Journal articles on the topic 'English language Gerund'
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Ojea López, Ana Isabel. "Propositional Gerunds in English and Spanish." Journal of English Studies 9 (May 29, 2011): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.170.
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This paper offers a characterization of Propositional Gerunds in English and Spanish that hinges on the different feature specification of the gerund morpheme in each language. I first propose an analysis of the construction in English as a defective clausal structure (AspP or TP), which can optionally project a [+N] feature in a GerP. Then I justify the same syntactic analysis for Spanish, but in this case the adverbial source of the V-ndo head prevents the projection of this nominal feature. My proposal is that most of the peculiarities of Propositional Gerunds in both languages actually follow from their defective structure and from the feature specification forced by the gerund suffix in each case. Along these lines I contrastively account for the syntactic positions in which a Propositional Gerund may appear, and also for its main structural characteristics, as the morphological Case of its subject or the (im)possibility of temporal/aspectual modification in the construction.
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DE SMET, HENDRIK. "Functional motivations in the development of nominal and verbal gerunds in Middle and Early Modern English." English Language and Linguistics 12, no. 1 (March 2008): 55–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136067430700250x.
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This article examines the use of three gerund constructions in Middle and Early Modern English on the basis of corpus data covering the period 1250–1640. The constructions examined are verbal gerunds (eating the apple), bare nominal gerunds (eating of the apple), and definite nominal gerunds (the eating of the apple). It is argued that the success of verbal gerunds in the history of English can only be understood against the background of the interaction with their nominal counterparts. An analysis is offered of how the system of gerund constructions is functionally organised, comparing discourse-functional behaviour, distribution, and internal syntax across the three gerund types. It is shown that verbal gerunds closely resemble bare nominal gerunds in terms of discourse-functional behaviour and distribution, but are syntactically more flexible. As a result, verbal gerunds could replace bare nominal gerunds, copying their function but adding syntactic flexibility. By contrast, definite nominal gerunds, being functionally distinct from the other two types, developed a number of specialised uses, which ensured their survival. These conclusions throw light on issues of functional motivation in the development of the English gerund. Historical change is seen to be grounded in synchronic functional organisation. At the same time, it is shown that the only existing explanation for the rise of verbal gerunds (attributing their success to their ability to combine with prepositions) can only be partly correct.
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Maekelberghe, Charlotte. "The English gerund revisited." Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 15, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 205–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2016-0054.
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AbstractThis paper re-examines the semantics of Present-day English gerunds by analyzing their collocational preferences. While traditional approaches suggest that a semantic opposition between ‘actions’ and ‘facts’ determines the meaning as well as the distributional preferences of nominal (the signing of the contract) and verbal (signing the contract) gerunds, these claims have not been supported by quantitative evidence. At the same time, more recent studies which quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the meaning of gerunds from a referential perspective lack a distributional dimension. This study presents a semantic typology of the nouns and verbs that are attracted to nominal and verbal gerunds in noun and verb complementation structures by means of a distinctive collexeme analysis which has been applied to contextual collexemes. The analysis shows that, while nominal and verbal gerunds occur in clearly distinctive contexts, this distinction does not appear to be based on an action-fact dichotomy, but is rather determined by the more abstract features of conceptual (in)dependence and temporal flexibility. Finally, it is shown how these abstract semantic profiles can be filled in more concretely by specific contextual slots, thus arriving at a more fine-grained and dynamic perspective on the semantics of English gerunds.
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Raflis, Raflis, and Arozato Lase. "An Analysis of The English Gerund as Subject, Direct Object, Subject Complemet, and Object of Preposition." Jurnal Ilmiah Langue and Parole 1, no. 2 (September 18, 2018): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36057/jilp.v1i2.161.
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The problem in this journal is gerund, verbal ending -ing and serves as a noun. Gerund differs from grammar construction in English because it is able to convert a verb into a noun by adding -ing at the end of the verb. At the same time, there is also a continuous tense form that adds -ing at the end of the verb. For students who start learning English will be confused with the form -ing that can be a noun and also a verb in the same sentence.
The method used is the method of distribution, the method of data analysis into object analysis is part of the language itself. Objects in the distribution method are always part or element of the language being observed. In analyzing the data, the authors use qualitative methods. Qualitative research is a type of social science research that collects and works with non-numerical data and which seeks to interpret the meaning of the data being analyzed. In this study, researchers used descriptive design with the aim to analyze gerund as subject, direct object, complement of subject, and object of preposition at Tempo magazine in 2015.
The author finds gerund formulation as follows: Gerund as Subject (Main + Main Verb + Complement), gerund as Direct Object (Subject + Main Verb + Gerund), gerund as Subject Complement (Subject + to be + Gerund), and gerund as Object of Preposition (Subject + Primary Keyword + Preposition + Gerund). The study found that Tempo magazine used gerund in magazines with higher gerund percentages as the preposition object. There are 8 gerunds as the subject, 5 gerund as a direct object, 6 gerund as complementary subject, and 23 gerund as the preposition object.
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Jin, Yan, and Mingtuo Yang. "A Study of Three Variants of Gerund Construction from the Contrastive Perspective of Social and Natural Academic Abstracts on Construction Grammar Theory." Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 43, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjal-2020-0014.
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Abstract English gerund construction is a system composed of 3 variants, including “Gerund + ø”, “Gerund + of + NP”, and “Gerund + NP”. The noun and verb attributes of the 3 variants are recursive, and in theory their frequencies vary regularly in different styles. An abstract is placed before the beginning of an academic papers, which has the basic characteristics of conciseness and generalization, and has special requirements for the use of gerunds. The purpose of this study was to empirically explore the system of gerund construction in abstracts of natural science and social science papers, and to specifically explore the inherent characteristics of noun and verb properties of the 3 variants. For this purpose, two corpora were constructed, one is about abstracts of natural science papers, and the other is about abstracts of social science papers. Finally, the results of chi-square test showed that there was no significant difference in the frequencies of the 3 variants in the abstracts of natural science and social science papers, and the two corpora can be studied as a whole. In the combined corpus, there were significant differences in the frequencies of the 3 gerund variants. The frequencies of these 3 variants and their gerund properties showed a recursive change.
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Rohdenburg, Günter. "Rivalling Noun-Dependent Complements in Modern English: that‑Clauses and ‘Complex’ Gerunds." Anglia 137, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 217–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2019-0023.
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Abstract This corpus‑based paper explores the history and present status of the contrast between noun‑dependent that‑clauses and ‘complex’ gerunds containing their own subjects. With seven of the fifteen nouns under scrutiny, the emergence of the that‑clause either follows that of the gerund or the two complement types emerge at about the same time. This suggests that we will have to qualify the general assumption that since the eighteenth century English has promoted non‑finite subordinate clauses at the expense of finite ones. More crucially, with by far most of the nouns investigated, the that‑clause has gained much further ground over the last few centuries, with American English spearheading this development since the early nineteenth century. In line with the Complexity Principle, the grammatical environments favouring the more explicit that‑clause over the complex gerund include subject complexity and different types of structural discontinuity. Intriguingly, however, the easy‑to‑process there‑clause containing the nouns in question is also found to favour the that‑clause at the expense of the complex gerund.
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Fonteyn, Lauren, and Charlotte Maekelberghe. "Competing motivations in the diachronic nominalization of English gerunds." Diachronica 35, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 487–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.17015.fon.
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Abstract The present study is an in-depth, corpus-based analysis of the rise and institutionalization of the indefinite nominal gerund in Late Modern English, considering the observed developments in light of their interactions with functionally related constructions. Based on historical data taken from the Corpus of Late Modern English Texts (version 3.1), we argue that the rise of indefinite nominal gerunds constitutes an instance of diachronic nominalization, in which the nominal gerund over time gradually comes to exploit a fuller range of paradigmatic properties associated with the nominal class. At the same time, this study investigates the potential influence of isomorphism on the observed developments. While the results do support the frequently investigated claim that language systems have a (weak) preference for a one-form-one-meaning organization in later stages of their development, the initial emergence of indefinite nominal gerunds can more accurately be explained by allowing system pressure as an enabling force of linguistic innovation. The picture presented in this study serves as evidence that the long-term development of linguistic constructions can be the result of competing – even maximally opposite – forces.
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Fanego, Teresa. "Developments in argument linking in early Modern English gerund phrases." English Language and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (May 1998): 87–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674300000708.
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This paper discusses the internal structure of eModE gerund phrases, with special reference to the verbalization of subjects and objects in the course of the period. It is shown that the gerund's acquisition of common case subjects (‘Johnlooking at me’) and of direct objects (‘by seeingJane’) correlates with style, the new verbalized complements being recorded first in the more oral and informal registers. Attention is also paid to the influence of absolute participles on the replacement of PossPs (‘John'slooking at me’) by NPs as subject arguments, and to the diffusion of direct objects across the various classes of gerunds. The mixed nomino-verbal properties exhibited by many gerundive nominals by the late seventeenth century are considered in detail, and an analysis is proposed which interprets them as determiner phrases (DPs) where the head D can select various categories of complements. Alongside this phrasal type of gerund, it is argued that a clausal one with fully verbal features must also be recognized as part of the grammar of eModE.
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Donner, Morton. "The gerund in middle English." English Studies 67, no. 5 (October 1986): 394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138388608598465.
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Dienhart, John M., and Leif Kvistgaard Jakobsen. "On Clauses, Syntagms, and the English Gerund." Journal of English Linguistics 18, no. 2 (October 1985): 127–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/007542428501800203.
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Ghivirigă, Teodora. "The gerund challenge." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 65, no. 6 (December 31, 2019): 817–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00125.ghi.
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Abstract A cursory overview of how the ‑ing forms of a small sample of verbs (see, take, do) are translated in various types of European documents as presented on Linguee (http://www.linguee.com/) indicates a surprising variety of possible equivalents in Romanian: infinitive and nominalized infinitive, conjunctive (preceded by marker să), verbs in the various tenses of the indicative, nominal groups, gerunziu ‑ind/ ‑ând forms etc. Translators often have to compensate for the fact that both English participles and gerunds are potentially ambiguous without complements. Translating any ‑ing forms often involves obligatory or optional grammatical transformations. The present paper proposes the creation of a (preliminary) inventory of interlinguistic correspondences of gerund forms and their equivalents in Romanian based on real corpus (reports of the parliamentary committees) to point out the various translational options, evaluate them quantitatively (the most/least frequently used solutions) and to reveal potential difficulties arising from such an array of options.
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Gómez Castejón, María Ángeles. "Contrastive analysis and translation study from a corpus linguistics perspective." International Journal of English Studies 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes/2012/2/161781.
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Previous contrastive studies between the English gerund and its Spanish counterparts present serious limitations in the analysis of these constructions. The main objection is the absence of a cognitive approach. In addition, the traditional characterization of the English gerund seems to be inappropriate to determine its nature. We propose that in order to carry out a contrastive analysis of these constructions, it is absolutely necessary to include a cognitive approach. This approach establishes a valid characterization of the English gerund as well as the relationship between this category and its Spanish counterparts. We also include a translation study. The translation study is not limited to the establishment of equivalence relations between the source and target languages, but it also provides translations techniques observed in the translation product. On the whole, parallel corpora and translated texts prove to be extremely useful for both our contrastive analysis and translation study.
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Dobroradnykh, Tat'yana Anatol'evna. "ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE HISTORY: ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GERUND." Philological Sciences. Issues of Theory and Practice, no. 8-2 (August 2018): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2018-8-2.24.
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Tilana, Palentja Etta, Wisma Yunita, and Zahrida . "Students’ English Structure and Written Competence." Journal of English Education and Teaching 3, no. 2 (August 23, 2019): 180–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/jeet.3.2.180-194.
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This research aims to investigate the students’ English competence, the highest percentage of students’ mistake and their difficulties in responding to the TOEFL structure and written expression sections. All of the 6th semester students of the English Education Study Program of Universitas Bengkulu who had passed all structure courses were involved in this research. The data were collected through a TOEFL test and an interview. The results show that majority of the students’ English competence was poor. It also reveals that the most difficult topic in grammar section was redundancy. There were two factors that affected the students’ performance in redundancy, ambiguity and the interference of first language. In contrast, gerund and infinitives were the easiest topic in grammar section. Simple rules and the most common expression were contributed to the students’ performance in gerund and infinitives. In responding to structure and written expression section there were four factors that influenced students’ difficulties, poor understanding of grammar, less focus, lack of practice and limited vocabulary.
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Duffley, Patrick J. "Gerund versus Infinitive as Complement of Transitive Verbs in English." Journal of English Linguistics 28, no. 3 (September 2000): 221–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00754240022005018.
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Fanego, Teresa. "On reanalysis and actualization in syntactic change." Diachronica 21, no. 1 (July 30, 2004): 5–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.21.1.03fan.
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This paper examines the process whereby the English gerund, originally an abstract deverbal noun of action, was reinterpreted as part of the verb system and acquired verbal properties, such as the ability to govern a direct object (e.g., by writing a letter). The analysis of the data reveals that by Early Middle English some gerundial patterns had become structurally ambiguous and thus served as the basis for the reanalysis of a nominal category as a verbal one. The actualization (Timberlake 1977) of the innovated underlying structure at the observable level of language use is also discussed, as are the implications of the changes undergone by the gerund for current views of grammaticalization as the main mechanism of syntactic change.
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Jama, Itithaz. "Common Errors of Using Gerundial and Infinitival Forms in EFL Learners’ Writing." International Education Studies 15, no. 6 (November 28, 2022): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v15n6p127.
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This research focused on the common errors that EFL learners included in their writing. The frequent errors that the study focused on were at the micro level, specifically the structures that related to gerund and infinitive forms. The participants were selected from the English language department at one of the Saudi universities. They were undergraduates and passed the English Grammar 1 course in the program and were ready for the English Grammar 2 course. In this study, the participants passed through two phases. In the first phase, they wrote one paragraph individually in the midterm examination. In the following phase, they chose their group and wrote a paragraph during class time. In both phases, students received clear instruction including the topic, the grammatical rules, and the minimum number of sentences. The only difference was that students were allowed to discuss for ten minutes before writing their paragraphs in the second phase. To analyze the data, common errors were identified and classified from writing as groups and individual writing based on gerunds and infinitives. Then, the comparison between common errors was employed to understand learners’ written production when working individually and in groups. The results indicated that learners easily used infinitives better than gerunds. Learners also overused specific words to ensure that they used gerund and infinitive in the correct form. Finally, the same common errors were found and identified in their individual writing and as groups.
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Febriyanti, Rina Husnaini. "Student’s Ability and Factors to Use Gerund and To Infinitive Case Study: Indonesian EFL Learners in University Level." Scope : Journal of English Language Teaching 3, no. 2 (August 10, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/scope.v3i2.3334.
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<p>Mastering grammar seems very challenging for English foreign language learners. Learning grammar constructions that they do not find or have different system to their first language bring some consequences. One of them is on learning about gerund and to infinitive. The objectives of this study are to describe the ability on mastering gerund and infinitive form and to analyze the factors affecting them to learning its form. This study used descriptive method. The respondents of this research were the students who took English Structure subject on second year of Indraprasta PGRI University Jakarta. Moreover, the data was collected through the instruments, and they were test and questionnaire. The data was analyzed descriptively, and it was tabulated and calculated. Next, it was presented in percent form. After analyzing the data descriptively, the research result is the ability of the students on mastering the using of gerund is on very poor range that is 41.82% (23 out of 55), in other words, it can be said that more than half respondents were still in low understanding of gerund, in the same time, mastering the using to-infinitive form is on very poor range that is 36.36% (20 out of 55), or it can be said that the respondents were still low in understanding of to infinitive. The factors affecting them were being passive, lack of motivation, slow learning, less practice in doing exercises, poor of literature, and not learning from the mistakes. These findings may encourage the lecturer of English Structure to find out more ways to improve student’s ability especially on using gerund and to infinitive for Indonesian EFL Learners in<strong> </strong>University level.</p>
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Duffley, Patrick, and Maryse Arseneau. "Tense and control interpretations in gerund-participle and to-infinitive complement constructions with verbs of risk." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 57, no. 1 (March 2012): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000841310000219x.
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AbstractThis study investigates temporal and control interpretations with verbs of risk followed by non-finite complements in English. It addresses two questions: Why does the gerund-participle show variation in the temporal relation between the event it denotes and that of the main verb whereas the to-infinitive manifests a constant temporal relation? Why does the gerund-participle construction allow variation in control while the to-infinitive shows constant subject control readings? The study is based on a corpus of 1345 attested uses. The explanation is framed in a natural-language semantics involving the meanings of the gerund-participle, the infinitive, the preposition to, and the meaning-relation between the matrix and its complement. Temporal and control interpretations are shown to arise as implications grounded in the semantic content of what is linguistically expressed. It is argued that the capacity of a natural-language semantic approach to account for the data obviates the need to have recourse to purely syntactic operations to account for control.
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Rohdenburg, Günter. "The Replacement of Direct Objects and Directly Linked Gerunds by Prepositional ones after shirk, refrain and lack in Modern English, with Special Reference to Clause Negation." Anglia 138, no. 4 (November 11, 2020): 561–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2020-0049.
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AbstractIn most Eastern European languages, clause negation typically triggers the replacement of a “direct” case such as the accusative by a less direct one like the genitive. In English, the contrast is – with several verbs – partially paralleled by that between directly linked complements and their prepositional counterparts. This corpus-based paper explores the relevant behaviour of three verbs which possess an intrinsic negative semantics: shirk, refrain (in earlier stages of Modern English), and lack. It is found that negated clauses definitely promote a) prepositional objects with all three verbs and b) prepositional gerunds after shirk. In the case of refrain, the historical British database displays only a weak tendency for negated clauses to favour the increasingly common prepositional gerund. The prepositional variant turns out to be virtually absent from the passive of shirk, a fact assumed to be due to the general avoidance of preposition stranding in favour of available transitive structures. With lack, the rivalry between the two object variants is additionally constrained by two prosodic tendencies, the preference for phrasal upbeats and sentence end-weight. Throughout, American English displays a distinctly greater sensitivity to clause negation than British English.
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Espunya, Anna. "On the Semantics of the Spanish Progressive Sequence ir + gerund." Tense and Aspect 12 (December 31, 1998): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.12.03esp.
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Abstract. This paper focuses on progressive aspect. Definitions of the progressive in various formal semantics frameworks, concerned essentially with the English be + V-ing form, provide a picture of the progressive as a single aspectual notion, a sort of universal primitive. Languages such as Spanish and others in the Romance family that have two progressive forms, one built with the verb of motion ir 'to go*, challenge the notion of a unique progressive perspective. We examine the semantics of the linear progressive form ir + gerund and contrast it with estar + gerund, not only with respect to truth conditions but also with respect to the lexical and contexual aspects that make ir + gerund better suited to describe certain situations. We introduce the notion of perspective in loose analogy with Asher (1992) and argue that the linear progressive describes more adequately those perspectives that select the asymmetries in an event. This observation is accounted for by the asymmetry inherent in the linear progressive relation, since the period of time for which the progressive is true is a sequence T = {tj < tj < ... <tn} rather than an interval lacking subdivisions.
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Duffley, Patrick. "A natural-language semantics approach to infinitival and gerund-participial complementation in English." Anglophonia, no. 11 (22) (December 1, 2007): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/anglophonia.775.
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Sopukulova, Aikokul Abdyrakhmanovna. "HISTORY OF ORIGIN OF THE GERUND IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND ITS LINGUISTIC DEVELOPMENT." Вестник Международного Университета Кыргызстана, no. 3 (2022): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53473/16946324_2022_3_248.
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Dobroradnykh, T. A. "SYSTEMIC AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GERUND AS A POLYFUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 25, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2019-25-4-170-176.
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FONTEYN, LAUREN, and NIKKI VAN DE POL. "Divide and conquer: the formation and functional dynamics of the Modern English ing-clause network." English Language and Linguistics 20, no. 2 (October 14, 2015): 185–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674315000258.
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The present article offers a corpus-based analysis of the diachronic development of the usage profiles of three adverbial non-finite clauses in Modern English: the free adjunct, the verbal gerund and the absolute construction. By treating present-participial adverbial clauses and adverbial gerunds as part of a single adverbial ing-clause network, this article sheds new light on the different semantic and functional-pragmatic factors motivating the formal variation within the ing-clause network. By means of two mixed-model logistic regression analyses, we determine the relative impact of the independent variables of adverbial semantics, position, degree of coreference and length on the language user's choice in (i) whether or not to include augmentation (syndesis) and (ii) whether or not to include an overt subject in the adverbial ing-clause. The resulting picture is one of an emerging adverbial ing-clause network in which the internal variation is determined by principles of processing complexity.
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Whardani, Ayudya, and Margana Margana. "Interlanguage performed by students of English literature study program." LingTera 6, no. 1 (May 19, 2019): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/lt.v6i1.18867.
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The present study attempts to present the evidence of how learners of English as Second Language perform the target language by involving 20 participants from one of state universities in Yogyakarta. The participants are sitting in the first semester majoring English Literature. In investigating the target language performance this study used a writing assignment namely recount text in order to identify language development in relation to grammar acquisition comitted by the learners. Errors made by the learners tend to show interlanguage that the learners performance gains immediate status between native language and target language. The study found that the leaners explored 15 grammar aspects including past tense, modality, to + infinitive , gerund, make, passive voice ,sentence elements, prepositions, articles, collocations, singular and plural nouns, pronouns, relative pronouns, question word order and native language transfer. The approximate cause of the errors are overgeneralization , learning strategy and native transfer. Moreover, overgeneralization becomes the most frequent in making errors that is by consistently using past tense in dealing with verbs. Thus, it is suggested that the teacher is necessary to sharpen the material spesifically based on actual evidence of learners’ performance in order to accomodate what the learners need.
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Fanego, Teresa. "The Development of Gerunds as Objects of Subject-Control Verbs in English (1400-1760)." Diachronica 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 29–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.13.1.03fan.
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SUMMARY The article offers an analysis of the development of the gerund, as an alternative to the infinitive, with verbs of subject control, such as attempt, bear, decline, forbear, etc. In the course of the early Modern English period, and particularly during the first half of the 18th century, there is a steady increase in the use of the gerund with most of the verbs in question, and it is suggested that the ultimate reason behind this trend might be related to a parallel rise in the use of -ing forms in other areas of the grammar of English, and, more specifically, to the generalization of the progressive. The process of implementation of the move from infinitival to gerundive complementation is also examined: important factors promoting the diffusion of the gerund are the type of verb, the closeness of the text to an oral mode of expression and the syntactic and semantic environment. RÉSUMÉ Cet article analyse le developpement du gerondif en anglais, en concurrence avec l'infinitif, apres des verbes tels que attempt, bear, decline, for-bear, intend ou like. Au cours de la periode examinee (1400-1760), et en particulier pendant la premiere moitie du XVIIIe siecle, on assiste a une augmentation progressive dans l'emploi du gerondif avec ce type de verbe exprimant une sorte de controle. L'auteur propose qu'un tel accroissement aurait pu, en derniere analyse, se produire avec la generalisation des formes verbales en -ing dans d'autres domaines de la grammaire de l'anglais. Les facteurs qui favorisent la progression du gerondif sont surtout: le type de verbe, le style du texte et l'environnement syntaxique et/ou semantique. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Aufsatz untersucht die Entwicklung des Gerundiums im Englischen als Ersatzform zum Infinitiv nach Verben wie attempt, bear, decline, forbear, intend oder like. Im Laufe der untersuchten Zeitspanne (1400-1760), beson-ders wahrend der ersten Halfte des 18. Jahrhunderts, findet eine standige Zu-nahme des Gerundium-Gebrauchs bei besagten Verbklassen statt, und es liegt nahe, daß diese Zunahme letzten Endes mit der allgemeinen Verbreitung an-derer Verbformen auf -ing in anderen Bereichen der Grammatik des Englischen in Verbindung steht. Die Faktoren, die das Vordringen des Gerundiums begünstigen, sind hauptsachlich die Verbart, der Textstil (formal versus um-gangssprachlich) und das syntaktische und semantische Umfeld.
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Bolton, W. F. "Review of Tajima (1985): The Syntactic Development of the Gerund in Middle English." Diachronica 2, no. 2 (January 1, 1985): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.2.2.12bol.
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Taufik Hidayah Abdullah, Ahmad, Mohd Nazri Latiff Azmi, Isyaku Hassan, Engku Suhaimi Engku Atek, and Zailani Jusoh. "Investigation into Common Errors in English Writing among Non-Academic Staff at a Malaysian Public University." Arab World English Journal 12, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 446–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol12no4.29.
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The Malaysian government has long recognized the significance of mastering the English language among its citizenry. The government has planned, and subsequently, implemented many policies to ensure Malaysians master the English language. Although civil servants have a strong desire to master the English language to perform their duties more efficiently, poor English communication skills have become a major concern in this regard. Therefore, this research aims to investigate common errors in writing the English language among non-academic staff at Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), a public university in Malaysia. The study employed an Error Analysis approach by conducting document analysis where every respondent was required to write a paragraph in the English language in about 150-200 words on the topic“My greatest challenge as a UniSZA officer”. The findings revealed that a sizeable number of non-academic staff committed different types of errors in writing the English language, including errors related to subject-verb agreement, passive voice, plurality, choice of word, omission of word, use of article, tense sequence, word ordering, gerund, addition of word/redundancy, and comparison of adjective. It was observed that lack of linguistic skills, lack of exposure, and inadequate practices in written English were the main factors contributing to the English writing errors among the non-academic staff. These findings could help the university management to develop appropriate programs that can assist the non-academic staff to develop English writing competence. However, this study is limited to English writing errors. Further research may focus on other language skills such as speaking and listening.
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KILLIE, KRISTIN, and TORIL SWAN. "The grammaticalization and subjectification of adverbial -ing clauses (converb clauses) in English." English Language and Linguistics 13, no. 3 (October 19, 2009): 337–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674309990141.
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The present article discusses the development of adverbial -ing clauses, so-called ‘converb clauses’, in English. We argue that Middle English does not have a category of truly subordinate adverbial clauses in -ing, but that such clauses have developed on the basis of semi-coordinate -ing clauses denoting an accompanying circumstance or exemplification/specification. In the course of the Middle English period, such clauses began to be reinterpreted as clauses expressing adverbial relations such as time, condition, cause, purpose, etc. Another likely source of converb clauses is participial relative clauses. We see the development of converb clauses as an instance of grammaticalization, as it involves the development of a grammatical means of expressing a rhetorical function, viz. the ‘Nucleus-Satellite’ relation (Mathiessen & Thompson 1988). This grammaticalization process also involves subjectification, given that the source constructions are propositional, while time and cause clauses have textual and expressive functions/meanings. The grammaticalization process was probably also fed by other participial structures – notably the progressive and the gerund, which were being grammaticalized at the same time – and also nonclausal adverbial structures.
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Lemish, Nataliya Ye, Yuliia V. Kravtsova, and Tetiana S. Tolcheyeva. "ENGLISH PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS: STRUCTURE AND TYPES." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, no. 23 (July 17, 2022): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series9.2022.23.03.
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This paper deals with the typology of predicative constructions in the English language based on their structure. It provides a theoretical overview of the existing standpoints as for the above mentioned language phenomenon, specifying the structure of the English predicative constructions, and determining their types. Any predicative construction consists of two parts – nominal + verbal. Between the two parts of the predicative construction there is a secondary predicative relation, i.e. the relation similar to that as the subject and the predicate have. The predicative construction may be used only when there are two different doers of the actions in the sentence. As soon as there are three types of verbals in English (the Infinitive, the Gerund, and the Participle), it is only logical to identify infinitival, gerundial, and participial predicative constructions: there is no predicative construction without a verbal, and then the name of the construction indicates the type of the verbal used in it. As a result of the study eleven types of predicative constructions were defined, namely: two gerundial types (Gerundial and Half-Gerundial), three infinitival types (Objective Infinitive, Subjective Infinitive, and For-to-Infinitive), six participial types (Objective Participial, Subjective Participial, Nominative Absolute Participial, Prepositional Absolute Participial, and two purely absolute constructions where there is no explicit verbal constituent but it is implied and can be easily restored – Nominative Absolute (Participial) and Prepositional Absolute (Participial)). The paper is believed to be of practical use for future translators / interpreters and English-language teachers, for it gives both an overall idea of a predicative construction as of an English language economy means and syntactic functions of all predicative constructions in the sentence.
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LEE, SEUNG-AH. "Ing forms and the progressive puzzle: a construction-based approach to English progressives." Journal of Linguistics 43, no. 1 (February 27, 2007): 153–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226706004476.
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This paper argues for a constructional approach to English progressives. On this view, progressivity is a construction-level property, rather than a lexical property of the ing forms that progressive verb phrases contain or of the auxiliary. The incompatibility of ing forms with state verbs in progressive constructions provides crucial evidence in support of the construction-based perspective, given that stative ing forms are fully acceptable in gerundive and other ing constructions. Of course, underlying this approach is the proposal that gerund is neutralizable with present participle (Huddleston 1984, 2002b, c; Pullum 1991; Blevins 1994). A lexicalist and construction-based analysis of gerundive nominals, as in Pullum (1991) and Blevins (1994), offers a means of claiming that progressivity is a property of the combination of an auxiliary and ing participle, just as the perfect aspect is expressed by the combination of have and a past participle, as proposed in Ackerman & Webelhuth (1998) and Spencer (2001b), and implicitly in Curme (1935) and other traditional grammars.
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Gedik, Tan Arda. "Construction Grammar Meets Language Testing and Evaluation: Redefining & Ensuring Construct Validity." Journal of English Teaching and Learning Issues 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/jetli.v5i1.14228.
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<p>Theoretical linguistics and teaching are concurrent, that is, neither can exist without the other. In other words, decisions made in (foreign) language teaching will inevitably affect how language testing and evaluation as a concept is designed and administered. For example, if a curriculum states that the English as a foreign language teachers need to make a distinction between a gerund and an infinitive in the classroom and teach it as such, then, this distinction will be tested or evaluated in one way or another. In this article, language testing and evaluation (LTE), an important component in language teaching, is combined with construction grammar (henceforth CxG), a salient theory of language with ample evidence to support its claims. Specifically, this article discusses how construct validity, test items, and rubrics can be reimagined from the perspective of usage-based construction grammar. </p>
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García-Castro, Laura. "The Diachronic Evolution of the Complementation Profile of REMEMBER from Late Modern to Present-day British English." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 121, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 144–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51814/nm.101256.
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The emergence of gerund-participial complement clauses (CCs) is considered to be one of the major developments of the Great Complement Shift (Rohdenburg 1996: 2006) and has contributed to the alleged long-term trend for the growth of non-finite CCs in the English language (Denison 1999: 256). The verb remember saw its complementation profile altered by the introduction of gerundparticipial CCs, which entered into free competition with finite declarative CCs when the meaning of the verb is ‘recall’. This envelope of variation is studied here in terms of frequency distribution and the language-internal factors that influence the choice in Present-day British English (BrE). Results are compared to Cuyckens et al. (2014) findings for the Late Modern English period. The data show that the distribution of finite and non-finite CCs stabilised in the last century: the trend in English towards growth in the proportion of nonfinite CCs is not observed in this study. As for factors conditioning CC variation, non-structural factors (e.g. CC meaning) are key variables disfavouring non-finite CCs in Present-day BrE, while structural factors appear not to influence the choice today, unlike in Late Modern English, where both structural and non-structural factors conditioned the variation observed (Cuyckens et al. 2014).
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Morales, Oscar Alberto, Bexi Perdomo, Daniel Cassany, Rosa María Tovar, and Élix Izarra. "Linguistic structures and functions of thesis and dissertation titles in Dentistry." Lebende Sprachen 65, no. 1 (May 6, 2020): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/les-2020-0003.
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AbstractTitles play an important role in genre analysis. Cross-genre studies show that research paper and thesis titles have distinctive features. However, thesis and dissertation titles in the field of dentistry have thus far received little attention. Objective: To analyze the syntactic structures and their functions in English-language thesis and dissertation titles in dentistry. Methodology: We randomly chose 413 titles of English-language dentistry theses or dissertations presented at universities in 12 countries between January 2000 and June 2019. The resulting corpus of 5,540 running words was then analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, the two complementary focuses being grammatical structures and their functions. Results: The average title length was 13.4 words. Over half of the titles did not include any punctuation marks. For compound titles, we found that colons, dashes, commas, and question marks were used to separate the different components, colons being the most frequent. Four syntactic structures (nominal phrase, gerund phrase, full-sentence, and prepositional phrase) were identified for single-unit titles. Single-unit nominal phrase titles constituted the most frequent structure in the corpus, followed by compound titles. Four particular rhetorical combinations of compound title components were found to be present throughout the corpus. Conclusions: Titles of dentistry theses and dissertation in English echo the content of the text body and make an important contribution to fulfilling the text’s communicative purposes. Thus, teaching research students about the linguistic features of thesis titles would be beneficial to help them write effective titles and also facilitate assessment by teachers.
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KangMinJae. "The Effects of the Usage of a Native Language Based on Consciousness Raising on English Grammar Ability: Focused on Gerund." English21 28, no. 3 (September 2015): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.35771/engdoi.2015.28.3.009.
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Gries, Stefan Th, and Stefanie Wulff. "Psycholinguistic and corpus-linguistic evidence for L2 constructions." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 7 (November 16, 2009): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.7.07gri.
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In Construction Grammar, highly frequent syntactic configurations are assumed to be stored as symbolic units in the mental lexicon alongside words. Considering the example of gerund and infinitival complement constructions in English (She tried rocking the baby vs. She tried to rock the baby), this study combines corpus-linguistic and experimental evidence to investigate the question whether these patterns are also stored as constructions by German foreign language learners of English. In a corpus analysis based on 3,343 instances of the two constructions from the British component of the International Corpus of English, a distinctive collexeme analysis was computed to identify the verbs that distinguish best between the two constructions; these verbs were used as experimental stimuli in a sentence completion experiment and a sentence acceptability rating experiment. Two kinds of short-distance priming effects were investigated in the completion data: we checked how often subjects produced an ing-/to-/’other’-construction after having rated an ing- or to-construction (rating-to-production priming), and how often they produced an ing-/to-/’other’-construction when they had produced and ing- or to-construction in the directly preceding completion (production-to-production priming). Furthermore, we considered the proportion of to-completions before a completion in the questionnaire as a measure of a within-subject accumulative priming effect. We found no rating-to-production priming effects in the expected direction, but a weak effect in the opposite direction; short-distance production-to-production priming effects from ing to ing and from ‘other’ and to to to, and, on the whole at least, a suggestive accumulative production-to-production priming effect for both constructions. In the rating task, we found that subjects rate sentences better when the sentential structure is compatible with the main verb’s collexemic distinctiveness.
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Zinina, Yulia Mikhailovna. "Participle in a compound nominal predicate." Филология: научные исследования, no. 4 (April 2021): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2021.4.35359.
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This article determines the frequency of using the elements of construction of the compound nominal predicate “copulative verb + participle” in the publicistic speech. Considering the fact that in the English language participle is divided into two types – participle I (present tense) and the participle II (past tense), the article explores the use of 12 copulative – appear, become, get, go, grow, feel, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, sound in combination with both types of participle. The author also examined the dictionary entries for the verb keep as most controversial in determination of the following infinitive form with the suffix -ing. The article provides the points of view of the linguists noting that the terms “gerund” and “participle I”, inherited from the grammatical tradition are unsuitable, and suggest to consider the infinitive forms (participle I and gerund) as the single -ing form due to somewhat overlap of their functions, homonymity and difficulty in distinguishing them. Therefore, participle I, as an element following the copulative verb with the suffix –ing is designated in the article as -ing form. Using the methods of continuous sampling and quantitative analysis on the material of the British online news platforms, such as BBC News, The Guardian, The Evening Standard, and The Express, for the period from January 2020 to March 2021, the author established that in the constructions of the compound nominal predicate “copulative verb + -ing form”, "copulative verb + participle II” in the publicistic style texts, the most common copulative verbs are get, keep, feel, become, remain; participle II has the highest frequency as a binding element of the compound nominal predicate. The research involved 200,000 words.
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Tanihardjo, Jonathan, and Rex Stardy. "THE USE OF AUTHENTIC MATERIALS IN DEVELOPING GRAMMAR PROFICIENCY." Prosiding Konferensi Linguistik Tahunan Atma Jaya (KOLITA) 20, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25170/kolita.20.3793.
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In the past, it had been a common practice to utilize a grammar book to learn about language rules, for it was more practical to use. However, language rules are the components of a language that learners have been trying to avoid learning inside and out due to its complexity. Many learners regard grammar insignificant as they believe that vocabulary plays a substantial role in communication. For such reason, lecturers have been endeavoring to make an appropriate instrument to make grammar teaching and learning more effective and fun. Nowadays, when it comes to language teaching and learning, lecturers make use of authentic materials to capture the interest and to stimulate students to get motivated to learn. Nunan (1988) & Martinez (2002) defines authentic materials e.g., newspaper, magazine as the material, which have been produced for purposes other than to teach languages. Cook (1981) claimed that students can get more benefits from authentic materials, from which students can get closer to the target language. This research is conducted to find an answer to the question of the potency of authentic materials in learning grammar rules, specifically Gerund and Infinitive. The participants of this study were the second semester students of the English Department, who were then categorized into two dissimilar groups: control and experimental. The control group had a grammar book in the grammar teaching and learning, while the experimental group utilized an authentic material, such as a snippet taken from a short video. The media used to assess learners’ grammar competence were pre-test and post-test, which were then analyzed and compared to see the effectiveness of each instrument in developing learners’ competence in the specific grammar rules. The results of this study displayed that both instruments, such as the grammar book and the authentic material were of little significance to the improvement of students’ grammar knowledge. In other words, despite the fact those instruments play their role in developing students’ proficiency, the rise was just utterly trivial.
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Aziz, Muhammad Fahruddin, and Pratomo Widodo. "The Frequency Effect on the Acquisition of –ING Form Structure by Indonesia L2 Learners." Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics 3, no. 3 (September 24, 2018): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/jeltl.v3i3.150.
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<p>Even though <em>–ing</em> form is acquired earlier based on the natural order hypotheses of L2 morpheme acquisition, it remains difficult for L2 learners to acquire mainly for those who are not frequently exposed to the targeted linguistic feature inputs. A number of investigations were already carried out to find out the frequency effect on the acquisition of verbs as a complement (gerund and infinitive), yet this paper was designed to identify the role of frequency on the acquisition of English <em>–ing</em> form structure by Indonesia L2 learners. Participants consisted of four groups from different semester (1,3,5, and 7). Each semester also indicated various language exposure experienced by L2 learners. Each group comprised 10 participants. Data were collected by employing the writing test to elicit <em>–ing</em> form production including interview and observation. The coding of students’ composition was carried out to determine the correct productions—which were scored to interpret frequency effect on students’ acquisition and their misconceptions in composing a sentence containing –<em>ing</em> forms. The findings revealed that the rate of frequency inputs of –<em>ing</em> form structure accessed by learners fairly contributed to students’ constructional schemas in accordance with the high score. Each word possessed various frequency inputs of distribution which then led them to any deviant production. In addition, intra-lingual errors were responsible for any misconception perceived by learners (overgeneralization, ignorance of rule restriction, and false concepts hypothesized). </p>
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van de Pol, Nikki, and Peter Petré. "Why is there a Present-Day English absolute?" Studies in Language 39, no. 1 (June 15, 2015): 199–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.39.1.07pol.
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This paper examines the divergent evolutions of the Absolute Construction (AC) in the history of the Germanic languages, with a focus on English and Dutch, and provides an explanation of why only the English AC retained its frequency and productivity rate. Three language-internal factors are appealed to in order to account for this divergence: (i) increased with-augmentation of ACs results in fuzzy boundaries with the more frequently used gerunds as well as (regular) prepositional postmodifying constructions; (ii) the overall higher frequency in English of constructions with -ing-forms (gerunds, free adjuncts, and progressives) invites structural priming; and (iii) a possible typological shift of English from strictly bounded construal to a mixture of bounded and unbounded construal. An additional language-external factor is found in different prescriptivist traditions. English never really opposed the use of ACs whereas prescriptivism in other Germanic languages emphatically did.
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SHIMOKARIYA, SHO. "ON THE NATURE OF ENGLISH GERUNDS." ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 33, no. 2 (2017): 415–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9793/elsj.33.2_415.
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MUSHTAQ, HAMMAD, and TASKEEN ZEHRA. "Teaching English Grammar through Animated Movies." NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 2, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51732/njssh.v2i1.11.
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This study seeks to examine how various components of English grammar can be taught through animated movies. The study demonstrates the use of gerunds in a sentence or a discourse through an animated feature film Tangled. The data for this research was taken from the students of grade eight. The students were shown various video clips, comprising dialogues and songs, from the movie and asked to identify the use of gerunds. Later, the students were given various worksheets containing tasks, based on the use of gerunds in a sentence. The students remained very responsive during the whole lesson and effectively learned the use of gerunds and the difference between gerunds and the present participle. The study concluded that animated movies in grammar teaching classes can serve as a positive reinforcement tool for the language learning process as the animated movies considerably increase the learning speed and proficiency of the students.
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Maekelberghe, Charlotte. "Present-day English gerunds: A multilayered referential model." Folia Linguistica 52, no. 1 (March 26, 2018): 39–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2017-0029.
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AbstractRecent studies into the semantics of English gerunds have successfully uncovered meaning differences between nominal and verbal gerunds by adopting a referential perspective on their semantics. Referential research of gerundive nominalizations, however, still struggles with a number of issues, mainly centering around the position of verbal gerunds within the traditionally nominal domain of referentiality. This paper wishes to address these issues by establishing a multilayered model of referentiality which can be applied to both ordinary as well as less prototypical noun phrases. First of all, it disentangles the typically nominal feature of definiteness from the more flexible concept of specificity. Secondly, the model looks at the type of mental space in which the referent is accessed. Specific expressions are often associated with “actual” or realis spaces, whereas non-specific entities are typically linked to “virtual” or irrealis spaces. It is argued here, however, that deverbal nominalizations like gerunds realize specificity independently of the mental space the entity is located in. The multilayered model that is proposed is applied and integrated in a corpus-based analysis of Present-day English nominal and verbal gerunds. Mapping out the interactions between (in)definiteness, (non-)specificity and actuality/virtuality, it will be concluded, allows us to situate the various subtypes of nominal and verbal gerunds more accurately on the cline of functional nouniness.
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Fonteyn, Lauren. "From nominal to verbal gerunds." Structure of the English NP 23, no. 1 (June 9, 2016): 60–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.23.1.04fon.
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This paper provides a detailed comparison of the referential behaviour of noun phrases and nominal and verbal gerunds from Middle to Late Modern English. It will be shown that in earlier stages of English, nominal and verbal gerunds to a large extent resemble prototypical noun phrases in their referential functioning, but also exhibit ‘non-nominal’ uses that depend on clausal rather than nominal grounding strategies. It is argued that the study of (diachronic changes in) the semantic and functional behaviour of nominal and verbal gerunds in Middle and Modern English should take into account that these are functionally hybrid constructions, showing referential traits of both prototypical noun phrases and clauses. This functional hybridity, then, was gradually sorted out, with nominal gerunds specializing to nominal reference and verbal gerunds continuing to adhere to the functional apparatus associated with subordinate clauses.
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Бабаєва, Кенуль. "THE MAIN FACTORS THAT COMPLICATING THE RESEARCH OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PARTICIPLES." Молодий вчений, no. 1 (101) (January 31, 2022): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32839/2304-5809/2022-1-101-17.
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World languages have both similarities and differences. Languages differ from each other in terms of typology, i.e mainly in terms of morphological structure. Participle has dual character in both the English and Azerbaijani languages. Numerous scientific researches and studies have been involved in the study and research of participles in both Azerbaijani and English, and special sections have been devoted to participle in the grammar of both languages. Participles are sometimes referred to as verbs or adjectives, and sometimes as an independent part of speech. The fact that the participle has the properties of both the verb and the adjective has led to differences of opinion among prominent scholars. In our opinion, participles cannot be an independent part of speech. Because words belonging to the independent part of speech have the semantics of the part of speech and have a corresponding function in the sentence, but this feature does not exist in participles. Also the suffixes of words related to the part of speech are lexical-grammatical suffixes, but participle forming suffixes are only functional-grammatical suffixes. Semantically, the participle in these cases really realizes its adjective features; this does not mean, however, a transition to an adjective, otherwise we must recognize the semantic feature as decisive in the grammatical classification. In this position, the nominal properties of the participle and gerund are most clearly manifested; however, it should be noted that not all -ing forms can be opposed in this position. Apparently, it should be recognized that in their nominal properties the participle and gerund differ due to the different syntactic positions that they occupy in the sentence; they do not differ in their verbal properties. The paradigms of the first participle and the gerund do not differ formally. Therefore, it seems that the gerund and participle are a purely functional way of distinguishing between variants of the same form, depending on the syntactic positions they occupy. At the same time, it seems that L. S. Barkhudarov is right, considering that the preservation of the terms "gerund" and "participle" is quite permissible.
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Susanti, Ni Wayan Mira, Sribagus Sribagus, Sahuddin Sahuddin, Yuni Budi Lestari, and Husnul Lail. "PENGENALAN JENIS DAN STRATEGI MEMBACA TEKS MODUL AKADEMIK IELTS BAGI GURU-GURU DI MAN LOMBOK BARAT." Darma Diksani: Jurnal Pengabdian Ilmu Pendidikan, Sosial, dan Humaniora 2, no. 1 (June 21, 2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/darmadiksani.v2i1.1297.
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ABSTRAK
Pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini dilaksanakan berdasarkan permintaan guru-guru MAN Gerung di Kabupaten Lombok Barat dalam upaya peningkatan skill membaca mereka dalam menghadapi The International English Language Testing System (IELTS). Karena program pengabdian masyarakat kami sebelumnya belum pernah menyentuh IELTS, padahal ada kebutuhan bagi guru-guru untuk melaksanakan program pertukaran guru ke luar negeri yang sangat membutuhkan kemampuan IELTS yang baik. Oleh karenanya kali ini kami akan memperkenalkan IELTS kepada guru-guru MAN Gerung terutama bagian Reading di dalam modul akedemik IELTS.
ABSTRACT
This community service program was conducted based on the request from teachers at MAN Gerung in West Lombok in order to improve the teachers’ reading skills in coping with the International English Language Testing System (IELTS). There is an urgency for the teachers under the Religion Ministry of Indonesia to be familiar with the IELTS since the Ministry offers several programes that allow teacher to go abroad either on short or long program as long as they meet the language requirement that is IELTS. However, the teachers are not only unfamiliar with the formats of IELTS, but they also have never seen one. This is the reason why our team introduced IELTS to the teachers at MAN Gerung particularly in the IELTS Reading Academic Module.
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Algeo, John. "GERALD KNOWLES. Patterns of spoken English: An introduction to English phonetics." WORD 43, no. 1 (April 1, 1992): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1992.12098290.
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Castillo-Cuesta, Luz. "Using Digital Games for Enhancing EFL Grammar and Vocabulary in Higher Education." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 15, no. 20 (October 19, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i20.16159.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the use of digital games to enhance English as a Foreign Language (EFL) grammar and vocabulary in the English Major of Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, in southern Ecuador. A total of 68 students from B1 level, according to the Common European Frame-work of Reference for Languages (CEFR), participated in this study. All the par-ticipants were enrolled in two different classes of a Communicative Grammar course. A mixed-method approach was used to collect and analyze data in this study. Pre and post-questionnaires as well as writing rubrics were applied as in-struments. Digital games were implemented throughout an academic term of 5 months in which students received permanent feedback. The results show that digital games were useful to improve learners´ grammar in aspects concerning the use of modals, gerunds, and infinitives; also, students showed an improvement in their vocabulary knowledge, especially in topics related to jobs and education.
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Chen, Amber Xuqian, and Helene H. Fung. "THE EFFECT OF LANGUAGE ON PREPARATION FOR OLD AGE: EVIDENCE FROM CROSS-CULTURAL SURVEY AND TWITTER DATA." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3536.
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Abstract We aimed to further investigate the linguistic-savings hypothesis (Chen, 2013) in the field of aging, which maintains that when languages grammatically divide the future and the present (e.g. English and Czech), speakers tend to behave less future-oriented than those speaking languages that do not mark future tense (e.g. German and Chinese). In the 2018 wave of Aging as Future Project, 2,042 participants from the United States, Germany, Czech Republic, Hong Kong and Taiwan (18-93 year, Mean age= 55.47, 55.61% female) completed online questionnaires. The results supported the hypothesis that people speaking future-less languages tended to perceive the timing of preparation for old age closer to the present in terms of finance, living arrangement, nursing care, and loneliness, they also took action earlier and performed more relevant activities. Furthermore, the association between language and preparation timing was more salient in older adults than younger counterparts. And path analysis revealed that time discounting was a significant predictor (P=0.049) for the future-oriented behavior. Hence, speakers of futureless languages will view the future as temporally closer to the present, causing them to discount the future less and prepare for old age actively. Using LIWC 2017, we then analyzed community-level of future orientation with 80 million Tweets across countries and replicated our principal result through that usage of future-oriented languages partly predicted prevalence of health behaviors. The findings indicate that language not only shape people's own future-oriented outcomes, through decreasing time discounting, but also influence population health as a whole.