Journal articles on the topic 'English language in New South Wales, Australia'

Australia's immigration policies have had a dramatic effect on school populations, especially in the state of New South Wales which receives about 40 percent of the intake. This article is based on a study that was carried out for the Bureau of Immigration, Multicultural and Population Research and the NSW Ministry of Education. The study revealed that many non-English-speaking background pupils miss out on English as a second language instruction, community languages are allowed to lapse, and aspects of the school environment, such as relations between different groups, are not given the attention that they deserve.

The reawakening of the Indigenous Gamilaraay language in northern inland New South Wales, Australia involves righting two centuries of prohibition and mistreatment after invasion by English-speaking settlers. Gamilaraay is no longer used as an everyday language in the community, although it has strong emblematic value for the Gamilaraay community. The hegemonic power of English means that it is seen as “normal”, while Gamilaraay use is often confined to ceremonial uses. A burgeoning awareness of the importance of Gamilaraay and other Indigenous languages of New South Wales has been reflected in recent legislative changes, which have in turn resulted in funding support for language materials. This article describes a community development approach in writing bilingual picturebooks in Gamilaraay and English as we progress towards our ultimate aim of normalising the use of Gamilaraay once more.

Language death can occur naturally, and in different ways, or it can be caused by deliberate policy. This is how deliberate practices and policies brought it about in Australia. •Diverse linguistic groups of Aborigines were forced into small missions or reserves to live together; consequently languages that were numerically stronger squeezed the others out of use.•Anxious to ‘Christianise’ the Aborigines, missionaries enforced harsh penalties on users of Aboriginal languages, even to the point of snatching babies from their mothers and institutionalising them, so they would not hear their parental languages.•Aboriginal religious ceremonies were banned; initiations did not take place, and so liturgical, ceremonial and secret languages were unable to be passed on. As old people died, their languages died with them.•Assimilationist/integrationist policies were enforced which required Aborigines to attend schools where English-only was the medium of instruction.•Finally, denigration of the Aboriginal languages set the seal on their fate in Victoria (within forty years of white settlement, all Gippsland languages had become extinct), most of New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland. Labelling the languages “rubbish”, “heathen jargon”, “primitive jibberish”, and so on, made Aboriginal people reluctant to use their normal means of communication.

Australia is a multicultural society and nowhere is this more evident than in Sydney where 25 percent of the population speaks a language other than English. In one of the largest area health services in New South Wales, the five most frequently spoken languages at home are Arabic, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish, Turkish or Vietnamese, with these language groups comprising 12percent of Sydney's population. Yet nurses speaking one of these five languages comprise less than 1 percent of the nursing workforce. A cost-effective method of addressing the shortage of nurses speaking languages other than English is to recruit students who already speak another language into the profession.This study examined high school students' perceptions of nursing in order to determine appropriate methods of recruiting students speaking one of these languages.Implications for the design of recruitment campaigns are also discussed.

Abstract Chinese is now the second most commonly spoken language in Australia. There is a growing interest in learning Chinese in local schools. However, it is reported that the principally English-speaking learners in Australia have great difficulties and challenges in learning Chinese. The high dropout rate in Chinese courses demonstrates this. This paper presents a case study conducted in a local public school in New South Wales. The purpose of this study is to explore and employ the local students’ daily recurring sociolinguistic activities, performed in English at school, for creating suitable learning content. In this way, a localised Chinese curriculum is constructed in the Australian educational environment. The case study shows that the local students’ translanguaging aptitudes between English and Chinese are developing and becoming influential, as they have engaged in learning Chinese in the form of a local practice – playing chess, which is a typical instance of their daily recurring sociolinguistic activities in school. Therefore, in the process of such contextualised learning practices, not only can Chinese be made learnable for them, but also the specific vocabulary learnt can be the basis for their wider learning of Chinese in the future.

The preparation and practice of home-escape plans are important strategies for individuals and families seeking to reduce and/or prevent fire-related injury or death. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with, home-escape plans in the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The study used data from two surveys—a 2016 fire safety attitudes and behaviour survey administered to high-risk individuals (n = 296) and a 2013 NSW health survey covering 13,027 adults aged 16 years and above. It applied multinomial logistic regression analyses to these data to identify factors associated with having a written home-fire escape plan, having an unwritten home-fire escape plan and not having any home-fire escape plan. The prevalence of written home-escape plans was only 4.3% (95% CI: 2.5, 7.5) for the high-risk individuals and 7.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.3, 8.6) for the entire NSW population. The prevalence of unwritten escape plans was 44.6% (95% CI: 38.8, 50.5) for the high-risk individuals and 26.2% (95% CI: 25.1, 27.2) for the NSW population. The prevalence of no-escape plan at all was 51.1% (95% CI: 45.2, 56.9) for the high-risk individuals and 65.9% (95% CI: 64.8, 67.1) for the NSW population. After adjusting for other covariates, the following factors were found to be significantly associated with unwritten-escape plan and no-escape plan prevalence: speaking only the English language at home, practicing home-fire escape plans infrequently, being married, being female and testing smoke alarms less often. Future fire interventions should target people who speak only English at home and people who test their smoke alarms infrequently. These interventions should be accompanied by research aimed at reversing the trend toward use of more flammable materials in homes.

During 1984, New South Wales Department of Education conducted a survey of ethnic-specific needs of students of non-English speaking backgrounds (NESB) in schools for specific purposes (SSPs), which are special education schools. This paper indicates the results and outcomes of that survey. The percentage of students of NESBs in responding schools was 15.4%. The distribution of languages other than English spoken in homes of NESB students in SSPs is similar to that of the general population. The issues seen to be of greatest importance for schools with NESB pupils were assistance in communicating with non-English parents, and a knowledge of and contact with ethnic welfare/support agencies. A literature search revealed little in the way of studies on language provision for students of NESB in SSPs in the USA, Canada, Britain or in Australia. Assessment for placement in special education has always posed a difficulty in regard to students whose dominant language is not English. A move towards the use of Adaptive Behaviour Scales is a possible change in assessment procedures. where the level of language development will constitute just one factor among a number of others. The commencement of English as a second language programme and a bilingual programme are seen as innovatory in this field of education.

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between nineteenth century English poor law discourse and missionary work in colonial Australia. The text analyses key sites of Christian missionary philanthropy in New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria in the period 1813-1849. It looks at changes in the ethos of one benevolent institution set up for poor whites, the Benevolent Society of New South Wales. Activated by Christian paternalism at its foundation in 1813 the ethos of this institution became dominated by the language of moral reform by the 1830s. The article also examines the first institution established for Indigenous people, the Native Institution at Parramatta, NSW, founded in 1814. Its aims and character will be compared and contrasted with those of the Female and Male Orphan schools for white children. The text considers also how Christian philanthropic visions for the improvement of Indigenous people were affected by factors such as accelerating pastoral expansion, loss of Indigenous food sources and retaliatory violence. Cet article examine la relation entre le discours relatif aux lois sur les pauvres au 19e siècle en Angleterre et le travail missionnaire en Australie coloniale, en se penchant sur les sites clés de la philanthropie chrétienne dans le New South Wales et Victoria durant les années 1813 à 1849. Ainsi, le texte analyse les transformations de l'éthos d'une institution bénévole créée pour s'occuper des pauvres blancs, la Société Bénévole de New South Wales. Alors qu'il était un produit du paternalisme chrétien à sa fondation en 1813, l'ethos de l'institution fut marqué par le langage de la réforme morale vers les années 1830. Le regard se porte également sur la première institution pour les peuples indigènes, la Native Institution at Parramatta, fondée en 1814. Ses buts et son caractère sont comparés et contrastés avec ceux des orphelinats pour filles et garçons blancs. Le texte considère enfin comment les vues philanthropiques chrétiennes pour l'amélioration des peuples indigènes ont été affectées par des facteurs tels que l'expansion pastorale croissante, la perte de nourriture indigène et la violence de représailles.

The development of pronouns, copulas, and other key features of Chinese Pidgin English (CPE) is traced from 1743 onwards. Major grammatical and lexical changes in the early 19th century are found to coincide with the period when foreigners were increasingly allowed to reside in Canton instead of merely being tolerated as transient visitors. The resulting continuity of interaction between Chinese and non-Chinese is seen as the catalyst for these developments in CPE. First attestations of 34 key features in CPE are compared with their earliest occurrence (if any) in more than a dozen Pacific varieties of Pidgin English (PPE). It is shown that none of the latter can possibly be a "direct descendant" of CPE. While four features exclusively shared by CPE and PPE indicate a modest degree of CPE influence on PPE, it is suggested that three key features of PPE, found only sporadically and/or tardily in CPE, provide evidence of some hitherto unsuspected influence of PPE on CPE. In the course of the above it is noted that most of the CPE features which also occur in three or more varieties of PPE have their earliest PPE attestation in New South Wales, the only Pacific territory in which there was continuity of interaction (in this case between Aborigines and whites) from the outset, and it is claimed that this social circumstance favors both the expansion and stabilization of a pidgin. Data from early Australian Pidgin English are presented showing that it includes the earliest known attestations of a number of features generally associated with PPE of the islands of the Southwest Pacific. This leads to the claim that New South Wales Pidgin English was a far more important influence on the PPE of those islands than what has often been termed "South Sea Jargon." After reviewing the linguistic implications of the labor trade which took many Pacific islanders to work on plantations in Queensland, Samoa, and elsewhere, it is claimed that the interrelationships between the many varieties of Pidgin English spoken, currently or formerly, in the vast area from China to Hawaii to the Marquesas to Australia and back to China cannot adequately be represented by means of "family tree" type diagrams.

ABSTRACTQuantitative analyses of large data sets make use of both linguistic and sociological categories in sociolinguistic studies. While the linguistic categories are generally well-defined and there are sufficient tokens for further definition based on mathematical manipulation, the social characteristics such as socioeconomic class or ethnicity are neither. The familiar problem of grouping speakers by such sociological characteristics prior to quantitative analysis is addressed and an alternative solution – principal components analysis – is suggested. Principal components analysis is used here as a heuristic for grouping speakers solely on the basis of linguistic behaviour; the groups thus defined can then be described according to sociological characteristics. In addition, by naming the principal components, the major linguistic and social dimensions of the variation in the data can be identified. Principal components analysis was applied to vowel variation data collected as part of a sociolinguistic survey of English in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. (Sociolinguistics, variation studies, quantitative methods in linguistics, dialectology, Australian English, role of migrants in language change)

Purpose – This paper aims to provide a critical interpretative analysis of an innovative model of assessment in subject English in New South Wales, Australia. The purpose of this paper is to explore the theoretical and practical dimensions of assessment in the English Extension 2 course. This course forms part of suite of senior secondary English courses within the Higher School Certificate program that includes high-stakes external examination. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on methods of documentary analysis. It sits within the tradition of curriculum research that critiques pre-active curriculum documents as a primary source for interpreting the theoretical and pedagogical principles and assumptions encoded in such documents. A social constructionist approach informs the analysis. Findings – The model of assessment in the New South Wales (NSW) English Extension 2 course provides students with the opportunity to engage in sustained research and the production of a major piece of work. In its emphasis on student creativity, reflective practice, metacognition and independent research, the course exemplifies the ways in which the principle of assessing both process and product as organic is achievable in a context of high-stakes external examinations. Originality/value – In an era of high-stakes, external and standardised testing regimes, this paper challenges the normative definitions of assessment prevalent in secondary schools, particularly at the senior secondary level. The assessment model underpinning the NSW English Extension 2 course offers a robust alternative to the increasingly prescriptive models evident in current education policy and practice. The paper calls for renewed attention to the potential for such a model of authentic assessment to be considered in the assessment programs of other subjects constituting the curriculum.

This definitely was not the type of day that St. James Hospital CEO, Paul Ryan, was expecting. As the groundbreaking ceremonies for the Hospital's new addition were about to begin, Paul found himself facing an unsympathetic press and an angry group of protesters. Clearly, he had a crisis on his hands.St. James Hospital in Parramatta (Western Sydney area of New South Wales, Australia) is a 400-bed multi-specialty community hospital providing ambulatory care, acute care, and psychiatric care services to residents living within the five suburbs of Auburn, Holroyd, Parramatta, Blacktown, and Baulkhaum Hills in the area of Western Sydney. The population of this area is multi-cultural with nearly one-third of the population born overseas and thirty percent speaking a language other than English. The area's population also differs from the population of New South Wales in other demographic characteristics. Table 1 shows some of these differences, although the data do not always allow direct comparisons. These differences have presented the management and staff of St. James Hospital with special socio-cultural, financial, and communication challenges.

This definitely was not the type of day that St. James Hospital CEO, Paul Ryan, was expecting. As the groundbreaking ceremonies for the Hospital's new addition were about to begin, Paul found himself facing an unsympathetic press and an angry group of protesters. Clearly, he had a crisis on his hands.St. James Hospital in Parramatta (Western Sydney area of New South Wales, Australia) is a 400-bed multi-specialty community hospital providing ambulatory care, acute care, and psychiatric care services to residents living within the five suburbs of Auburn, Holroyd, Parramatta, Blacktown, and Baulkhaum Hills in the area of Western Sydney. The population of this area is multi-cultural with nearly one-third of the population born overseas and thirty percent speaking a language other than English. The area's population also differs from the population of New South Wales in other demographic characteristics. Table 1 shows some of these differences, although the data do not always allow direct comparisons. These differences have presented the management and staff of St. James Hospital with special socio-cultural, financial, and communication challenges.

Abstract In New South Wales (NSW), Australia, innovative community-based testing models have been implemented to increase HIV testing among populations at risk. The characteristics of patients newly diagnosed with HIV at a community-based testing site and at a traditional clinical service in Sydney, NSW, were compared. Compared with the clinical service, clients diagnosed at the community-based site were more likely to be diagnosed at their first visit and report no prior HIV test. A high proportion of clients at both sites had a preferred language other than English. Innovative HIV testing models are reaching under-tested populations, but could be further improved.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the strong influence of Herbartian ideas on the first secondary school-based English course (1911) in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Whilst previous research has established the influence of the “New Education” on the (NSW Director of Education, Peter Board, the architect of the) 1911 courses, no specific analysis of Johann Friedrich Herbart’s educational ideas has been undertaken in relation to this seminal secondary English course. Design/methodology/approach Through using three of Herbart’s key educational ideas as an interpretive framework to analyse the 1911 NSW Courses of Study for High Schools English course, the paper demonstrates the influence of those ideas on this inaugural secondary English course. Findings The analysis reveals that the NSW 1911 secondary English course was influenced by Herbartian educational ideas underpinning the course. Research limitations/implications This paper focuses on the “pre-active”1911 rhetorical English curriculum in NSW, rather than the “enacted” implemented curriculum. Practical implications The paper identifies Herbartian influences on the 1911 NSW English syllabus, revealing important philosophical ideas. Social implications Future English curriculum design will benefit from the identification of the philosophical ideas embedded in the NSW 1911 English curriculum. Originality/value This analysis provides insights into the Herbartian influences on the first secondary English course in NSW.

Profound demographic shifts in Australia's population are raising fundamental questions about how we reimagine the practices of our mainstream cultural institutions. The ability and the willingness of these institutions to reconceptualize their work in ways that encompass a diversity of traditions and tastes are critical. The paper draws on Pierre Bourdieu's notions of distinctions and taste to examine the influence of cultural identification on the choices that young people make about attending live theatre. The paper includes findings from a large Australian study, TheatreSpace, which examined why young people chose to engage or not to engage with theatre. In New South Wales nearly 40 per cent of the 726 young participants spoke a language other than English at home. Most were attending with their schools, many with no history of family attendance. This paper highlights significant issues about cultural relevance, accessibility and the often unintended challenges and confrontations that theatre can present to young first-generation Australians.

17043 Background: Ethnicity may influence both the incidence and prognosis of breast cancer. We have conducted an analysis to determine if women from non-English speaking backgrounds (NESB) living in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, present with later stage breast cancer compared to women from English speaking backgrounds (ESB); and to determine whether there is an impact on their survival. Methods: Data from the NSW Cancer Registry (1980 to 2004) was used to identify women with their first presentation of breast cancer. Stage of breast cancer was classified as early (insitu or localized) versus late (regional nodal or distant metastatic spread) according to registry definitions. Country of birth was used as a surrogate for language status. Stage at diagnosis was compared between ESB versus NESB women. Logistic regression was used to determine the odds of late stage disease and Cox regression to determine survival outcomes Results: 60,676 of 75,583 cases were considered suitable for analysis. Of these 16.64% were NESB. Accounting for potential confounding variables, NESB women were more likely to have late stage disease than ESB women (OR= 1.12; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.17). Analysis by geographical region of birth revealed women born in Middle Eastern region were most likely to have late stage disease at presentation (OR 1.41; 95% CI, 1.25 to 1.60). In multivariable analysis of all-cause mortality NESB women had a superior overall survival (HR 0.90; 95% CI 0.87 to 0.94) compared to ESB women, however, there was no difference in breast cancer specific survival between these groups by univariate analysis (logrank p=0.46). Conclusions: In New South Wales, Australia, NESB women have a delayed presentation with breast cancer as indicted by more advanced stage. However, stage-adjusted, breast cancer specific survival in NESB women is similar to the ESB women. Further studies are required to determine the reasons for delayed detection for NESB women. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Current trends suggest that adolescent obesity is an on-going and recurrent decimal that is still on the rise in Australia and the social burden associated with it can significantly cause low self-esteem and lack of confidence in personal body image in adulthood. Nonetheless, evidence-based prevention programs are not widely implemented in schools, even though they are commonplace for easy access to adolescents. The primary objective of this systematic review was to assess the scope and efficacy of adolescent obesity intervention strategies in Australian schools, to guide future research. Seven electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed school-based intervention articles written in the English language and targeting 12–18-year-old adolescents. Intervention characteristics were extracted, and quality, efficacy and outcome measures were assessed utilizing thirteen studies that met the inclusion criteria for this review. Most of the Australian adolescent obesity research emanated from the State of New South Wales and none were nationwide. Five studies successfully met all the requirements in all measured outcomes, four met at least one measured outcome and the remaining four were unsuccessful. Despite the weak evidence of intervention efficacy for most of the reviewed studies, school-based interventions with multi-component combinations of physical activity, nutrition and alignment to a theory yielded promising results. Our findings point to the need for future research to assess the perceptions of school stakeholders in relation to the barriers and enablers to establishing school-based prevention and intervention programs for adolescents.

e16507 Background: Immigration is increasing world-wide. We explored disparities in quality of life outcomes for immigrant (IM) versus Anglo-Australian (AA) cancer patients having anti-cancer treatment. Methods: In a cross-sectional design, cancer patients were recruited through outpatient Oncology clinics in New South Wales, Victoria, and the Northern Territory in Australia. IM participants, their parents and grand parents were born in a country where Chinese, Greek, or Arabic is spoken and spoke one of those languages. AAs were born in Australia and spoke English. All were diagnosed with cancer < 1 year previously. Questionnaires (completed in preferred language) included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (anxiety/depression), FACT-G (quality of life) and the Supportive Care Needs Survey (unmet needs). Adjusted regression models comparing AA and IM groups included age, gender, socio-economic status, education, marital status, religion, time since diagnosis, and cancer type (colorectal, breast, lung, other). Results: There were 910 participants (response rate 57%). IM were similar to AA, except that IM were more likely to be married (76 vs 67 %, p = 0.01) and in the low and the highly educated groups (p < 0.0001). In adjusted analyses, IMs had clinically significant higher anxiety, greater unmet information and physical needs and lower quality of life than AAs (see table). The possible ranges are 0-21 for anxiety and depression, and 0-100 otherwise. Conclusions: In this hospital-based study with a high rate of advanced disease, immigrants with cancer experienced poorer quality of life outcomes, even after adjusting for socio-economic, demographic, and disease variables. Interventions are required to improve their experience of cancer care. Results highlight areas of unmet need that might be better addressed by the health system (particularly with regards to provision of information and meeting support and physical needs). [Table: see text]

6111 Background: Immigration is increasing world-wide. Cancer survivorship is now recognised as a period of difficult adjustment for all patients, and possibly more so for immigrants. We explored disparities in quality of life outcomes for immigrant (IM) versus Anglo-Australian (AA) cancer survivors. Methods: In a cross-sectional design, cancer survivors were recruited through the New South Wales, Queensland and Victorian Cancer Registries in Australia. IM participants, their parents and grandparents were born in a country where Chinese, Greek, or Arabic is spoken and spoke one of those languages. AAs were born in Australia and spoke English. All were diagnosed with cancer 1-3 years previously. Questionnaires (completed in preferred language) included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (anxiety/ depression), FACT-G (quality of life) and Supportive Care Needs Survey (unmet needs). Outcomes were compared between AA and IM groups in adjusted regression models that included age, gender, socio-economic status, education, marital status, religion, time since diagnosis and cancer type (prostate, colorectal, breast and other). Results: There were 599 participants (response rate 41%). Consent was unrelated to demographic and disease variables. AA and IM groups were similar except that immigrants had higher proportions in the low and highly educated groups (p < 0.0001), and higher socioeconomic status (p = 0.0003). In adjusted analyses (see table), IMs had clinically significant higher depression (possible range 0-21), greater unmet information and physical needs, and lower quality of life than AAs. The possible range for the latter three is 0-100. Conclusions: Immigrants experience poorer outcomes in cancer survivorship, even after adjusting for socio-economic, demographic and disease differences. Interventions are required to improve their adjustment after cancer. Results highlight areas of unmet need that might be better addressed by the health system (particularly with regard to provision of information and support. [Table: see text]

Objective: To use linked NSW Cancer Registry and hospital lung cancer (LC) data for raising discussion points on how to improve outcomes. Design: Historical cohort – cases diagnosed in 2003-2007. Setting: New South Wales, Australia Outcome Measures: Relative odds (OR) of localised disease and resection of non-small cases (NSCLC) using multiple logistic regression. Comparisons of risk of NSCLC death using competing risk regression. Findings: (1) Older patients have fewer resections of localised NSCLC [adjusted OR 95% CLs; 80+Vs <60 years; 0.20 (0.14, 0.28)]. Cases with co-morbidity have fewer resections [adjusted OR, 0.74 (0.61, 0.90)] and have more conservative resections. Question: Is there the best balance between resection and avoiding surgery to accommodate frailty and co-morbidity? (2) Compared with public patients, the health insured: have higher odds of localised LC [adjusted OR, 1.23 (1.12, 1.35] and resection for localised NSCLC [adjusted OR, 2.08 (1.70, 2.54)]; are more likely to have lobectomies than wedge/segmental resections (p<0.001); and have a lower risk of LC death [adjusted SHR, 0.89 (0.85, 0.93)]. Question: Are there opportunities for improving publicpatient outcomes? (3) Patients born in non-English speaking countries have lower odds of localised disease [adjusted OR, 0.88 (0.79, 0.99)]. – Question: Could this difference be decreased by reducing cultural and language barriers? (4) Cancers of pulmonary lobes rather than the main bronchus pose lower risks of LC death. Question: Could outcomes for main bronchus cancers be improved by up-skilling or referral to higher-volume centres? (5) Greater extent of disease is strongly predictive of case fatality – Question: Could LC deaths be reduced by earlier treatment? (6) Use of lobectomies varies – Question: Could survival be increased through greater use of lobectomies for localised NSCLC? Conclusions: Linked cancer registry and hospital data can increase system-wide understanding of local health-service delivery and prompt discussion points on how to improve outcomes. Abbreviations: APDC – Australian Patient Data Collection; CHeReL – Centre for Health Record Linkage; EOD – Extent of Disease; LC – Lung Cancer; NSCLC – Non-Small Cell Cancers; NSWCR – New South Wales Cancer Registry; OR – Relative Odds; SEIFA – Socio-Economic Index for Areas; SES – Socio- Economic Status.

Fatal and non-fatal drowning is a significant public health issue, which disproportionately impacts children and young people. In Australia, the highest fatal and non-fatal drowning rates occur in children under five years of age. To date, little qualitative research has been conducted on non-fatal drowning, with causal factor analysis generally conducted using coronial and hospital data. This study’s aim was to identify causal factors in hospital treated cases of non-fatal drowning in children as qualitatively self-reported by parents and caregivers. Cases of unintentional child (0–16 years) non-fatal drowning admissions and Emergency Department presentations to three tertiary care paediatric hospitals in New South Wales, Australia were identified via International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding. Parents and caregivers of drowning patients were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview. Data were thematically coded using an inductive approach, with a focus on causal factors and recommendations for preventive approaches. Of 169 incidents, 86 parents/caregivers were interviewed. Children hospitalised for drowning were more often male (59.3%), aged 0–4 years (79.1%) and 30.2% were from household who spoke a language other than English. Qualitative incident descriptions were coded to five themes: lapse of supervision, unintended access (commonly in home swimming pools), brief immersion (usually young children bathing), falls into water and ongoing impacts. Drowning prevention recommendations were grouped under supervision, pool barriers and maintenance, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training and emergency response, drowning is quick and silent, and learning swimming. Parents and caregivers of young children require ongoing education regarding supervision distractions and pool barrier compliance. Additional challenges are faced by those in rental properties with pools, parents/caregivers who cannot swim, and parents/caregivers from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Affordable, accessible, and culturally appropriate swimming lessons, water safety education and CPR training should be made more available for adult caregivers, particularly in languages other than English.

Active Kids is a government-led, universal voucher program that aims to reduce the cost of participation in structured physical activity for all school-enrolled children in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. As part of the Active Kids program evaluation, this cross-sectional study examined the Active Kids’ program’s reach to children in NSW and their physical activity behaviors, before voucher use. Demographic registration data from all children (4.5–18 years old) who registered for an Active Kids voucher in 2018 (n = 671,375) were compared with Census data. Binary and multinomial regression models assessed which correlates were associated with meeting physical activity guidelines and participation in the sessions of structured physical activity. The Active Kids program attracted more than half (53%) of all eligible children in NSW. Children who spoke a primary language other than English at home, were aged 15–18 years old, lived in the most disadvantaged areas, and girls, were less likely to register. Of the registered children, 70% had attended structured physical activity sessions at least once a week during the previous 12 months, whilst 19% achieved physical activity guidelines. Active Kids achieved substantial population reach and has the potential to improve children’s physical activity behaviors.

Background Overseas-born people who are ineligible for government-subsidised health care experience barriers to accessing HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in Australia. This study aimed to assess a program providing free PrEP to overseas-born adults at risk of acquiring HIV. Methods Medicare-Ineligible Expanded Implementation in Communities (MI-EPIC) was a single-arm, open-label trial of daily tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine as PrEP. Six clinics recruited Medicare-ineligible adults who met HIV risk criteria in New South Wales, Australia. We recorded data on HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnoses, and PrEP dispensing from July 2019 to June 2020. PrEP adherence as a medication possession ratio (MPR) was calculated as pills dispensed divided by days. We administered an optional survey on behaviours and attitudes to PrEP and sexual health. Results The 221 participants (206 men; 93.2%) had a median age of 29 years (IQR 26–34). Participants were mostly born in Asia (53.4%), Latin America or the Caribbean (25.3%), or Europe (10.9%). Adherence was high; 190 participants (86.0%) had an MPR of >60%. Of 121 survey participants, 42 (34.7%) completed the survey in a language other than English. Of participants who had not used PrEP in the 6 months before enrolment (n = 45, 37.2%), the most common reasons were cost (n = 22, 48.9%), and lack of knowledge about accessing PrEP (n = 20, 44.4%). Conclusions Medicare-ineligible people at risk of HIV demonstrate high adherence when given access to free PrEP and translated information. Increasing PrEP awareness and reducing barriers to accessing PrEP in this high-risk population should be priorities in HIV prevention.

Worldwide, there is an increased reliance on COVID-19-related health messages to curb the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, it is vital to provide a well-prepared and authentic translation of English-language messages to reach culturally and linguistically diverse audiences. However, few studies, if any, focus on how non-English-speaking readers receive and linguistically accept the lexical choices in the messages translated into their language. The present study tested a sample of translated Arabic COVID-19-related texts that were obtained from the World Health Organization and Australian New South Wales Health websites. This study investigated to that extent Arabic readers would receive translated COVID-19 health messages and whether the translation would affect their preparedness to easily accept and their ability to fully comprehend the messages in terms of the used lexical items. The survey-based research also explored the translation process and methods that would best ensure the messages would reach the target audience with the least loss of meaning. The study concluded that some acceptability issues and comprehensibility failure were detected in the available translated versions as a result of improper word selection, which could be attributed to adopting a literal translation method and uncommon collocations of certain medical terminologies. Therefore, this study recommends that effective translation of COVID-19-related health messages will be achieved by adopting a two-tier translation process, preferably involving a medical specialised translator.

AbstractObjectiveTo understand the clinical and psychosocial journey of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) palliative care patients.MethodThis study was conducted at a subacute hospital with a specialist palliative care unit and a community palliative care service in a metropolitan region of New South Wales, Australia. Medical records of 100 deceased patients from CALD backgrounds over a 12-month period from 2014 to 2015 were recorded on a data mining tool. The cohort had transitioned to either community or inpatient palliative care services with a life-limiting illness. We used descriptive statistical analyses to identify the patients’ end-of-life journeys in the physical, psychological, spiritual, and social palliative care domains. Staff case notes were used to enrich the quantitative data.ResultThe most common symptoms burdening the patients were decreased mobility (82%), pain (76%), and poor appetite (60%). The majority of patients (87%) were diagnosed with cancer. Language was a major barrier to the assessment and management of symptoms. The vast majority of patients were born in Europe and Asia. Twenty-nine percent of the patients preferred to use English. However, among patients who required an interpreter on admission, only 9% used professional interpreters. Family distress around patients’ lack of food consumption was prominent, along with provider concern when this led to families “force feeding” patients. Only 5% of files documented patients’, and 21% of files documented families’, cultural wishes or needs. Care of the body after death was only documented in 20% of files.Significance of resultsThe increasing cohort of older people from CALD backgrounds will have significant implications for the planning and delivery of palliative care services. There is an emerging need to address the physical, psychological, spiritual, and social palliative care domains in the end-of-life journeys of patients from CALD backgrounds to ensure the provision of quality care.

A different name than English literature, ‘Anglo-Indian Literature’, was given to the body of literature in English that emerged on account of the British interaction with India unlike the case with their interaction with America or Australia or New Zealand. Even the Indians’ contributions (translations as well as creative pieces in English) were classed under the caption ‘Anglo-Indian’ initially but later a different name, ‘Indo-Anglian’, was conceived for the growing variety and volume of writings in English by the Indians. However, unlike the former the latter has not found a favour with the compilers of English dictionaries. With the passage of time the fine line of demarcation drawn on the basis of subject matter and author’s point of view has disappeared and currently even Anglo-Indians’ writings are classed as ‘Indo-Anglian’. Besides contemplating on various connotations of the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ the article discusses the related issues such as: the etymology of the term, fixing the name of its coiner and the date of its first use. In contrast to the opinions of the historians and critics like K R S Iyengar, G P Sarma, M K Naik, Daniela Rogobete, Sachidananda Mohanty, Dilip Chatterjee and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak it has been brought to light that the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ was first used in 1880 by James Payn to refer to the Indians’ writings in English rather pejoratively. However, Iyengar used it in a positive sense though he himself gave it up soon. The reasons for the wide acceptance of the term, sometimes also for the authors of the sub-continent, by the members of academia all over the world, despite its rejection by Sahitya Akademi (the national body of letters in India), have also been contemplated on. References Alphonso-Karkala, John B. (1970). 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Objective: There are no empirically validated measures of psychopathology that can be easily understood by signing deaf children and little reliable data on the prevalence of psychiatric disturbance in this population. The aim was to meet this need by developing an Australian Sign Language (Auslan) version of a widely used measure (the Youth Self-Report; YSR) which could be administered in an interactive CD-ROM format, to assess its reliability, and to compare the prevalence of clinically significant psychopathology in deaf adolescents when using the Auslan questionnaire versus the standard written version. This would also allow examining the validity of written questionnaires in this population. Method: Twenty-nine male and 25 female adolescents with severe or profound hearing loss from public and private schools in the Australian States of Tasmania (n = 11) and New South Wales (n = 43) agreed to participate and completed the written and the interactive Auslan versions of the YSR. Parallel forms were completed by parents (Child Behaviour Checklist) and teachers (Teacher's Report Form). Results: The Auslan version showed comparable reliability to that reported for the standard YSR: internal consistency (α) ranging from 0.77 to 0.97 and test–retest agreement (r) from 0.49 to 0.78. The interactive Auslan version yielded a prevalence of clinically significant emotional and behavioural problems in deaf adolescents of 42.6% compared with 21.4% when using the standard English version. Prevalence for the wider Australian adolescent population (18.9%) was similar to that obtained among deaf adolescents when using the standard YSR (21.4%). However, it was higher among deaf adolescents (42.6%) when using the Auslan version (OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.83–5.58). According to the Auslan version, the syndromes Withdrawn/Depressed (OR = 6.5, 95% CI = 2.96–14.25), Somatic Complaints (OR = 4.8, 95% CI = 2.53–9.22), Social Problems (OR = 8.3, 95% CI = 4.16–16.47) and Thought Problems (OR = 5.7, 95% CI = 2.50–12.80) were much more prevalent among deaf adolescents than in the wider adolescent population, while Attention Problems (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.39–3.17) and Rule-Breaking Behaviour (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 0.73–3.17) were not. Conclusions: An interactive Auslan version of the YSR is reliable, better accepted and yields higher rates of disturbance than the standard written questionnaire. Clinicians should be aware that using written instruments to assess psychopathology in deaf adolescents may produce invalid results or may underestimate the level of disturbance, particularly emotional problems.

This study examines the experiences of adult new speakers of Welsh in Wales, UK with learning pronunciation in Welsh. Questionnaire data were collected from 115 adult L2 speakers with English as an L1 located in South Wales. We investigated self-reported perceptions of accent and pronunciation as well as exploring which speech sounds were reported to be challenging for the participants. We also asked participants how traditional native speakers responded to them in the community. Perceptions of own accent and pronunciation were not rated highly for the participants. We found that speaker origin affected responses to perceptions of accent and pronunciation, as well as speaker learning level. In terms of speech sounds that are challenging, the results show that vowel length as well as the consonants absent in the L1 (English) were the most common issues reported. A range of responses from traditional native speakers were reported, including speaking more slowly, switching to English, correcting pronunciation or not responding at all. It is suggested that these results indicate that adult new speakers of Welsh face challenges with accent and pronunciation, and we discuss the implications of this for language teaching and for integration into the community.

Changes in the political climate in the home country have resulted in the emigration of South Africans to English speaking countries such as Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Despite the scale of movement of the South African population, language maintenance in these diasporic contexts has received little consideration. This paper presents a description of an Australian Afrikaans-speaking community in the small Queensland city of Toowoomba. The study shows a high degree of bilingualism amongst the first generation Afrikaans community but also shows incipient signs of language shift within the home and a weak connection between language and identity.

PAM PETERS of Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia, provides the first part of a two-part general concluding review of the Langscape Project, a major contribution to the creation of her prospective world English style guide (to be published by Cambridge University Press)

Pam Peters of Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia, provides the second part of a two-part concluding review of a project which is an important contribution to the creation of her prospective international English style guide (to be published by Cambridge University Press).

Sleeping languages, afew remarks on the linguistic situation of Aboriginal people in Australia through the specific case of Gamilaraay, an Aboriginal language of New South WalesThe main aim of this article is to investigate revival linguistics, anew branch of linguistics as yet little known in Poland, through the specific case of the recent revival of Gamilaraay, an Aboriginal language of New South Wales, Australia. After discussing the classification of the world’s languages according to their vitality, the author presents the language situation in Australia and offers adefinition of revival linguistics, justifying its relevance to the revitalization of Aboriginal languages, including some that have been extinct for up to two hundred years.

In 1852, the naturalist and writer Louisa Meredith observed in her book My Home in Tasmania: “I know of no place where greater order and decorum is observed by the motley crowds assembled on any public occasion than in this most shamefully slandered country: not even in an English country village can a lady walk alone with less fear of harm or insult than in this capital of Van Diemen's Land, commonly believed at home to be a pest-house, where every crime that can disgrace and degrade humanity stalks abroad with unblushing front.”Meredith's paean to life in the notorious Australian penal colony of Hobart was in stark contrast to her earlier, highly unfavourable account of colonial Sydney. It papered over the years of personal hardship she had endured in Australia, as well as avoiding mention of the racial warfare against Tasmania's Aborigines that had afforded her such a genteel European existence.Such intra-Australian complexities, however, were lost when Meredith's account was superimposed onto German debates about the desirability of penal colonies for Germany. Instead, Meredith's portrait of a cultivated city emerging from the most notorious penal colony in Australia was presented as proof that the deportation of criminals was an important dimension of the civilising mission of Europe in the extra-European world. It was also presented as a vindication of those in Germany who wished to rid Germany of its lumpen criminal class through deportation. The exact paragraph of Meredith's account cited above was quoted in German debates on deportation for almost half a century; first in 1859 by the jurist Franz von Holtzendorff, and thereafter by Friedrich Freund when advocating the establishment of a penal colony in the Preußische Jahrbücher in September 1895.

Over the last 25 years (1990–2015), the number of adoptions of children (and young persons) in Australia declined from 1,142 to 292 (25.5 %). Of the 292 adoptions that took place in 2014–15, 83 (28%) were inter country adoptions, with the remaining 209 (72 %) adoptions of Australian children. Very few of the adoptions of Australian children were in New South Wales. In amendments in 2014 to the New South Wales Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 and the Adoptions Act 2000, a new emphasis on ‘open’ adoption was introduced. The focus of these amendments is on adoption of children who are in foster care where the New South Wales Children's Court has ruled that there is no realistic possibility of restoration of the child to parental care. This article is about the implementation of this new legislative emphasis on adoption. It does not examine the benefit or otherwise of adoption for children who cannot be safely restored to parental care as this issue has been extensively canvassed elsewhere. This article also highlights the US and English experience of adoption from care in order to place the New South Wales development in perspective. The article concludes with discussion of the issues adoption raises for the parents of a child who is being considered for adoption from care.

Since 2004, witness intermediaries have been utilised across the justice system in England and Wales. Two witness intermediary schemes based on the English model have also been introduced in Northern Ireland (2013), and more recently, in New South Wales, Australia (2016). The purpose of the intermediary in these jurisdictions is to facilitate the questioning of vulnerable witnesses, but there are clear differences in the application of the role. This paper presents the first comparative review of the three related intermediary models, and highlights the pressing need for further research into the efficacy and development of the role in practice.

Italy is celebrated for its outstanding patrimony in art and architecture. Less known are its equally rich libraries and archives. English researchers are sometimes daunted by the perceived barriers of language, cataloguing and access when they contemplate exploring these collections, scattered throughout the country in state, academic and ecclesiastical institutions. Steven Miller, acting Head Librarian of Sydney’s Art Gallery of New South Wales, shares his experience of using a wide range of Italian libraries and archives over the last ten years.

Over the last fifty years, the number of wineries in the English-speaking world has rapidly grown and with it the number of wines available has also increased. We are referring particularly to Canada, the United States, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. With the increase in the number of wineries and wines has come an attempt by wineries to differentiate themselves by their names and the names of their wines. We discover that the names chosen mainly rely on regional history and culture as well as on humour. We take the Niagara region in Ontario, Canada, as our main example for systematic analysis, and then make reference to other English-speaking wine-producing regions in Canada (British Columbia), Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the west coast of the United States (California, Washington State and Oregon).

Both interpretation and rectification continue to pose problems. Difficulties are compounded by blurring the boundary between the two. In Simic v New South Wales Land and Housing Corporation [2016] HCA 47, the High Court of Australia overturned the decisions of the lower courts which had held that performance bonds could be interpreted in a “loose” manner in order to correct a mistake. However, the documents could be rectified in order to reflect the actual intentions of the parties. This decision should be welcomed: the mistake was more appropriately corrected through the equitable jurisdiction than at common law. Significantly, the concurring judgments of French C.J. and Kiefel J. highlight that the law of rectification now seems to be different in Australia from the law in England. It is to be hoped that the English approach will soon be revisited (see further P. Davies, “Rectification versus Interpretation” [2016] C.L.J. 62).

This article reviews recent doctoral research in Australian universities in the area of language teaching and learning. Doctoral work in three main areas of research concentration is described: language teaching, language learning, and writing. The authors whose studies are reviewed are graduates of the Australian National University, Griffith University, Macquarie University, the University of Technology, Sydney, the University of Sydney, the University of New South Wales, the University of Melbourne, Monash University, La Trobe University, Deakin University and Murdoch University.

Purpose Schools today have to prepare students for life and work in a fast-changing world, for jobs and for using technologies some of which have not yet been created. But the schools and school systems are not keeping up and all too often, teachers are not developing the practices and skills required to meet today’s learners’ diverse needs. Changes indicate a greater imperative but also some cautions. This review is part of the attempt to work towards a common understanding of schools as learning organisations (SLOs) today which is both solidly founded in the literature and recognisable currently by researchers, practitioners and policy makers in many countries. But this is not just a theoretical exercise. If it is to be truly relevant and have the necessary impact, the concept also needs to support those who are interested in transforming or further developing their school(s) into learning organisations (LO) at this point in time. In this paper, the authors first summarise different perspectives on the concept of the LO as used more generally across disciplines. Next, the authors describe the methodology for exploring the SLO and discuss definitional issues, before presenting a summary of the integrated model with accompanying rationale, Finally the authors discuss plans to bring the model to life, with associated issues for researchers, educators and policy makers. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The search for this literature in the English language was carried out through: focussed searches of nine electronic databases – ERIC, SAGE, Google Scholar, Taylor & Francis, Emerald, JSTOR, SpringerLink, Google, Science Direct – using the search terms “SLO” and “learning school”; and contacts with leading experts in this area of work which led to identification of additional literature. The first approach led to selection of 25 most frequently found publications on the SLO and/or learning school. Through the second approach, the authors used an additional seven publications to further enrich the analysis. The interdisciplinary review was extended to include investigation of related organisational change, learning, school improvement and effectiveness literatures. Findings The starting hypothesis is that the seven action-oriented dimensions of the model together add up to a sustainable LO; that is, successfully realising all seven dimensions is greater than the sum of the parts. But, it is not clear how the individual dimensions relate to each other, and whether some are more important than others. Elements within dimensions are also likely to vary across country contexts. Over the next few years the authors will explore and amend the model, together with practitioners, policy makers and researchers from around the globe. Practical implications Despite differences in interpretation, common features emerge. First, there is general agreement that the SLO is a necessity for dealing with the rapidly changing external environment by any school organisation, regardless of context. This is exemplified by application of the concept in many countries including, for example, Australia, Canada, England and Wales, Iran, Israel, Korea, Malaysia, South-Africa and the USA. Second, the SLO is defined as “organic” and closely connected to its external environment. Third, the SLO literature strongly emphasises the importance of individual, group and organisational learning with inquiry, problem solving and experimentation as key drivers of change and innovation. Last, the literature highlights the importance of beliefs, values and norms of employees for continuous and collaborative learning, and processes, strategies and structures to create the conditions for such learning, experimentation and innovation to flourish. The review led to the design of a new action-oriented model. In its current form, the model is intended to offer a stimulus and provide practical guidance on how schools might support and use learning at all levels to improve and transform themselves into a LO and ultimately enhance outcomes. The language is deliberately action-oriented, and elements highlight both what a school aspires to and the processes it goes through in its journey of developing itself as a LO. Originality/value While the concept of a school LO is not new, at a time of constant and complex change, this multi-disciplinary international literature review has given it a new lease of life: drawing on previous studies, but connecting these to a wider relevant knowledge base and the current context. It offers a way forward while arguing that deeper understanding is needed on how schools can develop as LOs. It is now informing the OECD’s work on SLOs with policy makers and practitioners in different countries and the findings are being used to help assess impact at a range of levels.

Offering differentiated courses to cater for a wide range of ability can lead to "dumbing down" when brighter students choose easier courses, which they can handle well without undue effort. This occurred when differentiated English courses were introduced in the senior secondary certificate in the state of New South Wales (NSW) in Australia. To avoid this trend continuing, new differentiated courses reported on a common scale were developed. At the same time a new preparatory course was provided to support weaker students to achieve the minimal standard in English. The resulting reform has led to stronger outcomes in English and increasing numbers of students taking more demanding courses. Defining clear standards on a common scale has led to better achievement for all students without having an adverse effect on participation in the senior secondary certificate.

In addition to the major English varieties spoken in New Zealand, Australia and South Africa, the dialect of the Falkland Islands is one of the few native-speaker Englishes in the southern hemisphere. The Falkland variety is relatively unknown in the rest of the English-speaking world and when heard it is often wrongly identified as one of the other southern hemisphere varieties. This article considers whether the Falkland variety is linguistically typical of southern hemisphere Englishes. A description of Falkland Islands English is given, based on a large corpus of conversational data, and direct comparisons are drawn between the Falkland dialect and the three main southern hemisphere varieties. Although many similarities between these Englishes do exist, the Falkland dialect is shown to diverge for several of the diagnostic southern hemisphere variables. Explanations for this are suggested, using the notions of identity and default.