Academic literature on the topic 'English soccer history'

The 2002 Soccer World Cup in Japan took place during the finalphase of the national election campaign for the German Bundestagand managed to temporarily unite Chancellor Gerhard Schröder(SPD) and his conservative challenger, Edmund Stoiber1. Both werekeen to demonstrate repeatedly that they were so interested in theprogress of the German team that they simultaneously interrupted orleft meetings to follow televised matches. Domestically, they supportvery different soccer clubs. Stoiber is on the board of directors of therichest German club, Bayern Munich, whose past successes, wealthand arrogance, numerous scandals, and boardroom policies of hireand-fire have divided the German soccer nation: they either hate oradore the team. Schröder is a keen fan and honorary member ofBorussia Dortmund, which is closely associated with the industrialworking class in the Ruhr area. It is the only team on par withMunich; despite its wealth, the management policies of the clubappear modest and considerate; the club continuously celebrates itsproletarian traditions and emphasizes its obligations to the localcommunity. Stoiber’s election manifesto did not even mention sport,whereas the SPD’s political agenda for sport focused upon a widevariety of issues ranging from welfare, leisure, physical education,and health to doping, television coverage, facilities, and hostinginternational events.

Context: Professional soccer players who have sustained a lower limb injury are up to 3× more likely to suffer a reinjury, often of increased severity. Previous injury has been shown to induce compensatory strategies during neuromuscular screening tests, which might mask deficits and lead to misinterpretation of readiness to play based on task outcome measures. Objective: To investigate the influence of previous injury in professional soccer players on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and movement strategy. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Professional soccer club competing in the English Championship (tier 2). Patients (or Other Participants): Outfield players with a minimum of 6 years as a professional. Intervention(s): Players were categorized as previously injured (n = 10) or not injured (n = 10). All players completed double- and single-leg CMJ trials. Main Outcome Measures: CMJ performance was quantified as jump height and flight time:contraction time ratio. CMJ movement strategy was quantified as force–time history, differentiating eccentric and concentric phases and CMJ depth. Results: Double-leg CMJ was not sensitive to previous injury in performance or movement strategy. In contrast, single-leg CMJ performance was impaired in players with previous injury, who generated significantly lower eccentric and concentric peak force and rate of force development, and a deeper countermovement. Impaired single-leg CMJ performance was also evident in the nonaffected limb of previously injured players, suggesting cross-contamination. Hierarchical ordering revealed that the eccentric phase of the CMJ contributed little to performance in previously injured players. In noninjured players, the eccentric rate of force development and concentric peak force were able to account for up to 89% of the variation in CMJ performance. Conclusions: Single-leg CMJ is advocated for player profiling, being more sensitive to previous injury, and negating the opportunity for interlimb compensation strategies. Movement strategy deficits in previously injured players suggest rehabilitation foci specific to eccentric force development.

Objective: Information regarding the relative risks of developing knee osteoarthritis (OA) as a result of sport participation is critical for shaping public health messages and for informing knee-OA prevention strategies. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the association between participation in specific sports and knee OA. Data Sources: We completed a systematic literature search in September 2012 using 6 bibliographic databases (PubMed; Ovid MEDLINE; Journals@Ovid; American College of Physicians Journal Club; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects; and Ovid HealthStar), manual searches (4 journals), and reference lists (56 articles). Study Selection: Studies were included if they met the following 4 criteria: (1) an aim was to investigate an association between sport participation and knee OA; (2) the outcome measure was radiographic knee OA, clinical knee OA, total knee replacement, self-reported diagnosis of knee OA, or placement on a waiting list for a total knee replacement; (3) the study design was case control or cohort; and (4) the study was written in English. Articles were excluded if the study population had an underlying condition other than knee OA. Data Extraction: One investigator extracted data (eg, group descriptions, knee OA prevalence, source of nonexposed controls). Data Synthesis: The overall knee-OA prevalence in sport participants (n = 3759) was 7.7%, compared with 7.3% among nonexposed controls (referent group n = 4730, odds ratio [OR] = 1.1). Specific sports with a significantly higher prevalence of knee OA were soccer (OR = 3.5), elite-level long-distance running (OR = 3.3), competitive weight lifting (OR = 6.9), and wrestling (OR = 3.8). Elite-sport (soccer or orienteering) and nonelite-sport (soccer or American football) participants without a history of knee injury had a greater prevalence of knee OA than nonexposed participants. Conclusions: Participants in soccer (elite and nonelite), elite-level long-distance running, competitive weight lifting, and wrestling had an increased prevalence of knee OA and should be targeted for risk-reduction strategies.

This article examines the relationship between football (soccer) and the military in Britain to explore how “invisible nationalism” has evolved. Here, invisible nationalism refers to the phenomena by which the presence of the military at major British sporting events is both highly visual and has been rendered culturally and politically invisible: It is hidden “in plain sight.” We applied the conceptual framework associated with the “Annales” School of structuralist history to explore how the inextricable links between football, the military, the monarchy, and established church have influenced the evolution of invisible nationalism. We conducted ethnographic fieldwork, including observations, interviews, and focus groups, and also analyzed visual data. These comprised television broadcasts of national sporting events and figures taken at English football clubs. We conclude that the power of the dominant metanarratives of British nationalism serves to render these phenomena invisible to most spectators, especially those who consume football via television.

After the South Korean men’s soccer team beat its Japanese counterpart in the bronze-medal match at the 2012 London Olympics, South Korean player Park Jung-Woo celebrated with a banner that displayed Dokdo is our land. Dokdo is called the Liancourt Rocks in English, the sovereignty over which has been an ongoing point of contention between South Korea and Japan. This study conducts a critical discourse analysis to examine media representations of Park’s banner celebration, as well as the ensuing discussion in major Korean and Japanese newspapers. The analysis reveals a contrastive picture: The Korean media vocally approached Park’s behavior as an emotional response of self-righteous indignation and quickly enacted memories of Korea’s victimhood in World War II to make justifications, whereas the Japanese media participated in a relatively disengaged absence. Japan’s silence disclosed a glimpse into its rich postwar history of social conflict and political resistance. Such contrast is also indicative of how sport media can be engaged in nuanced social contexts, generating representations that serve nation-state regimes situated in different political dynamics.

Purpose Existing studies of the finance of English Association Football (soccer) have tended to focus on the sport’s early years, or on the post-1992 Premiership era. The authors examine a case from the turbulent 1980s charting the struggle for economic survival of one club in a rapidly changing financial, economic, political and demographic landscape. The purpose of this paper is to examine not only the financial management of a football club during this time, but also the interventionist role of the local authority during this turbulent period. Design/methodology/approach The authors investigate the financial difficulties of a sport business, Middlesbrough Football and Athletic Company Limited, examining the broader economic context, drawing on unseen archival sources dating from the 1980s to analyze the relationship between club, local and national government and the regional economy. Findings They not only examine the financial management of the football club but also analyse the interventionist role of the local authority in supporting the club which had symbolic value for the local community. Practical implications This paper is relevant to policymakers interested in the provision of local sports facilities and the links between elite sport and participation. Originality/value The authors show that professional sports clubs are driven by a different institutional logic to state organizations and the findings enable them to define these differences, thereby refining Thornton et al.’s (2012) typology of institutional orders. Furthermore, the case study highlights practices involving informal partnership between state and sport that the authors label as shadow hybridity.

Introductions: Today, physical exercise is already become a lifestyle to majority of people around the world. In sport injury cases, tendon is one of the most frequent tissues that can be injured during physical exercises. Tendinopathy has been hypothesized as a result from inflammatory changes in the tendon, and secondary to its frequent or excessive use, assigning the label of “tendinitis” or “tendinosis” to such a presentation. For instance, de quervain tenosynovitis found in badminton athlete and professional golfer, tennis elbow as seen in tennis player and jumpers knee in soccer or basketball players. However, tendinopathies condition can also be present in general population such as new moms that can developed de quervain tenosynovitis due to frequently taking care of their baby, or kind of activities like cooking and squeezing which can raised probability of tennis elbow injury. Thus, it is very important for clinical practitioner to diagnosed this kind of injury accurately, starting from history taking, physical examination and also imaging modalities. Ultrasound (US) is one of the most important modality within medical imaging, especially for assessing soft tissues. Elastography-ultrasound (EUS), a recent advancement in ultrasound, is one of modalities that becoming a ‘rising star’ in the medical world. This modalities can be used as diagnostic tool in several organs like liver, breast, spleen, kidney, lymph node, musculoskeletal pathology including muscle, tendon, fascia, ligament, joint, and more specific cases like tumour or carpal tunnel. US has been used for musculo-skeletal diseases showing, in general, a good correlation with the clinical and ultrasound (US) examination, in agreement with the histopathological features of the lesion. It is well understood that, in some cases, it is difficult or even impossible to distinguish pathological tissues using conventional US because these tissues show the same echogenicity with the surrounding normal tissues. There are two major techniques used in musculoskeletal elastography, compressive strain elastography (CSE) and shear-wave elastography (SWE), both can be used to evaluated tendon pathology. In the situation after the operative of tendon rupture, there is an increase in tendon stiffness and according to normal healing process, probably due to the structural disorganisation of collagen fibres, with dominating of type III collagen rather of type I as physiological condition. EUS play a role on post-operative rehabilitation monitoring, as a tool to evaluate and guide ongoing treatments, as example after a surgical repair of a tendon rupture, and to predict the return to previous activities (especially in high-level athletes). Objective: The aim of this study is to provide a systematic overview of clinical applications of EUS in normal and pathological condition of tendons. Material and Methods: We search PubMed and Cochrane database in 10 years range between 2009-2019, for articles in English with the search term “Tendinopathy” and “Elastography ”. A systematic research was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. We excluded unidentifiable full text, all repeated articles as well as articles not in English. We do not restrict any kind of tendons cases. We also admitted different type of EUS both strain and shear-wave elastography, excluding MRI-elastography. Results: A total of fifty nine articles were identified through several databases search, there were 3 articles removed after duplication screening, 38 articles excluded through title and abstract screening, 8 studies were not included after full text eligibility assessment, thus a total of 10 articles were selected for this systematic review. There is an increasing interest of EUS application for tendon pathology evaluation. Various tendons are amenable for EUS evaluation, such as the Achilles and patellar tendons, rotator cuff, common extensor tendons, rotator cuff tendons, and the plantar fascia. EUS appears to be a new wave in medical imaging that attracts clinician’s attention due to its usefullness on detecting early changes of tendon pathology, but more cost effective modality in terms for tendinopathy detection. From selected articles, shear wave elastography come out as the most frequent and reliable tool (5 articles) by cause of its quantitative result compared to strain elastography which gives qualitative and semi-quantitative outcome. There are various tendon pathology observed from 10 chosen articles, such as follows, 5 articles explain about achilles tendinopathy, 3 elbow tendon pathology, 3 patellar tendon, 1 de quervain tenosynovitis. There are 3 articles that use athlete as the study subject, and 7 use general population. The most used research method was case control study design (4 studies) followed by cross sectional study (3 studies). All of the articles showed that EUS is indeed a helpful tool for tendon pathology diagnosis. Both strain and shear-wave elastography was shown as a reliable EUS technique which give higher sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. EUS can confirms symptomatic tendinopathy, and able to detect tendinitis changes superior to B-mode conventional ultrasound. Conclusion: It is a common knowledge that tendinopathies is one of the most common complain at orthopaedic clinic, either related to sport activities or chronic overuse in athletes and general population. EUS can be used as the initial modality to screen any tendon pathology both in athlete and non-athlete, prior to advance imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). EUS appears to be a very promising diagnostic tool, particularly in tendon pathology, in the other hand it provides more cost and time effective. This is a dynamic examination, demonstrate an immediate evaluation of the tissue elasticity, and useful in recognizing tendon abnormalities as well as in implementing the information available with conventional US.

In my last editorial I was contemplating living the new and unexpected experience of life with Covid 19. Six months ago, was a time for contemplation. We were all entering into an event of major historical significance. The world has experienced epidemics before, and we had only to turn to the works of writers such as Camus to realise how recurrent human behaviour is. We tend so often to be caught by surprise despite the lessons that are so readily available to us through reference to history. The Spanish ‘flu epidemic of 1919 was the obvious benchmark to which we could turn. Following hot on the heels of the Great War of 1914-1918 it was responsible for more casualties than occurred in the war to end all wars (50 million). It infected 500 million people worldwide. After just over ten months we are a long, long way from those sorts of figures. As of 12th November, 51,975,458 case of infection have been reported. Deaths attributed to the virus number 1,281,309 worldwide. Of course, what makes Covid 19 so significant is not simply that it should have happened, but that it is the first pandemic in this era of globalisation which we have entered only comparatively recently. Some might remember the SARS epidemic which affected mainly people in Asia. As indicated by its name, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), it was very similar initially in its effects. Yet, after first emerging in 2002, it was eradicated less than two years later. It seems that this was achieved largely by what has been called simple public health measures. This involved “testing people with symptoms (fever and respiratory problems), isolating and quarantining suspected cases, and restricting travel.” These same measures of course have been implemented in most countries following the virus’ spread to Italy early in 2020. However, the fact that different nations have responded differently and also experienced very different outcomes should be of considerable interest as we consider the whole concept of a global threat and global responses. The ten worst affected countries currently are in order: Contry; Confirmed Cases; Deaths United States; 10,460,302; 244,421 India; 8,684,039; 128,165 Brazil; 5,749,007; 163,406 France; 1,865,538; 42,535 Russia; 1,836,960; 31,593 Spain; 1,417,709; 40,105 Argentina; 1,273,343; 34,531 United Kingdom; 1,256,725; 50,365 Colombia; 1,165,326; 33,312 Italy; 1,028,424; 42,953 They are dominated by the advanced economies of the northern hemisphere. The countries who have previously experienced the SARS epidemic in Asia have fared comparatively lightly. Bearing in mind that statistics of this nature may not be strictly comparable given variation in the criteria used and the methods of sourcing and collecting this information, it is still interesting to hypothesise why outcomes can differ so much. Explanations might include reference to the environments in which people live – physical space, climate and availability of sophisticated health care systems to name a few – or they might dwell on the culture of those involved, their willingness to follow instructions imposed upon them, the importance of competing objectives that might make prioritising health and physical wellness less of a priority. Whatever the case, satisfactory explanations are more likely to involve some interactions involving measures of both the individuals and the environments within which they live. Any attempt to explain or understand human behaviour needs to consider a variety of factors and knowing how to take account of them is an important part of the skill base that scholars of international and comparative studies bring with them. Such skills and knowledge are more important in a globalised world than they have ever been. Yet such skills may be becoming harder to achieve, precisely because of some of the effects of processes associated with globalisation. I would recommend to you a recent documentary produced by Netflix and widely available on YouTube. “The Social Dilemma” is an examination of the use of social media and in particular focuses on the relationship between the growing addiction amongst young people to the use of smartphones and, specifically their social media programmes, and the rising levels of concern about deteriorating mental health and wellbeing among the world’s youth. It draws a relationship between the psychological disorder of narcissism and the failure of phone obsessed young people to experience real human to human interaction, with a related increase in aggressive bullying and dysfunctional behaviour. Thus, the results of experiencing interactions and personal validation through the proxy world of social media, rather than face to face, is a dehumanisation of the individual and leads to a distorted experience of the world in simple dichotomies of a single view, right or wrong. So, whatever the continuing effects of the pandemic, as these continue to unfold, it will be important that we continue to build our understanding of other people in their own worlds. We need to avoid the trap of believing that our own world is the only world and the right world. However smart artificial intelligence becomes, a screen is only two dimensional and it is the extra dimensions that enable us to grow as humans and cope with the complexity and challenges of our own unique worlds. One of the less helpful trends of our globalised digitised world, has been the pursuit and glorification of the cult of celebrity. One of the difficulties of that celebrity status is it is frequently awarded on the basis of undeserving and irrelevant characteristics such as, acting ability, physical beauty or sporting reputation. Yet many seem to feel that this status entitles them to pontificate or attempt to influence others in areas that have nothing to do with their expertise. Ricky Gervais, in his chairing of the 2020 golden globes award, brought a refreshing dose of reality in advising the celebrities who were to receive awards: You are in no position to lecture the public about anything. You know nothing about the real world. Most of you spent less time in school than Greta Thunberg. So, if you win, come up accept your little award. Thank your agent and your God and **** off. OK? It is in that spirit of willingness to learn from the work of a range of colleagues working in a range of places and professional situations around the world, I commend to you the contributions to be found in the following pages. To start the ball rolling, we have a report from Hairui Liu, Wei Shen and Peter Hastie on the application of a curriculum model which was developed in the US and has since gained some popularity in a number of settings around the world. The origins of sport education came from a realisation that, in too many situations, physical education had failed to excite the same degree of enthusiasm among school pupils as could often be observed when they involved themselves in sport. The model thus extends the skill/technique focus which is found in many traditional physical education settings, to include more of the dimensions of sport – formal competition, affiliation, festivity experienced over a season. They concluded that, within this Chinese university context, the students achieved a higher level of performance and more enthusiastic engagement when the model was adopted as a basis for their learning. Our second article moves from an education setting to a contemporary sport science framework, the world of professional sport and one of the higher levels of competition in the world – the English Championship. Rhys Carr, Rich Mullen and Morgan Williams monitored the running intensity of players throughout a season. In particular they questioned the demands for high intensity running when playing in a 4-4-2 formation and implementing a high press strategy, such as adopted by Liverpool in their highly successful 2019 English Premiership season. They concluded that, for players in the centre forward and wide midfield positions, the demands created were impossible to maintain for an entire match. They were then able to draw out some practical and tactical implications for managers and their support staff, relating to substitution strategy and the physical match preparation of players in these positions and with these strategic responsibilities. Our third article involves an exploration of the perpetual discomfort many of us feel as educators when we compare the practice of sport against the ideals we hold for it. As professionals in the field, many of us are driven by our belief in what sport can offer. Yet the modern commodification of sport, coupled with the excessive need to win as a motive that exceeds all others, consistently produces behaviours and outcomes which we seek to disassociate from our professional practices. The article by Irantzu Ibanez, Ana Zuazagoitia, Ibon Echeazarra, Luis Maria Zulaika and Iker Ros is set in the context of the Basque region of Spain and explores the values held by students in their pre-service training with regard to the practice of extracurricular sport. The students show an awareness of the mismatch between their ideals of extracurricular sport as an educational experience and the influence on current practices that comes from the way in which sport is conducted in the society at large. The authors conclude with a plea for greater alignment between the practice of sport in schools and teh educational values that should guide it. Our final contribution is from South Africa where Lesego Phetlhe, Heather Morris- Eyton and Alliance Kubayi report on the concerns of football (soccer) coaches in Guateng province. It is clear that these coaches, in common with others around the world, suffer a degree of stress in their chosen occupation. The sources of this stress are to be found in the nature of the complex tasks they are expected to manage, as well as in the always challenging job of managing the players for whom they are responsible. To this can be added the difficult environmental conditions they are faced with, as well as the inevitable concern with having to produce results for the players and their team. Their research has produced some useful guidelines for administrators that can facilitate the jobs of the coaches and lead to benefits in enhanced performances and results. Finally, in our book review, Luiz Uehara evaluates Jorge Knijnik’s thoughtful analysis of the impact of the 2014 world cup on Brazil. From both author and reviewer, it is possible to feel the pride and passion in their nation of birth and its special contribution to the world’s most popular game. It is my privilege to recommend the work of these international scholars to you. I leave you the reader with the hope that in introducing our next volume, I will be able to celebrate with you more positive news about the progress of the pandemic and its implications for international and comparative sport and physical education. John Saunders Brisbane, November 2020

Après avoir retracé un parcours des valeurs à l'école depuis l'Antiquité et la structuration formelle de curricula au cours du XIXe siècle, nous montrons en quoi les Programmes de Jules Ferry sont à l'articulation entre deux conceptions de l'éducation morale. Partant, nous parcourons ensuite les grandes évolutions qui structurent l'histoire de son enseignement au long du XXe siècle. L'arrivée d'un Socle commun de connaissances et de compétences en France (re)met en lumière des compétences sociales, civiques, d'autonomie et d'initiative qui en forment les VIe et VIIe piliers et gagnent aussi à être mises en regard avec d'autres programmes d'éducation morale et religieuse, notamment en Belgique francophone et au Québec. Passant de ces curricula prescrits à quelques curricula réels, nous présentons une enquête visant à évaluer les attitudes de 300 élèves répartis dans 3 collèges. L'étude de la cohérence interne des items de l'enquête met en évidence une césure entre les compétences sociales et celles d'autonomie. L'élève moyen montre davantage de respect que de solidarité, mais semble également plus soucieux de relations sociales que d'autonomie. Le genre et le niveau social jouent sur ces compétences, mais alors que les filles sont dans l'ensemble plus performantes que les garçons, les élèves défavorisés sont meilleurs dans le domaine social, l'autonomie paraissant mieux acquise par les élèves les plus favorisés. Ces constats se doublent d'une tendance parallèle au niveau de l'établissement : la réussite des collégiens dans ces deux domaines peut être le fruit d'organisations matérielles et de politiques éducatives différentes. Nous esquissons donc quelques pistes de réflexion pour développer la performance des collèges dans ces domaines de l'éducation aux valeurs.