepressant medication (ADM) for adult depression. Participants with major depressive disorder were randomized to receive 16 weeks of CBT (n = 54) or ADM (n = 50). Depression symptoms and three candidate cognitive mediators (dysfunctional attitudes, cognitive distortions and negative automatic thoughts) were assessed at week 0 (pre-treatment), week 4, week 8 and week 16 (post-treatment). Longitudinal associations between cognition and depression symptoms, and mediation of treatment outcome, were evaluated in structural equation models.ResultsBoth CBT and ADM produced significant reductions in maladaptive cognition and depression symptoms. Cognitive content and depression symptoms were moderately correlated within measurement waves, but cross-lagged associations between the variables and indirect (i.e. mediated) treatment effects were non-significant.ConclusionsThe results provide support for concurrent relationships between cognitive and symptom change, but not the longitudinal relationships hypothesized by the cognitive mediation model. Results may be indicative of an incongruence between the timing of measurement and the dynamics of cognitive and symptom change.
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Feltman, Kathryn A., Amanda M. Hayes, Kyle A. Bernhardt, Emmanuel Nwala, and Amanda M. Kelley. "Viability of tDCS in Military Environments for Performance Enhancement: A Systematic Review." Military Medicine 185, no. 1-2 (November 18, 2019): e53-e60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz189.
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Abstract Introduction Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) as a method of cognitive enhancement in both diseased and healthy individuals has gained popularity. Its potential for enhancing cognition in healthy individuals has gained the interest of the military. However, before it being implemented into military training or operational settings, further work is needed to determine its efficacy and safety. Although a considerable amount of literature exists, few studies have specifically evaluated its use in enhancing cognition relative to operational, military tasks. Therefore, in a first step to evaluate its efficacy, we completed a systematic literature review of studies using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a type of tES, to enhance cognitive processes in healthy individuals. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted to identify literature published between 2008 and 2018 that used a method of tES for cognitive enhancement. As part of a larger literature review effort, 282 articles were initially retrieved. These were then screened to identify articles meeting predetermined criteria, to include those using various methods of tES, resulting in 44 articles. Next, the articles were screened for those using tDCS or high-definition tDCS, resulting in 34 articles for review and information extraction. Results Of the 34 articles reviewed, 28 reported some degree of enhancement (eg, improved accuracy on tasks and reduced reaction times). Areas of cognitive enhancements included executive functioning, creativity/cognitive flexibility, attention/perception, decision-making, memory, and working memory. However, the precise outcomes of enhancement varied given the range in tasks that were used to assess the constructs. Additionally, the stimulation parameters in terms of intensity applied, duration of stimulation, and brain region targeted for stimulation varied. Conclusions The conclusions to be drawn from this systematic literature review include the identification of a brain region for targeting with stimulation to enhance a broad range of cognitive constructs applicable to military tasks, as well as stimulation parameters for duration and intensity. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was most frequently targeted in the studies that found enhanced performance across several cognitive constructs. Stimulation intensities of 2 mA and durations of 20 minutes or longer appeared frequently as well. Although several parameters were identified, further work is required before this type of technology can be recommended for operational use.
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HURLEMANN, RENÉ, BARBARA HAWELLEK, WOLFGANG MAIER, and RAYMOND J. DOLAN. "Enhanced emotion-induced amnesia in borderline personality disorder." Psychological Medicine 37, no. 7 (January 16, 2007): 971–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706009792.
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Background. Current biological concepts of borderline personality disorder (BPD) emphasize the interference of emotional hyperarousal and cognitive functions. A prototypical example is episodic memory. Pre-clinical investigations of emotion–episodic memory interactions have shown specific retrograde and anterograde episodic memory changes in response to emotional stimuli. These changes are amygdala dependent and vary as a function of emotional arousal and valence.Method. To determine whether there is amygdala hyper-responsiveness to emotional stimuli as the underlying pathological substrate of cognitive dysfunction in BPD, 16 unmedicated female patients with BPD were tested on the behavioural indices of emotion-induced amnesia and hypermnesia established in 16 healthy controls.Results. BPD patients displayed enhanced retrograde and anterograde amnesia in response to presentation of negative stimuli, while positive stimuli elicited no episodic memory-modulating effects.Conclusion. These findings suggest that an amygdala hyper-responsiveness to negative stimuli may serve as a crucial aetiological contributor to emotion-induced cognitive dysfunction in BPD.
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Woud, Marcella L., Simon E. Blackwell, Susann Steudte-Schmiedgen, Michael Browning, Emily A. Holmes, Catherine J. Harmer, Jürgen Margraf, and Andrea Reinecke. "Investigating d-cycloserine as a potential pharmacological enhancer of an emotional bias learning procedure." Journal of Psychopharmacology 32, no. 5 (February 15, 2018): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118754679.
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The partial N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist d-cycloserine may enhance psychological therapies. However, its exact mechanism of action is still being investigated. Cognitive bias modification techniques allow isolation of cognitive processes and thus investigation of how they may be affected by d-cycloserine. We used a cognitive bias modification paradigm targeting appraisals of a stressful event, Cognitive Bias Modification-Appraisal, to investigate whether d-cycloserine enhanced the modification of appraisal, and whether it caused greater reduction in indices of psychopathology. Participants received either 250 mg of d-cycloserine ( n=19) or placebo ( n=19). As a stressor task, participants recalled a negative life event, followed by positive Cognitive Bias Modification-Appraisal training. Before and after Cognitive Bias Modification-Appraisal, appraisals and indices of psychopathology related to the stressor were assessed. Cognitive Bias Modification-Appraisal successfully modified appraisals, but d-cycloserine did not affect appraisals post-training. There were no post-training group differences in frequency of intrusions. Interestingly, d-cycloserine led to a greater reduction in distress and impact on state mood from recalling the event, and lower distress post-training was associated with fewer intrusions. Therefore, d-cycloserine may affect emotional reactivity to recalling a negative event when combined with induction of a positive appraisal style, but via a mechanism other than enhanced learning of the appraisal style.
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Garland, Eric L., Adam Hanley, Norman A. Farb, and Brett Froeliger. "State Mindfulness During Meditation Predicts Enhanced Cognitive Reappraisal." Mindfulness 6, no. 2 (October 15, 2013): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0250-6.
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Rossi, R., V. Santarelli, C. Marucci, D. Gianfelice, and F. Pacitti. "Lack of insight as a third variable between subjective appraisal of cognitive impairment and psychotic symptoms." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.420.
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BackgroundThe relationship between subjective appraisal of cognitive deficits and symptom severity in schizophrenia is unclear. Insight reportedly impacts on both factors. Our aim is to further asses the relationship between the subjective perception of cognitive deficits, symptom severity and lack of Insight as a mediator variable.MethodsA total of 109 subject diagnosed with schizophrenia. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was modelled as dependent variable; Subjective Scale to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia (SSTICS) was modeled as independent variable and “Lack of Insight” (LoI) PANSS Item was tested as a mediator variable. Mediation was assessed using the Sobel Mediation Test.ResultsLoI acts as a suppressor variable (i.e. it enhances the relation between the independent and dependent variable) between SSTICS and negative symptoms, while showing a mediator effect between SSTICS and depressive symptoms.DiscussionLoI has a central role in mediating the relationship between subjective appraisal of cognitive deficits on the one hand and positive and depressed symptoms on the other. Its suppressor role between SSTICS and depression is consistent with several reports of an enhanced risk of depression in patients fully aware of their disability. Its mediator role between STICSS and positive symptoms supports the centrality of LoI as a metacognitive function whose failure may worsen psychotic symptoms.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Brennan, Emma, Sinéad Hodgins, and Lucy Moore. "An analysis of group cognitive behavioural therapy for depression." Clinical Psychology Forum 1, no. 306 (June 2018): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpf.2018.1.306.37.
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This study evaluates the effectiveness of group cognitive behavioural therapy (gCBT), enhanced with psychoeducation and peer support (gCBT-IS) for people experiencing depression in a secondary adult mental health service in Ireland.
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Wonderlich, S. A., C. B. Peterson, R. D. Crosby, T. L. Smith, M. H. Klein, J. E. Mitchell, and S. J. Crow. "A randomized controlled comparison of integrative cognitive-affective therapy (ICAT) and enhanced cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-E) for bulimia nervosa." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 3 (May 23, 2013): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713001098.
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BackgroundThe purpose of this investigation was to compare a new psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa (BN), integrative cognitive-affective therapy (ICAT), with an established treatment, ‘enhanced’ cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-E).MethodEighty adults with symptoms of BN were randomized to ICAT or CBT-E for 21 sessions over 19 weeks. Bulimic symptoms, measured by the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), were assessed at baseline, at the end of treatment (EOT) and at the 4-month follow-up. Treatment outcome, measured by binge eating frequency, purging frequency, global eating disorder severity, emotion regulation, self-oriented cognition, depression, anxiety and self-esteem, was determined using generalized estimating equations (GEEs), logistic regression and a general linear model (intent-to-treat).ResultsBoth treatments were associated with significant improvement in bulimic symptoms and in all measures of outcome, and no statistically significant differences were observed between the two conditions at EOT or follow-up. Intent-to-treat abstinence rates for ICAT (37.5% at EOT, 32.5% at follow-up) and CBT-E (22.5% at both EOT and follow-up) were not significantly different.ConclusionsICAT was associated with significant improvements in bulimic and associated symptoms that did not differ from those obtained with CBT-E. This initial randomized controlled trial of a new individual psychotherapy for BN suggests that targeting emotion and self-oriented cognition in the context of nutritional rehabilitation may be efficacious and worthy of further study.
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McCarthy, Elissa, and Ismene Petrakis. "Case report on the use of cognitive processing therapy-cognitive, enhanced to address heavy alcohol use." Journal of Traumatic Stress 24, no. 4 (July 21, 2011): 474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20660.
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Butler, Christopher W., Ashley A. Keiser, Janine L. Kwapis, Nicole C. Berchtold, Vanessa L. Wall, Marcelo A. Wood, and Carl W. Cotman. "Exercise opens a temporal window for enhanced cognitive improvement from subsequent physical activity." Learning & Memory 26, no. 12 (November 15, 2019): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.050278.119.
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The beneficial effects of exercise on cognition are well established; however specific exercise parameters regarding the frequency and duration of physical activity that provide optimal cognitive health have not been well defined. Here, we explore the effects of the duration of exercise and sedentary periods on long-term object location memory (OLM) in mice. We use a weak object location training paradigm that is subthreshold for long-term memory formation in sedentary controls, and demonstrate that exercise enables long-term memories to form. We show that 14- and 21-d of running wheel access enables mice to discriminate between familiar and novel object locations after a 24 h delay, while 2- or 7-d running wheel access provides insufficient exercise for such memory enhancement using the subthreshold learning paradigm. After 14- and 21-d of wheel running, exercise-induced cognitive enhancement then decays back to baseline performance following 3-d of sedentary activity. However, exercise-induced cognitive enhancement can be reactivated by an additional period of just 2 d exercise, previously shown to be insufficient to induce cognitive enhancement on its own. The reactivating period of exercise is capable of enhancing memory after three- or seven-sedentary days, but not 14-d. These data suggest a type of “molecular memory” for the exercise stimulus, in that once exercise duration reaches a certain threshold, it establishes a temporal window during which subsequent low-level exercise can capitalize on the neurobiological adaptations induced by the initial period of exercise, enabling it to maintain the benefits on cognitive function. These findings provide new information that may help to guide future clinical studies in exercise.
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Brunt, Alyssa, David Albines, and Diana Hopkins-Rosseel. "The Effectiveness of Exercise on Cognitive Performance in Individuals with Known Vascular Disease: A Systematic Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8030294.
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Patients with known vascular disease are at increased risk for cognitive impairments. Exercise has been shown to improve cognition in healthy elderly populations and those with mild cognitive impairments. We explored the literature to understand exercise as a modality to improve cognition in those with vascular disease, focusing on dose-responses. A systematic review was conducted through 2017 using Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane, Ovid Embase, and Ovid MEDLINE databases. Eligible studies examined effects of exercise on memory and cognition in cardiovascular (CVD) or cerebrovascular disease (CBVD). Data extracted included group characteristics, exercise dosage and outcomes measures employed. Twenty-two studies (12 CVD, 10 CBVD) met the inclusion criteria. Interventions included aerobic, resistance, or mixed training, with neuropsychological test batteries assessing cognition. In CVD populations, five studies demonstrated improved cardiovascular fitness and cognition with aerobic training, and another seven studies suggested a dose-response. In CBVD trials, four studies reported improved cognition, with no effects observed in the fifth study. Another study found enhanced cognition with resistance training and four demonstrated a positive association between functional capacity and cognition following combined aerobic and resistance training. Exercise is able to positively affect cognitive performance in those with known vascular disease. There is evidence to suggest a dose–response relationship. Further research is required to optimize prescription.
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Hertzog, Christopher, Arthur F. Kramer, Robert S. Wilson, and Ulman Lindenberger. "Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development." Psychological Science in the Public Interest 9, no. 1 (October 2008): 1–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x.
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In this monograph, we ask whether various kinds of intellectual, physical, and social activities produce cognitive enrichment effects—that is, whether they improve cognitive performance at different points of the adult life span, with a particular emphasis on old age. We begin with a theoretical framework that emphasizes the potential of behavior to influence levels of cognitive functioning. According to this framework, the undeniable presence of age-related decline in cognition does not invalidate the view that behavior can enhance cognitive functioning. Instead, the course of normal aging shapes a zone of possible functioning, which reflects person-specific endowments and age-related constraints. Individuals influence whether they function in the higher or lower ranges of this zone by engaging in or refraining from beneficial intellectual, physical, and social activities. From this point of view, the potential for positive change, or plasticity, is maintained in adult cognition. It is an argument that is supported by newer research in neuroscience showing neural plasticity in various aspects of central nervous system functioning, neurochemistry, and architecture. This view of human potential contrasts with static conceptions of cognition in old age, according to which decline in abilities is fixed and individuals cannot slow its course. Furthermore, any understanding of cognition as it occurs in everyday life must make a distinction between basic cognitive mechanisms and skills (such as working-memory capacity) and the functional use of cognition to achieve goals in specific situations. In practice, knowledge and expertise are critical for effective functioning, and the available evidence suggests that older adults effectively employ specific knowledge and expertise and can gain new knowledge when it is required. We conclude that, on balance, the available evidence favors the hypothesis that maintaining an intellectually engaged and physically active lifestyle promotes successful cognitive aging. First, cognitive-training studies have demonstrated that older adults can improve cognitive functioning when provided with intensive training in strategies that promote thinking and remembering. The early training literature suggested little transfer of function from specifically trained skills to new cognitive tasks; learning was highly specific to the cognitive processes targeted by training. Recently, however, a new generation of studies suggests that providing structured experience in situations demanding executive coordination of skills—such as complex video games, task-switching paradigms, and divided attention tasks—train strategic control over cognition that does show transfer to different task environments. These studies suggest that there is considerable reserve potential in older adults' cognition that can be enhanced through training. Second, a considerable number of studies indicate that maintaining a lifestyle that is intellectually stimulating predicts better maintenance of cognitive skills and is associated with a reduced risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in late life. Our review focuses on longitudinal evidence of a connection between an active lifestyle and enhanced cognition, because such evidence admits fewer rival explanations of observed effects (or lack of effects) than does cross-sectional evidence. The longitudinal evidence consistently shows that engaging in intellectually stimulating activities is associated with better cognitive functioning at later points in time. Other studies show that meaningful social engagement is also predictive of better maintenance of cognitive functioning in old age. These longitudinal findings are also open to important rival explanations, but overall, the available evidence suggests that activities can postpone decline, attenuate decline, or provide prosthetic benefit in the face of normative cognitive decline, while at the same time indicating that late-life cognitive changes can result in curtailment of activities. Given the complexity of the dynamic reciprocal relationships between stimulating activities and cognitive function in old age, additional research will be needed to address the extent to which observed effects validate a causal influence of an intellectually engaged lifestyle on cognition. Nevertheless, the hypothesis that an active lifestyle that requires cognitive effort has long-term benefits for older adults' cognition is at least consistent with the available data. Furthermore, new intervention research that involves multimodal interventions focusing on goal-directed action requiring cognition (such as reading to children) and social interaction will help to address whether an active lifestyle enhances cognitive function. Third, there is a parallel literature suggesting that physical activity, and aerobic exercise in particular, enhances older adults' cognitive function. Unlike the literature on an active lifestyle, there is already an impressive array of work with humans and animal populations showing that exercise interventions have substantial benefits for cognitive function, particularly for aspects of fluid intelligence and executive function. Recent neuroscience research on this topic indicates that exercise has substantial effects on brain morphology and function, representing a plausible brain substrate for the observed effects of aerobic exercise and other activities on cognition. Our review identifies a number of areas where additional research is needed to address critical questions. For example, there is considerable epidemiological evidence that stress and chronic psychological distress are negatively associated with changes in cognition. In contrast, less is known about how positive attributes, such as self-efficacy, a sense of control, and a sense of meaning in life, might contribute to preservation of cognitive function in old age. It is well known that certain personality characteristics such as conscientiousness predict adherence to an exercise regimen, but we do not know whether these attributes are also relevant to predicting maintenance of cognitive function or effective compensation for cognitive decline when it occurs. Likewise, more information is needed on the factors that encourage maintenance of an active lifestyle in old age in the face of elevated risk for physiological decline, mechanical wear and tear on the body, and incidence of diseases with disabling consequences, and whether efforts to maintain an active lifestyle are associated with successful aging, both in terms of cognitive function and psychological and emotional well-being. We also discuss briefly some interesting issues for society and public policy regarding cognitive-enrichment effects. For example, should efforts to enhance cognitive function be included as part of a general prevention model for enhancing health and vitality in old age? We also comment on the recent trend of business marketing interventions claimed to build brain power and prevent age-related cognitive decline, and the desirability of direct research evidence to back claims of effectiveness for specific products.
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Fang, Shih-Hua, Chi-Cheng Lu, Hua-Wei Lin, Kuan-Chen Kuo, Chen-Yu Sun, Yi-Ying Chen, and Wen-Dien Chang. "Acute Effects of Nicotine on Physiological Responses and Sport Performance in Healthy Baseball Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010515.
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There is interest in whether nicotine could enhance attention in sporting performance, but evidence on the acute effect of nicotine on physical response and sports performance in baseball players remains scant. This was an observational study to examine whether nicotine gum chewed before exercise could provide acute effects on physiological responses and sport performance. Accordingly, heart rate variability (HRV), saliva cotinine concentration and α-amylase activity, cognitive function, muscle strength, and baseball-hitting performance were measured. Thirteen healthy male non-smoker baseball players were recruited. Conducting two sequences with 7-day intervals, they chewed nicotine gum (nicotine group) or flavor-matched placebo gum (placebo group) for 30 min. HRV and saliva analyses were conducted before gum consumption (S1), after gum consumption (S2), and after test completion (S3). Cognitive, muscle strength, and baseball-hitting performance tests were performed after nicotine or placebo gum chewing. The outcomes of all assessed variables were compared within and between the groups. Significant changes in HRV, α-amylase, testosterone, and cortisol were observed in the nicotine group at S2 and S3 (p < 0.05). Compared with the placebo group, the nicotine group exhibited enhanced motor reaction times, grooved pegboard test (GPT) results on cognitive function, and baseball-hitting performance, and small effect sizes were noted (d = 0.47, 0.46 and 0.41, respectively). Nicotine could induce changes in endocrine and sympathetic nerve activity and enhance cognitive function and baseball-hitting performance. However, no increase in muscle strength was observed after nicotine intake.
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Etnier, Jennifer L., Chia-Hao Shih, and Aaron Piepmeier. "Behavioral interventions to benefit cognition (Intervenciones cognitivas para beneficiar la cognición)." Retos, no. 27 (March 5, 2015): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i27.34377.
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With the growing population of older adults, the identification of treatment strategies to prevent or ameliorate age-related cognitive decline has been an important topic in recent years. After reviewing cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimentally designed studies, as well as evidence from narrative and meta-analytic reviews, the authors concluded that behavioral approaches such as physical activity, cognitive training, and dietary interventions show promising results. In addition, given the likelihood that multiple underlying mechanisms support cognitive function, research is currently focusing on how to combine lifestyle factors into multi-component interventions to generate greater and more meaningful effects. Though evidence for these enhanced benefits exists from animal studies, few multi-component studies have been performed with humans. However, the findings from these studies are promising and a continued pursuit of multi-component behavioral interventions to benefit cognitive performance is warranted. Given the world’s aging population and accompanying age-related health issues such as cognitive decline and dementia, future research should focus on understanding the biological mechanisms responsible for these effects in order to allow for the development of behavioral lifestyle prescriptions to benefit cognitive performance.Keywords. aging, cognitive function, exercise intervention, oxidative stress, cognitive engagement.Resumen. Con la creciente población de adultos mayores, la identificación de las estrategias de tratamiento para prevenir o mejorar el deterioro cognitivo relacionado con la edad ha sido un tema importante en los últimos años. Después de revisar estudios con diseños transversales, longitudinales y experimentales, así como la evidencia de revisiones de literatura narrativa y meta-analítica, los autores concluyen que los enfoques conductuales como la actividad física, el entrenamiento cognitivo y las intervenciones dietéticas muestran resultados prometedores. Además, dada la probabilidad de que múltiples mecanismos subyacentes apoyan la función cognitiva, las investigaciones se enfocan actualmente en la manera de cómo combinar factores del estilo de vida en las intervenciones con múltiples componentes para generar efectos mayores y más significativos. Aunque existe evidencia de estos beneficios a partir de estudios en animales, se han realizado pocos estudios de componentes múltiples en humanos. Sin embargo, los resultados de estos estudios son prometedores y se garantiza un seguimiento continuo de las intervenciones conductuales de componentes múltiples para beneficiar el rendimiento cognitivo. Teniendo en cuenta el envejecimiento de la población mundial y los problemas de salud relacionados con la edad que la acompañan, tales como el deterioro cognitivo y la demencia, la investigación futura debería centrarse en la comprensión de los mecanismos biológicos responsables de estos efectos con el fin de permitir el desarrollo de las prescripciones de comportamiento de estilo de vida para beneficiar el rendimiento cognitivo.Palabras claves. envejecimiento, funcionamiento cognitivo, intervención con ejercicio, estrés oxidativo, participación cognitiva.
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Bryant, Richard A. "Psychosocial Approaches of Acute Stress Reactions." CNS Spectrums 10, no. 2 (February 2005): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900019453.
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ABSTRACTWhat are the conceptual and empirical bases for current interventions for acute stress reactions following trauma exposure? This review compares the two major alternatives to managing acute stress reactions, outlines their conceptual bases and critiques the evidence for their efficacy in preventing subsequent stress disorders. The review integrates current evidence for cognitive behavior therapy with recent neuroscience findings that fear reduction learning can be enhanced by modulating glutamaterigc systems. D-cycloserine provides exciting opportunities to enhance the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy, and points to closer understanding of the biological mechanisms that underpin clinical gains achieved by psychological therapies.
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Zilberfayn, Irina, Janice C. Marceaux, and Jesse A. McPherron. "A-135 Telehealth Motivationally Enhanced Compensatory Cognitive Training for Older Veterans with Cognitive Complaints: A Pilot Study." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 36, no. 6 (August 30, 2021): 1186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab062.153.
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Abstract Objective This study evaluated the effectiveness of Motivationally Enhanced Compensatory Cognitive Training (ME-CCT), conducted via telehealth. Cognitive performance, self-reported functioning, and activity engagement were expected to improve following participation. Compensatory strategy use was projected to predict posttest memory performance. Method Data from VA electronic medical records was obtained for five veterans (80% male; ages 68–84) who completed an 8-week ME-CCT protocol via telehealth. All completed pre/post neuropsychological screening (RBANS subtests, Oral TMT-B [O-TMT-B]) and self-report measures (PHQ-9, GAD-7, WHODAS, Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire [MMQ]). All had cognitive complaints but no cognitive disorder. Wilcoxon signed-rank test compared pretest-posttest scores. Hierarchical linear regression examined whether strategy use was predictive of posttest memory scores, controlling for age and pretest scores. Results O-TMT-B time (Z = -1.75, p = 0.040, r = −0.78) and errors (Z = -1.73; p = 0.042, r = −0.77) improved significantly, but not semantic fluency (p = 0.358). Immediate (p = 0.055) and Delayed Memory (p = 0.447) did not change. MMQ-Strategy increased (Z = -1.826; p = 0.034, r = −0.82). MMQ-Abilities (p = 0.055, r = −0.82) and MMQ-Satisfaction (p = 0.143 r = −0.48,) did not differ but showed a moderate to large effect. PHQ-9 was lower (Z = -1.841, p = 0.033, r = −0.82); there was a non-significant but large effect on GAD-7 (Z = -1.414, p = 0.079, r = −0.63). WHODAS-Total did not differ (p = 0.231). Use of strategies did not predict Immediate (p = 0.669) or Delayed (p = 0.631) Memory scores. Conclusions Preliminary findings support the use of the ME-CCT protocol with older adults via telehealth, as results suggest possible improvement in aspects of cognition, greater use of strategies, and reductions in mood-related symptoms. Further research with a larger sample is needed to replicate the results and further explore possible outcomes following ME-CCT.
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Charness, Neil, Walter Boot, Sara Czaja, Wendy Rogers, Nicholas Gray, Dorota Kossowska-Kuhn, and Michael Pervratil. "AUGMENT: Navigation Apps Instruction for Older Adults With Cognitive Impairment." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.735.
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Abstract Augmenting User Geocordinates and Mobility by ENhanced Tutorials (AUGMENT) is a development project in the ENHANCE Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center aiming to promote community engagement for aging adults with cognitive impairment (CI) from stroke, traumatic brain injury, and mild cognitive impairment. AUGMENT aims include 1) providing proof of concept that a robust instructional package can support successful use of existing, complex navigation apps, Google maps and rideshare app Uber, by a diverse set of people with CI; and 2) providing proof of product by testing performance with and without instruction. We discuss the needs assessment phase and development of new tests to assess wayfinding abilities and reported difficulties with navigation, using a control sample of 384 community-dwelling older adults. We found that self-reported navigation difficulties are predicted (R-square = .28) by gender, a spatial orientation test, self-reported memory ability, and severity of memory difficulty.
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Kayani, Saima, Niaz Muhammad Aajiz, Khisro Kaleem Raza, Sumaira Kayani, and Michele Biasutti. "Cognitive and Interpersonal Factors Affecting Social Adjustment of University Students in Pakistan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010655.
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Cognitive and interpersonal factors play an important role in the social adjustment of students. Factors affecting the social adjustment of university students have been verified in different cultures. However, no study has tested a concurrent model with the study variables in the Pakistani context. This study aimed to investigate the effect of personal and interpersonal factors on the social adjustment of university students in Pakistan. Three hundred participants from the Azad Jammu and Kashmir regions of Pakistan responded on a questionnaire package containing self-reported measures on social self-efficacy, social anxiety, teachers’ social support, and peers’ social support. The results indicate that self-efficacy, teachers’ support, and peer support have a significant positive effect on the social adjustment of university students, suggesting that an enhanced self-efficacy, and increased teachers’ and peers’ support would increase social adjustment. However, academic anxiety is inversely associated with social adjustment, suggesting that a higher anxiety level would result in a reduction in social adjustment. Students should be given more opportunities to enhance self-efficacy, obtain social support, and reduce social anxiety.
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Toneatto, Tony, Sabina Pillai, and Erin Leigh Courtice. "Mindfulness-Enhanced Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Problem Gambling: A Controlled Pilot Study." International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2014): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-014-9481-6.
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Connan, F., and G. Waller. "Both focused and enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy improve eating disorder symptom severity." Evidence-Based Mental Health 12, no. 4 (October 23, 2009): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebmh.12.4.119.
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Chang, Yuanqing, Yin Li, and Xin Zhang. "COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT FOR GRANDPARENTING: REDUCED LONELINESS AS A MEDIATOR." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1812.
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Abstract Grand-parental care, an important form of family care in China, However, its health effect on older adults, including their physical and mental health and cognitive function, is often not well understood. In the present study, we investigated the differences in terms of physical and mental health (measured by SF-36 Quality of Life Scale), self-aging attitudes (measured by the Philadelphia Senior Center Morale Scale), and cognitive functions (measured by WAIS, the subscales of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) between those who provide grand-parental care and those who do not. Two studies were conducted. The first study examined 150 older adults who provided grandparental care and another 150 older adults who did not. Six months later, we randomly selected 103 older adults to conduct a longitudinal follow-up, of which 53 were older adults who provided grandparental care, and another 50 older adults were those who didn’t. The results of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies showed that, compared with older adults who did not provide grandparental care, those providing grandparental care has significantly better physical and mental health, more positive self-aging attitudes and even enhanced cognitive functions. Further path analysis showed that loneliness mediated the association between providing grandparental care and enhancement in functions, such that providing grandparental care can reduce loneliness of the older adults, which in turn can improve their physical and mental health and even enhance their cognitive functions. These results shed light on the practical implications of grandparenting in China for the society.
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Tolea, Magdalena I., Juyoung Park, and James Galvin. "MINDFULNESS AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2444.
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Abstract Mental health benefits of mindfulness, the attribute of being aware and present in the moment, have long been acknowledged. Mindfulness has also been linked to improved cognitive performance and improvements in AD neuropathology (↓hippocampal atrophy, ↑brain connectivity) in MCI or early-stage AD patients. This study was designed to: investigate the relationship between mindfulness and cognitive function in a patient population with varying degrees of cognitive impairment; identify the specific mindfulness components that provide benefits; and explore differences by sex and disease severity. Patients (N=112; 43% female; 77.0±7.7yrs; 11% cognitively normal, 27% MCI, and 67% dementia) attending a university-based dementia clinic were administered the Applied Mindfulness Process Scale (AMPS) and underwent neuropsychological testing. Cognition was linearly regressed on AMPS with adjustment for age, gender, education, and disease stage, in the entire sample and stratified by sex and stage. In fully adjusted models, higher mindfulness was associated with lower AD8 scores (β=-0.05±0.02(p = 0.003)), better animal naming (AN)(β=0.11±0.04(p = 0.008)), and faster TMA times (β=-0.72±0.32(p=0.025)). All three mindfulness factors (F1=decentering; F2=positive emotional regulation; F3=negative emotional regulation) were significantly linked to AD8, while F3 was not predictive of AN, and F1 was not predictive of TMA. In addition, mindfulness significantly predicted subjective cognitive impairment (SCI)(βF2AD8=-0.18±0.07(p=0.011)) and TMA in men βTMA=-1.14±0.42(p=0.011); βF2TMA=-2.63±1.26(p=0.043); βF3TMA=-2.74±1.12(p=0.019) and dementia patients (βF1AD8=-0.19±0.08(p=0.021); βF2AD8=-0.14±0.07(p=0.044); βTMA=-0.09±0.51(p=0.039)); and AN in women ((βAN=0.12±0.06(p=0.047);βF2AN=0.34±0.16(p=0.036)) and MCI patients (βAN=0.13±0.06, p=0.033; βF3AN=0.36±0.16(p=0.035)). Our findings suggest that effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions may be enhanced by a focus on emotional regulation and sex- and stage-specific cognitive targets.
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Ballesteros, Soledad, Jennifer Rieker, josé M. Reales, julia Mayas, María Pilar Jiménez, Antonio Prieto, and Pilar Toril. "IS COMBINED TRAINING MORE EFFECTIVE THAN SINGLE-DOMAIN TRAINING: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL WITH OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2644.
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Abstract Previous research suggests that both cognitive training and physical exercise help to maintain brain health and cognitive functions that decline with age. The main objectives of this four-arms RCT are (1) to investigate the synergetic effects of a group-based multidomain training program that combines cognitive video-game training with physical exercise, in comparison to those produced by cognitive training combined with physical control activity, physical training combined with cognitive control activity, or a combination of both control activities; (2) to investigate in a memory-based task switching task whether event Related Potential (ERP) latencies of the P2 component are shorter, and N2 and P3b components are enhanced after training; and (3) to find out whether possible enhancements persist after a 3-month period without training. One hundred and twenty participants will be randomly assigned to one of the four combinations of cognitive training and physical exercise. The cognitive component will be either video-game training (cognitive intervention, CI) or video games not specifically designed to train cognition (cognitive control, CC). The physical exercise component will either emphasize endurance, strength, and music-movement coordination (exercise intervention, EI) or stretching, toning and relaxation (exercise control, EC). This RCT will investigate the short and long-term effects of combined multi-domain training compared to cognitive training and physical training alone, on executive control and memory functions of healthy older adults, in comparison with the performance of an active control group. This trial is an ongoing project started in 2018. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT03823183; https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/
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Dostálová, Radka, Chelsea Stillman, Kirk I. Erickson, Pavel Slepička, and Jiří Mudrák. "The Relationship between Physical Activity, Self-Perceived Health, and Cognitive Function in Older Adults." Brain Sciences 11, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040492.
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There are consistent associations between physical activity and self-perceived health. However, it is not clear whether associations between self-perceived health and participation in physical activity could be accounted for by associations with cognitive function. In the present study, we examined whether associations between physical activity and cognitive functioning could explain the variability between physical activity and self-perceived health. A sample of 204 older adults performed three cognitive tests selected from the Vienna test system battery: The Determination, Cognitrone, and Visual Memory tests. These tests measure general processing speed, attention, and visual memory, respectively. Participants also completed the 12-item Short Form Health Questionnaire SF-12 to measure perceived health, and the Physical Activity Survey for the Elderly to measure physical activity. Linear regressions and the PROCESS macro for SPSS were used to test our hypotheses. Consistent with our hypotheses, processing speed accounted for significant variance in the relationship between physical activity and self-perceived health. This suggests that cognitive processing speed might be an indirect path by which physical activity relates to enhanced health perceptions. The results demonstrate that associations between physical activity and self-perceptions of health are related to a fundamental cognitive process.
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Hall, Charles, and Melinda Knuth. "An Update of the Literature Supporting the Well-Being Benefits of Plants: A Review of the Emotional and Mental Health Benefits of Plants." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 37, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-37.1.30.
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Abstract Consumers have historically shown an inclination to purchase plants that enhance their quality of life, meaning they will purchase items that positively influence their social, physical, psychological, cognitive, environmental, and spiritual well-being. Plants in native and improved landscapes (and interiorscapes) have been documented to influence each of six quality of life constructs. This paper summarizes publications regarding the emotional and mental health benefits associated with plants, addressing reduced anxiety and stress, attention deficit recovery, fractals and visual response, decreased depression, enhanced memory retention, greater happiness and life satisfaction, mitigation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), increased creativity, enhanced productivity and attention, reduced effects of dementia, and improved self-esteem. This research should be strategically incorporated into both industry-wide and firm-specific marketing messages that highlight the quality of life value proposition in order to maintain the industry's sense of value and relevance to consumers of the future. Index words: benefits of plants, emotional health, mental health.
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Telzer, Eva H., Andrew J. Fuligni, Matthew D. Lieberman, and Adriana Galván. "Meaningful Family Relationships: Neurocognitive Buffers of Adolescent Risk Taking." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 3 (March 2013): 374–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00331.
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Discordant development of brain regions responsible for cognitive control and reward processing may render adolescents susceptible to risk taking. Identifying ways to reduce this neural imbalance during adolescence can have important implications for risk taking and associated health outcomes. Accordingly, we sought to examine how a key family relationship—family obligation—can reduce this vulnerability. Forty-eight adolescents underwent an fMRI scan during which they completed a risk-taking and cognitive control task. Results suggest that adolescents with greater family obligation values show decreased activation in the ventral striatum when receiving monetary rewards and increased dorsolateral PFC activation during behavioral inhibition. Reduced ventral striatum activation correlated with less real-life risk-taking behavior and enhanced dorsolateral PFC activation correlated with better decision-making skills. Thus, family obligation may decrease reward sensitivity and enhance cognitive control, thereby reducing risk-taking behaviors.
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Nakagawa, Takumi, Ibuki Koan, Chong Chen, Toshio Matsubara, Kosuke Hagiwara, Huijie Lei, Masako Hirotsu, Hirotaka Yamagata, and Shin Nakagawa. "Regular Moderate- to Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity Rather Than Walking Is Associated with Enhanced Cognitive Functions and Mental Health in Young Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 18, 2020): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020614.
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The beneficial effect of physical activity (PA) on the brain has been well established. Both acute and regular PA can boost a range of cognitive functions and enhance mood and mental health. Notably, the effect of acute PA on the brain and cognitive functions is generally found to be dose-dependent, in terms of both the amount and intensity of the exercise episode. In contrast, in the case of regular PA, the literature has primarily focused on the amount of exercise, and limited studies have assessed the influence of the exercise intensity. Since PA in higher intensity causes more extensive, more powerful, and longer-lasting neurobiological changes, it may prove more beneficial to cognitive functions and mental health. In the present study, we set out to test this hypothesis by employing a battery of questionnaires and laboratory tests with a sample of young adults. We found that more frequent vigorous- and moderate-intensity PA rather than walking (considered low to moderate intensity) was associated with better cognitive and mental health measures. Meanwhile, compared with no moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) at all, as few as 1~2 days per week (lasting at least 10 min each time) of MVPA was associated with a variety of benefits, particularly related to coping with challenging situations. In light of the neurobiological literature, the present study speaks to the value of moderate- to vigorous- rather than low-intensity PA in enhancing cognitive functions and mental health.
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Friedberg, Robert D., and Raymond A. Fidaleo. "Training Inpatient Staff in Cognitive Therapy." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 6, no. 2 (January 1992): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.6.2.105.
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The therapeutic potential of cognitive therapy in psychiatric hospitals is enhanced through conceptually homogeneous milieus and skillful staff training. This paper describes methods, processes, and issues to be considered in developing staff training programs. An emphasis is placed on case conceptualization and matching training to patients’ needs. Further, a general training program is delineated and challenges facing trainers are discussed. Finally, questions which may guide future research directions are suggested.
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Atwood, Molly E., and Aliza Friedman. "A systematic review of enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT‐E) for eating disorders." International Journal of Eating Disorders 53, no. 3 (December 16, 2019): 311–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.23206.
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Jong, Martie, Philip Spinhoven, Kees Korrelboom, Mathijs Deen, Iris Meer, Unna N. Danner, Selma Schuur, Maartje Schoorl, and Hans W. Hoek. "Effectiveness of enhanced cognitive behavior therapy for eating disorders: A randomized controlled trial." International Journal of Eating Disorders 53, no. 5 (February 10, 2020): 717–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.23239.
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Hoot, Michelle R., Bilal Khokhar, and William C. Walker. "Self-report Pain Scale Reliability in Veterans and Service Members With Traumatic Brain Injuries Undergoing Inpatient Rehabilitation." Military Medicine 185, no. 3-4 (September 3, 2019): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz272.
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Abstract Introduction Pain in trauma patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) may heighten cognitive-behavioral impairment and impede rehabilitation efforts. Multiple self-report pain assessment tools have been shown reliable in cognitively intact adults and children but are understudied in the cognitively impaired, particularly in persons with TBI. The objective of this study was to assess the utility and reliability of four pain assessment instruments among TBI patients during inpatient rehabilitation and the influence of cognitive impairment. Methods Participants self-completed four pain intensity measures, the Verbal Descriptor Scale, Faces Pain Scale (Faces), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and Color-Enhanced Visual Analog Scale (CAS), during five study visits over a 2-week period. Data were collected on time to completion and most preferred pain measure. To assess scale reliability, participants re-rated their current pain. To assess scale responsiveness, standard mean response was measured across time and a worst past pain experience was rated. Cognitive impairment was assessed with the Memory, Orientation, and Amnesia Test. Results The NRS was the most preferred measure by participants at every time point in the study. Mean pain measure completion time for all measures was under 11 seconds and did not significantly change during the study period. All scales showed very high test-retest reliability, with very strong correlations. Standard mean response from day 0 to 14 ranged from 0.387 to 0.532 across the scales. When stratified by cognitive impairment, the mean scores were consistently nominally higher for impaired participants, reaching statistical significance only for the CAS and Faces at baseline. In the cognitive impaired group, reliability for the Faces showed some weakening, as did the VAS to a milder degree. Conclusions All four pain measures demonstrated good utility, very high test-retest reliability, and satisfactory responsiveness. Greater cognitive impairment was associated with elevated pain ratings, especially in the Faces and CAS. The NRS was the most preferred by patients, regardless of cognitive impairment level.
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Hammink, Coosje, Nienke Moor, and Masi Mohammadi. "A systematic literature review of persuasive architectural interventions for stimulating health behaviour." Facilities 37, no. 11/12 (August 5, 2019): 743–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-07-2017-0065.
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PurposeThis systematic literature review focusses on original research that examines the effect of persuasive architectural interventions on stimulating health behaviour. This paper gives an overview of the empirical evidence and aims to examine the evidence for health behaviour change through architectural interventions and the underlying theoretical pathways and mechanisms using social cognitive theory.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reviewed 40 peer-reviewed articles found through Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed and a supplementary hand search and examined for effect, type of interventions, type of behaviour and underlying mechanisms using social cognitive theory.FindingsThis review shows that architectural interventions can stimulate healthy behaviour. However, much of the research focusses on specific health behaviours (physical activity), in specific target groups (children or older adults) and with specific types of interventions (supplying provisions). Furthermore, the effect of the physical environment on cognitive factors should be taken into consideration.Research limitations/implicationsHardly any research on smart architectural interventions for health behaviour change exists, but combining insights from product design and built environment has the potential to impact designing for health behaviour change.Originality/valueStimulating certain types of health behaviour can positively contribute to health goals and has been the focus of many health promotion practitioners over the years. The focus of health promotion interventions has primarily been on social and psychological factors. However, current research shows the importance of the physical environment as an influence on health behaviour. Potentially, with the use of smart technology, this effect could be enhanced.
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Alyami, Mohsen, Hussain Alyami, Frederick Sundram, Gary Cheung, Beverly A. Haarhoff, Mataroria P. Lyndon, and Andrew G. Hill. "Enhancing suicide risk assessment: a novel visual metaphor learning tool." Australasian Psychiatry 24, no. 6 (July 11, 2016): 608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856216657695.
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Objective: Suicide risk assessment is variably taught and learnt by health professionals. The literature indicates that training programs of this fundamental competency need to be enhanced. To facilitate teaching and learning of this core clinical skill, we propose a novel visual metaphor in order to conceptualize suicide risk factors. The design of the proposed visual metaphor was informed by the Cognitive Load Theory to enhance deep learning of the various suicide risk factors. Conclusion: The visual metaphor depicting suicide risk factors can potentially improve memory and recall. It activates prior knowledge and is based on educational theory informed design principles.
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Kokras, N., M. Dimitriadou, I. Sotiropoulos, A. L. Skaltsounis, A. Tsarbopoulos, and C. Dalla. "The therapeutic potential of natural compounds against Alzheimer's disease: A preclinical pharmacological study in both sexes." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2010.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative neuropsychiatric disorder, is often comorbid with depression and anxiety. Neuropsychiatric disorders are also characterized by sex differences. However, most preclinical pharmacological studies are conducted using only males. Herein, we used male and female twelve-month-old mice (3xTg) expressing mutated forms of human proteins Tau, APP and Presenilin1. These mice are considered a valid animal model of AD. We investigated the effects of the natural compound trans-crocin-4 (TC-4), which is derived from Crocus sativus and the olive compound oleuropein on the cognitive, depressive and anxious profile of 3xTg mice. We found that male and female 3xTg mice exhibited reduced locomotor activity and oleuropeine treatment (100 mg/kg i.p., for 21 days) did not reverse this phenotype. In addition, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors were not affected by genotype, sex or oleuropeine treatment. Interestingly, oleuropeine exhibited a tendency to enhance cognitive performance in male 3xTg mice. Treatment with TC-4 (50 and 150 mg/kg, i.p., acutely or chronically for 10 days) affected locomotor activity in a sex-differentiated manner. Interestingly, acute TC-4 clearly enhanced cognitive performance in all groups although it reduced center entries in the open field. Additionally, chronic TC-4 treatment enhanced novel object discrimination mainly in male 3xTg mice. Our findings highlight the potential of those natural compounds, which warrant further investigation but also emphasize the benefits of including both males and females in preclinical pharmacological studies.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Keuthen, Nancy J., Barbara O. Rothbaum, Jeanne Fama, Erin Altenburger, Martha J. Falkenstein, Susan E. Sprich, Megan Kearns, Suzanne Meunier, Michael A. Jenike, and Stacy S. Welch. "DBT-enhanced cognitive-behavioral treatment for trichotillomania: A randomized controlled trial." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 1, no. 3 (September 2012): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/jba.1.2012.003.
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Zhang, Mingjie, Yufei Liu, Guanqun Hu, Li Kang, Ye Ran, Min Su, and Shengyuan Yu. "Cognitive impairment in a classical rat model of chronic migraine may be due to alterations in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits." Molecular Pain 16 (January 2020): 174480692095958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744806920959582.
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Although migraine is a major global public health problem, its impact on cognitive abilities remains controversial. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of repeated administration of inflammatory soup to the dura of rats, over three weeks, on spatial cognition, hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits. Additionally, low doses of amitriptyline (5 mg/kg) were applied to assess its therapeutic effects. The inflammatory soup group exhibited significant reductions in the cutaneous stimulation threshold, presence of mild cognitive impairment, and decreased long-term potentiation in right hippocampus. However, amitriptyline improved pain behaviors, enhanced cognitive function, and increased synaptic plasticity in the inflammatory soup rats. On the other hand, the administration of amitriptyline to normal rats negatively influenced synaptic plasticity and reduced the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits. The present results indicate that inflammatory soup-induced dural nociception led to impairments in spatial cognition that could be attributed to reductions in hippocampal long-term potentiation and the decreased expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits.
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Mak, Winnie WS, Alan CY Tong, Sindy YC Yip, Wacy WS Lui, Floria HN Chio, Amy TY Chan, and Celia CY Wong. "Efficacy and Moderation of Mobile App–Based Programs for Mindfulness-Based Training, Self-Compassion Training, and Cognitive Behavioral Psychoeducation on Mental Health: Randomized Controlled Noninferiority Trial." JMIR Mental Health 5, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): e60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/mental.8597.
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Background Mindfulness-based interventions, self-compassion training, and cognitive behavioral therapy have garnered much evidence in its salutary effects on mental health. With increasing application of smartphone and mobile technology on health promotion, this study investigated the efficacy and possible moderators of mindfulness, self-compassion, and cognitive behavioral psychoeducation training mobile apps in the improvement of mental health. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of 3 mobile app–based programs: mindfulness-based program, self-compassion program, and cognitive behavioral psychoeducation program in improving mental well-being and reducing psychological distress. Changes in mindful awareness and self-compassion were also assessed. To further delineate the suitability of each program for different types of individuals, individual difference variables (ie, discomfort with emotions and tolerance for ambiguity) were explored for potential moderation. Methods This study was a 3-arm, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial examining the efficacy of mindfulness-based program, self-compassion program, and cognitive behavioral psychoeducation. Participants were randomized into either 1 of the 3 conditions. Throughout the 4-week, 28-session program, participants spent 10-15 min daily reviewing the course content and practicing various related exercises. At preprogram, postprogram, and 3-month follow-up, participants also completed Web-based measures of mental well-being, psychological distress, mindful-awareness, and self-compassion as well as the proposed moderators. Results Among the 2161 study participants, 508 and 349 completed the post- and 3-month follow-up assessment, respectively. All 3 conditions (mindfulness-based program: N=703; cognitive behavioral psychoeducation: N=753; self-compassion program: N=705) were found to be efficacious in improving mental well-being and reducing psychological distress. All conditions enhanced mindful awareness at postprogram. Significant interaction effect was found on self-compassion; cognitive behavioral psychoeducation and self-compassion program, but not mindfulness-based program, significantly enhanced self-compassion at postprogram. No significant differences regarding usage and users’ satisfaction were found among the 3 conditions. None of the proposed moderators were found to be significant. Conclusions Mindfulness-based, self-compassion, and cognitive behavioral psychoeducation mobile apps were efficacious in improving mental well-being and reducing psychological distress among adults at postprogram and 3-month follow-up. Future app-based psychological training programs should consider gamification and personalization of content or feedback to enhance engagement and mitigate the high attrition rates that are common in app-based health promotion programs. Trial Registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) ChiCTR-TRC-13003468; http://www.chictr.org.cn/hvshowproject.aspx?id=6220 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/734PlOz50)