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1
Timofeeva, Olga. "Bide Nu Æt Gode Þæt Ic Grecisc Cunne: Attitudes to Greek and the Greeks in the Anglo-Saxon Period." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 51, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stap-2016-0007.
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Abstract The Greeks were one of those outgroups to whom the Anglo-Saxons had reasons to look up to, because of the antiquity of their culture and the sanctity of their language, along those of the Hebrews and the Romans. Yet as a language Greek was practically unknown for most of the Anglo-Saxon period and contact with its native speakers and country extremely limited. Nevertheless, references to the Greeks and their language are not uncommon in the Anglo-Saxon sources (both Latin and vernacular), as a little less than 200 occurrences in the Dictionary of Old English (s.v. grecisc) testify. This paper uses these data, supplementing them with searches in the Dictionary of Old English Web Corpus, Brepolis Library of Latin Texts - Series A, monumenta.ch and Medieval Latin from Anglo-Saxon Sources, and analyses lexical and syntactic strategies of the Greek outgroup construction in Anglo-Saxon texts. It looks at lexemes denoting ‘Greek’ and their derivatives in Anglo-Latin and Old English, examines their collocates and gleans information on attitudes towards Greek and the Greeks, and on membership claims indexed by Latin-Greek or English-Greek code-switching, by at the same time trying to establish parallels and influences between the two high registers of the Anglo-Saxon period.
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Wełna, Jerzy. "On early pseudo-learned orthographic forms: A contribution to the history of English spelling and pronunciation." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 46, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10121-010-0010-9.
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On early pseudo-learned orthographic forms: A contribution to the history of English spelling and pronunciation The history of English contains numerous examples of "improved" spellings. English scribes frequently modified spelling to make English words and some popular borrowings look like words of Latin or Greek origin. The typical examples are Eng. island, containing mute <s> taken from Lat. insula or Eng. anchor ‘mooring device’ (< Fr. ancre), with non-etymological <h>. Although such "reformed spellings" became particularly fashionable during the Renaissance, when the influence of the classical languages was at its peak, "classicised" spellings are also found earlier, e.g. in texts from the 14th century. In the present contribution which concentrates on identifying such earliest influences on spellings in Middle English attention is focussed on the regional distribution of reformed spellings, with a sociolinguistic focus on the type of the text. The data for the study come from standard sources like the Middle English Dictionary (2001) and Oxford English Dictionary (2009).
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Bemis, Michael F. "Book Review: Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia." Reference & User Services Quarterly 56, no. 3 (April 3, 2017): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.56n3.215c.
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Classical civilization represents the foundation upon which rests all of modern-day Western society. The English language, in particular, is larded with allusions to the Greeks and Romans of yesteryear, from “Achilles’s heel” to “deus ex machina” to “Trojan Horse,” which make reference to the many influences that these cultures have had on our art, literature, theater, and, unfortunately, war and military (mis)adventures. For all these reasons, it behooves the modern reader to have at least a passing familiarity with what transpired all those thousands of years ago. The editors would appear to agree with this assessment, as they state in the “Preface” that this three-volume work “is intended to fill a gap in current reference works. It meets the need for a standard reference work on Greek and Roman military history and related institutions that is accessible to nonspecialists” (xxiii). Just what criteria the editors used in framing this statement is unknown; however, a literature search reveals many well-regarded titles covering this subject matter. From the topic-specific, such as John Warry’s Warfare in the Classical World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons, Warriors, and Warfare in the Ancient Civilizations of Greece and Rome (University of Oklahoma Press 1995) to the more general, such as the venerable Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford University Press 2012), now in its fourth edition, there is certainly no shortage of print reference materials concerning warfare during the time of the Greek and Roman empires.
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Newbold, R. F. "Sensitivity to Shame in Greek and Roman Epic, with Particular Reference to Claudian and Nonnus." Ramus 14, no. 1 (January 1985): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x0000504x.
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English shame and German scham derive from the Gothic schama, ‘to hide, cover, conceal’. German Hemd (shirt) and English and French chemise are other derivatives. In some languages the word for ‘shame’ and the word for ‘wound’ are the same. A wound exposes and can thereby advertise vulnerabilty and a cause for shame. Hiding or covering may seek to guard against wounding, humiliating exposure. Shame is self-evidently an important human emotion. Insofar as animals are innocent of shame, experience of it is a mark of humanity. Much human behaviour is influenced by fear of shame and embarrassment. Living in the face and eyes, shame is very close to the experienced self. Self-image and self-esteem are heavily determined by one's susceptibility to shame. Experience of shame is impossible without a sense of individuation, without a sense of discreteness from the world and of being an object in the eyes of another. Study of shame sensitivity therefore offers many clues to an individual's or a culture's behaviour, sense of identity and relationship to the environment.
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Zheleva, Zlatina, and Svetla Petrova. "THE TERMINOLOGY OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY- A CONTRASTIVE ENGLISH-BULGARIAN STUDY." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 31, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 1787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij31061787z.
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The goal of terminology from its very beginning, and especially that of specialized medical or technical terminology, has been to establish and facilitate professional communication. The development of terminology and its theory is a long and difficult process, from its very beginning scientists of all fields have been trying to work out a unified system for term formation which would apply to all sciences and fields of science. The ‘fathers’ of the contemporary General Terminological Theory (GTT) were the Austrian scholar Wüster and the Russian scholar Lote, both working on terminology of engineering, and their goal was to create an unambiguous terminology which would enhance professional and scientific communication. The issue of internationalization was brought up and was one of the guiding principles in terminology formation. In medical terminology this issue is partly resolved due to the Greek and Latin origins of terms and concepts which are used in most countries throughout the world. Since English borrows most of its terms from Latin and Greek and since it has come to be the international language in the medical field, this has made scientific communication easier. However, these terms refer mainly to anatomical and clinical terms and do not include the new terminological entities which occur due to the constant development of the field. The present article aims at conducting a contrastive linguistic study of the terminology of paediatric dentistry and exploring the differences and similarities in English and Bulgarian languages. The materials used are textbooks from the field of paediatric dentistry used in the education of university students at Medical University-Plovdiv. Terminology discussed encompasses both anatomical and clinical entities and studies the origins, the manner of term formation in both languages and the manner in which English dental medical terminology influences the Bulgarian one. Terminology is classified according to the manner of its formation in the source language- English and the changes which it undergoes in being translated or transliterated into the other language- Bulgarian. The terms are discussed from the point of view of types of word formation such as derivation, compounding, which prevail in the already established terms which derive from Greek and Latin, and the forming of multi-word phrases which prevails nowadays and leads to the use of abbreviations. What is interesting is the use of the latter in contemporary medical literature in Bulgarian and the manner in which nouns, verbs etc. are directly borrowed from English and transliterated. The constant development of new medical terms and their usage in other languages is an ongoing and continuous process and it presents a challenge to the scientists who use it, the translators who work with texts and linguists who are interested in the principles of language development.
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Daskalaki, Evangelia, Vasiliki Chondrogianni, Elma Blom, Froso Argyri, and Johanne Paradis. "Input effects across domains: The case of Greek subjects in child heritage language." Second Language Research 35, no. 3 (July 16, 2018): 421–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658318787231.
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A recurring question in the literature of heritage language acquisition, and more generally of bilingual acquisition, is whether all linguistic domains are sensitive to input reduction and to cross-linguistic influence and to what extent. According to the Interface Hypothesis, morphosyntactic phenomena regulated by discourse–pragmatic conditions are more likely to lead to non-native outcomes than strictly syntactic aspects of the language (Sorace, 2011). To test this hypothesis, we examined subject realization and placement in Greek–English bilingual children learning Greek as a heritage language in North America and investigated whether the amount of heritage language use can predict their performance in syntax–discourse and narrow syntactic contexts. Results indicated two deviations from the Interface Hypothesis: First, subject realization (a syntax–discourse phenomenon) was found to be largely unproblematic. Second, subject placement was affected not only in syntax–discourse structures but also in narrow syntactic structures, though to a lesser degree, suggesting that the association between the interface status of subject placement and its sensitivity to heritage language use among children heritage speakers is gradient rather than categorical.
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Pfotenhauer, Bettina. "Luxuswaren und Wissensobjekte." Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 46, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2021-0009.
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Abstract The Venetian incunabula and post-incunabula traced in the library of the Nuremberg humanist Willibald Pirckheimer express the significant influence of the two cities’ relationship on shaping early modern culture in North-alpine Europe: The books, traded by Franconian merchants as luxury goods and, due to the miniatures added by Albrecht Dürer, examples of the influence of Italian Renaissance art north of the Alpes, also shaped the development of Greek humanism in the north and played an important role in constituting learned networks. The ambivalent and always shifting relation of their status as luxury goods or as objects of intellectual knowledge continued after Pirckheimer’s death as they became part of important English book collections and in the 1920 s precious pieces of the stocks of the famous Munich antiquarians Jacques and Erwin Rosenthal, the latter studying as an art historian the artistic importance of Dürer’s miniatures in Pirckheimer’s Venetian books.
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Carr, David. "Word in Education: Good, Bad and Other Word." Multidisciplinary Journal of School Education 9, no. 1(17) (June 30, 2020): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/mjse.2020.0917.01.
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St John’s Gospel identifies logos, translated as English ‘Word’, as the divine source of the wisdom or truth of the Christian message, if not with the godhead as such. However, given the cultural and intellectual influence of Greek thought on early Christian literature, one need not be surprised that these (and other) theological or metaphysical associations of Word are almost exactly replicated and prefigured in the dialogues of Plato, for whom formation of the divine aspect or element of human soul clearly turned upon access to or participation in the wisdom of logos. This paper explores the moral and spiritual connections between logos or Word, reason and soul in such Platonic dialogues as Gorgias, Republic and Theaetetus as well as the implications of conceiving education as the pursuit of such Word for ultimate human flourishing.
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Suleimanov, F. I., and A. S. Migachev. "PERIODIZATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CHICKEN EMBRYO." Scientific Life 15, no. 5 (May 29, 2020): 684–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2020-15-5-684-689.
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Embryology (from the Greek embryon – embryo, logos – doctrine) is not just a biological discipline, but a science that studies the formation, development, and also the formation of embryos of living beings from the moment of the appearance of germ cells and their fusion until the birth of the world a new organism. One of the largest embryologists who studied the development of avian embryos, Hamilton, considering it amazing how the beginning of the functioning of one organ correlates with the functioning of other organs and systems of the body, writes: "It is not surprising that there are certain sensitive periods when the embryo is susceptible to disturbances both in the internal and and in the external environment". Quite a lot of literature is devoted to the issues of periods of hypersensitivity, or, as they are usually called, critical periods in the embryogenesis of various animals (invertebrates and vertebrates). The position of critical periods of development was first put forward by the English physician-scientist K. Stockard in the 20s. XX century And later it was deepened and expanded by the Soviet scientist-embryologist PG Svetlov. Periods of increased sensitivity to damaging influences in the embryonic development of fish are named. Omitting a large number of works, let us inform that Korovina, recognizing the stages of development and formation of a new quality at each stage, denies the existence of periods of increased sensitivity to the action of all environmental factors without exception. The author acknowledges that there are periods in embryonic development when embryos are equally sensitive to several influences, but considers it necessary to emphasize the specificity of the response to various environmental factors.
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Anastassiou, Fotini, and Georgia Andreou. "Speech Production of Trilingual Children: A Study on Their Transfers in Terms of Content and Function Words and the Effect of Their L1." International Journal of English Linguistics 7, no. 6 (September 16, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n6p30.
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The present study investigated the speech production of trilingual children whose L1 was either Greek or Albanian and their L3 was English. Since this specific combination of languages has not been widely studied in current literature this study can contribute to our knowledge and the teaching of these children. Moreover, research into transfers from content and function words could help us comprehend the different roles word classes have in trilingual speakers since Paradis (2009) has suggested that the tendency to transfer function words from L2, rather than from L1, into L3 supports the idea that content words and function words have the same status in an L2 but not in L1. Also, although content words are often transferred from both L1 and L2 into L3, studies have indicated that function words are mainly transferred from the L2 and not from the L1 (Ringbom, 1987; Sjögren, 2000; Stedje, 1977). The aim of this study was to find out the source language of our participants’ transfers, whether there would be any influence of our speakers’ L1 or L2 on Content and Function words, as well as whether cross-linguistic influence had any effect on Content and Function words, following Cenoz (2001).The participants of our study were asked to narrate a picture story in their third language and the main source of their transfers was surveyed. Also, the ratio of Content to Function words and the effect of the children’s L1 was investigated since former research showed function words are mainly transferred from the L2 and not from the L1. The results of this study showed that the main source of transfer was Greek (whether as an L1 or an L2) and that the children’s transfers were mainly from content words. Finally, the ratio of Greek content/ function words was found to be greater for those children whose L1 is Greek compared to the children whose L1 is Albanian.
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Adelek, Durotoye A. "Parody of the Shakespearean Fool Tradition in an African Society." Matatu 40, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-040001001.
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There is always a precursor in any well-established institution, and artistic institution is no exception. The fool tradition itself has its origin in Dionysian phallic rituals, or Greek, Roman and English festivals in general, thus serving as the springboard for the Shakespearean fool. Shakespeare then popularizes the fool character in his plays whereby he turns it into an institution. The Yorùbá playwrights, like others from any part of the world, seem to have been influenced by the Shakespearean fool tradition to a large extent. This essay, therefore, sets out to draw the Shakespearean parallel that is visible in the Yorùbá fool genre with special reference to the appearance, the role and language of fool. Copious examples are drawn from the written and film genres to back up the issue of parody. The essay concludes by paying attention to the mark of departure and what accounts for such a disparity.
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Kourkouta, L., P. Ouzounakis, A. Monios, and Ch Iliadis. "Nutritional habits in the elderly." Progress in Health Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.5163.
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Introduction: Aging is accompanied by several physiological and psychological changes in the organism of an individual (e.g., decreased sense of taste and smell, disruption of satiety, depression), which affect the nutritional intake. Purpose: The purpose of this retrospective study is to highlight the nutritional habits of elderly people. Materials and methods: Extensive review of the recent literature in electronic databases (Pub med, Google scholar) and journals. Exclusion criterion for the articles was the language than the Greek and English. Results: The increase life expectancy is important to be accompanied by physical and mental health, quality of life and, where possible, from participation in social, economic, cultural and spiritual life. Adopting healthy dietary patterns, combined with daily physical activity, and factors such as avoiding smoking, could help considerably in reaching these goals. The physical and psychological changes occurring during aging may adversely affect nutritional status. Instead, a proper diet can positively influence the physical and emotional state of elderly people. Conclusions: Diet and generally nutrition habits of the elderly play an important role in their health.
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Braund, Susanna. "TABLEAUX AND SPECTACLES: APPRECIATION OF SENECAN TRAGEDY BY EUROPEAN DRAMATISTS OF THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES." Ramus 46, no. 1-2 (December 2017): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rmu.2017.7.
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Did Sophocles or Seneca exercise a greater influence on Renaissance drama? While the twenty-first century public might assume the Greek dramatist, in recent decades literary scholars have come to appreciate that the model of tragedy for the Renaissance was the plays of the Roman Seneca rather than those of the Athenian tragedians. In his important essay on Seneca and Shakespeare written in 1932, T.S. Eliot wrote that Senecan sensibility was ‘the most completely absorbed and transmogrified, because it was already the most diffused’ in Shakespeare's world. Tony Boyle, one of the leading rehabilitators of Seneca in recent years, has rightly said, building on the work of Robert Miola and Gordon Braden in particular, that ‘Seneca encodes Renaissance theatre’ from the time that Albertino Mussato wrote his neo-Latin tragedy Ecerinis in 1315 on into the seventeenth century. The present essay offers a complement and supplement to previous scholarship arguing that Seneca enjoyed a status at least equal to that of the Athenian tragedians for European dramatists of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. My method will be to examine two plays, one in French and one in English, where the authors have combined dramatic elements taken from Seneca with elements taken from Sophocles. My examples are Robert Garnier's play, staged and published in 1580, entitled Antigone ou La Piété (Antigone or Piety), and the highly popular play by John Dryden and Nathaniel Lee entitled Oedipus, A Tragedy, staged in 1678 and published the following year.
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Nagi, Ravleen. "Therapeutic Role of Phytochemicals in the Prevention of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer – A Review." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 16 (April 19, 2021): 1156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/246.
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BACKGROUND Medicinal plants and their extracts have been found to possess potent antiinflammatory, antioxidant and anti-cancer properties that slow down the cellular proliferation and malignant transformation rate of orally potential malignant disorders such as oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis and oral lichen planus. They are a potential source of antioxidants such as vitamin A, E, and C that neutralize the free radicals produced in various oral mucosal lesions thereby preventing the mucosal damage. They have been found to modulate cellular signalling pathways and, this activation influences the cellular defence mechanisms that protect the normal cells against reactive oxygen species or reactive metabolites and induces apoptotic death of cancerous cells, thus chemoprevention ensues to prevent, reverse or delay carcinogenesis. They have been studied to enhance tumour cell killing and inhibition of metastasis by increasing number of immunocompetent cells such as macrophages, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer cells and by recruitment of antibodies at the tumour site. Now a days, natural herbs or phytochemicals are gaining attention due to side effects and increased antimicrobial resistance that often occur with prolonged use of chemotherapeutic agents. Therapeutic effect of phytochemicals in oral PMDs is very promising as they prevent the progression of dysplasia from mild to severe. Literature has revealed significant reduction in burning sensation, difficulty in swallowing and speech, and pain associated with the oral mucosal lesion. However, more research should be conducted in future to establish their use as an adjunctive therapy in oral potentially malignant disorders. By this review, an attempt has been made to highlight therapeutic potential of diverse herbs such as aloe vera, tulsi, neem, curcumin, lycopene, green and black tea, peppermint etc. in the reduction of clinical symptoms of burning sensation and pain associated with the oral mucosal lesions, and discusses their indispensable role in prevention of oral cancer. KEY WORDS Antioxidants, Chemoprevention, Phytochemicals, Oral Cancer
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Heath, Malcolm. "Greek Literature." Greece and Rome 60, no. 1 (March 12, 2013): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383512000319.
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Richmond Lattimore's translation of the Iliad was first published in 1951, to great acclaim: ‘The feat is so decisive that it is reasonable to foresee a century or so in which nobody will try again to put the Iliad in English verse.’ That testimonial is reproduced on the back cover of the latest reprint, even though Robert Fitzgerald falsified his own prophecy less than a quarter of a century later. Richard Martin's introduction ends by comparing Lattimore's rendering of 9.319–27 with three older and three more recent verse translations. Lattimore's superiority to Fitzgerald, Fagles, and Lombardo emerges clearly – but that's in a short excerpt. I've always felt a stiffness, and a lack of variety and narrative drive, in Lattimore's version that makes it intolerable for reading at length. In a long epic, that's a serious failing.
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Kainada, Evia, and Angelos Lengeris. "Native language influences on the production of second-language prosody." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45, no. 3 (December 2015): 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100315000158.
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This study examined native language (L1) transfer effects on the production of second-language (L2) prosody by intermediate Greek learners of English, specifically the set of tonal events and their alignment, speech rate, pitch span and pitch level in English polar questions. Greek uses an L* L+H- L% melody giving rise to a low–high–low f0 contour at the end of the polar question that does not resemble any of the contours used by native speakers in English polar questions. The results showed that the Greek speakers transferred the full set of Greek tonal events into English associating them with stressed syllables, and consistently placed the focus on the verb. The Greek speakers also anchored the peak of the phrase accent in polar questions around the midpoint of the stressed vowel across L1/L2 despite using longer vowel durations in L2. At the same time, their productions deviated from L1 forms in terms of speech rate (slower in L2), pitch span (narrower in L2) and pitch level (lower in L2), indicating that even when learners adopt an L1 prosodic feature in their L2, they still produce interlanguage forms that deviate from L1.
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Classen, Albrecht. "The Romance of Thebes (Roman de Thèbes), trans. by Joan M. Ferrante and Robert W. Hanning. The French of England Translation Series (FRETS), 11. Tempe, AZ: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2018, ix, 365." Mediaevistik 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 432–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2019.01.101.
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Much of high medieval culture was deeply influenced by the reception of classical literature, as best represented by the genre of the romans antiques, the Roman de Thèbes, the Roman d’Enéas, and the Roman de Troie. These were based, in turn, on the Thebaid of Statius (92 C.E.), Vergil’s Aeneid (after 19 B.C.E.), and the story of Troy as retold by Dares Phrygias and Dictys Cretensis (in Greek, first century C.E., lost today; in Latin, fourth century C.E. [Dictys] and sixth century C.E. respectively [Dares]). Two of the most respected medieval French scholars, Joan M. Ferrante and Robert W. Hanning, now provide new access to the Roman de Thèbe through their English translation, which they have based on the personal copy owned by Henry Despenser (1370–1406), Bishop of Norwich, well known especially for his ruthless suppression of the Peasant Revolt in 1381. This manuscript is today housed in the British Library, London, under Add. 34114, fol. 164a-226d, and it was critically edited by Francine Mora-Lebrun with a facing page modern French translation in 1995. Ms. A (Paris, BnF, fr. 375) was recently edited by Luca di Sabatino (2016), which could not be consulted here for obvious reasons. Ms. C (Paris, BnF, fr. 784) was edited by Guy Reynaud de Lage in 1966, 1968, then re-edited along with a facing-page modern French translation by Aimé Petit in 2008).
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Aroshidze, Marine, and Nino Aroshidze. "The Role of the Language Priorities in Development of Society." Balkanistic Forum 30, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i1.6.
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The need to comprehend contemporary global problems the mankind is facing poses demands to modern science to expand the range of functions and strengthen interac-tion between areas of society. The modern anthropocentric scientific paradigm makes a focus on the interdisciplinary research of the civilizational processes of social de-velopment, which created the need for a comprehensive study of sociocultural and linguistic processes in their functional interaction during the historical development of society.The process of human socialization is, first of all, the mastery of the symbolic cultural code and cultural memory of society, which in modern society is losing its usual monoculturism and is increasingly acquiring a bi- and multicultural character, which poses a pressing multifaceted problem for society - linguistic policy, linguistic consciousness, persona lingua. The language policy of any particular country or region is dictated by the prevailing socio-political situation in the country and contributes to shaping the fate of this country for it regulates the status of the state language, the language of the press, education, and science.In each society, certain language priorities are formed, as well as language prohibitions that regulate the life of society, and the formation of the worldview of the participants in society depends on the languages being assimilated. Not surprisingly, the problems of language (with the light hand of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgen-stein) have long exceeded philological problems of philological problems. The language policy of small countries largely depends on foreign policy fac-tors; it is interesting to follow the example of Georgia to trace the change in language priorities in different historical eras (from Arabic, Persian, Greek, Latin, Turkish to Russian, and now to English). The Second World War became an important milestone for Soviet Georgia in language policy: the spiritual unity of all the peoples of the USSR was so intense that the formation of a single supra-ethnic community “Soviet nation” was successfully supported by language policy: having Russian as the second native language. The education system and the press were fully focused on the Russian language. The schools taught foreign languages (French, German, English) by choice, but the minimization of hours, the grammatical approach and the lack of language practice allowed only units to learn European languages at the level of free communi-cation.The 1990s became a period of forced breaking of habitual linguistic priorities for Georgia, free of imperial influence. English has become compulsory subject matter at all stages of the Georgian educational system, Russian is studied only by choice as a second foreign language with a minimum number of hours. The previously banned Turkish language is strengthening its position, especially in Adjara, neighboring Turkey.
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YOSE, JOSEPH, RALPH KENNA, PÁDRAIG MacCARRON, THIERRY PLATINI, and JUSTIN TONRA. "A NETWORKS-SCIENCE INVESTIGATION INTO THE EPIC POEMS OF OSSIAN." Advances in Complex Systems 19, no. 04n05 (June 2016): 1650008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525916500089.
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In 1760 James Macpherson published the first volume of a series of epic poems which he claimed to have translated into English from ancient Scottish-Gaelic sources. The poems, which purported to have been composed by a third-century bard named Ossian, quickly achieved wide international acclaim. They invited comparisons with major works of the epic tradition, including Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, and effected a profound influence on the emergent Romantic period in literature and the arts. However, the work also provoked one of the most famous literary controversies of all time, coloring the reception of the poetry to this day. The authenticity of the poems was questioned by some scholars, while others protested that they misappropriated material from Irish mythological sources. Recent years have seen a growing critical interest in Ossian, initiated by revisionist and counter-revisionist scholarship and by the two-hundred-and-fiftieth anniversary of the first collected edition of the poems in 1765. Here, we investigate Ossian from a networks-science point of view. We compare the connectivity structures underlying the societies described in the Ossianic narratives with those of ancient Greek and Irish sources. Despite attempts, from the outset, to position Ossian alongside the Homeric epics and to distance it from Irish sources, our results indicate significant network-structural differences between Macpherson’s text and those of Homer. They also show a strong similarity between Ossianic networks and those of the narratives known as Acallam na Senórach (Colloquy of the Ancients) from the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology.
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Heath, Malcolm. "Greek Literature." Greece and Rome 68, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383520000285.
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I begin with a warm welcome for Evangelos Alexiou's Greek Rhetoric of the 4th Century bc, a ‘revised and slightly abbreviated’ version of the modern Greek edition published in 2016 (ix). Though the volume's title points to a primary focus on the fourth century, sufficient attention is given to the late fifth and early third centuries to provide context. As ‘rhetoric’ in the title indicates, the book's scope is not limited to oratory: Chapter 1 outlines the development of a rhetorical culture; Chapter 2 introduces theoretical debates about rhetoric (Plato, Isocrates, Alcidamas); and Chapter 3 deals with rhetorical handbooks (Anaximenes, Aristotle, and the theoretical precepts embedded in Isocrates). Oratory comes to the fore in Chapter 4, which introduces the ‘canon’ of ten Attic orators: in keeping with the fourth-century focus, Antiphon, Andocides, and Lysias receive no more than sporadic attention; conversely, extra-canonical fourth-century orators (Apollodorus, the author of Against Neaera, Hegesippus, and Demades) receive limited coverage. The remaining chapters deal with the seven major canonical orators: Isocrates, Demosthenes, Aeschines, Isaeus, Lycurgus, Hyperides, and Dinarchus. Each chapter follows the same basic pattern: life, work, speeches, style, transmission of text and reception. Isocrates and Demosthenes have additional sections on research trends and on, respectively, Isocratean ideology and issues of authenticity in the Demosthenic corpus. In the case of Isaeus, there is a brief discussion of contract oratory; Lycurgus is introduced as ‘the relentless prosecutor’. Generous extracts from primary sources are provided, in Greek and in English translation; small-type sections signal a level of detail that some readers may wish to pass over. The footnotes provide extensive references to older as well as more recent scholarship. The thirty-page bibliography is organized by chapter (a helpful arrangement in a book of this kind, despite the resulting repetition); the footnotes supply some additional references. Bibliographical supplements to the original edition have been supplied ‘only in isolated cases’ (ix). In short, this volume is a thorough, well-conceived, and organized synthesis that will be recognized, without doubt, as a landmark contribution. There are, inevitably, potential points of contention. The volume's subtitle, ‘the elixir of democracy and individuality’, ties rhetoric more closely to democracy and to Athens than is warranted: the precarious balancing act which acknowledges that rhetoric ‘has never been divorced from human activity’ while insisting that ‘its vital political space was the democracy of city-states’ (ix–x) seems to me untenable. Alexiou acknowledges that ‘the gift of speaking well, natural eloquence, was considered a virtue already by Homer's era’ (ix), and that ‘the natural gift of speaking well was considered a virtue’ (1). But the repeated insistence on natural eloquence is perplexing. Phoenix, in the embassy scene in Iliad 9, makes it clear that his remit included the teaching of eloquence (Il. 9.442, διδασκέμεναι): Alexiou only quotes the following line, which he mistakenly assigns to Book 10. (The only other typo that I noticed was ‘Aritsotle’ [97]. I, too, have a tendency to mistype the Stagirite's name, though my own automatic transposition is, alas, embarrassingly scatological.) Alexiou provides examples of later Greek assessments of fourth-century orators, including (for example) Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Hermogenes, and the author of On Sublimity (the reluctance to commit to the ‘pseudo’ prefix is my, not Alexiou's, reservation). He observes cryptically that ‘we are aware of Didymus’ commentary’ (245); but the extensive late ancient scholia, which contain material from Menander's Demosthenic commentaries, disappointingly evoke no sign of awareness.
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Ghosh, Ritwik. "Contemporary Greek Poetry as World Literature." International Journal of English and Comparative Literary Studies 2, no. 3 (April 22, 2021): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/ijecls.v2i3.247.
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In this paper, I argue that Greek poetry is a living tradition characterized by a diversity of voices and styles and that Greek poetry is a vital part of contemporary World Literature. The diversity of voices in contemporary Greek poetry gives it both aesthetic value and political relevance. Greek poetry, as it survives translation into a number of languages, including English, gives us a model for the successful translation of texts in both World literature and Comparative literature. A thematic analysis of some poems is presented in this paper. The aim is not to chronicle the contemporary Greek poetic production but to show how Greek poetic tradition continues to expand beyond national boundaries.
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Ford, Andrew, and David A. Campbell. "Greek Lyric, with an English Translation." American Journal of Philology 112, no. 2 (1991): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/294725.
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Dines, Jennifer. "A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint." Journal of Jewish Studies 63, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18647/3101/jjs-2012.
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Barlow, Jonathan. "SCIPIO AEMILIANUS AND GREEK ETHICS." Classical Quarterly 68, no. 1 (May 2018): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838818000320.
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Philosophical influences in the personality and public life of Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, consul in 147 and 134b.c., were once emphasized in scholarship. In 1892, Schmekel demonstrated the reception of Stoic philosophy in the second half of the second centuryb.c.among the philhellenic members of the governing elite in general, and statesmen like Scipio Aemilianus in particular, in what he called the ‘Roman Enlightenment’. In the 1920s and 1930s, Kaerst showed influences of Stoic philosophy on Scipio, contemporary politics and the Principate to come, while Capelle and Pohlenz identified Stoic ideas in Scipio's foreign and domestic policies. Together they formed a body of scholarship which held that Scipio possessed a serious interest in philosophy which defined his character and informed his public life. In the 1960s, the challenge to this scholarship was led by Strasburger in two articles, and by Astin in his 1967 biography. Both scholars downplayed and devalued philosophical influences on Scipio and denied him the pursuit of the Greek virtuous life. They placed him within the traditions of the Roman elite, ambitious for glory and results-driven, and they have successfully formed influential views to this end, despite the critique made by Erskine. Astin remained the authoritative study of Scipio and there was much in hisRealpolitikthat scholarship found compelling, even when it allowed Scipio an attachment to Greek culture. For example, Gruen, Elvers and Badian acknowledged Scipio's interest in Greek culture and philosophy, in combination with the practices and goals of a traditional Roman aristocrat, but they placed their accent on the latter by affirming that Greek learning did not change the current of a traditional aristocratic life. The contention of this article is that the pre-Strasburger/Astin interpretation of Scipio, despite its shortcomings, was indeed correct to detect a deep current of philosophical influences on Scipio. The article argues that the evidence demonstrates that in education, character and public life Scipio was informed by the Greek moral and political tradition; that Scipio had claimed to possess the cardinal virtues, derived ultimately from Plato; and that he had acted under a moral imperative of power formulated by the Stoic philosopher Panaetius; the conclusion will address the ethical intention of Scipio.
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Papadopoulos, Isaak. "Shaping the intercultural communicative profile of young foreign language students: a multidimensional analysis of their written." JOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC AND INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/jolie.2019.12.1.9.
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Intercultural communication competence has recently been established within research and teaching as a key priority within second and foreign language teaching classrooms. More specifically, developing intercultural communication skills fosters students’ intercultural as well as linguistic competence in a way that prepares them to be able to interact with speakers of other languages and from different cultures. A very important component of effective communication is the persuasiveness of the message that is conveyed with a particular aim. In the speakers’ attempt to achieve persuasiveness, they make use of several means which are used to change the beliefs, attitudes, values, feelings and intentions of a person by communicative means, that is, speakers employ several persuasive strategies. This study recorded the persuasive strategies employed by 200 EFL language students (11 years of age) at the A1 language level according to CEFR when using English to communicate with speakers of other languages than Greek with the purpose of recommending an interesting work of literature. As for the analysis of the written communication, it was carried out through the 5R approach which consists of five stages called ‘Investigatory Readings’, in which the researcher stressed certain elements as regards the research hypothesis and a priori goals. This particular approach, written discourse examination, was also used in several studies at the national level, which recorded the communication strategies employed by language students when producing written discourse. The processing and analysis of the results indicated that A1 language level students made use of more rational persuasive strategies such as Authority, Model and Information in their attempt to persuade and influence others. Toward this goal, they appeared to activate this mode of persuasion through assertive speech acts including claims and assurances, which are highly relevant to their goal and the context of the study. Finally, A1 language students seemed to use mainly adjectives, periods and exclamation marks as elements of evaluation in their written discourse attempting to express directly and indirectly the judgement of their proposals.
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MELVILLE JONES, JOHN R. "THE SPELLING OF GREEK WORDS IN ENGLISH." Journal of the Australasian Universities Language and Literature Association 68, no. 1 (November 1987): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/aulla.1987.68.1.006.
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Γκότση, Γεωργία. "Elizabeth Mayhew Edmonds: Greek prose fiction in English dress." Σύγκριση 25 (May 16, 2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/comparison.9064.
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Elizabeth Mayhew Edmonds (1823-1907) played a significant role in the mediation of Modern Greek literature and culture in late nineteenth-century Britain, with her translations forming a vital aspect of her activity as a cultural broker. Focusing on Edmond’s transmission of late nineteenth-century Greek prose fiction, the article discusses her translation practices in the contemporary contexts of the publishing domain and the marketplace as well as of her effort to acquire authority in the literary field. Albeit impressive for a woman who was an autodidact in Modern Greek, the narrow scope of Edmonds’ translations offered a limited image of the developments in Modern Greek fiction. Her correspondence with John Gennadius and Thomas Fisher Unwin sheds light on her sense of superiority regarding male Greek authors such as Drosines and Xenopoulos, whose texts she rendered into English. Against this background, the article seeks to explain her translating choices and examines how a self-conscious translator such as Edmonds tried to shape the reception of Greek fiction in Victorian England by portraying it in terms of an ethnographic study of cultural survivals. Finally, through a parallel reading of the original texts and her somewhat mundane renderings, the article seeks to illuminate her translating craft: although worthy for their contribution to the promotion of Modern Greek literature in Great Britain, Edmond’s translations suffered from her inability to recreate the density of the original texts.
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Elliott, J. K., and J. D. Douglas. "The New Greek-English Interlinear New Testament." Novum Testamentum 33, no. 3 (July 1991): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1561363.
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Boring, M. Eugene, and T. Muraoka. "A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint (Twelve Prophets)." Journal of Biblical Literature 117, no. 1 (1998): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3266433.
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Nikolarea, Ekaterini. "Greek Tragedy in Translation: Sophocles'Oedipus the Kingin English." Translation Review 46, no. 1 (September 1994): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07374836.1994.10523635.
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Mitropoulos, Dimitri. "On the Outside Looking in: Greek Literature in the English-speaking World." Journal of Modern Greek Studies 15, no. 2 (1997): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mgs.1997.0036.
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Ball, Robert J. "The Classical Tradition: Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature by Gilbert Highet." Classical World 110, no. 1 (2016): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/clw.2016.0074.
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Bondarenko, Valeria, and Andrew Botsman. "EVOLUTION OF THE OBLIQUE MOOD IN THE DUTCH LANGUAGE." Studia Linguistica, no. 14 (2019): 50–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2019.14.50-69.
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The article is connected with evolution investigation of the grammatical category which is recognized as the Oblique Mood in the Dutch language. The evolution of that grammatical phenomenon is reconstructed involving authentic texts of different periods, starting with very restricted material of early middle Dutch period and finishing with numerous and different texts of modern Dutch period. The transformation of morphological structure of the Dutch Oblique Mood moves into the direction of growing analytical structures with the parallel degradation of synthetical forms with traditional flexion markers. Taking into consideration the fact that the Oblique Mood is very well reflected on the syntactical (sentence) level, the attention is focused not only on the simple sentences but on the developed system of subordinate clauses. All the steps of transformation are reflected in the stages of diachronical analysis too. For the better definite differentiation of the Oblique Mood Construction and finding differences in the constructions, all the variants of the Oblique Mood are compared with the variants of the Indicative Mood. It helps to provide the comparison in the dichotomy of the Indicative – Oblique Moods. The special attention is given to the description of periphrastic constructions which were formed combining preterite-present verbs with infinitives I, II and further grammaticalisation of two-component verb combination. The ruining of the synthetical paradigm was caused by the reduction of corresponding suffix reflection. There was the attempt to restore the synthetical forms in translation of the Bible from Latin and Greek into Dutch, it was the marker of the literature language but not the colloquial one. The influence of the French and German languages was definite but sporadical. The analytical forms were created in the conditional clauses and were recognized as the Conditional Mood I, II. This type of mood had some meaning of supposition forming the corresponding subgroup of the Suppositional Mood. If the preterite-present verb zullen was a productive form but willen was not involved into the Oblique Mood analytical form creation, remaining outside of that grammatical category. There is some resemblance between the Dutch and English Oblique Mood, in particular the structure of analytical forms.
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Aveling, Harry. "The English Language and Global Literary Influences on the Work of Shahnon Ahmad." Malay Literature 26, no. 1 (June 8, 2013): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37052/ml.26(1)no2.
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Postcolonial literary theory asserts that the colonial literature provides the models and sets the standards which writers and readers in the colonies may either imitate or resist. The major Malay author Shahnon Ahmad received his secondary and tertiary education in English and taught English at the beginning of his career. Drawing on his collection of essays Weltanschauung: Suatu Perjalanan Kreatif (2008), the paper argues that Shahnon was influenced at significant points in his literary development by his reading of literature in English and English translation–nineteenth century European and American short stories, the works of Gabriel Garcia Marquez and William Faulkner – but not by English (British) literature itself. Through his creation of original new works, focused on Malay society and directed towards Malay audiences, Shahnon was not a postcolonial subject but a participant in, and contributor to, the wider flow of world literature. Keywords: postcolonial, Shanon Ahmad, English literature, literature in English, world literature.
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Blomqvist, Jerker, Frederick William Danker, and Walter Bauer. "A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature." Journal of Biblical Literature 120, no. 4 (2001): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3268288.
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Jackson, Lucy. "Proximate Translation: George Buchanan's Baptistes, Sophocles’ Antigone, and Early Modern English Drama." Translation and Literature 29, no. 1 (March 2020): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/tal.2020.0410.
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This essay takes up the question of what impact Greek tragedy had on original plays written in Latin in the sixteenth century. In exploring George Buchanan's biblical drama Baptistes sive calumnia (printed 1577) and its reworking of scenes and images from Sophocles' Antigone, we see how neo-Latin drama provided a valuable channel for the sharing and shaping of early modern ideas about Greek tragedy. The impact of the Baptistes on English drama is then examined, with particular reference to Thomas Watson's celebrated Latin translation of Antigone (1581). The strange affinities between Watson's and Buchanan's plays reveal the potential for Greek tragedy to shape early modern drama, but also for early modern drama to shape how Greek tragedy itself was read and received in early modern England.
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Bachtin, Nicholas. "English Poetry in Greek: Notes on a Comparative Study of Poetic Idioms." Poetics Today 6, no. 3 (1985): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1771900.
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Boers, Hendrikus, Johannes P. Louw, and Eugene A. Nida. "Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains." Journal of Biblical Literature 108, no. 4 (1989): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3267199.
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Stavropoulou, Erasmia-Louiza. "Census of Modern Greek Literature. Check-list of English-Language Sources Useful in the Study of Modern Greek Literature (1824–1987) (review)." Journal of Modern Greek Studies 12, no. 2 (1994): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mgs.2010.0093.
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Willmott, Jo. "The ‘potential’ optative in Homeric Greek." Cambridge Classical Journal 54 (2008): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1750270500000646.
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AbstractWhen translating the ‘potential’ Homeric Greek optative into English, ‘could’ is often the best modal verb to use, to be preferred to the more usual ‘would’. I will argue that, in some cases, this reveals that the optative expresses what is termed in the literature ‘dynamic’ modality. Examining several examples in more detail I will claim that the optative expresses a wide range of meanings, the differences between which are subtle and not always clear-cut.
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Kostantaras, Dean. "Byzantine Turns in Modern Greek Thought and Historiography, 1767-1874." Historical Review/La Revue Historique 12 (December 30, 2015): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.8805.
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<p>This article examines representations of Byzantium in Modern Greek historical<br />thought, from the first translation (1767) of the Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae to<br />the publication of Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos’ complete Ἱστορία τοῦ Ἑλληνικού Ἔθνους<br />[History of the Greek nation (1860-1874)]. In doing so, it reassesses conventions, especially<br />prevalent in English-language works, regarding the range and complexity of endeavors in<br />this vein. Developments in European thought are used throughout as a vantage point, as<br />they represent a contingency of great importance for any assessment of Greek attitudes<br />toward the past. However, these influences did not always point in one direction; a factor<br />which, in tandem with local generational and ideological divisions, helps to explain the<br />diverse perspectives on Byzantium in Greek works from the period under review.</p>
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ATHANASOPOULOS, PANOS, LJUBICA DAMJANOVIC, ANDREA KRAJCIOVA, and MIHO SASAKI. "Representation of colour concepts in bilingual cognition: The case of Japanese blues." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14, no. 1 (September 30, 2010): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909990046.
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Previous studies demonstrate that lexical coding of colour influences categorical perception of colour, such that participants are more likely to rate two colours to be more similar if they belong to the same linguistic category (Roberson et al., 2000, 2005). Recent work shows changes in Greek–English bilinguals' perception of within and cross-category stimulus pairs as a function of the availability of the relevant colour terms in semantic memory, and the amount of time spent in the L2-speaking country (Athanasopoulos, 2009). The present paper extends Athanasopoulos' (2009) investigation by looking at cognitive processing of colour in Japanese–English bilinguals. Like Greek, Japanese contrasts with English in that it has an additional monolexemic term for ‘light blue’ (mizuiro). The aim of the paper is to examine to what degree linguistic and extralinguistic variables modulate Japanese–English bilinguals' sensitivity to the blue/light blue distinction. Results showed that those bilinguals who used English more frequently distinguished blue and light blue stimulus pairs less well than those who used Japanese more frequently. These results suggest that bilingual cognition may be dynamic and flexible, as the degree to which it resembles that of either monolingual norm is, in this case, fundamentally a matter of frequency of language use.
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Emerton, J. A., J. Lust, E. Eynikol, K. Hauspie, and G. Chamberlain. "A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint I: A-I." Vetus Testamentum 44, no. 1 (January 1994): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1519443.
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Filppula, Markku. "External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance." English Studies 95, no. 4 (May 19, 2014): 480–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0013838x.2014.914355.
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Roberts, Erin. "Reconsidering Hamartia as “Sin” in 1 Corinthians." Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 26, no. 4-5 (November 28, 2014): 340–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700682-12341315.
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English translations of the New Testament (nt) consistently render the Greek termhamartiaand its cognates as “sin.” English translations of other Greek texts dated to roughly the same time period, however, provide a variety of English words such as “mistake,” error,” or “things we get wrong,” to accommodate contextual nuances. This essay argues that this bifurcation has several unappealing consequences for the study of Christian beginnings. The palpable difference in translation portrays thenttexts as unique departures from the moral discourse of the time and reifies an unnecessary divide between early Christian and other kinds of moral literature, while the unqualified use of the English word sin brings with it the possibility that readers will import more unified theological doctrines about sin onto texts written well before the doctrines were even developed.
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Elliott, J. K., Johannes P. Louw, and Eugene A. Nida. "Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains." Novum Testamentum 31, no. 4 (October 1989): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1560713.
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Cummings, Robert, and Stuart Gillespie. "Translations from Greek and Latin Classics 1550–1700: A Revised Bibliography." Translation and Literature 18, no. 1 (March 2009): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0968136108000538.
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This is the first instalment of a two-part revision of the classical translation sections of the second edition of The Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, Vols 2–3. The recent discontinuation of the revised edition of CBEL deprives the scholarly world of an up-to-date version of the most complete bibliography of its kind; this contribution makes good that loss for this topic. Over its eventual two parts 1550–1800 it runs to some 1,500 items of translation for what might be held to constitute the golden age of the English classical translating tradition. Checking of existing entries in the listings has led to a large number of internal corrections, including deletions, but the records have been expanded by a net 20%, with several minor classical authors added. As compared to the previous CBEL editions of the 1940s, this reflects the availability of digital-era resources such as the English Short Title Catalogue.
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Xouplidis, Panagiotis. "Teaching cats in Children’s Literature." Journal of Education Culture and Society 11, no. 2 (September 11, 2020): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs2020.2.311.321.
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Aim. The aim of the research is the comparative study of literary cat characters in Children’s Literature texts in Greek and Spanish and their instructive function in the transmission of social stereotypes.
Methods. The research subscribes to the field of Literary Animal Studies based on the theory of Children’s Literature (Lukens, 1999) and through the intercultural perspective of Comparative Children’s Literature (O’Sullivan, 2005). Published children’s books from Greece, Spain and Spanish-speaking America were compared using textual analysis methods of Imagology (Beller & Leersen, 2007). Stereotyped variants were identified and organized in categories related to name, physical appearance, gender, behavior, and function of literary cat characters.
Results. After examining a corpus of 37 books, 23 in Greek and 17 in Spanish (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Spain), textual analysis findings were compared, organized, and classified by language, country and readers’ age groups to locate that literary cat characters are usually pets or feral, and they remain consistently stereotyped as anthropomorphic and subversive. Cats with seven lives and magical powers are common perceptions, dominating in both cultural contexts, stereotypes extended to strong superstitions about black cats.
Conclusions. In Children's Literature texts, cats are linguistically, literally, and socially defined literary constructs, can have usually human-like features, intercultural influences, and are potentially shaped by intertextual relations. They serve also as a narrative motif for the transmission of social values about non-human animals and the textual familiarization of nonadult readers with society’s cultural stereotypes.
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Danker, Frederick W., Eugene A. Nida, and Johannes P. Louw. "Lexical Semantics of the Greek New Testament: A Supplement to the Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains." Journal of Biblical Literature 113, no. 3 (1994): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3266803.
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Kumari, Suruchi, and Ashish Alexander. "THEOLOGY AND ENGLISH LITERATURE: FROM CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE TO ALEXANDER POPE." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 5, no. 2 (July 12, 2017): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2017.523.
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Generally, it is not obvious to people that theology has contributed a lot in the formation of English literature. So, this paper tries to picture and convince how the writings of English Literature writers have impacts and influences in themselves from the biblical theology. Writers like William Shakespeare uses the theology of grace in his play All’s Well That’s End Well. John Milton pens theology of Freedom of Choice.John Donne writes Trinitarian Theology. Christopher Marlowe shows the theology of Doctor Faustus, which shines under the title like purgatory the highest junction. Alexander Pope reflects the theology of participation in self Salvation and shows theodicy in his work. Theology and English literature go together. They are inseparable. Theology is interwoven in English Literature. It appears convincingly that William Shakespeare, John Milton, John Donne, Christopher Marlowe, and Alexander Pope have sufficiently left grains in their writings which compel to justify the significance of theology in English Literature.Thus, a high degree of significance the biblical theology immerges within the arena of English Literature which may be taught to the English literature readers with a well stuff of biblical theology which is very much beneficial for the understanding of English literature knowers.