Academic literature on the topic 'English language, dictionaries, scots'

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Journal articles on the topic "English language, dictionaries, scots"

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Lemeshchenko-Lagoda, Viktoriia V. "MICROSTRUCTURAL REPRESENTATION OF NATIONALLY MARKED UNITS IN SCOTS-ENGLISH AND GAELIC-ENGLISH DICTIONARIES." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, no. 26 (December 29, 2023): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series9.2023.26.06.

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The article presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of dictionary entries of nationally marked units in Scots-English and Gaelic-English dictionaries. For the first time, the dictionary entries for nationally marked units of the minority languages of Scots and Scottish Gaelic were analysed. The main microstructural components were considered and the main approaches to dictionary entries compiling were highlighted. The analysis of the vocabulary entries of nationally marked units in Scots-English and Gaelic-English dictionaries has revealed both common and distinctive features. Among the common features it is worth mentioning the presence of such components as headword, synchronic data, diachronic data, marking, explanatory data, syntagmatic data, illustrations and examples. Dictionary entries of nationally marked units in Scots-English dictionaries are distinguished by the presence of more complete data presentation, detailed explanations, as compared to the corresponding dictionary entries in Gaelic-English dictionaries. On average, a dictionary entry for a nationally marked unit in a Scots-English dictionary includes up to seven or eight microstructure components, while a dictionary entry in a Gaelic-English dictionary includes from three to five components. At the same time, the interpretation of a nationally marked unit in Scots-English dictionaries is more rational due to the joint presentation of the interpretation and the equivalent in the target language, whereas Gaelic-English dictionaries only provide equivalents. The absence of illustrative examples for nationally marked units in Gaelic-English dictionaries is also considered as one of distinctive features.
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Tarasova, Kira E. "REPRESENTATION OF THE LANGUAGE CONFLICT SITUATION IN SCOTLAND: CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS." Bulletin of the South Ural State University series Linguistics 21, no. 1 (2024): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ling240110.

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The article represents a language conflict situation by conceptualizing its elements within the representation of a specific ethnic group. The aim of the article is to analyze the concepts constituting the sphere that represents linguistic conflict in Scotland. The dictionaries of the Scots and English languages serve as the basis for the definitional analysis of key words that actualize corresponding concepts in English. For contextual and event history analyses, official documents and scientific articles related to the studied knowledge domain are utilized in the research. The research draws conclusions on the representation of linguistic conflict as an event sequence from the viewpoint of its description and conceptualization by the Scottish people. The sphere of concepts encompasses terms such as CONFLICT, SCOTS, ENGLISH, GAELIC, SCHOOL, and LANGUAGE POLICY. The article's relevance lies in the examination of changes in the conceptions of the Scots and English languages from the 800s to the present day.
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Smith, Jeremy J. "The Arabic Element in Scots Lexis." Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, no. 32/4 (October 2023): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.32.4.03.

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Detailed study of individual lexemes can open up interesting angles on the cultural underpinnings needed for the understanding of linguistic history. This paper surveys that element of Scots vocabulary that has been flagged as derived, even if at several removes, from Arabic. To do so, it draws primarily on the materials supplied by the Dictionaries of the Scots Language and the Oxford English Dictionary, supplemented by wider contextual analysis.
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Lillo, Antonio. "Nae Barr’s Irn-Bru whit ye’re oan aboot." English World-Wide 33, no. 1 (February 13, 2012): 69–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.33.1.04lil.

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Even the most cursory browse through any slang dictionary will immediately reveal that rhyming slang is a highly productive category of word-formation in contemporary British and Australian English. However, because of the inextricable difficulty in tracking what is essentially an oral (and often improvisational) phenomenon, dictionaries have typically overlooked rhyming slang items whose use is restricted to specific geographical areas, especially in Ireland and Scotland. Conceived as a sequel and companion piece to a previous study on Scottish rhyming slang by this author (Lillo 2004b), this article examines the way rhyming slang has thrived in Scotland over the past few years, thereby providing interesting insights into its role in the articulation of Scottish identity and its spread and growth around the anglophone world. While Scottish rhyming slang shows largely the same morphological characteristics as other rhyming slangs, its home-grown flavour is apparent in a significant proportion of its repertoire, which serves as a real marker of national identity and pride among Scots. The final section of the article presents a glossary of Scottish rhyming slang made up for the most part of previously unrecorded items collected by the author.
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Aitken, A. J. "Is Scots a Language?" English Today 1, no. 3 (July 1985): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400001292.

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Some consider that Scots is simply a northerly dialect of English. Others assert that it is a language in its own right, as distinct from English as Dutch is distinct from German, with its own oral and literary heritage. What is the truth of the matter?
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Lemeshchenko-Lagoda, Viktoriia. "LEXICOGRAPHIC FIXATION OF NATIONALLY MARKED UNITS OF MINORITY LANGUAGES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ELECTRONIC DICTIONARIES OF SCOTS AND SCOTTISH GAELIC)." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 60, no. 5 (December 14, 2023): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/6006.

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This paper considers the peculiarities of the lexicographic fixation of nationally marked units of minority languages in Scotland, in particular Scots and Scottish Gaelic. The aim of this paper is to analyse dictionary entries and to determine the features of lexicographic representation of nationally-marked units at the microstructural level by identifying common and distinctive features. The source base is represented by such online dictionaries as The Dictionaries of Scots Language and Am Faclair Beag. The paper presents a brief overview of the creation of dictionaries, which constitute the source base of the research, and also provides a brief overview of their macrostrcture. The common features include the presence of interpretation (translation), transcription and grammatical commentary, while the differences include different formats of illustrating the usage of a lexical item (territorial – in Scottish Gaelic, situational – in Scots). Methods used in the study: general scientific (analysis and synthesis), critical dictionary research, diachronic and synchronic methods.
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Nesi, Hilary. "Dictionary use by English language learners." Language Teaching 47, no. 1 (December 6, 2013): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444813000402.

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Research into dictionary use does not have a long history. Although publishers recognised in the 1960s that ‘dictionaries should be designed with a special set of users in mind’ (Householder 1967: 279) there were extremely few empirical user studies before the 1980s – Welker's most recent survey (2010) lists only six. The subsequent surge of interest in this field was fuelled by big changes to dictionary content and design in the 1980s and 1990s, changes that were particularly evident in dictionaries for learners of English as a foreign language, conventionally known as ‘learners’ dictionaries’. In the space of a few years the Oxford advanced learner's dictionary, generally considered to be the earliest advanced learners’ dictionary (first published under a different title in 1942, with subsequent editions in 1948, 1963, 1974 and 1989) was joined by two new competitors: the Longman dictionary of contemporary English (first edition 1978, second edition 1987) and the COBUILD English dictionary (1987). In 1995 all three of these advanced learners’ dictionaries brought out new editions, and a fourth, the Cambridge international dictionary of English, was launched. These dictionaries, sometimes referred to as ‘the big four’ (Bogaards 1996, De Schryver 2012 and others), drew on Eastern European traditions of lexical description, the illustrative practices of American children's dictionaries, and insights from English language teaching pedagogies. Each had its own distinctive layout and defining style, prompting a spate of comparative studies intended to help users make appropriate purchasing choices, and to help publishers improve their design still further, for example by changes to the entry microstructure. A fifth such dictionary, the Macmillan English dictionary for advanced learners, appeared in 2002.
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Nakao, Keisuke. "English-Japanese Learners' Dictionaries." International Journal of Lexicography 2, no. 4 (1989): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/2.4.295.

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Maček, Dora. "Some Reflections on the Language of Contemporary Scottish Prose." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 2, no. 1-2 (June 22, 2005): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.2.1-2.45-56.

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A northern variety of Old English developed in Scotland into what has become known as Scots. This language of the Scottish court and literature prior to the Acts of Union was abandoned by both king and poets after the Union with England. English replaced Scots in public institutions, to schools and literature. The most fatal development was the change of attitude of the Scottish themselves, who came to regard Scots as an inferior variety of English. There have been repeated attempts by Scottish writers, to revive Scots as a national language of Scotland. Since the 1970s a number of projects have been launched to study the present state of Scots with the aim of initiating a language policy which would reintroduce Scots into public life as one of the national languages of Scotland. A number of Scottish authors have used Scots in their works. This paper will examine the language of some contemporary prose texts seeking to establish the density of Scots elements and estimate their place on the scale between Standard Scottish English and Scots, which may be one of the means of establishing an acceptable standard variety.
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Lubensky, Sophia, O. P. Benyuch, and G. V. Chernov. "Russian-English English-Russian: Hippocrene Practical Dictionaries." Modern Language Journal 72, no. 1 (1988): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/327607.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "English language, dictionaries, scots"

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Meso, Tlou Phestus. "Language dynamism in English-Northern Sotho/Northern Sotho-English bilingual dictionaries : a case of translation equivalence." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1511.

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Thesis (M. A. (Translation and Linguistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016
This study reveals that language dynamisms affect the compilation of Northern Sotho – English bilingual dictionaries. In this regard, the study shows that the role of translation equivalence cannot be taken for granted. To fully grasp what translation equivalence entails, the study compared formal equivalence with dynamic equivalence. Although there are merits in adopting foreign terms and concepts, the study investigates the problem lexicographers and terminologists of English–Northern Sotho or Northern Sotho–English bilingual dictionaries encounter and suggests possible solutions. Different strategies and procedures for dealing with non-equivalence between the source and target languages are also discussed. Lastly, the study recommends that language dynamism is inevitable if Northern Sotho is to thrive as one of the functional languages in the world. The consequences of shunning dynamism are dire as this might lead to language death.
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Kobayashi, Chiho. "The use of pocket electronic dictionaries as compared with printed dictionaries by Japanese learners of English." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1155615693.

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Chittaladakorn, Khemlada. "Unorthodox Oral Expressions in English Dictionaries, Corpora, Textbooks, and English Language Instructional Materials." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2911.

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The aim of this project is to provide useful data from published dictionaries, corpora, and instructional materials, as well as sample lessons, to promote the teaching of Unorthodox Oral Expressions (UOEs) to learners of English as a second/foreign language. In the first chapter, the author reviews relevant literature, explains what UOEs are, and discusses the importance of incorporating UOEs in EFL or ESL classrooms. In the second chapter, a linguistic categorization of UOEs is given. In the third chapter, the results are given of an examination of 10 different dictionaries. The purpose of this examination was to find which of 56 target UOEs are included in each dictionary and what kind of definitions are given for them. The results show that many common UOEs are not included in most, or any, dictionaries. For the UOEs that are included in most dictionaries, the definitions do not always agree, and factors such as intonation are not taken into account. Moreover, the explanations on how the UOEs can be used are not complete. In the fourth chapter, three English language corpora are examined to discover which of the target 56 UOEs are the most frequently used. The results show some differences in UOE frequency between the corpora that include both spoken and written English text and the spoken English corpora. In the fifth chapter, the teaching of UOEs in ESL textbooks is analyzed. The results show that most of these books do not teach UOEs explicitly. In chapter six, experimental instructional units are provided. Results of piloting these lessons at Brigham Young University's English Language Center are discussed. In the last chapter, the author suggests possible future research involving UOEs.
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Rudd, Rebecca Lynn. "Electronic dictionaries in the ESL composition class." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2893.

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This thesis examines the use of electronic dictionaries by ESL students. In particular, it considers how, when and why students use electronic dictionaries in their writing processes. It also explores the extent to which students use words found in an electronic dictionary appropriately in their texts and whether electronic dictionary use influences their long-term acquisition of vocabulary.
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黃奇芳 and Ki-fong Wong. "A study of Sidney Lau's 'a practical Cantonese-English dictionary'." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30257232.

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Mandalios, Jane. "Pedagogic imperialism in English language teaching : the case of bilingual dictionaries." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438364.

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Burlingham, Bronwyn. "Lexicographic traditions and prefatory discourse of 17 th century dictionaries: Monolingual English, monolingual French, and bilingual French-English works." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26861.

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In this study, we have explored the prefaces of monolingual English, monolingual French, and bilingual French-English dictionaries of the 17 th century. The monolingual works studied constitute the first of this kind to have been published. Over the course of this research, we have demonstrated that despite different lexicographic traditions, dictionary prefaces convey basically the same type of information, and address the same general issues. This study is divided into two main sections. In the first, we have provided historical information on the dictionaries, so as to illustrate the historical context in which they were published. In the second section, we have examined the prefaces themselves, first giving an overview of each text studied, and then providing a thematic analysis of the prefaces within each group as a whole, observing topics that are commonly treated among them, within the broader categories of dictionary content, lexicographic context, and linguistic context. Over the course of the research, we have established that though each text is unique, certain features are shared not only among the prefaces within one same category, but in fact across all three types of dictionary.
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Mothiba, Tebogo Innocent. "The application of reversibility principle in Northern Sotho-english Bilingual dictionaries : a lexicographic analysis." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1140.

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Thesis (M.A. (Translation Studies)) --University of Limpopo, 2012
This study focuses on aspects that form part of the reasons of not having complete bidirectional bilingual dictionaries and to find solutions to those problems. The following dictionaries have been evaluated in this study: Oxford Pukuntšu ya Sekolo School Dictionary (2010), Pharos Popular Northern Sotho Dictionary (2007 & 2009) and Sesotho sa Leboa/English Pukuntšu Dictionary (2006). Most African bilingual dictionaries which are supposed to be bidirectional are not because reversibility is not applied thoroughly. This study focuses on checking how Northern Sotho-English bilingual dictionaries apply the reversibility principle. When evaluating bilingual dictionaries it comes to light that there are a lot of errors that lexicographers commit and these errors negatively affect the process of compiling complete user-friendly bidirectional dictionaries. Having user-friendly bidirectional bilingual dictionaries is very important because dictionaries help different language speakers to learn each other’s language.
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Chavalala, Bulu James. "Lemmatisation of derivative nouns in Xitsonga-English bilingual dictionaries." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2373.

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Makwela, Matlaleng Maria. "The role of usage examples in Northern Sotho-English / English-Northern Sotho bilingual dictionaries." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2372.

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Books on the topic "English language, dictionaries, scots"

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Iseabail, Macleod, and Cairns Pauline, eds. The essential Scots dictionary: Scots-English, English-Scots. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004.

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Kynoch, Douglas. A Doric dictionary: Two-way lexicon of North-East Scots : Doric-English, English-Doric. Edinburgh: Scottish Cultural Press, 1996.

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Victor, Skretkowicz, Rennie Susan 1962-, Craigie, William A. Sir, 1867-1957., and University of Dundee, eds. Dictionary of the Scots language: Dictionar o the Scots leid : DSL. Dundee [Scotland]: University of Dundee, 2001.

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Graham, John J. The Shetland dictionary. Lerwick: Shetland Times, 1993.

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Graham, John J. The Shetland dictionary. Lerwick: Shetland Times, 1999.

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Iseabail, Macleod, ed. Scoor-oot: A dictionary of Scots words and phrases in current use. London: Athlone Press, 1989.

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Lamb, Gregor. Orkney wordbook: A dictionary of the dialect of Orkney. [Birsay]: Byrgisey, 1995.

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1863-1946, Grant William, Murison David D, and Scottish National Dictionary Association, eds. The Compact Scottish national dictionary: Containing all the Scottish words known to be in use or to have beenin use since c.1700, arranged partly on regional lines and partly on historical principles. Aberdeen: Published by Aberdeen University Press for the Scottish National Dictionary Association Ltd, 1986.

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Warrack, Alexander. The concise Scots dictionary: Serving as a glossary for Ramsay, Fergusson, Burns, Scott, Galt, minor poets, Kailyard novelists, and a host of other writers of the Scottish tongue. Poole: New Orchard, 1988.

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Munro, Michael. The patter: A guide to current Glasgow usage. Glasgow: Glasgow District Libraries, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "English language, dictionaries, scots"

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Hünig, Wolfgang. "Style labels in monolingual English learner’s dictionaries." In Motivation in Language, 367–89. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.243.23hun.

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Stein, Gabriele. "Sixteenth-Century English-Vernacular Dictionaries." In Studies in the History of the Language Sciences, 219. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.40.23ste.

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Hüllen, Werner. "English Onomasiological Dictionaries and Thesauri." In A Companion to the History of the English Language, 103–12. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444302851.ch10.

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Delbridge, Arthur. "Cultural, situational and modal labels in dictionaries of English." In Language Topics, 65. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.lt1.49del.

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Delbridge, Arthur. "Cultural, situational and modal labels in dictionaries of English." In Language Topics, 65. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.lt2.50del.

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Adams, Michael. "English Unbound: Dictionaries, Dialects, and Boundaries." In Handbook of the Changing World Language Map, 1323–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02438-3_138.

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Adams, Michael. "English Unbound: Dictionaries, Dialects, and Boundaries." In Handbook of the Changing World Language Map, 1–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73400-2_138-1.

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Lancashire, Ian. "Word-entry patterns in Early Modern English dictionaries." In Patterns in Language and Linguistics, edited by Beatrix Busse and Ruth Moehlig-Falke, 69–96. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110596656-004.

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Montgomery, Michael. "The rediscovery of the Ulster Scots language." In Varieties of English Around the World, 211. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g18.20mon.

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Tulloch, Graham. "Scots as a literary language in Australia." In Varieties of English Around the World, 319. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g19.27tul.

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Conference papers on the topic "English language, dictionaries, scots"

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Sahnov, A., A. Klyuev, and Yuliya Litvinova. "SCOTLAND AND ITS GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES THROUGH LINGUISTICS." In Manager of the Year. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/my2021_281-286.

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The article is devoted to Scotland, describes its geographical location, and also gives the most general information on the modern large cities and other settlements of Scotland as well as their most famous attractions. A brief overview of the history of Scotland, presented after a modern description of the country, gives the best idea on the creating the Scots as a nation and their national character and their national language. Some characteristic features of education, music and musical instruments, and clothing are also described in the article. The linguistic aspect explores toponyms, i.e. the major cities in Scotland, its capital Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Perth, a small but famous historical city, on the information from the dictionaries of the English language of the 18th century. The analysis of the linguistic material indicates a close connection between the language, history and culture of the nation.
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Almiman, Ali, and Allan Ramsay. "Using English Dictionaries to generate Commonsense Knowledge in Natural Language." In RANLP 2017 - Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing Meet Deep Learning. Incoma Ltd. Shoumen, Bulgaria, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_009.

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Nurkenova, Saule S., and Karylgash U. Kinzhagaliyeva. "Substandard dictionaries in linguaexpert practice of English." In Lexicography of the digital age. TSU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-907442-19-1-2021-134.

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The article deals with the overview of the substandard vocabulary of the English language, which provides historical references on the emergence and development of socio-lexicography in foreign linguistics.
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Machonis, Peter A. "Using Electronic Dictionaries and NooJ to Generate Sentences Containing English Phrasal Verbs." In Proceedings of the Linguistic Resources for Automatic Natural Language Generation - LiRA@NLG. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w17-3805.

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Zannrni, Imadin, Hema Hamza, and Laila Shareef. "Contemporary Arabic and English Idioms: Translating Difficulties and Strategies." In 3rd International Conference on Language and Education. Cihan University-Erbil, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/iclangedu2023/paper.932.

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Translation is prospering in Iraq in general and people have become more interested in translation due to the fact that Translation is a primary way of communication. Also, Translation has been a good business recently. Idioms are culturally specific and contain several cultural characteristics, translating idioms is difficult. The goal of this study is to have better understand the challenges faced by Translation Iraqi undergraduates while translating idioms. The researchers conducted a test to determine the problems and difficulties. 60 senior students from University of Mosul and Cihan University-Erbil in Iraq participated in the test most of them were females. The study concludes that incorrect translation resulted from lack of understanding the culture, the misuse of idioms dictionaries, and the lack of equivalence.
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Aljlayl, Mohammed, and Ophir Frieder. "Effective arabic-english cross-language information retrieval via machine-readable dictionaries and machine translation." In the tenth international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/502585.502635.

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Niyazova, Gulnorakhon. "DEVELOPING LEARNER DICTIONARIES WITH CORPUS LINGUISTICS METHODS." In Modern approaches and new trends in teaching foreign languages. Alisher Navo'i Tashkent state university of Uzbek language and literature, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/tsuull.conf.teach.foreign.lang.2024.8.5/dmeq9969.

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This article explores the intersection of corpus linguistics and language teaching through the lens of specialized learner dictionaries in the context of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and English for Academic Purposes (EAP) teaching. It highlights the role of corpus lexicography in bridging theory and practice, emphasizing the practical applications of corpus analysis in constructing learner dictionaries tailored to the needs of ESP/EAP students. Drawing on insights from corpus studies and practical research, the article discusses the challenges and opportunities in developing specialized dictionaries that facilitate language learning and teaching. By examining the relationship between theory and tools in lexicography, it advocates for greater collaboration between researchers, educators, and lexicographers to enhance language education through innovative dictionary construction methods.
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Karpinska, Laura, and Dace Liepiņa. "Bilingual Lexicographic Resources in Support of Acquiring Legal Terminology for Translation Purposes." In Language for International Communication. University of Latvia Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/lincs.2023.04.

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The support of bilingual lexicographic resources is crucial in mastering legal terminology both in the target and source language. The present study has focused on Latvian-English and English-Latvian print and online lexicographic resources accessible for all parties interested in acquiring legal terminology in both languages, in particular in the light of the new school reform School 2030 where translation is mentioned among other competences that should be developed already at school. Even though several bilingual legal terminological dictionaries have been published it must be recognised that currently there is no comprehensive Latvian-English-Latvian dictionary of legal terms. At present the success or failure in mastering legal terminology largely depends on the background knowledge of the user. Trends prevailing in the study process as well as in translation practice confirm a marked movement towards the use of lexicographic resources in the digital format. It should be noted that this format also offers considerable advantages in designing dictionaries in respect of their content, volume, structure and user-friendliness. Digital format would allow developing a comprehensive bilingual dictionary of legal terms involving collaboration among legal professionals, terminologists and lexicographers. The microstructure of this dictionary should include labels, definitions, illustrative examples, etc. giving additional information and contexts where legal terms are used, thus providing important information for diverse groups of users – learners, legal professionals, translators and interpreters.
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Visan, Ruxandra. "DICTIONARY CONSULTATION HABITS OF ROMANIAN LEARNERS OF ENGLISH AT UNIVERSITY LEVEL." In eLSE 2020. University Publishing House, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-20-236.

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The present paper focuses on the field of dictionary use, and examines frequency of dictionary consultation as well as dictionary preference among Romanian learners of English. Representative research on dictionary use includes Tomaszczyk (1979) and Wingate (2002) (see also Lew 2004 for an overview of the literature on dictionary consultation habits). While there has been significant research concerning dictionary use, the dictionary consultation habits of L1 Romanian speakers have been understudied (with few exceptions, see Vi?an 2018). Taking its cue from existing studies such as Atikins and Varantola (1998) which have found a correlation between dictionary use and proficiency level, the present paper focuses on a group of 214 Romanian students of EFL who major in English at the University of Bucharest, with two levels of English proficiency, namely B1 (95 students) and C1 (109 students). The paper shows that, as previous metalexicographers have underlined in studies focusing on foreign language learners, there appears to be a tendency among higher-proficiency learners to employ monolingual dictionaries more than bilingual dictionaries. This tendency occurs on the backdrop of a preference of the selected group of Romanian students, regardless of their level of proficiency, for monolingual dictionaries of English. The paper goes on to offer a detailed discussion of the context in which Romanian learners of English consult dictionaries at university level, attempting to identify the major factors which influence their lexicographical choices. The paper argues that the limited range of choice regarding bilingual dictionaries for Romanian learners of English (especially Romanian-English ones) can be seen as influencing the preference of Romanian students for monolingual dictionaries.
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Selcuk, Hasan, and Linda Daniela. "The Use of Online Dictionaries During Web-Based Collaborative Writing Among EFL Learners." In ATEE 2022 Annual Conference. University of Latvia Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/atee.2022.32.

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This study is about an investigation of Turkish high school English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners’ use of online dictionaries during asynchronous web-based collaborative writing (CW) activity. 26 groups of three EFL learners (N = 78, 16 years) were involved in a-two-hour CW task in English outside the classroom setting in a Facebook group. Data were gathered from 78 online researcher-participant interviews and 8,700 discussion threads collected from 26 groups. The study’s findings revealed that 80% of participants used their mobile phones to undertake the activity, so they preferred online English dictionaries with mobile applications. Participants with high English proficiency mainly used online English dictionaries to search for the collocations of words to vivify their sentences. Also, those participants directed their group members to use the online dictionaries to independently identify their vocabulary mistakes and validate their existing vocabulary knowledge. Participants who had low English proficiency mainly used online bilingual dictionaries (Turkish-English) to look up the unknown words and then got their group partners to verify their use in their collaborative writing pieces. Additionally, Google Translate was utilised by those participants to serve a purpose of an online dictionary. This study provides useful insights for researchers and EFL teachers about how online dictionaries were used during the web-based collaborative writing process.
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Reports on the topic "English language, dictionaries, scots"

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Chen, Aitao, Hailing Jiang, and Fredric Gey. English-Chinese Cross-Language IR Using Bilingual Dictionaries. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada456270.

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Pikilnyak, Andrey V., Nadia M. Stetsenko, Volodymyr P. Stetsenko, Tetiana V. Bondarenko, and Halyna V. Tkachuk. Comparative analysis of online dictionaries in the context of the digital transformation of education. [б. в.], June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4431.

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The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of popular online dictionaries and an overview of the main tools of these resources to study a language. The use of dictionaries in learning a foreign language is an important step to understanding the language. The effectiveness of this process increases with the use of online dictionaries, which have a lot of tools for improving the educational process. Based on the Alexa Internet resource it was found the most popular online dictionaries: Cambridge Dictionary, Wordreference, Merriam–Webster, Wiktionary, TheFreeDictionary, Dictionary.com, Glosbe, Collins Dictionary, Longman Dictionary, Oxford Dictionary. As a result of the deep analysis of these online dictionaries, we found out they have the next standard functions like the word explanations, transcription, audio pronounce, semantic connections, and examples of use. In propose dictionaries, we also found out the additional tools of learning foreign languages (mostly English) that can be effective. In general, we described sixteen functions of the online platforms for learning that can be useful in learning a foreign language. We have compiled a comparison table based on the next functions: machine translation, multilingualism, a video of pronunciation, an image of a word, discussion, collaborative edit, the rank of words, hints, learning tools, thesaurus, paid services, sharing content, hyperlinks in a definition, registration, lists of words, mobile version, etc. Based on the additional tools of online dictionaries we created a diagram that shows the functionality of analyzed platforms.
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Buitrago-García, Hilda Clarena. Teaching Dictionary Skills through Online Bilingual Dictionaries. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gcnc.23.

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This module, aimed at helping both English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers and their students, is the result of a qualitative, applied, transversal and constructivist research conducted with Open Lingua teachers. One of the objectives of said research was to establish the factors that favored and hindered the curriculum integration of open access bilingual dictionaries in that specific EFL context in order to design and implement some pedagogical and didactic initiatives that would foster the effective use of those lexical tools. The present module was a fundamental element within the series of proposals that arose along the research. Its main objective was to provide the teachers with the necessary conceptual knowledge and didactic strategies and resources to teach their students how to use that kind of online dictionary with higher degrees of ease, enjoyment, and efficiency, and, thus, to reduce the frequency of look up errors. This module offers a variety of digital resources, handouts, and hands-on and assessment activities that can greatly facilitate their job when teaching dictionary skills to their students.
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Гарлицька, Т. С. Substandard Vocabulary in the System of Urban Communication. Криворізький державний педагогічний університет, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3912.

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The article is devoted to substandard elements which are considered as one of the components in the system of urban forms of communication. The Object of our research is substandard vocabulary, the Subject is structural characteristics of the modern city language, the Purpose of the study is to define the main types of substandard vocabulary and their role in the system of urban communication. The theoretical base of our research includes the scientific works of native and foreign linguists, which are devoted to urban linguistics (B. Larin, M. Makovskyi, V. Labov, T. Yerofeieva, L. Pederson, R. McDavid, O. Horbach, L. Stavytska, Y. Stepanov, S. Martos). Different lexical and phraseological units, taken from the Ukrainian, Russian and American Dictionaries of slang and jargon, serve as the material of our research. The main components of the city language include literary language, territorial dialects, different intermediate transitional types, which are used in the colloquial everyday communication but do not have territorial limited character, and social dialects. The structural characteristics, proposed in the article, demonstrate the variety and correlation of different subsystems of the city language. Today peripheral elements play the main role in the city communication. They are also called substandard, non-codified, marginal, non-literary elements or the jargon styles of communication. Among substandard elements of the city language the most important are social dialects, which include such subsystems as argot, jargon and slang. The origin, functioning and characteristics of each subsystem are studied on the material of linguistic literature of different countries. It is also ascertained that argot is the oldest form of sociolects, jargon divides into corporative and professional ones, in the structure of slangy words there are common and special slang. Besides, we can speak about sociolectosentrism of the native linguistics and linguemosentrism of the English tradition of slang nomination. Except social dialects, the important structural elements of the city language are also intermediate transitional types, which include koine, colloquialisms, interdialect, surzhyk, pidgin and creole. Surzhyk can be attributed to the same type of language formations as pidgin and creole because these types of oral speech were created mostly by means of the units mixing of the obtruded language of the parent state with the elements of the native languages.
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