Academic literature on the topic 'English language Australia Sex differences'
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Journal articles on the topic "English language Australia Sex differences"
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Schermer, Julie Aitken, and Marisa L. Kfrerer. "Humor style differences across four English-speaking countries." HUMOR 33, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humor-2019-0027.
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AbstractUsing three archival data sets, mean differences in the four humor styles of affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive, and self-defeating were assessed for adults (n = 6404) across four English-speaking countries: Canada (n = 339), the USA (n = 165), the United Kingdom (n = 4012), and Australia (n = 1888). As age and sex varied greatly across the samples and had significant relationships with the humor styles (men scored higher on each scale, younger people scored higher on affiliative, aggressive, and self-defeating humor, and older people scored higher on self-enhancing humor), age and sex were regressed out of the humor style scores and the standardized residuals were examined. Significant differences were found for the four humor styles. Specifically, the Americans were the highest in affiliative and self-enhancing humor, and the British were the highest in both aggressive and self-defeating humor. As humor styles are an insight into human social interactions, the results provide a glimpse into the differences found between these countries.
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Thwaite, Anne. "Gender differences in spoken interaction in same sex dyadic conversations in Australian English." Language and Gender in the Australian Context 10 (January 1, 1993): 147–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aralss.10.07thw.
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Abstract This paper is a quantitative study of gender differences in a corpus of spontaneous spoken discourse of approximately 2000 clauses. Subjects were same sex pairs of speakers of Australian English, from a sample that was homogeneous in all respects except gender. Grammatical analyses derive from the work of Halliday, with conversational analyses developed by Berry (1981a,b,c) and Martin (1992). Results show that statistically significant gender differences occurred in the phonological, lexicogrammatical and semantic strata of the language. A Systemic Functional model was found to be most useful in capturing these differences, and in relating them in a holistic picture of this type of language variation.
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Currow, David Christopher, Hiromichi Matsuoka, Samuel Allingham, Belinda Fazekas, Linda Brown, Zac Vandersman, Katherine Clark, and Meera Agar. "Comparability of the Cancer Supportive Care Clinical Studies Collaborative (CSCCSC) study population to national referrals to other specialist palliative care services." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 34_suppl (December 1, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.34_suppl.63.
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63 Background: There are no agreed national nor international criteria for referral to palliative care. Key population characteristics have been defined to aid the generalizability of research findings in palliative care clinical studies. To codify differences in key demographic factors between patients with cancer participating in the Australian national Cancer Supportive Care Clinical Studies Collaborative (CSCCSC) phase III symptom control studies and the population referred to other Australian palliative care services. Methods: This study compares two contemporaneous consecutive cohorts generated through clinical trial participation and the national palliative care clinical quality improvement registry in Australia. Age, sex, cancer diagnosis, language, and socio-economic status were compared. Results: Cohorts were people with cancer: enrolled in CSCCSC phase III clinical studies (n=902; 17 sites); and registered by the Australian national Palliative Care Outcomes Collaboration (PCOC; n=75,240; 117 sites). Participants in CSCCSC studies were younger than those of PCOC (median 71 (IQR 62, 79) versus median 73 (IQR 63, 81); p=0.003 respectively). There was no significant difference in sex (p=0.483). Patients who spoke English accounted 95.0% of enrollees in the CSCCSC group and 92.2% in the PCOC group (p = 0.004). Clinical study participants had higher socioeconomic status that the PCOC group (p=0.022). Conclusions: Overall, the slightly different demographic patterns are reflective of the differences often seen between phase III trials and the populations to whom the results will be applied. Age differences particularly need to be taken into account when considering the best way to apply each study’s findings.
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Sommer, Sophia J., Daphna Harel, Linda Kwakkenbos, Marie-Eve Carrier, Shadi Gholizadeh, Karen Gottesman, Catarina Leite, Vanessa L. Malcarne, and Brett D. Thombs. "Assessing differential item functioning for the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale: a Scleroderma atient-centred Intervention Network (SPIN) Cohort Study." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e037639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037639.
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ObjectivesThe Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) is a 16-item questionnaire developed to evaluate fear of appearance-based evaluation by others. The primary objective of this research was to investigate the existence of differential item functioning (DIF) for the 16 SAAS items, comparing patients who completed the SAAS in English and French, either to confirm that scores are comparable or provide guidance on calculating comparable scores. A secondary research objective was to investigate the existence of DIF based on sex and disease status. A tertiary research objective was to assess DIF related to language, sex, and disease status on the recently developed SAAS-5.DesignThis was a cross-sectional analysis using baseline data from patients enrolled in the Scleroderma Patient-centred Intervention Network (SPIN).SettingSPIN patients included in the present study were enrolled at 43 centres in Canada, USA, UK, France and Australia, with questionnaires completed in April 2014 to July 2019.Participants1640 SPIN patients completed the SAAS in French (n=600) or English (n=1040).Primary and secondary measuresThe SAAS was collected along with demographic and disease characteristics.ResultsSix items were identified with statistically significant language-based DIF, four with sex-based DIF and one with disease type-based DIF. However, factor scores before and after accounting for DIF were similar (Pearson correlation >0.99), and individual score differences were small. This was true for both the full and shortened versions of the SAAS.ConclusionSAAS and SAAS-5 scores are comparable across language, sex, and disease-type, despite small differences in how patients respond to some items.
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Foster, Rosalind, Lynne McCormack, Caroline Thng, Handan Wand, and Anna McNulty. "Cross-sectional survey of Chinese-speaking and Thai-speaking female sex workers in Sydney, Australia: factors associated with consistent condom use." Sexual Health 15, no. 5 (2018): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh17205.
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Background Previous studies have described inconsistent condom use in Chinese- and Thai-speaking female sex workers in Sydney, Australia. In the present study, we describe the demographics and safe sexual practices in the Chinese- and Thai-speaking female sex workers attending the Sydney Sexual Health Centre (SSHC) in 2014–15. Methods: A self-completed 60-item anonymous questionnaire, adapted from previous surveys conducted in 1993 and 2003, was translated into Chinese and Thai and administered to female sex workers attending the SSHC or seen on outreach. Results: In all, 488 surveys were distributed, of which 435 were returned; 43% in Chinese and 57% in Thai. Most women did not plan on sex work before their arrival in Australia. Compared with Chinese-speaking women, Thai-speaking women rated themselves higher on English language literacy, had better knowledge of the transmission of HIV and sexually transmissible infections (STIs) and were more likely to practice 100% condom use. Overall, 72% of the sex workers surveyed reported consistent condom use for vaginal sex at work. Conclusions: Consistent condom use for vaginal sex at work among Chinese- and Thai-speaking female sex workers has decreased slightly from that reported in a similar survey conducted by the SSHC in 2003, when 85% of sex workers reported consistent condom use. There are significant differences between Chinese- and Thai-speaking sex workers in terms of both knowledge and safer sex practices. Ongoing health promotion efforts should focus on providing culturally appropriate education around STIs and safe sex practices not only to workers, but also to parlour owners, managers and consumers.
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Rezania, Fatemeh, Christopher J. A. Neil, and Tissa Wijeratne. "Disparities in Care and Outcome of Stroke Patients from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Communities in Metropolitan Australia." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 5870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245870.
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Background: Acute stroke is a time-critical emergency where diagnosis and acute management are highly dependent upon the accuracy of the patient’s history. We hypothesised that the language barrier is associated with delayed onset time to thrombolysis and poor clinical outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the effect of language barriers on time to thrombolysis and clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke. Concerning the method, this is a retrospective study of all patients admitted to a metropolitan stroke unit (Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) with an acute ischemic stroke treated with tissue plasminogen activator between 1/2013 and 9/2017. Baseline characteristics, thrombolysis time intervals, length of stay, discharge destination, and in-hospital mortality were compared among patients with and without a language barrier using multivariate analysis after adjustment for age, sex, stroke severity, premorbid modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Language barriers were defined as a primary language other than English. A total of 374 patients were included. Our findings show that 76 patients (20.3%) had a language barrier. Mean age was five years older for patients with language barriers (76.7 vs. 71.8 years, p = 0.004). Less non-English speaking patients had premorbid mRS score of zero (p = 0.002), and more had premorbid mRS score of one or two (p = 0.04). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of stroke severity on presentation (p = 0.06). The onset to needle time was significantly longer in patients with a language barrier (188 min vs. 173 min, p = 0.04). Onset to arrival and door to imaging times were reassuringly similar between the two groups. However, imaging to needle time was 9 min delayed in non-English speaking patients with a marginal p value (65 vs. 56 min, p = 0.06). Patients with language barriers stayed longer in the stroke unit (six vs. four days, p = 0.02) and had higher discharge rates than residential aged care facilities in those admitted from home (9.2% vs. 2.3%, p = 0.02). In-hospital mortality was not different between the two groups (p = 0.8). In conclusion, language barriers were associated with almost 14 min delay in thrombolysis. The delay was primarily attributable to imaging to needle time. Language barriers were also associated with poorer clinical outcomes.
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Butow, Phyllis Noemi, Lynley Aldridge, Melanie Bell, Ming Sze, Maurice Eisenbruch, Madeleine King, Michael Jefford, Penelope Schofield, Priya Duggal-Beri, and David Goldstein. "Cancer survivorship outcomes in immigrants." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): 6111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.6111.
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6111 Background: Immigration is increasing world-wide. Cancer survivorship is now recognised as a period of difficult adjustment for all patients, and possibly more so for immigrants. We explored disparities in quality of life outcomes for immigrant (IM) versus Anglo-Australian (AA) cancer survivors. Methods: In a cross-sectional design, cancer survivors were recruited through the New South Wales, Queensland and Victorian Cancer Registries in Australia. IM participants, their parents and grandparents were born in a country where Chinese, Greek, or Arabic is spoken and spoke one of those languages. AAs were born in Australia and spoke English. All were diagnosed with cancer 1-3 years previously. Questionnaires (completed in preferred language) included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (anxiety/ depression), FACT-G (quality of life) and Supportive Care Needs Survey (unmet needs). Outcomes were compared between AA and IM groups in adjusted regression models that included age, gender, socio-economic status, education, marital status, religion, time since diagnosis and cancer type (prostate, colorectal, breast and other). Results: There were 599 participants (response rate 41%). Consent was unrelated to demographic and disease variables. AA and IM groups were similar except that immigrants had higher proportions in the low and highly educated groups (p < 0.0001), and higher socioeconomic status (p = 0.0003). In adjusted analyses (see table), IMs had clinically significant higher depression (possible range 0-21), greater unmet information and physical needs, and lower quality of life than AAs. The possible range for the latter three is 0-100. Conclusions: Immigrants experience poorer outcomes in cancer survivorship, even after adjusting for socio-economic, demographic and disease differences. Interventions are required to improve their adjustment after cancer. Results highlight areas of unmet need that might be better addressed by the health system (particularly with regard to provision of information and support. [Table: see text]
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Milton, Alyssa Clare, Tracey A. Davenport, Frank Iorfino, Anna Flego, Jane M. Burns, and Ian B. Hickie. "Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors and Their Associations With Transitional Life Events in Men and Women: Findings From an International Web-Based Sample." JMIR Mental Health 7, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): e18383. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18383.
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Background Although numerous studies have demonstrated sex differences in the prevalence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB), there is a clear lack of research examining the similarities and differences between men and women in terms of the relationship between STB, transitional life events, and the coping strategies employed after experiencing such events when they are perceived as stressful. Objective This study aims to examine the differences between men’s and women’s experiences of STB, sociodemographic predictors of STB, and how coping responses after experiencing a stressful transitional life event predict STB. Methods A web-based self-report survey was used to assess the health and well-being of a voluntary community-based sample of men and women aged 16 years and older, living in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, who were recruited using web-based social media promotion and snowballing. Results In total, 10,765 eligible web-based respondents participated. Compared with men, a significantly greater proportion of women reported STB (P<.001) and endorsed experiencing a transitional life event as stressful (P<.001). However, there were no gender differences in reporting that the transitional life event or events was stressful for those who also reported STB. Significant sociodemographic adjusted risk factors of STB included younger age; identifying as a sexual minority; lower subjective social connectedness; lower subjective intimate bonds; experiencing a stressful transitional life event in the past 12 months; living alone (women only); not being in employment, education, or training (women only); suddenly or unexpectedly losing a job (men only); and experiencing a relationship breakdown (men only). Protective factors included starting a new job, retiring, having a language background other than English, and becoming a parent for the first time (men only). The results relating to coping after experiencing a self-reported stressful transitional life event in the past 12 months found that regardless of sex, respondents who reported STB compared with those who did not were less likely to engage in activities that promote social connections, such as talking about their feelings (P<.001). Coping strategies significantly explained 19.0% of the STB variance for men (F16,1027=14.64; P<.001) and 22.0% for women (F16,1977=36.45; P<.001). Conclusions This research highlights multiple risk factors for STB, one of which includes experiencing at least one stressful transitional life event in the past 12 months. When individuals are experiencing such events, support from services and the community alike should consider using sex-specific or targeted strategies, as this research indicates that compared with women, more men do nothing when experiencing stress after a transitional life event and may be waiting until they experience STB to engage with their social networks for support.
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KENNEDY, Amber, Beverley VOLLENHOVEN, Richard HISCOCK, Catharyn STERN, Susan WALKER, Jeanie CHEONG, Jon QUACH, et al. "School Age Developmental Outcomes of Children Conceived by IVF Compared with Controls: A Population Linkage Study." Fertility & Reproduction 04, no. 03n04 (September 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661318222740498.
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Background: There has been increasing interest in assessing longer term developmental and health outcomes in IVF-conceived offspring compared with those born after natural conception. So far, the findings have been conflicting. The Australian Early Developmental Consensus (AEDC) assesses children in their first year of primary school across five domains; physical health and wellbeing, social competence, emotional maturity, language and cognitive skills, and communication skills and general knowledge. Aim: To compare school entry (5-7 years of age) outcomes in IVF-conceived children in Victoria with naturally conceived controls. Method: We undertook a statewide data linkage study, with perinatal data (births 2005-2014) linked to data from major IVF providers in Victoria and the AEDC. Our approach to analysis included: complete case analysis, multiple imputation of missing data, consideration of clustering (siblings) and inverse probability weighted modeling to adjust for covariates. Our primary outcome was an AEDC score indicative of developmental vulnerability in two or more domains. We adjusted for the child’s age at assessment, sex, highest level of maternal education, maternal age, parity, SEIFA (Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas) quintile, language background other than English, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) status. Results: The linked dataset comprised 163,418 children, including 4,441 IVF-conceived children. The IVF conceived population had older, more highly educated mothers who lived in more affluent areas and were less likely to be from non-English speaking backgrounds or identify as ATSI. IVF-conceived children were less likely to be developmentally vulnerable, in both unadjusted (RR 0.59, 95%CI: 0.52-0.67, p<0.001) and adjusted analyses (aRR 0.72, 95%CI: 0.58-0.88, p<0.001). Conclusion: Children conceived by IVF were less likely to be developmentally vulnerable in their first year of schooling, compared with peers conceived naturally. Further research should aim to understand if similar patterns are seen in other education and health domains and the potential mechanisms for these differences.
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Kisely, Steve, Katherine Moss, Melinda Boyd, and Dan Siskind. "Efficacy of compulsory community treatment and use in minority ethnic populations: A statewide cohort study." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 54, no. 1 (September 26, 2019): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867419877690.
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Background: There is conflicting and equivocal evidence for the efficacy of compulsory community treatment within Australia and overseas, but no study from Queensland. In addition, although people from Indigenous or culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds are over-represented in compulsory admissions to hospital, little is known about whether this also applies to compulsory community treatment. Aims: We initially investigated whether people from Indigenous or culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in terms of country of birth, or preferred language, were more likely to be on compulsory community treatment using statewide databases from Queensland. We then assessed the impact of compulsory community treatment on health service use over the following 12 months. Compulsory community treatment included both community treatment orders and forensic orders. Methods: Cases and controls from administrative health data were matched on age, sex, diagnosis and time of hospital discharge (the index date). Multivariate analyses were used to examine potential predictors of compulsory community treatment, as well as impact on bed-days, time to readmission or contacts with public mental health services in the subsequent year. Results: We identified 7432 cases and controls from January 2013 to February 2017 (total n = 14,864). Compulsory community treatment was more likely in Indigenous Queenslanders (adjusted odds ratio = 1.45; 95% confidence interval = [1.28, 1.65]) subjects coming from a culturally and linguistically diverse background (adjusted odds ratio = 1.54; 95% confidence interval = [1.37, 1.72]), or those who had a preferred language other than English (adjusted odds ratio = 1.66; 95% confidence interval = [1.30, 2.11]). While community contacts were significantly greater in patients on compulsory community treatment, there was no difference in bed-days while time to readmission was shorter. Restricting the analyses to just community treatment orders did not alter these results. Conclusion: In common with other coercive treatments, Indigenous Australians and people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds are more likely to be placed on compulsory community treatment. The evidence for effectiveness remains inconclusive.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "English language Australia Sex differences"
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Ng, Sau-ling, and 吳秀玲. "Gender differences in learning English writing in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45151891.
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De, Klerk Vivian Anne. "An investigation into the language of English-speaking adolescents, with particular reference to sex, age and type of school." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23092.
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Pang, Tsz-yin, and 彭紫妍. "An investigation into gender and motivation regarding English language acquisition in secondary schools in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206575.
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Although the status of Putonghua is perceived to be on the rise progressively in post-colonial Hong Kong, the tremendous social prestige enjoyed by English language is still dominating this city, which resulted in educationalists’ attention on students’ achievements in English language, especially after female students were found to out-compete their male counterparts in English studies for years. In order to yield more reference for educationalists concerning this phenomenon, a newly developed approach, namely the Motivational Self System Model (Dörnyei, 2009), was adopted to investigate the gender differences regarding secondary school students’ motivation and their English achievements in Hong Kong. 30 male and 30 female freshmen studying in various departments in the University of Hong Kong participated in this study. Their level of motivation in English learning was measured through a questionnaire consisted of 30 questions scored on a 7-point Likert scale. Interviews were conducted afterwards to generate qualitative data so as to assist quantitative analysis. By using independent sample t-test, Pearson correlation test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was found that female respondents showed higher levels of language learning experience than male respondents, but learners’ English achievements were only positively correlated to their levels of ideal self. The relationship of gender, motivation and English achievement was therefore re-examined. It was discovered that Arts students tended to out-perform their Science peers in English studies. Meanwhile, male and female learners were found to dominate Science stream and Arts stream respectively owing to the social facet of their ideal selves. As a result, the gender differences regarding secondary school students’ English achievements were highly likely to be originated from males’ domination in Science stream and that of females in Arts stream. This brought about pedagogical implications for educators, in that more resources should be reallocated for Science students regarding English learning.published_or_final_version
Linguistics
Master
Master of Arts
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Lu, Hangyan, and 卢杭艳. "Doing gender in reading English as a second language: a multi-case study across China and Sweden." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47752907.
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This thesis reports a cross-cultural study that investigated the ways Chinese and
Swedish college students do gender in their experiences of reading English as a
second language. The concept “doing gender in reading” in this study derives from
the view of reading as a social practice that leads to gendered identities construction.
Previous studies, which mostly found that girls outperformed boys in reading
achievement, created a linear relationship between gender and achievement. This
study, informed by social theories of literacy (Gee, 2008; Street, 1984; Kress, 2010)
and poststructuralist theories of gender (Weedon, 1997; Butler, 1990), explored how
socially-constituted gendered ideologies might be instantiated and negotiated in
college students’ experiences of reading English as a second language. It gave
particular attention to diversity within and between genders and to the dynamics of
students’ socio-culturally mediated reading practices. The study was guided by the
following sub-questions:
(a) What gender-specific ideologies can be identified in Chinese and Swedish
college students’ narratives of reading English as a second language?
(b) How do Chinese and Swedish college students act in relation to gender-specific
ideologies in their everyday English reading practices?
The study was conducted with a qualitative approach of narrative inquiry. Focal
informants were four Chinese students and four Swedish students enrolled in English
teacher education programs in their home countries. Data were collected over a sixmonth
period with techniques of student journal writing, interviews, focus groups,
and ethnographic observations. Baxter’s (2003) feminist poststructuralist discourse
analysis framed and guided data analysis.
The study found three recurrent English reading practices across cases that led to
gendered identities construction. These were: making investment in English reading;
adopting the strategy of reading English alone; and choosing English reading
materials in relation to teachers. Overarching ideologies that shaped these practices
included perceptions of reading as a more female-appropriate activity, male readers
as independent readers who could solve problems on their own, and female readers
as emotional readers who are sensitive to their relation with others. Informants’
actions in relation to these gender-specific ideologies fell into two major categories:
conformance and resistance. Findings suggested that female informants seemed to be
more ready to resist these ideologies whereas males tended to comply. Swedish
informants seemed to demonstrate more awareness of and readiness to resist
gendered ideologies compared to Chinese informants.
The findings from this study imply that gendered ideologies can have both
facilitating and debilitating effects on students’ reading experiences. Therefore,
language teachers should develop a critical consciousness of gendered ideologies and
how they relate to their students in specific contexts. In response to prevailing socioculturally
constituted and power-laden ideologies, the study proposes a new
perspective from which to interpret gender and reading English as a second language
across cultures. Such a contribution adds momentum to the paradigm shift from
essentialism to poststructuralism in second language acquisition that purports that
gender is more than an identity label.published_or_final_version
Education
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Eriksson, Rebecca. "Differences in Applying the Terms “Sex” and “Gender” Across Scientific Authors Active in English and Non-English Speaking Countries." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184141.
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The aim of this present study was to examine whether scientific authors active in English-speaking countries differ from those in non-English-speaking countries in their use of the terms ‘sex’ and ‘gender’. Based on earlier science, findings have shown that the first language (L1) and second language (L2) differ in the neural processes of the brain and working memory. Research has also shown that women tend to communicate in a more polite and involved manner compared to men. Based on such findings, we compare authors’ tendency to use the terms sex and gender correctly, as a function of their sex and whether they were affiliated to a country with English as first language (EFL) or English as second language (ESL). The hypothesises of this study were (1) scientists affiliated to universities located in EFL countries are more likely to use the terms sex and gender correctly, compared to scientists affiliated to universities in ESL countries, and (2) female scientists are more likely to use the term gender, when they are actually referring to sex, than male scientists and are also less likely to use the term sex when they are referring to gender, compared to male scientists. Results supported the first but not the second hypothesis. Further results are analyzed and discussed based on theories from cognitive science.Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om vetenskapliga författare som är verksamma i engelsktalande länder skiljer sig från dem i icke-engelsktalande länder när det gäller att använda de engelska termerna ”sex” och ”gender”. Baserat på tidigare vetenskap har fynd visat att första språket (L1) och andraspråket (L2) skiljer sig åt i arbetsminne och hjärnans neurala processer. Forskning har också visat att kvinnor tenderar att kommunicera på ett mer artigt och involverat sätt jämfört med män. Baserat på sådana resultat jämför vi författarnas tendens att använda termerna kön och kön korrekt, som en funktion av deras kön och om de var affilierade till ett land med engelska som första språk (EFL) eller engelska som andraspråk (ESL). Hypoteser i denna studie var (1) forskare som är anslutna till universitet i EFL-länder är mer benägna att använda termerna kön och kön korrekt, jämfört med forskare som är anslutna till universitet i ESL-länder, och (2) kvinnliga forskare är mer benägna att använda begreppet gender, när de faktiskt menar sex, än manliga forskare och är också mindre benägna att använda termen sex när de menar gender, jämfört med manliga forskare. Resultaten stödde den första men inte den andra hypotesen. Ytterligare resultat analyseras och diskuteras utifrån teorier från kognitionsvetenskap.
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Wong, Kuen Kolya, and 黃娟. "The influence of gender on the use of hedges by Cantonese speakers in English." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36877682.
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Mirahayuni, Ni Ketut School of Modern Language Studies UNSW. "Investigating textual structure in native and non-native English research articles : strategy differences between English and Indonesian writers." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Modern Language Studies, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19068.
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Research into English research articles (RAs) has largely been focused on articles produced by native English writers. This thesis aims to investigate the textual structure of research articles written by non-native English writers, which may contribute to their acceptance for international publication. A comparison is made between RAs written by native English speakers, Indonesian writers writing in English, and Indonesian writers writing in Indonesian, all in the field of Language and Language Teaching. It explores the relation of text's generic structure, context and linguistic realization. The thesis develops a framework for the generic structure analysis based on Swales' CARS model of moves. A complementary analysis using Systemic-Functional Linguistics' (SFL) approach to texture, namely, text's method of development and structure of information, is conducted to further reveal the textual strategies of the different groups. The findings indicate significant differences in both forms and functions of textual strategies between the native and non-native texts. The differences may partly be due to the influence of writing practices in the non-native writers' first language and partly to the writer's attempt to find an appropriate format in the absence of well-established research writing conventions in the first language. Consequently, non-native English texts may show textual features and organising strategies unfamiliar to both the native English and native Indonesian texts. Findings from the research highlight two issues. First, formal and functional differences of generic structure elements and their realizations between the native and non-native English texts may disadvantage the non-native writers, particularly with regards to employment of unfamiliar organizational strategies. Second, besides knowledge of formal generic structure, more importantly, non-native English writers need to acquire the knowledge of the nature of scientific writing in English in order to achieve full control of the writing process and thus produce successful writing. The implications for further research and the teaching of academic writing are discussed.
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Bailey, Lucille Marie. "Sex-marked language differences : a linguistic analysis of lexicon and syntax in the female and male dialogue in the eight original plays of Lillian Hellman." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/776720.
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A randomly-selected sample of 31,115 words taken from the eight original plays of Lillian Hellman was analyzed on the basis of female and male dialogue. Lexical classes--verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns--were examined by studying terms described by other researchers, especially Mary P. Hiatt, as belonging to generally "feminine" or "masculine" categories. In these classes, differences were statistically significant based on gender in two areas.Adjective figures that took into account type 1) of adjective, 2) of referent, and 3) of speaker showed statistical significance. This was true only for the "feminine" adjectives, especially as used by female speakers for female referents. Pronouns were distributed through the plays and used by the genders of speakers at significant levels of difference. A connection was evidenced between each gender of speaker and the gender of pronouns used, a strong relationship that also showed significance by play.Areas of syntax studied were emphasis, communication unit length, and clause structure. Markings of emphasis were significant by gender, female characters having both more instances and more marked words. Length evidenced no difference, likely because of requirements of the dramatic setting. The study of clause structure showed that female characters were given more whole sentences and more coordination at significant levels.Each area studied was analyzed for statistical significance. Hiatt's results were also statisticaly calculated and reported. Significance was based on chi-square calculations, at a level of p < .05 for rejecting null hypotheses. In addition to an axis based on gender, figures were also computed for specific plays.Applying the categories to individual plays and characters showed Hellman"s use of these strategies to define personality. For instance, with adjectives and emphasis, types more often given to female characters were also given in comparatively large number to themen in the Hubbard plays (The Little Foxes, and Another Part of the Forest), thereby marking them as unusual and adding to their characterization.Department of English
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Ravel, Edeet. "The application of biblical laws to women by the Rabbis of the Tannaitic period." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39322.
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In Hebrew, as in English, the masculine form takes precedence over the feminine, and consequently many masculine terms can serve both generic and sex-specific functions. Almost all biblical laws, whether formulated in the imperative or in the third person, appear in singular or plural masculine form, and therefore present a major difficulty in terms of gender interpretation. The position of women in the legal covenant is thus rendered highly ambiguous.The tannaitic sages, Jewish biblical exegetes of the first post-Christian centuries, were acutely aware of the problem and wrote numerous midrashim which interpreted ambiguous terms of gender in the biblical legal corpus. They determined the extent to which the various gender references referred to women.
These interpretations have been almost totally neglected in modern biblical and rabbinic scholarship, and are here collated and carefully analyzed for the first time. It is shown that though the sages operated within an ideological framework, their exegetical procedures played a major role in their legislation.
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Shaw, Dara Gay. "Cross-cultural gender dynamics in classroom interaction the adult ESOL classroom /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1811.
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Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xx, 401, 2 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 263-275).
Books on the topic "English language Australia Sex differences"
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Mondorf, Britta. Gender differences in English syntax. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 2004.
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The language of sex: Saying & not saying. Valencia: Universitat de València, 2005.
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Murphy, Bróna. Corpus and sociolinguistics: Investigating age and gender in female talk. Philadelphia, Pa: John Benjamins Pub. Company, 2010.
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Ishikawa, Yuka. Feminizumu gengogaku no shiten ni motozuku Eigo seisabetsu hyōgen kenkyū: Kōpasu ni miru sono genjō to kongo no tenbō : shokushu meishō sōshō keishō o chūshin ni. Tōkyō: Yūshōdō Shuppan, 2005.
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Corpus and sociolinguistics: Investigating age and gender in female talk. Philadelphia, Pa: John Benjamins Pub. Company, 2010.
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Martyni︠u︡k, A. P. Konstrui︠u︡vanni︠a︡ henderu v anhlomovnomu dyskursi. Kharkiv: Konstanta, 2004.
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Jane, Sunderland, ed. Exploring gender: Questions and implications for English language education. New York: Prentice Hall, 1994.
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Lilja, Sara. Gender-related terms in English depositions, examinations and journals, 1670-1720. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala Universtet, 2007.
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Appleby, Bruce C., and Nancy Mellin McCracken. Gender issues in the teaching of English. Portsmouth, NH: Boynton/Cook, 1992.
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Gender and ideology in translation: Do women and men translate differently? : a contrastive analysis from Italian into English. Bern: Lang, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "English language Australia Sex differences"
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Edwards, Walter F. "Sex-based differences in language choice in an African-American neighborhood in Detroit." In Varieties of English Around the World, 183. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g16.10edw.
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Pauwels, Anne. "Gender differences in Australian English." In Language in Australia, 318–26. Cambridge University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511620881.024.
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"Chapter Nine: Overcoming Language and Cultural Differences in Medical Encounters: The Use of a Language and Culture Training Course (Lact) in Educating Imgs in Australia." In English Language and the Medical Profession: Instructing and Assessing the Communication Skills of International Physicians, 175–210. BRILL, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9781780523859_010.
Full textConference papers on the topic "English language Australia Sex differences"
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Sinaga, Megawati, Dr Sumarsih, and Rahmad Husein. "Teachers’ Language Style with Reference to Sex Differences in Teaching English." In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aisteel-18.2018.123.
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Pratami, Yustika Rahmawati, and Nurul Kurniati. "Sex Education Strategy for Adolescents: A Scoping Review." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.27.
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Background: Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) plays an important role in preparing safe and productive lives of adolescents through understanding about HIV/ AIDS, sexually transmitted infections, unintended pregnancy, gender-based violence, and gender disparity. This scoping review aimed to investigate the appropriate method of sex education and information for adolescents. Subjects and Method: A scoping review method was conducted in eight stages including (1) Identification of study problems; (2) Determining priority problem and study question; (3) Determining framework; (4) Literature searching; (5) Article selection; (6) Critical appraisal; (7) Data extraction; and (8) Mapping. The research question was identified using population, exposure, and outcome(s) (PEOS) framework. The search included PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, ProQuest, and EBSCO databases. The inclusion criteria were English-language and full-text articles published between 2009 and 2019. A total of 460 articles was obtained from the searched database. After the review process, twenty articles were eligible for this review. The data were reported by the PRISMA flow chart. Results: Eleven articles from developing countries (Nigeria, Thailand, Iran, California, Vietnam, Spain, South Africa, Indonesia) and nine articles from developed countries (USA, England, Australia) met the inclusion criteria with quantitative (cross-sectional, quasi-experiments, cohort, RCT) and qualitative design studies. The findings discussed available sources of sex education for adolescents including peers, school, media, and other adults. Digital media (internet and TV) contributed as preferable sources for adolescents. The parents and teacher’s involvement in providing sex education remained inadequate. Inappropriate sources of sex education like invalid information from the internet and other adults caused negative consequences on the sexual and reproductive health of children and adolescents. Conclusion: Parents-school partnership strategies play an important role in delivering appropriate information about sex education for children and adolescents. Keywords: digital media, sex education, parents, schools, adolescents Correspondence: Yustika Rahmawati Pratami. Jl. Siliwangi No. 63, Nogotirto, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55292. Email: yustikarahmawati068@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282198915596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.27
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Fatima Hajizada, Fatima Hajizada. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE AMERICAN VERSION OF THE BRITISH LANGUAGE." In THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC – PRACTICAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE IN MODERN & SOCIAL SCIENCES: NEW DIMENSIONS, APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES. IRETC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/mssndac-01-10.
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English is one of the most spoken languages in the world. A global language communication is inherent in him. This language is also distinguished by a significant diversity of dialects and speech. It appeared in the early Middle Ages as the spoken language of the Anglo-Saxons. The formation of the British Empire and its expansion led to the widespread English language in Asia, Africa, North America and Australia. As a result, the Metropolitan language became the main communication language in the English colonies, and after independence it became State (USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) and official (India, Nigeria, Singapore). Being one of the 6 Official Languages of the UN, it is studied as a foreign language in educational institutions of many countries in the modern time [1, 2, s. 12-14]. Despite the dozens of varieties of English, the American (American English) version, which appeared on the territory of the United States, is one of the most widespread. More than 80 per cent of the population in this country knows the American version of the British language as its native language. Although the American version of the British language is not defined as the official language in the US Federal Constitution, it acts with features and standards reinforced in the lexical sphere, the media and the education system. The growing political and economic power of the United States after World War II also had a significant impact on the expansion of the American version of the British language [3]. Currently, this language version has become one of the main topics of scientific research in the field of linguistics, philology and other similar spheres. It should also be emphasized that the American version of the British language paved the way for the creation of thousands of words and expressions, took its place in the general language of English and the world lexicon. “Okay”, “teenager”, “hitchhike”, “landslide” and other words can be shown in this row. The impact of differences in the life and life of colonists in the United States and Great Britain on this language was not significant either. The role of Nature, Climate, Environment and lifestyle should also be appreciated here. There is no officially confirmed language accent in the United States. However, most speakers of national media and, first of all, the CNN channel use the dialect “general American accent”. Here, the main accent of “mid Pppemestern” has been guided. It should also be noted that this accent is inherent in a very small part of the U.S. population, especially in Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois. But now all Americans easily understand and speak about it. As for the current state of the American version of the British language, we can say that there are some hypotheses in this area. A number of researchers perceive it as an independent language, others-as an English variant. The founder of American spelling, American and British lexicographer, linguist Noah Pondebster treats him as an independent language. He also tried to justify this in his work “the American Dictionary of English” written in 1828 [4]. This position was expressed by a Scottish-born English philologist, one of the authors of the “American English Dictionary”Sir Alexander Craigie, American linguist Raven ioor McDavid Jr. and others also confirm [5]. The second is the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield, one of the creators of the descriptive direction of structural linguistics, and other American linguists Edward Sapir and Charles Francis Hockett. There is also another group of “third parties” that accept American English as a regional dialect [5, 6]. A number of researchers [2] have shown that the accent or dialect in the US on the person contains significantly less data in itself than in the UK. In Great Britain, a dialect speaker is viewed as a person with a low social environment or a low education. It is difficult to perceive this reality in the US environment. That is, a person's speech in the American version of the British language makes it difficult to express his social background. On the other hand, the American version of the British language is distinguished by its faster pace [7, 8]. One of the main characteristic features of the American language array is associated with the emphasis on a number of letters and, in particular, the pronunciation of the letter “R”. Thus, in British English words like “port”, “more”, “dinner” the letter “R” is not pronounced at all. Another trend is related to the clear pronunciation of individual syllables in American English. Unlike them, the Britons “absorb”such syllables in a number of similar words [8]. Despite all these differences, an analysis of facts and theoretical knowledge shows that the emergence and formation of the American version of the British language was not an accidental and chaotic process. The reality is that the life of the colonialists had a huge impact on American English. These processes were further deepened by the growing migration trends at the later historical stage. Thus, the language of the English-speaking migrants in America has been developed due to historical conditions, adapted to the existing living environment and new life realities. On the other hand, the formation of this independent language was also reflected in the purposeful policy of the newly formed US state. Thus, the original British words were modified and acquired a fundamentally new meaning. Another point here was that the British acharism, which had long been out of use, gained a new breath and actively entered the speech circulation in the United States. Thus, the analysis shows that the American version of the British language has specific features. It was formed and developed as a result of colonization and expansion. This development is still ongoing and is one of the languages of millions of US states and people, as well as audiences of millions of people. Keywords: American English, English, linguistics, accent.
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Wulandari, Hanny, and Dwi Ernawati. "Effect of Early Menarche on Reproductive Health: A Scoping Review." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.26.
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Background: Teenagers aged 15-19 encounter a disproportionate burden of adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The urgent ongoing efforts are needed to lead healthy, safe, and productive lives of teenage girls. This scoping review aimed to identify the association of early menarche with negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Subjects and Method: A scoping review method was conducted in eight stages including (1) Identification of study problems; (2) Determining priority problem and study question; (3) Determining framework; (4) Literature searching; (5) Article selection; (6) Critical appraisal; (7) Data extraction; and (8) Mapping. The search included PubMed, EBSCO, and Wiley databases. The keywords were “effect” OR “outcomes” AND “menarche” OR “menstruation” OR “menstrua” OR “menses” OR “early menarche” AND “reproductive health” OR “sexual reproducti” AND “sexual behavior” OR “sexual debut” OR “sexual partners” OR “unsafe sex” OR “unprotected sex”. The inclusion criteria were English-language and full-text articles published between 2009 and 2019. A total of 116 full text articles was obtained. After the review process, nine articles were eligible. The data were reported by the PRISMA flow chart. Results: Four articles from developing countries (Nigeria, Malawi, Philippine) and five articles from developed countries (France, United States of America, England, Australia) met the inclusion criteria with cross-sectional and cohort design studies. The existing literature showed that early menarche was associated with sexual and reproductive health (early sexual initiation, low use of contraception), sexually transmitted diseases (genital herpes, HIV), and other factors (income, education level, sexual desire). Conclusion: Early age at menarche may contribute to the increase vulnerability of girls into negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Quality comprehensive sexual education may improve the sexual and reproductive health and well-being of adolescents. Keywords: early menarche, reproductive health, adolescent females Correspondence: Hanny Wulandari. Universitas Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Jl. Ringroad Barat No.63, Mlangi Nogotirto, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55592. Email: hannywulandari11@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281249747223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.26