Relevant bibliographies by topics / Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR)

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR)"

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Yuan, Q., R. Sparling, P. Lagasse, Y. M. Lee, D. Taniguchi, and J. A. Oleszkiewicz. "Enhancing biological phosphorus removal with glycerol." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 7 (April 1, 2010): 1837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.974.

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An enhanced biological phosphorus removal process (EBPR) was successfully operated in presence of acetate. When glycerol was substituted for acetate in the feed the EBPR process failed. Subsequently waste activated sludge (WAS) from the reactor was removed to an off-line fermenter. The same amount of glycerol was added to the WAS fermenter which led to significant volatile fatty acids (VFA) production. By supplying the system with the VFA-enriched supernatant of the fermentate, biological phosphorus removal was enhanced. It was concluded that, if glycerol was to be used as an external carbon source in EBPR, the effective approach was to ferment glycerol with waste activated sludge.
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Wu, Guangxue, and Michael Rodgers. "Inhibitory effect of copper on enhanced biological phosphorus removal." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 7 (October 1, 2010): 1464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.431.

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Copper inhibition of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) was examined in batch experiments under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Inhibition was represented by both acetate uptake and phosphorus release coefficients under anaerobic conditions, and by a phosphorus uptake coefficient under aerobic conditions. The results showed that copper inhibition of EBPR occurred mainly during aerobic phosphorus uptake and a first-order phosphorus uptake coefficient can be better used to describe the inhibition effect. For the aerobic phosphorus uptake using the EBPR activated sludge, (i) copper inhibition started at 0.07 mg/l, (ii) 50% and 100% inhibition occurred at 0.30 mg/l and 0.53 mg/l, respectively, and (iii) the inhibition constant was 0.48 mg/l.
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Bond, Philip L., Jürg Keller, and Linda L. Blackall. "Characterisation of enhanced biological phosphorus removal activated sludges with dissimilar phosphorus removal performances." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1998): 567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0719.

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A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) and dramatic differences in the P removing capabilities were obtained in different stages of the operation. At one stage extremely poor P removal occurred and it appeared that bacteria inhibiting P removal overwhelmed the reactor performance. Changes were made to the reactor operation and these led to the development of a sludge with high P removing capability. This latter sludge was analysed by fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) using a probe specific for Acinetobacter. Very few cells were detected with this probe indicating that Acinetobacter played an insignificant role in the P removal occurring here. Analysis of the chemical transformations of three sludges supported the biochemical pathways proposed for EBPR and non-EBPR systems in biological models. A change in operation that led to the improved P removal performance included permitting the pH to rise in the anaerobic periods of the SBR cycle.
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Arnz, P., E. Arnold, and P. A. Wilderer. "Enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a semifull-scale SBBR." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (February 1, 2001): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0133.

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A 17 m3 Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor (SBBR) was operated for enhanced biological phosphorus removal and nitrification for a period of 384 days. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) activity was instantly induced after start-up of EBPR operation mode and low phosphate effluent values were reached from the first batch onward. Process stability with regard to nitrification and EBPR were very good although high nitrate loads from backwashing disturbed the P removal performance. Due to anoxic conditions in the beginning of the cycle, readily degradable COD was depleted by denitrification. Consequently, particulate matter was the main carbon source for phosphorus accumulating organisms. Anaerobic hydrolysis or fermentation was found to be the rate limiting process in the SBBR cycle. Simultaneous denitrification occurred in the first 30 minutes of aeration and - to a lesser extent - during the remaining aeration time, enhancing nitrogen removal and indirectly also phosphorus removal.
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Ruchiraset, Apaporn, and Sopa Chinwetkitvanich. "Estrogens Removal by Sludge from Enhance Biological Phosphorus Removal System." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.246.

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This study was to investigate the removal of four estrogens in enhance biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) system. Sludge from four EBPRs were used to investigate both of anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Results showed that EBPR could remove estrogen both under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. In anaerobic condition, estrogens removals were in the range of 7692% for E1 (estrone), 5890% for E2 (17β-estradiol), 4363% for E3 (estrol), and 6288% for EE2 (17α-ethinylestradiol). In aerobic phase, removal of estrogens were ranging from 7996% for E1, 7696% for E2, 3664% for E3, and 5796% of EE2. Sorption onto sludge was the main mechanism of estrogens removal in comparison with biodegradation, which their sorption:biodegradation ratios were around 0.9:0.1 and 0.8:0.2 in anaerobic and aerobic conditions, respectively. Moreover, biotransformation of E2 to E1 was found in every E2-batch experiments that used active sludge.
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Pattarkine, Vikram M., and Clifford W. Randall. "The requirement of metal cations for enhanced biological phosphorus removal by activated sludge." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 2 (July 1, 1999): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0112.

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The objectives of the study described in this paper were to study the requirements of potassium, magnesium, and calcium for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) and to determine whether either potassium or magnesium could support EBPR on its own. Batch experiments indicated that phosphorus uptake by the sludge was affected by the availability of potassium, magnesium, and calcium. Both potassium and magnesium were simultaneously required and neither was adequate by itself for EBPR. Calcium did not appear to be required for EBPR, and did not seem to be involved in biologically mediated chemical precipitation.
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Scheer, Holger, and Carl F. Seyfried. "Enhanced biological phosphate removal: modelling and design in theory and practice." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1996): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0356.

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The need for Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) in wastewater treatment plants (WTP) is increasing so that the development of steady state design models for WTPs using nitrification, denitrification and EBPR becomes more and more important. In developing such a model, theoretical and practical aspects must be considered if the qualitative and quantitative statements regarding the influence of various wastewater conditions (e.g. substrate composition) and surrounding conditions (e.g. influence of nitrate, duration of the anaerobic contact time) affecting EBPR shall be described. The presented EBPR design model is verified using data from various WTPs (e.g. Berlin-Ruhleben) currently using EBPR practices. Sensitivity studies for the most important influencing parameters and surrounding conditions are done, using fictious plant data. Recommendations are given, based on these studies, for the optimization of the EBPR process. These recommendations illustrate the most effective means towards improving the surrounding conditions for EBPR (e.g. increase of amount of readily available organic substrate, decrease of sludge age) with regard to an increase of the biologically removed phosphorus concentration.
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Scheer, Holger, and Carl F. Seyfried. "Enhanced biological phosphate removal: modelling and design in theory and practice." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 10 (May 1, 1997): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0355.

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The need for Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) in wastewater treatment plants (WTP) is increasing so that the development of steady state design models for WTPs using nitrification, denitrification and EBPR becomes more and more important. In developing such a model, theoretical and practical aspects must be considered if the qualitative and quantitative statements regarding the influence of various wastewater conditions (e.g. substrate composition) and surrounding conditions (e.g. influence of nitrate, duration of the anaerobic contact time) affecting EBPR shall be described. The presented EBPR design model is verified using data from various WTPs (e.g. Berlin-Ruhleben) currently using EBPR practices. Sensitivity studies for the most important influencing parameters and surrounding conditions are done, using fictious plant data. Recommendations are given, based on these studies, for the optimization of the EBPR process. These recommendation illustrates the most effective means towards improving the surrounding conditions for EBPR (e.g. increase of amount of readily available organic substrate, decrease of sludge age) with regard to an increase of the biologically removed phosphorus concentration.
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Morgenroth, Eberhard, and Peter A. Wilderer. "Controlled biomass removal - the key parameter to achieve enhanced biological phosphorus removal in biofilm systems." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 7 (April 1, 1999): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0321.

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In contrast to enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in activated sludge systems mass transfer processes have a major influence on overall phosphorus removal in biofilm reactors. Based on results from a laboratory scale sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) and from a mathematical model the influence of the following processes on EBPR in biofilms was evaluated: (1) mass transfer limitation for oxygen, (2) mass transfer limitation for organic substrate, (3) lack of controlled removal of biomass from the system. It was shown that mass transfer of soluble components (oxygen and organic substrate) had only a minor effect on overall phosphorus removal. Soluble components fully penetrate the biofilm at certain times during the SBBR cycle as a consequence of SBBR operation with large concentration variations over the cycle time. The limiting processes for EBPR is the efficient removal of phosphorus rich biomass from the reactor. Biomass at the base of the biofilm that is not removed during backwashing will release accumulated phosphorus due to lysis or endogenous respiration and will not contribute to net phosphorus removal. For efficient operation of EBPR in biofilm systems regular and intensive backwashing resulting in thin biofilms is suggested.
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Rickard, L. F., and S. A. McClintock. "Potassium and Magnesium Requirements for Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0697.

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The role of potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) by activated sludge was studied using a bench-scale continuous-flow A/O system. A synthetic wastewater containing all the nutrients required for EBPR was used as the influent feed for the control phase of the experiment. The influent feed to the test phase of the experiment was changed to totally limit specific cations. The results clearly indicated that both K and Mg were absolutely required for successful EBPR. Failure of EBPR occurred when either K or Mg were eliminated from the influent. The molar ratio of K:P during anaerobic release and aerobic uptake was observed to be 0.22 mol/mol, while Mg:P was 0.30 mol/mol. Calcium was not required for successful EBPR. Neither calcium, iron, nor sodium were co-transported with phosphorus during release and uptake.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR)"

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Chan, Pacheco Carlos Roberto. "Integrating enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in a resource recovery scenario." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666850.

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La presente tesis doctoral se enfoca en evaluar un sistema de eliminación biológica de fósforo (enhanced biological phosphorus removal, EBPR) orientado a un escenario de recuperación de recursos. Los resultados obtenidos se dividieron en cuatro capítulos, los cuales aparecen en los capítulos 4, 5, 6 y 7. Los temas estudiados en cada capítulo se resumen a continuación: Capítulo 4. Se estudió a largo plazo un sistema SBR-EBPR cuya configuración fue modificada con la finalidad de obtener un líquido altamente enriquecido con P. La configuración del sistema SBR-EBPR consistió en incluir una etapa de extracción de sobrenadante al final de la etapa anaeróbica (después de un periodo de sedimentación). El líquido extraído tiene la mayor concentración de P en el ciclo SBR, lo cual implica que la disponibilidad de este nutriente estaría limitada para los requerimientos metabólicos de los microrganismos responsables de este proceso, comprometiendo la eficiencia del proceso EBPR. Por ello se evaluaron diferentes volúmenes de extracción. Capítulo 5. Se estudió el comportamiento de la actividad EBPR usando tiempos de retención celular (TRC) cortos, esto con la finalidad de evaluar su posible integración en sistemas energéticamente eficientes, como el proceso A/B. Con este fin, se operaron tres diferentes reactores secuenciales (por lotes) con una configuración convencional a 25 ºC y a TRC de entre 3-14 días. Capítulo 6. La influencia de la temperatura y el SRT sobre el proceso EBPR fueron evaluadas, a corto y largo plazo. En este capítulo se usaron tres sistemas EBPR, los cuales se operaron a temperaturas de entre 10-20 ºC y a TRC de entre 3.5-15 días. Capítulo 7. La biomasa obtenida de los diferentes sistemas (SBR-EBPR), usados en el capítulo 6 se metió a pruebas de digestión anaerobia, esto con la finalidad de evaluar su potencial de producción de metano. Debido a que cada biomasa contenía diferentes concentraciones de PHA, la influencia del contenido de PHA sobre la de producción de metano también fue evaluada.
This doctoral thesis focuses on evaluating an EBPR (enhanced biological phosphorus removal process) system oriented to the scenario of resource recovery. The results obtained are divided into four chapters, which are presented in chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7. The topics studied in each chapter are summarized below: Chapter 4. A SBR-EBPR system was studied in the long term by modifying its configuration in order to obtain an anaerobic supernatant enriched in phosphorus. The configuration of system SBR-EBPR included one stage for the extraction of supernatant at the end of anaerobic stage (after a period of sedimentation). The extracted liquid has the largest concentration of P in the SBR cycle, which implies that the availability of this nutrient would be limited for the metabolic requirements of the PAO, compromising the efficiency of the process EBPR. For this reason, different extraction volumes were assessed. Chapter 5. The behavior of the EBPR activity using short cell retention times (SRT) was studied in order to assess the possibility of its integration to energetically efficient systems, such as the A/B process. With this purpose, different SBR were operated with a conventional configuration. These SBR were operated at 25 °C and at 3-14 days SRT. Chapter 6. the influence of temperature and SRT on the EBPR process was assessed (in both the short and long terms) using three EBRP systems. These systems were operated at t temperatures between 10-20 ºC and at TRC between 3.5-15 days. Chapter 7. The biomass obtained in the different operational periods of the SBR-EBPR systems used in chapter 6 was subjected to an anaerobic digestion test to evaluate its methane production. Because each biomass contained different concentrations of PHA, the influence of PHA content on methane production was also evaluated.
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Cope, Helen Anne. "Raman spectroscopy as a tool to improve Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25487.

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Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) is an established process in wastewater treatment that uses bacteria to reduce phosphorus levels below regulatory discharge limits. Recently, in light of growing political concern over phosphorus sustainability, EBPR has also been recognised as a platform from which phosphorus may be recovered and recycled onto land as fertiliser. Operating EBPR to optimise performance and efficiency is therefore extremely important, but remains a challenge due to poor understanding of these bacterial ecosystems. Raman spectroscopy is a non-invasive, label-free, culture-independent technique capable of analysing live, single cells. Despite its advantages, Raman spectroscopy has been applied to study EBPR bacteria in just a handful of studies and thus has a low profile in this field of research. More work is required to investigate potential areas of application for Raman spectroscopy in EBPR research. The principal thesis presented here is that Raman spectroscopy could be used as a tool to improve EBPR. The Raman spectra used for this investigation were acquired from individual EBPR bacteria dried onto a calcium fluoride substrate. The bacterial samples were collected from three different sources, namely lab-scale sequencing batch reactors located in Edinburgh (University of Edinburgh, UK) and Boston (Northeastern University, USA), and a full-scale EBPR plant in Slough (Thames Water, UK). Using these spectra, some potential applications and limitations of Raman spectroscopy for improving EBPR were explored. In this foundation work, a particular emphasis on spectral analysis methods was kept in light of the benefits of automating analysis as well as the need for standardisation to be able to compare results between different studies and groups. Nine methods were compared for baselining Raman spectra of individual EBPR bacteria. From these, the “small-window moving average” (SWiMA) method was determined to be the best baselining technique for our purposes at the current time. In agreement with earlier studies, the Raman spectroscopic signatures of three key EBPR metabolites – polyphosphate, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and glycogen – were shown to be clearly identifiable in individual EBPR bacteria when present. The Raman shifts of characteristic spectral bands arising from polyphosphate were shown to vary significantly between samples and the implications of this were discussed. Examples of how the Raman spectra of individual bacteria can be modelled with multivariate tools to open up new areas for research were given. MCR modelling was demonstrated to offer a novel way to normalise the Raman spectra of individual EBPR bacteria prior to quantitative analysis. With the instrumental set-up in this work, the limit of detection (LOD) of aqueous polyphosphate samples was estimated to be approximately 0.08 M and 0.02 M for 10 second and 200 second acquisitions respectively. Future work is required to research ways in which a more comparable form of polyphosphate ‘standard’ might be prepared so that direct correlation can be drawn between measurements made on such a standard and measurements made in bacterial cells. Overall, several applications and challenges of Raman spectroscopy for the investigation of EBPR bacteria are presented in this work together with recommendation for how to process the spectral data. The conclusions drawn from this work indicate that Raman spectroscopy could be used as a tool to improve EBPR but further work is required to refine and apply these methods.
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malekjahani, seyed. "THE EFFECTS OF PH ON ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL (EBPR) WITH PROPIONIC ACID AS THE DOMINANT VOLATILE FATTY ACID (VFA)." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3712.

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pH control is a tool to improve some aspects of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) process. Filipe et al (2001a, 2001b, and 2001c) found strong evidence that the stability of EBPR systems can be improved by increasing the pH of the anaerobic zone, thereby creating conditions where phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs) are able to take up acetate faster than glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs). They explained this observation by comparing the growth rate of phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs) and found that pH has little effect on PAOs growth rate but adversely affects GAOs growth rate when it increases (at pH values greater than 7.25, PAOs would take acetate faster than GAOs would). They used synthetic wastewater rich in acetic acid. In this study, we used real wastewater and the dominant volatile fatty acid available to microorganisms was propionic acid in continuous EBPR system. It was found that lower anaerobic zone pH (6.5 vs. 7.2) reduced the anaerobic P release both on an MLVSS specific basis and also on a non-specific (absolute value for the process) basis. In addition, the observed yield was significantly decreased. Aerobic P uptake was lower in the low-pH system (on a non-specific basis) due to the lower observed yield, and thus lower MLVSS concentration. Net P uptake was hard to interpret because of the effect of P release in the secondary clarifier of Train 2 (high pH). However, on a specific basis it was clear that net P uptake was either equal or better in the low-pH system regardless of how the secondary clarifier data was interpreted. Carbon transformations were not impacted in as consistent a fashion as anaerobic P release was. On a specific basis, PHA content remained unchanged although the PHV/PHB ratio was impacted with much lower PHV content in the low-pH system. Glycogen content and the amount of labile glycogen (delta glycogen) were higher in the low-pH system, in spite of the fact that MLVSS P content did not decrease. However, due to the impact of the low observed yield at low pH, absolute values resulted in higher PHA content for the process reactors as a whole, higher glycogen content, and unchanged labile glycogen. Low pH resulted in increased biomass P content, however the lower observed yield offset this on a process basis so that effluent P levels were nearly equal. So low pH improved P removal on a specific basis, but not on a process basis. Since it is unknown if the low observed yield is repeatable, and due to the impact of the secondary clarifier in the high pH system, it cannot be concluded that the effect of low pH on net P removal would be similar in other EBPR systems.
M.S.Env.E.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering
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Costa, Giuseppe Alessio. "Implementation of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (ebpr) wastewater treatment processes enriched with different microbial communities." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8017/.

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The EBPR (Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal) is a type of secondary treatment in WWTPs (WasteWater Treatment Plants), quite largely used in full-scale plants worldwide. The phosphorus occurring in aquatic systems in high amounts can cause eutrophication and consequently the death of fauna and flora. A specific biomass is used in order to remove the phosphorus, the so-called PAOs (Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms) that accumulate the phosphorus in form of polyphosphate in their cells. Some of these organisms, the so-called DPAO (Denitrifying Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms) use as electron acceptor the nitrate or nitrite, contributing in this way also to the removal of these compounds from the wastewater, but there could be side reactions leading to the formation of nitrous oxides. The aim of this project was to simulate in laboratory scale a EBPR, acclimatizing and enriching the specialized biomass. Two bioreactors were operated as Sequencing Batch Reactors, one enriched in Accumulibacter, the other in Tetrasphaera (both PAOs): Tetrasphaera microorganisms are able to uptake aminoacids as carbon source, Accumulibacter uptake organic carbon (volatile fatty acids, VFA). In order to measure the removal of COD, phosphorus and nitrogen-derivate compounds, different analysis were performed: spectrophotometric measure of phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite and ammonia concentrations, TOC (Total Organic Carbon, measuring the carbon consumption), VFA via HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), total and volatile suspended solids following standard methods APHA, qualitative microorganism population via FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization). Batch test were also performed to monitor the NOx production. Both specialized populations accumulated as a result of SBR operations; however, Accumulibacter were found to uptake phosphates at higher extents. Both populations were able to remove efficiently nitrates and organic compounds occurring in the feeding. The experimental work was carried out at FCT of Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCT-UNL) from February to July 2014.
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Balaguer-Barbosa, Maraida. "Recovery of Nutrients from Anaerobically Digested Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) Sludge through Struvite Precipitation." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7471.

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Water resources in Florida have been severely degraded by eutrophic conditions, resulting toxic algae blooms, which negatively affect health and tourism. Eutrophication, or excessive amount of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in water, overstimulates the production of aquatic plants, depletes dissolved oxygen, and deteriorates the aquatic environment. However, phosphorus is a non-renewable resource essential for all living organisms. In fact, more than half of the total demand for P globally is to supply the food industry, which has concerningly accelerated the depletion rates of phosphate reserves. In many wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) approach has been employed to achieve high phosphorus removals from wastewater through phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs). However, during either anaerobic or aerobic digestion of EBPR sludge, stored polyphosphates are released and carried into the sidestream, which is typically returned to the headworks of the main treatment facility, thereby recycling phosphorus back into the system. This treatment train is highly inefficient because nutrients rather are recirculated rather than recovered. Struvite (MgNH4PO4•6H2O) is precipitated in oversaturated aqueous solutions with equal molar concentrations of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. The controlled crystallization of struvite may be applied to remove phosphorus and some ammonium from sidestreams, which is the liquid portion of the digester effluent. Struvite can be employed as a sustainable slow-release fertilizer due to its low solubility in water. This offers the opportunity of marketing the struvite produced under controlled conditions and creating a revenue for the utility. The specific research objectives of this thesis are (1) to investigate different possible operating conditions under which anaerobically digested sludge from EBPR facilities might be treated through struvite precipitation; (2) to quantify the removal of N and P from sidestreams from anaerobically digested EBPR sludge via struvite precipitation and assess the composition of the precipitate obtained; and (3) to generate a cost analysis to assess the trade-offs between the capital and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs of struvite production and the benefits such as reduced chemical use and production of a slow-release fertilizer. The main parameters affecting struvite precipitation are the Mg2+ to PO43- molar ratio, pH, temperature, mixing speed, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and the seed quantity added to promote nucleation. Different operating conditions within these parameters were batch-tested as part of this study using sidestream from the pilot-scale anaerobic digester (AD) fed from Falkenburg Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (FAWWTP) EBPR sludge. Additionally, the effect of temperature and pH were investigated using Visual MINTEQ simulations. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to investigate the variance within the removals from the centrate obtained for phosphate, ammonium, magnesium, and calcium. The chemical composition of the solids collected after employing the selected operating conditions was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The results for the batch tests performed as part of this thesis were quantified in terms of the removals of phosphate, ammonium, magnesium, and calcium from the centrate. The greatest amount of phosphate removal was achieved by operating the struvite reactor at 4.0 mmol of Mg2+ per mmole of PO43-. The other molar ratios tested were 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0. Visual inspection of the data showed significant variability in removals of ammonium, calcium, and magnesium, which are likely to be correlated with the highly variable influent concentrations into the struvite reactor. In this case, ANOVA will require larger data sets to accurately analyze variance in the results. The statistical results given by ANOVA for the pH suggests that the main species to contribute with struvite being precipitated are statistically stable within the tested pH values of 8.5, 9.0, and 9.5. The results obtained by the simulation using Visual MINTEQ indicated that maximum saturation as function of pH takes place at a pH between 9.5 and 10.0. The ANOVA for the mixing speed showed that significant amounts of ammonium were removed at higher mixing speeds. This is likely due ammonium being volatilized, which is enhanced by turbulence. Magnesium and phosphate showed lower removals at higher mixing speeds, suggesting that too high mixing speeds will promote struvite seed dissolution. ANOVA identified NH4+ and Ca2+ as the species significantly impacted by modifying the HRT from 8 to 20 minutes. This suggests that prolonged HRT promotes inorganic nitrogen species to volatilize. It is likely that at higher HRT, tricalcium phosphates (TCP) or other favored calcium species coprecipitated together with struvite. Regarding the added struvite seed for nucleation, the greatest removals of ammonium, magnesium, and, phosphate were observed when 1g/L of struvite seed was added. The results also indicated that adding 5 and 10 g/L was an excessive amount of seed, which ended up contributing significantly to more nutrients into the centrate rather than precipitating them. The results also suggested that the struvite crystals formed in the sidestream by secondary nucleation, since removals close to zero were reached after adding no seed. The optimum temperature identified by the simulation in Visual MINTEQ was 21°C. Operating the struvite reactor under the optimal conditions identified in the batch tests, resulted in an average of 99% total P (TP) and 17% total N (TN) removals. The precipitate molar composition for [Mg2+:NH4+:PO43-] was equal to [2:2:1] based on the concentrations that disappeared from the aqueous solution, suggesting that other minerals coprecipitated with struvite. Visual MINTEQ predicted that together with struvite, CaHPO4 and CaHPO4•2H2O will also precipitate under the tested conditions. However, given the obtained ratio it is likely that other unpredicted species by Visual MINTEQ, such as magnesium carbonates or magnesium hydroxide coprecipitated with struvite. PXRD analysis also revealed that the sample was likely contaminated struvite, although the specific contaminants were not identified. A cost analysis was performed to distinguish the economic feasibility of incorporating a struvite harvesting system to treat the anaerobically digested sidestream from the Biosolids Management Facility (BMF) within the Northwest Regional Water Reclamation Facility (NWRWRF). Three different scenarios were evaluated; in Scenario (1) Ostara® Nutrient Recovery Technologies Inc. (Ostara®) evaluated the production of struvite from anaerobically digested EBPR sidestream using a fluidized reactor. In Scenario (2), Ostara® evaluated the production of struvite in a fluidized bed reactor by employing Waste Activated Sludge Stripping to Remove Internal Phosphorus (WASSTRIP™) in a mixture of post-anaerobic digestion centrate and pre-digester thickener liquor. Scenario (3) was addressed by Schwing Bioset Inc. (SBI) for a continuously-stirred reactor followed by a struvite harvesting system. Scenario (2) offers the highest TP and TN recoveries through WASSTRIP™ release due to the additional mass of phosphorus that is sent to the phosphorus recovery process. Therefore, although Scenario (2) has the highest total capital costs ($5M) it also has the shortest payback period (18 years). Scenarios (1) and Scenario (3) have similar payback periods (22-23 years) but very different total capital costs. The annual savings by producing struvite in Scenario (3) is $40K, which is about 30% less than producing struvite in Scenario (1). This is probably because the only savings considered under Scenario (3) were the lower alum usage and the fertilizer revenue; however, the savings by producing class A biosolids, were not accounted for. Consequently, the reduced total capital cost of $960K and the annual payment amount per interest period close to $80K, positioned Scenario (3) as the more feasible one, considering 20 years as the expected life of the asset at a 5% interest rate.
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Pijuan, Vilalta Maite. "Effect of different carbon sources and continuous aerobic conditions on the EBPR process." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5300.

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Magro, Daniel. "EFFECTS OF REDUCED RAS AND VOLUME ON ANAEROBIC ZONE PERFORMANCE FOR A SEPTIC WASTEWATER BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHOROUS REMOVAL SYSTEM." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2964.

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Enhanced Biological Phosphorous Removal (EBPR) performance was found to be adequate with reduced Return Activated Sludge (RAS) flows (50% of available RAS) to the anaerobic tank and smaller than typical anaerobic zone volume (1.08 hours hydraulic retention time or HRT). Three identical parallel biological nutrient removal (BNR) pilot plants were fed with strong, highly fermented (160 mg/L VFAs), domestic/industrial wastewater from a full scale wastewater treatment facility (WWTF). The pilot plants were operated at 100%, 50%, 40% and 25% RAS (percent of available RAS) flows to the anaerobic tank with the remaining RAS to the anoxic tank. In addition, varying anaerobic HRT (1.08 and 1.5 hours), and increased hydraulic loading (35% increase) was examined. The study was divided in four Phases, and the effect of these process variations on EBPR were studied by having one different variable between two identical systems. The most significant conclusions were that only bringing part of the RAS to the anaerobic zone did not decrease EBPR performance, instead changing the location of P release and uptake. Bringing less RAS to the anaerobic and more to the anoxic tank decreased anaerobic P release and increased anoxic P release (or decreased anoxic P uptake). Equally important is that with VFA rich influent wastewater, excessive anaerobic volume was shown to hurt overall P removal even when it resulted in increased anaerobic P release. Computer modeling with BioWin and UCTPHO was found to predict similar results to the pilot test results. Modeling was done with reduced RAS flows to the anaerobic zone (100%, 50%, and 25% RAS), increased anaerobic volume, and increased hydraulic loading. The most significant conclusions were that both models predicted EBPR did not deteriorate with less RAS to the anaerobic zone, in fact, improvements in EBPR were observed. Additional scenarios were also consistent with pilot test data in that increased anaerobic volume did not improve EBPR and increased hydraulic loading did not adversely affect EBPR.
M.S.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering
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Santos, Jorge Miguel Martins. "Understanding the microbial ecology and ecophysiology of enhanced biological phosphorus removal processes through metabolic modelling and experimental studies." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/12214.

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Dissertation to obtain the degree of Master in Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
The enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process in activated sludge systems has become a widely applied wastewater treatment technology to control eutrophication. The success of this process relies on the sludge enrichment with polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs), while one of the main causes for its failure is due to microbial competition between PAOs and another group of organisms known as the glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). The microbial ecology and ecophysiology of these two groups have been investigated through metabolic modelling and experimental studies in order to provide a better understanding of EBPR systems. This thesis focuses on researching the P removal efficiency and metabolic behaviour of an enriched culture containing two PAOs: Tetrasphaera-related organisms and Accumulibacter, which were acclimatized with casamino acids as sole carbon source in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Both organisms were identified through fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and this culture demonstrated anaerobic P release, glycogen hydrolysis, a very low poly--hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) synthesis and high casamino acids uptake; followed by aerobic P uptake, glycogen formation and a very low PHA oxidation. Different carbon sources (glucose, acetate, propionate, glutamate, aspartate, glycine and casamino acids) were studied through batch tests inoculated with sludge from the main SBR. Through experimental data, it was suggested that Accumulibacter were responsible for the uptake of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and Tetrasphaera-related organisms were likely responsible for both glucose and amino acids uptake. This thesis also focuses on the development of a model that combines a PAO-GAO metabolic model with activated sludge model no. 2d (ASM2d) in collaboration with Hydromantis Environmental Software Solutions, Inc.. The combined model was implemented in the GPS-X software and will provide a new and advanced platform for wastewater treatment modelling, which will be available to practitioners.
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Van, Lierde Patrick G. "Nucleation, milk and membranes as modifications to enhance biological phosphorus removal in activated sludge." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16784.

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Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) was researched from the performance of a modified University of Cape Town (UCT), anaerobic-anoxic/nitrifying-aerobic process. The work focussed on high P influent where milk was compared to carbohydrates as exogenous added carbon and typical settled sewage. The results confirmed that at equal COD load in the influent (minimum COD:P (250:5) ratio for EBPR), milk always provided sufficient soluble substrate than the carbohydrate mix, but also improved the EBPR performance. The laboratory scale treated 10L/day where 2 parallel treatment trains for milk and an equivalent carbohydrate mix as supplement to compare and study the P sequestration from hypothesised P ligands in milk and easily assimilable carbon (AOM) after fermentation for biological P uptake. The aerobic bioreactors used submerged flat sheet membranes (AeMBR) to improve the effluent quality and reduce the suspended solid residues. The results suggested extra benefits from adding calcium chloride (CaCl2) (200 ml at 250 mM/day or 200 mg/L treated) to form P complexes both in the anaerobic and aerobic zones (100 ml CaCl2 250mM/zone/day). To complete P removal a calcium phosphate (CaPO4) further treatment stage (post membrane final effluent (F.E.)) was added for nucleation. The combination of, A2O-N, exogenous carbon and calcium addition improved the performance of the EBPR, and enabled the laboratory units to achieve less than the 1 mg/L P required by the EU Directive. The process was tested at higher than normal P loads (maximum 100 mg/L) (domestic wastewater influent 15 mg/L). Experiments with influent P load ≤ 50mg/L, with 1% milk as AOM were compared to the carbohydrate mix and could remove soluble P to less than 1mg/L above 97% and less than 2 mg/L more than 99% of the in the time respectively. With an influent P load of 60mg/L (maximum 100 mg/L), the soluble P in the F.E. with milk was below 5 mg/L and below 8 mg/L with carbohydrates mix. The results showed that most of the phosphorus was retained by the sludge during the anoxic-aerobic phases. The remaining phosphate in the F.E. was able to pass through AeMBR pore size (0.4 μm) and needed to be chelated by the nucleation process. The results indicated this A2O-N modifications achieved stable nutrient removal and also offered the potential for more sustainable phosphorus recovery. The EBPR without AOM was 25% less efficient compared to milk and never achieved the E.U standard of 1mg/L in final effluent. The flat sheet membrane always achieved a NTU final effluent below 1 and the TOC always greater than 90% removal or less than the EU 125 standard regardless of the feeding COD/P ratio.
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Kumpulainen, Eva. "Utvärdering och optimering av sidoströmshydrolysen vid Duvbackens reningsverk." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-206102.

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I Sverige förekommer strikta krav på fosforrening av avloppsvatten och detta har bidragit till att kemisk fällning har kommit att dominera som reningsmetod för fosfor vid svenska avloppsreningsverk. Fällningskemikalier är dyrt för reningsverken att köpa in och ger negativ påverkan på miljön vid tillverkning och transport. Strängare reningskrav har ökat behovet av nya reningsmetoder som på ett effektivt och miljövänligt sätt kan rena avloppsvatten från näringsämnen utan att kostnaderna för reningen blir för stora. Biologisk fosforavskiljning (bio-P) utnyttjar mikroorganismer som naturligt kan ackumulera fosfor i sina celler. En kritisk faktor för en väl fungerande biologisk fosforavskiljning är tillgången till kolkälla i form av flyktiga fettsyror (VFA). Kommunalt avloppsvatten innehåller vanligen för lite VFA för att tillgodose bio-P-processens behov. Den totala tillgången på organiskt material i avloppsvattnet är dock ofta stor och möjligheten finns därmed att genom biologisk slamhydrolys internt producera VFA. Vid biologisk hydrolys av slam utnyttjas mikroorganismers naturliga förmåga att under anaeroba förhållanden bryta ned organiskt material till mer lättomsättliga föreningar. Duvbackens avloppsreningsverk i Gävle tillämpar biologisk fosforavskiljning och producerar VFA till bio-P-processen genom primärslamshydrolys och sidoströmshydrolys av returslam. I detta examensarbete har hydrolysprocesserna vid reningsverket utvärderats med avseende på processernas förmåga att producera VFA till det biologiska reningssteget. Utvärderingen gjordes genom att mäta förändringen i halten organiskt material över hydrolysbassängerna samt genom att bedöma effektiviteten i bio-P-processen i fullskala och vid labskaleförsök. Möjligheten att stänga av primärslamshydrolysen vid verket undersöktes. Ett försök till att optimera driften av sidoströmshydrolysen gjordes genom att utföra hydrolysförsök i laboratorieskala. Resultaten indikerade att produktionen av VFA i primärslamshydrolysen var begränsad och att processen därmed bör kunna stängas av. Innan detta görs bör dock kompletterande mätningar av halten löst COD över primärslamshydrolysen utföras. Vid samtliga mättillfällen uppmättes en betydande ökning i halten organiskt material över sidoströmshydrolysen. Baserat på detta och den i examensarbetet konstaterade effektiviteten i bio-P-processen drogs slutsatsen att sidoströmshydrolysprocessen vid Duvbackens reningsverk var välfungerande. Hydrolysförsöken pekade på att ett större utbyte av VFA skulle erhållas om en kortare uppehållstid än den nuvarande användes i sidoströmshydrolysen. Detta bör vidare undersökas genom fullskaleförsök vid verket.
The strong regulations concerning phosphorus removal from wastewater in Sweden has resulted in chemical precipitation being the most common treatment method for phosphorus at Swedish wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Precipitation chemicals are expensive and have a negative environmental impact when produced and transported. More stringent wastewater treatment requirements have increased the need of new, eco-friendly treatment methods that effectively can remove nutrients from wastewater without being too expensive. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) utilizes microorganisms that have the natural capability of accumulating phosphorus in their cells. A critical factor for a well-functioning EBPR-process is the availability of carbon source in form of volatile fatty acids (VFA). Municipal wastewater normally contains too small amounts of VFA to satisfy the need of the EBPR-process. The total amount of organic matter in the wastewater is on the other hand large and the possibility consequently exists to internally produce VFA through sludge hydrolysis. Biological sludge hydrolysis takes advantage of the natural capability of microorganisms to degrade complex organic compounds into easily degradable organics. Duvbacken WWTP in Gävle uses EBRP for phosphorus removal and produces carbon source through hydrolysis of primary sludge and sidestream hydrolysis of return sludge. In this master thesis the hydrolysis processes at the WWTP was evaluated with regard to the capacity of the processes to produce VFA to the biological treatment step. The evaluation was performed by measuring the change in organic material content over the hydrolysis basins and by estimating the effectiveness of the EBPR-process in full scale and by laboratory experiments. The possibility to turn off the primary sludge hydrolysis process was examined. An attempt to optimize the operation of the sidestream hydrolysis process was made by conducting hydrolysis experiments in laboratory scale. The results indicated that the production of VFA by primary sludge hydrolysis was limited and that it thus would be possible to turn off the process. Before this is done complementary measurements of COD levels over the primary hydrolysis basin should be performed. At all times considerable increments in COD content was measured over the sidestream hydrolysis basin. Based on this and the in the thesis confirmed effectiveness of the EBRP-process the conclusion was drawn that the sidestream hydrolysis of return sludge at Duvbacken WWTP was well functioning. The hydrolysis experiments indicated that a larger VFA yield would be obtained if a shorter retention time than the present was used in the sidestream hydrolysis process. This should further be investigated by experiments in full scale at the WWTP.
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Books on the topic "Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR)"

1

Rincon, Francisco Javier Rubio. Effect of Sulphide on Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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Rincon, Francisco Javier Rubio. Effect of Sulphide on Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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Welles, Laurens. Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal: Metabolic Insights and Salinity Effects. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Neethling, J. B. Factors Influencing the Reliability of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal. IWA Publishing, 2006.

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Effect of Sulphide on Enhanced Biological Removal of Phosphorus. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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Florentz, M. Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater (Water Science and Technology). Elsevier Science Pub Co, 1985.

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Ltd, Canviro Consultants, Norbert W. Schmidtke & Associates., David I. Jenkins and Assoc., and Canada. Environmental Protection Programs Directorate., eds. Retrofitting municipal wastewater treatment plants for enhanced biological phosphorus removal. [Toronto]: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1986.

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Harper, W. F. Jr, Willie F. Harper, and David Jenkins. Use Of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal For Treating Phosphorus-deficient Wastewater Treatment (WERF Report). Water Environment Research Foundation, 2004.

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Neethling, J. B., B. Bakke, and M. Benisch. Factors Influencing the Reliability of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (Werf Report). WERF, 2006.

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Jenkins, David, W. A. Harper, and Harper W. F. Jr. Use of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal for Treating Nutrient-Deficient Wastewater. IWA Publishing, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR)"

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Bhamidimarri, R., P. O. Bickers, N. Thayalakumaran, and Z. B. Hu. "Developments in Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR)." In New Horizons in Biotechnology, 221–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0203-4_20.

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Ge, Yanhui, Lin Zhao, Ruochun Zhang, and Jiayi Chen. "Study of Phosphorus Removal Efficiency in Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Process." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Green Communications and Networks 2012 (GCN 2012): Volume 1, 525–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35419-9_61.

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Duncan, Annabelle, Ronald C. Bayly, John W. May, George Vasiliadis, and William G. C. Raper. "Enhanced Biological Removal of Phosphorus from Wastewater." In Surface and Colloid Chemistry in Natural Waters and Water Treatment, 135–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2510-7_10.

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Toerien, D. F., A. Gerber, L. H. Lötter, and T. E. Cloete. "Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal in Activated Sludge Systems." In Advances in Microbial Ecology, 173–230. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7612-5_5.

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Kortstee, G. J. J., and H. W. van Veen. "Polyphosphate-Accumulating Bacteria and Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal." In Inorganic Polyphosphates, 275–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58444-2_14.

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Jardin, Norbert, and H. J. Pöpel. "Consequences of Phosphorus Elimination for Sludge Production — a Comparison between Physical-Chemical and Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal." In Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment IV, 353–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61196-4_34.

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"Enhanced biological phosphorus removal." In Biological Wastewater Treatment: Principles, Modeling and Design, edited by Carlos M. Lopez-Vazquez, Mark C. Wentzel, Yves Comeau, George A. Ekama, Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht, Damir Brdjanovic, and Adrian Oehmen, 239–326. IWA Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789060362_0239.

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Rensink, J. H., and H. J. G. W. Donker. "THE INFLUENCE OF BULKING SLUDGE ON ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL." In Biological Phosphate Removal from Wastewaters, 369–72. Elsevier, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-035592-4.50047-x.

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Mino, T., H. Satoh, M. Onuki, T. Akiyama, T. Nomura, and T. Matsuo. "Strategic approach for characterization of bacterial community in enhanced biological phosphate removal (EBPR) process." In Advances in Water and Wastewater Treatment Technology, 21–29. Elsevier, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-044450563-7/50184-0.

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"Effect of electron acceptors on sulphate reduction activity at WWTP." In Effect of Sulphide on Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal, 17–42. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315116136-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR)"

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Jactone Arogo Ogejo, Katharine F Knowlton, Nancy G Love, Yanjuan Hong, Kevin Gilmore, and Kerem Gungor. "Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal for Liquid Dairy Manure." In 2008 Providence, Rhode Island, June 29 - July 2, 2008. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24776.

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Ante and Voss. "Microkinetics and mathematical simulation of enhanced biological phosphorus removal." In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Control and Applications CCA-94. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cca.1994.381284.

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Li, Xing, Dawen Gao, Baihui Zhang, Fangming Jin, Qi Zhou, and Bing Wu. "Effect of Sludge Type on Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal in Sequencing Batch Reactors." In 2nd International Symposium on Aqua Science, Water Resource and Low Carbon Energy. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3529260.

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Cheng, Guan-Wen, Shan Xu, Rui-Ping Wang, Zhi-Chao Wu, Fei-Juan Zhang, and Xiang-Feng Huang. "A Full-Scale Study On Phosphorus Removal From Biological A/O Process Enhanced by Zeolite." In 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2009.5162171.

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Wende Tian, Weiguang Li, Hui Zhang, and Zheng Yang. "Affecting factors and control strategies of the competition of phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAO) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAO) in enhanced biological phosphorus removal." In 2010 2nd Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology (ESIAT). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esiat.2010.5568854.

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Linlin Bao and Qingfeng Cheng. "Study on the enhanced biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant with modified carrousel oxidation ditch process." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5965251.

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