Journal articles on the topic 'English England Themes'
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1
Gillingham, John. "Civilizing the English? The English histories of William of Malmesbury and David Hume*." Historical Research 74, no. 183 (February 1, 2001): 17–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00114.
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Abstract This article has two inter-related arguments: first, that in terms of its themes and approaches William of Malmesbury's Deeds of the Kings of the English bears comparison with David Hume's History of England; second, that in twelfth-century England the notion of a civilizing process, including the idea of socio-economic stages of development, was at least as prevalent as in ‘early modern’ England
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Machin, Stephen, and Sandra McNally. "The Evaluation of English Education Policies." National Institute Economic Review 219 (January 2012): R15—R25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011221900103.
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Educational inequalities are evident even before children start school. Those connected to disadvantage widen out as children progress through the education system and into the labour market. We document various forms of educational inequality. We then review available evidence for England about the impact of school-level policies on achievement and their potential for reducing the socio-economic gap. We discuss evaluation evidence under four main themes: school resources; market incentives; school autonomy; and pedagogical approaches.
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Amit, Mr. "Romanticism: Characteristics, Themes and Poets." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i5.11034.
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This paper examines about Romanticism or Romantic era, themes and some famous writers, poets and poems of romantic era. Romanticism is one of the repetitive topics that are connected to either creative mind, vision, motivation, instinct, or independence.
The subject frequently condemns the past, worries upon reasonableness, disconnection of the essayist and pays tribute to nature. Gone before by Enlightenment, Romanticism brought crisp verse as well as extraordinary books in English Literature. Begun from England and spread all through Europe including the United States, the Romantic development incorporates well known journalists, for example, William Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Lord Byron, Shelley, Chatterton, and Hawthorne. ‘Romantic’ has been adjusted from the French word romaunt that implies a story of Chivalry. After two German scholars Schlegel siblings utilized this word for verse, it changed into a development like an epidemic and spread all through Europe.
Romanticism in English writing started during the 1790s with the distribution of the Lyrical Ballads of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Wordsworth's "Preface" to the subsequent version (1800) of Lyrical Ballads, in which he portrayed verse as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings", turned into the statement of the English Romantic development in verse.
The first phase of the Romantic movement in Germany was set apart by advancements in both substance and artistic style and by a distraction with the mysterious, the intuitive and the heavenly. An abundance of abilities, including Friedrich Hölderlin, the early Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Jean Paul, Novalis, Ludwig Tieck, A.W. what's more, Friedrich Schlegel, Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder, and Friedrich Schelling, have a place with this first phase.
The second phase of Romanticism, involving the period from around 1805 to the 1830s, was set apart by a reviving of social patriotism and another regard for national roots, as bore witness to by the accumulation and impersonation of local old stories, people songs and verse, society move and music, and even recently disregarded medieval and Renaissance works. The resuscitated recorded appreciation was converted into creative composition by Sir Walter Scott, who is frequently considered to have imagined the verifiable novel. At about this equivalent time English Romantic verse had arrived at its peak in progress of John Keats, Lord Byron, and Percy Bysshe Shelley.
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Ibbetson, D. J. "THE RENAISSANCE OF ENGLISH LEGAL HISTORY." Cambridge Law Journal 80, S1 (September 2021): S91—S106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197321000301.
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AbstractJohn Baker's “English Law and the Renaissance” is perhaps the most significant paper in English legal history to appear in the Cambridge Law Journal. In many ways it was a response to, and development from, F. W. Maitland's Rede Lecture with the same title, published some 80 years previously. Baker's paper marks a punctuation in his study of English law under the early Tudors, a subject which he has made his own, culminating in his magisterial sixth volume of The Oxford History of the Laws of England. In addition, it marked a major break with the earlier orthodoxy that English law in this period was fundamentally distinct from the law which was developing on the European continent. The present paper explores both of these themes.
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Patterson, W. B. "William Perkins versus William Bishop on the Role of Mary as Mediator." Studies in Church History 39 (2004): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400015138.
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William Perkins and William Bishop, two of the leading spokesmen for their respective religious traditions in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century England, clashed in print over the status of the Blessed Virgin Mary, as well as a number of other issues. They were formidable adversaries. Perkins, the most widely-read English Protestant theologian of the day, helped to make Cambridge University a centre of Reformed thought and practice. Bishop, an Oxford-trained theologian with extensive experience and associations on the continent, eventually became the first Roman Catholic bishop in England since the death of the last surviving bishop of Mary I’s reign. Though discussions of the Virgin Mary were not major themes in the books of either writer, their views on this subject are significant in showing how the two traditions developed, in competition with each other, during this phase of the long English Reformation.
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Barna, Zsófia. "The Impossible Tradition of the Pindaric Ode in England." Romanian Journal of English Studies 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 208–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjes-2013-0019.
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Abstract The “burden of the past” (W. J. Bate) has persistently remained in the focus of poets’ attention across various periods of the history of Western poetry. Questions of tradition, historical belatedness, and “anxieti[es] of influence” (H. Bloom) have fueled both theorists and practitioners of poetry. The English Pindaric tradition confronts these questions uniquely. It has shown consciousness of its own historicity from the beginning. The vocation of the Pindaric poet and his relation to the inimitable master, Pindar, persist as central themes throughout the reception history. They contribute to the evolution of a tradition where poets increasingly question the possibility of autonomous poetic creation.
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Hayward, Maria. "Dressed in Blue: The Impact of Woad on English Clothing, c. 1350–c. 1670." Costume 49, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 168–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0590887615z.00000000074.
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This paper seeks to explore the changing importance of blue colours, blue dyes and woad in particular in England in the late Middle Ages and early modern period. It does so by considering six themes — the popularity and fashionability of blue; blue and its significance within the Order of the Garter; blue as a colour worn by the lower social groups and its association with poverty and livery; colour symbolism of blue; blue and court entertainments; blue and the liturgy — but it will start with a review of blue colours and blue dyes.
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Miller, Simon. "Urban Dreams and Rural Reality: Land and Landscape in English Culture, 1920–45." Rural History 6, no. 1 (April 1995): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300000844.
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On May 12th, 1926 Stanley Baldwin announced the end of the General Strike in a radio broadcast to the nation. The announcement was followed by a choir singing Parry's now familiarJerusalemwith its resounding climactic affirmation of ‘England's green and pleasant Land’.1It is hard to resist the speculation that this was Baldwin's choice as much as Reith's, since the Conservative Prime Minister had from the outset of his political career been identified as an ordinary man rooted deeply in the English countryside.2Baldwin's private correspondence demonstrates that his attachment to ‘our eternal hills’ was entirely genuine, but there can be little doubt that this was also an image that he consciously cultivated, and which – via his mastery of the new instruments of mass communication – he was able to convey to a wide and popular audience. To this extent he might be thought of as a Tory populist: as J.C. Squire noted in theObserverreview of Baldwin's 1926 collection of his speeches, entitledOn England(released just before the General Strike), ‘this is the work of a thoroughly representative Englishman: not the common man, but one expressing what the common man feels and cannot say for himself’. These ‘common’ themes and sentiments ranged across a number of issues from Shakespeare to the topical ‘Peace in Industry’, but pride of place in the volume was granted to his definitive statement on national identity, given in May 1924 ‘to celebrate our country and our Patron Saint’ at the Annual Dinner of the Royal Society of St. George, and entitled plainly and unambiguously ‘England’.
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Goodrich, Amanda. "Radical “Citizens of the World,” 1790–95: The Early Career of Henry Redhead Yorke." Journal of British Studies 53, no. 3 (July 2014): 611–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2014.103.
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AbstractThis article takes a new look at British radicalism in the 1790s and explores it within broad geographical and cultural frameworks and through the early career of Henry Redhead Yorke, a West Indian Creole who became a radical in England but frequently recanted his politics. It views radicalism within the Atlantic World and provides a broader interpretation of the excluded majority than as an English working class. It examines the radical “citizens of the world” and sheds new light on the apparent conflict within English radicalism between universalist and constitutionalist ideologies. Politicization and identity are the key themes here examined within micro- and macro-histories.
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Greaves, Richard L. "Revolutionary Ideology in Stuart England: The Essays of Christopher Hill." Church History 56, no. 1 (March 1987): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3165306.
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With the possible exception of Sir Geoffrey Elton and Lawrence Stone, no present historian of Tudor and Stuart England has been more prolific or controversial than Christopher Hill, the former master of Balliol College, Oxford. The twenty-nine articles, lectures, and book reviews included in the first two volumes of his Collected Essays deal with many of the themes developed in his more recent books, beginning with The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During the English Revolution (London, 1972). Although two of the pieces appeared as early as the 1950s, Hill has revised the essays for this collection, so that the total corpus reflects his mature judgment.
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Cuban, Sondra. "Skilled immigrant women carers in rural England and their downward mobility." MIGRATION LETTERS 6, no. 2 (October 28, 2009): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v6i2.76.
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An ESRC study that focused on the career trajectories of women immigrant care workers in a new area of settlement in England found that they had few opportunities to advance and that structural barriers were pervasive. Three major themes about factors for the women’s downward mobility were discovered: 1) Social and economic discrimination in sending countries, 2) a predominant perception amongst British-born employers and the public that the women had poor English and qualifications, and 3) limited networks that enabled them to advance. The women devised enterprising strategies to survive, but few outcomes resulted from their efforts.
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Shrimpton, Elisabeth A., Dexter Hunt, and Chris D. F. Rogers. "Justice in (English) Water Infrastructure: A Systematic Review." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 3363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063363.
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This paper reports on a systematic review of the literature around governance and water infrastructure in England to analyse data on the application, or absence, of justice themes. It finds that, unlike in other sectors, justice thinking is far from embedded in the water sector here and whilst there are signs of a discussion there is a lack of sophistication and coherence around the debate. More positively, the research suggests that the concept of justice can be used as a tool or framework to help air and address these complex issues and in doing so is an advance on the concept of sustainability. By exploring the issues in this way, the study reveals a wealth of opportunities to use justice-thinking to improve infrastructure decision making. It is suggested a justice approach is the next step as our thinking matures beyond sustainability, improving the decisions we make for people and planet.
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O'BANION, PATRICK J. "The Pastoral Use of the Book of Revelation in Late Tudor England." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 57, no. 4 (August 25, 2006): 693–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046906008189.
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Over the past forty years historians have demonstrated continued interest in tracing the development of radical early modern English apocalypticism. The Tudor and Stuart eschatological scene, however, encompassed more than just millenarian activism. This article emphasises the pastoral ends to which Revelation was used by a group of late sixteenth-century writers as they sought to make it accessible to the ‘common sort’ of Christian. Viewing interest in the Last Days through this pastoral lens highlights both the tense complexities present in the Elizabethan Church and the usefulness of eschatological themes in studying ordinary and normative aspects of religious experience.
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Dunn, Thomas James, Annabel Browne, Steven Haworth, Fatima Wurie, and Ines Campos-Matos. "Service Evaluation of the English Refugee Health Information System: Considerations and Recommendations for Effective Resettlement." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 10331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910331.
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Since 2015, the UK has resettled over 25,000 refugees. To support resettlement and integration, refugees undergo a pre-arrival medical health assessment (MHA), which is used for healthcare planning by local government in England. This study aimed to understand the utility and effectiveness of the MHA and flow of data to support resettlement planning. Seven local government representatives were interviewed regarding their experiences and perceptions of the refugee health information system (HIS) and the MHA for resettlement in England. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The three themes indicated that the HIS was perceived to be effective, however, issues on governance, timeliness of information and access were identified. Findings showed that for the MHA to be more useful for planning, assessments for mental health issues and child special educational needs (SEN) are needed. Findings also indicated resettlement promoted joint working and acceptability of refugee resettlement. In areas where data sharing and governance processes are well defined, the HIS is effective and the MHA supports resettlement. National agencies should put structures in place to support timely health information flow.
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Whitehead, Orla, Carol Jagger, and Barbara Hanratty. "What do doctors understand by spiritual health? A survey of UK general practitioners." BMJ Open 11, no. 8 (August 2021): e045110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045110.
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BackgroundIn the UK, doctors’ regulatory and professional bodies require general practitioners (GPs) to consider discussing spiritual health as part of the consultation. However, spiritual health is not defined in guidance, and it is unknown what individual doctors understand by the term.Research questionWhat do GPs understand by the term ‘spiritual health’?AimTo explore how GPs understand and define spiritual health.Design and settingSurvey of GPs in England 9 April 2019–21 May 2019.MethodA mixed-methods online survey asked practising GPs in England qualitative free text questions—‘What does the term ‘Spiritual Health’ mean to you?’ and ‘Any comments?’ after five vignettes about discussing spiritual health with patients. These were subject to thematic analysis using a priori themes from the literature on GP definitions of spiritual health, and on attitudes towards the topic.Participants177 practising GPs in England.Results177 GPs responded to the survey. Understanding of spiritual health fitted into three themes: self-actualisation and meaning, transcendence and relationships beyond the self, and expressions of spirituality. A full range of views were expressed, from a minority who challenged their role in spiritual health, through to others enthusiastic about its place in healthcare.ConclusionSpirituality and religiosity are understood by English GPs to be distinct concepts. A consensus definition of spiritual health incorporating the themes identified by working doctors, may be helpful to support GPs to follow the recommended guidance in their practice.
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Lewis, Katherine J. "The Life of St Margaret of Antioch in Late Medieval England: a Gendered Reading." Studies in Church History 34 (1998): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400013620.
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This paper explores the possibilities of a feminist reading of the Middle English life of St Margaret of Antioch, whose status as a virgin-martyr is sometimes held to have made her an unattainable role model, suitable only for virgins who had dedicated themselves to God. Using both written and painted English narratives of St Margaret’s life dating mainly from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, it shows that many elements of these could have been interpreted by all women as a validation of themselves and their experiences. The paper uncovers certain common themes and similarities of presentation, to see how far a general picture of Margaret emerges from them and what they say about the construction of femininity and the female. Although the narrative of the legend takes a variety of forms, both written and painted, it is sufficiently stable (largely ‘controlled’ by the Legenda Aurea) to allow different versions to be drawn on in this way.
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Stapleton, Julia. "Ernest Barker: Classics, England-Britain, and Europe, 1906–1960." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 23, no. 2 (2006): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-90000093.
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Ernest Barker’s contributions to the study of classical political thought have remained a benchmark in that field for much of the twentieth century. This introduction seeks to place his output in historical context, examining the professional, political and personal factors which underpinned his success as an interpreter of Plato and Aristotle, especially. It considers his education, the popular nature of his work, his ambiguous relationship to the establishment, his English-British patriotism, his European connections and perspective, his dual career as a scholar and journalist, and his liberalism as central to the cultural authority he acquired in the first half of the twentieth- century. The introduction emphasises the close relationship between Barker’s ‘national’ status as a classical scholar, the methodological, democratic, and religious sensibilities that informed his work, and the deep sense of public mission by which he was moved, down to his last years. In doing so, it draws together themes which are explored more fully in the special issue as a whole.
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McKevitt, Sarah, Martin White, Mark Petticrew, Carolyn Summerbell, Milica Vasiljevic, Emma Boyland, Steven Cummins, et al. "Typology of how ‘harmful commodity industries’ interact with local governments in England: a critical interpretive synthesis." BMJ Global Health 8, no. 1 (January 2023): e010216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010216.
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IntroductionIndustries that produce and market potentially harmful commodities or services (eg, tobacco, alcohol, gambling, less healthy foods and beverages) are a major influence on the drivers of behavioural risk factors for non-communicable diseases. The nature and impact of interactions between public bodies and ‘harmful commodity industries’ (HCIs) has been widely recognised and discussed at national and international levels, but to date little is known about such interactions at local or regional government levels. This study aimed to identify and characterise actual and potential interactions and proposes a typology of interactions between HCIs and English local authorities (LAs).MethodsFive electronic databases covering international literature (PubMed, EBSCO, OVID, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched up to June 2021. We also performed online searches for publicly available, web-based grey literature and documented examples of interactions in an English LA context. We conducted a critical interpretive synthesis of the published and grey literature to integrate and conceptualise the data in the context of English LAs.ResultsWe included 47 published papers to provide the frame for the typology, which was refined and contextualised for English LAs through the available grey literature. Three categories were developed, describing the medium through which interactions occur: (1) direct involvement with LAs, (2) involvement through intermediaries and (3) involvement through the local knowledge space. Within these, we grouped interactions into 10 themes defining their nature and identified illustrative examples.ConclusionOur typology identifies complex inter-relationships and characterises interactions between HCIs and LAs, with illustrative examples from English LAs. Drawn from well-established theories and frameworks in combination with contextual information on English LAs, this typology explores the LA perspective and could help local decision-makers to maximise population health while minimising negative impacts of HCIs.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021257311
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Tussay, Ákos. "Plague discourse, quarantine and plague control in early modern England: 1578–1625." Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies 61, no. 1 (July 5, 2021): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2052.2020.00001.
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AbstractPlague was a frequent visitor to early modern England, ravishing the whole country six times between 1563 and 1666. The plague problem was, however, definitely not just an English peculiarity. Plague, due to its recurrent and devastating outbreaks, was one of the central themes of late sixteenth-century medical scholarship and social policymaking. Plague was regulated mainly at the local levels, but most of the continental regulations and contemporary guidance seems to endorse two common features. They placed considerable emphasis on contagion and drew certain correlations between contacting plague and poverty on the one hand and meagre living conditions on the other hand. In some desperate attempts, the Elizabethan and Jacobean governments, set out to contain the spread of the disease, missing some marked features of these novel continental practices, issued various ill-suited regulations which dominated English plague control from 1578 to 1666. Despite these regulations' remarkably egalitarian overtone and seemingly charitable resolutions, this paper argues that the Elizabethan and Jacobean policies of plague control were destined to failure chiefly because of their elitist and inconsiderate measures, reducing them effectively to a harsh policy of confinement of the infected poor masses, taking almost no account of their health or well-being.
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Mongan, Ceara, and Will Thomas. "Understanding good leadership in the context of English care home inspection reports." Leadership in Health Services 34, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lhs-11-2020-0098.
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Purpose As part of their inspection of care homes in England, the statutory inspector (the Care Quality Commission [CQC]) makes a judgement on the quality of the home’s leadership. Their view is critical as it is intended to inform consumer choice and because the statutory nature of inspection means these views hold considerable authority. The purpose of this paper is to look at the content of a selection of reports and seek to determine what the CQC understands by the concept of “good leadership”. Design/methodology/approach A purposive sample of recent CQC inspection reports was selected and subjected to a qualitative content analysis. Inspections are structured around five main questions. The resulting themes describe areas of focus within the section of reports that feature the question “Are they well-led?”. Findings Inspection reports were found to focus on four main themes: safety and quality of care; day-to-day management of staff; governance and training in the home; and integration and partnership working. In the discussion section, the authors reflect on these themes and suggest that the CQC’s view of leadership is rather limited. In particular, while an emphasis is placed within the literature and policy on the importance of leadership in delivering change and quality improvement, little attention is paid to this within the leadership section of inspection reports. Research limitations/implications The authors’ research is based on a small-scale sample of inspection reports; nevertheless, it suggests a number of avenues for further research into the way in which leadership and management capabilities are developed and monitored in the sector. Originality/value The analysis in this report offers a view of how the inspection regime implements its own guidance and how it assesses leadership. The reports, as public-facing documents, are artefacts of the inspection regime and critical not just as evidence of the practice of inspection but as influence on care home operations and the choices of care home residents and their families.
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Mozaffar, Hajar, Robin Williams, Kathrin Cresswell, Zoe Morrison, David W. Bates, and Aziz Sheikh. "The evolution of the market for commercial computerized physician order entry and computerized decision support systems for prescribing." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 23, no. 2 (September 2, 2015): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocv095.
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Abstract Objective To understand the evolving market of commercial off-the-shelf Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) and Computerized Decision Support (CDS) applications and its effects on their uptake and implementation in English hospitals. Methods Although CPOE and CDS vendors have been quick to enter the English market, uptake has been slow and uneven. To investigate this, the authors undertook qualitative ethnography of vendors and adopters of hospital CPOE/CDS systems in England. The authors collected data from semi-structured interviews with 11 individuals from 4 vendors, including the 2 most entrenched suppliers, and 6 adopter hospitals, and 21 h of ethnographic observation of 2 user groups, and 1 vendor event. The research and analysis was informed by insights from studies of the evolution of technology fields and the emergence of generic COTS enterprise solutions. Results Four key themes emerged: (1) adoption of systems that had been developed outside of England, (2) vendors’ configuration and customization strategies, (3) localized adopter practices vs generic systems, and (4) unrealistic adopter demands. Evidence for our over-arching finding concerning the current immaturity of the market was derived from vendors’ strategies, adopters’ reactions to the technology, and policy makers’ incomplete insights. Conclusions The CPOE/CDS market in England is still in an emergent phase. The rapid entrance of diverse products, triggered by federal policy initiatives, has resulted in premature adoption of systems that do not yet adequately meet the needs of hospitals. Vendors and adopters lacked understanding of how to design and implement generic solutions to meet diverse user needs.
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MacKenna, Brian, Helen J. Curtis, Alex J. Walker, Richard Croker, Seb Bacon, and Ben Goldacre. "Trends and variation in unsafe prescribing of methotrexate: a cohort study in English NHS primary care." British Journal of General Practice 70, no. 696 (June 22, 2020): e481-e488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20x710993.
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BackgroundPrescribing high doses of methotrexate increases the potentially fatal risk of toxicity. To minimise risk, it is recommended that only 2.5 mg tablets are used.AimTo describe trends in GP prescribing of methotrexate over time; the harm associated with methotrexate errors at a national level; ascertain variation between practices and clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) in their implementation of the safety guidance; and map current variations at CCG and practice level.Design and settingA retrospective cohort study of English GP prescribing data (August 2010–April 2018), and data acquired via freedom of information (FOI) requests.MethodThe main outcome measures were: variation in ratio of non-adherent/adherent prescribing, geographically and over time, between practices and CCGs; and description of responses to FOI requests.ResultsOf 7349 practices in England, 1689 prescribed both 2.5 mg and 10 mg tablets to individual patients in 2017, breaching national guidance. In April 2018, 697 practices (≥90th percentile) prescribed >14.3% of all methotrexate as 10 mg tablets, likewise breaching national guidance. The 66 practices at ≥99th percentile gave >52.4% of all prescribed methotrexate in the form of 10 mg tablets. The prescribing of 10 mg tablets fell during the study period, with 10 mg tablets as a proportion of all prescribed methotrexate tablets falling from 9.1% to 3.4%. Twenty-one deaths caused by methotrexate poisoning were reported from 1993–2017 in England and Wales.ConclusionThe prevalence of unsafe methotrexate prescribing has reduced but remains common, with substantial variation between practices and CCGs. The authors recommend investment in better strategies around implementation. As 21 deaths that occurred from 1993–2017 in England and Wales were attributed to methotrexate poisoning, the coroners’ reports for these deaths should be reviewed to identify recurring themes.
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Chang, Michael, and Duncan Radley. "Using planning powers to promote healthy weight environments in England." Emerald Open Research 2 (November 26, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13979.1.
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Background: The prevalence of obesity in English adults and children has reached critical levels. Obesity is determined by a wide range of factors including the environment and actions to reduce obesity prevalence requires a whole systems approach. The spatial planning system empowers local authorities to manage land use and development decisions to tackle obesogenic environments. Methods: This research aimed to better understand what and how planning powers are being utilised by local authorities to help tackle population obesity. It reviewed literature on the six planning healthy weight environments themes. It identified what powers exist within the planning system to address these themes. It collated professionals’ perspectives on the barriers and opportunities through focus groups within local authorities and semi-structured interviews with national stakeholders. Results: The research complements current research on the association between the environment and obesity outcomes, though methods employed by researchers in the literature were inconsistent. It identified three categories of planning powers available to both require and encourage those with responsibilities for and involvement in planning healthy weight environments. Through direct engagement with practitioners, it highlighted challenges in promoting healthy weight environments, including wider systems barriers such as conflicting policy priorities, lack of policy prescription and alignment at local levels, and impact from reduced professional and institutional capacity in local government. Conclusions: The conclusions support a small but increasing body of research which suggests that policy makers need to ensure barriers are removed before planning powers can be effectively used to promote healthy weight environments as part of a whole systems approach. The research is timely with continuing policy and guidance focus on tackling obesity prevalence from national government departments and their agencies. This research was conducted as part of a Master of Research at Leeds Beckett University associated with a national whole-systems to obesity programme.
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Abbott, Susannah. "Clerical responses to the Jacobite rebellion in 1715." Historical Research 76, no. 193 (July 15, 2003): 332–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00179.
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Abstract This article examines sermons published by Church of England clergymen and dissenters during the Jacobite rebellion of 1715. It shows that while some clergymen supported Jacobitism, most were determined to create a broad-based opposition to the Stuart Pretender. To achieve this, the clergy carefully selected themes and arguments to ensure that all English Protestants – radical dissenters, low churchmen and high churchmen – could join the campaign against the Pretender. Above all, clergymen used the language of anti-popery and preached the duty of Christian obedience to the king. In the immediate aftermath of the rebellion, however, this consensus began to break down, and divisions between high and low churchmen re-opened.
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Sutcliffe, Caroline, Jane Hughes, Helen Chester, Chengqiu Xie, and David Challis. "Changing Patterns of Care Coordination Within Old-Age Services in England." Care Management Journals 11, no. 3 (September 2010): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1521-0987.11.3.157.
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There has been a focus internationally in recent years on policies and strategies to divert the long-term care of frail older people away from residential and nursing home care and enhance provision of community-based care by improving care coordination through increased differentiation within care management arrangements and service integration between health and social care. The aim of this article is to explore variations over time in care coordination arrangements within old-age services using data from national postal surveys of English local authorities. Indicators of differentiation and integration developed from earlier research were used to compare changes over time. There appeared to be some evidence of change relating to integration at both organizational and practice levels, but little change was detected in respect of differentiation within care management arrangements. The impact of the findings in the context of four enduring themes related to international case/care management literature—eligibility, integrated health and social care, shared information, and targeting—are discussed, and the relevance of these in relation to possible future trends is explored.
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Salfen, Kevin. "Britten the Anthologist." 19th-Century Music 38, no. 1 (2014): 79–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncm.2014.38.1.079.
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Abstract Benjamin Britten was one of several twentieth-century British composers active before the Second World War who wrote “anthology cycles”—that is, cyclic vocal works on poetry anthologies of the composer's own making. This apparently British invention is deeply indebted to the widespread success of the anthology as a literary form in classrooms, homes, and marketplaces of Victorian and Edwardian England. Britten's early attraction to canonical anthologies such as Arthur Quiller-Couch's Oxford Book of English Verse (1900), for example, is representative of a cultural practice of reading. Britten and other British composers renewed their connection to that practice when they became anthologists for their musical works, identifying themselves as arbiters of poetic and musical taste. Britten's anthology cycle Serenade for tenor, horn, and strings (1943) uses Quiller-Couch's Oxford Book for as many as four of its six texts, many of which share pastoral themes. And yet the composer's musical settings often seem to challenge a conventional reading of the chosen texts and the generic titles Britten assigned to each movement. By creating a canonical, pastoral anthology and then challenging it through music, Britten, who had just returned to England from the United States, invested Serenade with the potential to present the world of prewar England as embattled.
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Trappes-Lomax, John. "Letters from School: Francis and Michael Trappes at the English College Douai 1676–77." Recusant History 24, no. 4 (October 1999): 455–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200002648.
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Schoolboy letters do not often survive, no doubt because they are notoriously uninformative; however the collection reproduced here can claim something more than mere scarcity value. It reveals a little of what it was like to be a schoolboy at Douai; the themes of pocket money, illness, injury, discontent, delayed correspondence, and the need for various items from home will be familiar to those who have ever written or received such letters; there is perhaps a greater degree of overt piety than would nowadays be expected. We do also see something of the means by which pupils were escorted to Douai (II, III), and something of the conveyance of Catholic books and objects of devotion from Douai to England (V, VI); there is information about Douai custom in the matter of leaving presents (XII). There is a letter from the boys’ father, and one each from Rev. Christopher Banks, from Rev. Francis Gage (the President), and from Rev. Thomas Lockwood, the latter in particular having composed a masterpiece of tact and concern.
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STEVENS, MARTIN, CAROLINE GLENDINNING, SALLY JACOBS, NICOLA MORAN, DAVID CHALLIS, JILL MANTHORPE, JOSÉ-LUIS FERNANDEZ, et al. "Assessing the Role of Increasing Choice in English Social Care Services." Journal of Social Policy 40, no. 2 (January 21, 2011): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727941000111x.
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AbstractThis article aims to explore the concept of choice in public service policy in England, illustrated through findings of the Individual Budgets (IB) evaluation. The evaluation tested the impact of IBs as a mechanism to increase choice of access to and commissioning of social care services around the individual through a randomised trial and explored the experiences and perspectives of key groups through a large set of interviews. The article presents a re-examination of these interview data, using three ‘antagonisms of choice’ proposed in the literature – choice and power relations, choice and equity, and choice and the public nature of decisions – as organising themes. The randomised trial found that IB holders perceived they had more control over their lives and appreciated the extra choice over use of services, albeit with variations by user group. However, problems of power relations, equity and the constraints implied by the public nature of decision-making were complicating and limiting factors in producing the benefits envisaged. The focus on choice in policy, especially as implemented by IBs, emphasises an individualistic approach. The findings suggest that addressing broader issues relating to power, equity and an understanding of the public nature of choice will be of value in realising more of the benefits of the policy.
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Avis, James, Roy Canning, Roy Fisher, Brenda Morgan-Klein, and Robin Simmons. "Teacher education for vocational education and training: a comparative study of the Scottish and English systems set within a European context." Scottish Educational Review 44, no. 2 (March 13, 2012): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27730840-04402003.
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The paper develops a comparative analysis of teacher education for vocational education and training in Scotland and England, which is set within a European context. A ‘home international’ intra-comparative framework is used for the study, identifying both strengths and weaknesses within both systems. A number of themes are identified and discussed within the study including the issues of governance, regulation, pedagogy and professionalisation. The findings indicate that both countries have responded in different ways to the pressures of neo-liberal competitiveness and globalisation, in particular by adopting different systems of governance and regulation. However, it is argued that although these differences are significant when viewed within a ‘cross-border’ setting, they also underline how both countries have by and large disengaged from European policy making in vocational education teacher training.
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Chan, Antje Elisa. "The Virtues of the Mass: A Taxonomy of a Late Middle English Genre of Liturgical Significance." Journal of Medieval Religious Cultures 49, no. 1 (January 2023): 77–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jmedirelicult.49.1.0077.
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ABSTRACT The Virtues of the Mass is a literary corpus comprising around forty-four known Middle English texts. These writings expound the liturgical sequences of the Mass and/or its spiritual and physical benefits for both clerical and lay audiences, whether literate or illiterate. This article traces 107 manuscripts containing variants of the Virtues of the Mass (as examined in the appendix) to contend that this corpus of texts should be viewed as a comprehensive genre. It proposes a new taxonomy that categorizes the texts into two traditions: the first textual tradition focuses on the benefits of attending mass, while the second focuses on explaining the liturgical ceremony. This article contextualizes the genre in light of the renewed interest in corporate worship and communal devotional practices in England in the first half of the fifteenth century, and considers key themes associated with the genre such as prayer, soulhele, and liturgical habitus.
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Felepchuk, William, Muna Osman, and Kimberley Keller. "‘Even in death, we’re being denied our place as human beings’: Geographic Islamophobia and Muslim Cemeteries in the English-Speaking West." International Journal of Islamic Architecture 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 121–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00067_1.
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Cemeteries are powerful spatial manifestations of belonging and integration for many marginalized communities, including Muslims in the west. This article examines attempts between 2007 and 2020 to establish Muslim cemeteries in four white, English-speaking, Christian-majority (WEC) countries, and the resulting backlash as a geographic form of Islamophobia. These countries are England, Scotland, Australia, and the United States. By drawing theoretically on the geographies of Muslim minorities, Islamic necrogeographies, and theories of Islamophobia and whiteness, we engage five case studies to provide a detailed examination of the Islamophobic objections to attempts to establish Muslim cemeteries. More specifically, we analyse the discursive strategies contained in the speech of hostile locals as presented in newspaper articles. Our analysis identifies a number of key themes mobilized by cemetery opponents to frame the burial sites as a threat to suburban or rural space, often in environmental terms. This preliminary transnational analysis seeks to begin a discussion of conflicts surrounding Muslim cemeteries and the geographic manifestations of Islamophobia in the context of normative WEC space in the rural and suburban English-speaking west.
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Dean, Francesca, Emma Kavanagh, Amanda Wilding, and Tim Rees. "An Examination of the Experiences of Practitioners Delivering Sport Psychology Services within English Premier League Soccer Academies." Sports 10, no. 4 (April 13, 2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10040060.
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Sport psychology has become increasingly recognized and accepted within professional sports, including soccer. To date, there is a lack of research that examines the provision of sport psychology within elite soccer, particularly from the experience of applied practitioners working within the field. The current study adopted a qualitative, inductive approach, to examine the experiences of practitioners responsible for sport psychology delivery within elite soccer academies in England. Seven participants (four females; three males), working within academies in the English Premier League, took part in semi-structured interviews about their experience of delivering sport psychology services within elite soccer academies. Results demonstrated that the provision of sport psychology is continually evolving, yet there are a number of factors that appear to inhibit the full integration of the discipline into academy soccer. Six key themes were identified: The breadth of sport psychology provision; what is sport psychology; the stigma surrounding sport psychology services; psychological literacy; the elite youth soccer environment; and the delivery of sport psychology under the Elite Player Performance Plan. Participants identified a lack of psychological literacy among coaches and academy staff, as well as a low level of guidance regarding the provision of psychology within the England Football Association’s guiding document—the Elite Player Performance Plan—leading to considerable variation in the nature of the sport psychology provision. Future research would do well to also sample from a range of staff working within English soccer academies, in order to assess their perception of the level of provision and understanding of psychology.
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Brayson, Alex. "Fiscal Theory and Practice in Yorkist England: The Regression from a “Tax” to a “Domain” State." Studia Historica. Historia Medieval 40, no. 2 (December 21, 2022): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/shhme20224021134.
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This work scrutinises the B. P. Wolffe’s influential argument that the Yorkist «land revenue experiment» transformed the English crown’s finances. It pioneers quantitative estimates of the Yorkist royal budget which emphasise the limited net gains derived from the crown’s resumption of alienated lands. This demonstrates that the notion of «living of the king’s own» which was central to the work of Sir John Fortescue does not afford a realistic blueprint for how a fifteenth-century government could manage its finances, but rather denotes an ideological, class-based, opposition to the lay tax burden. These themes demonstrate the intellectual rigour of the «Bonney-Ormrod model of fiscal change», which accounts for historical fiscal systemic regression from «tax» to «domain» states, as occurred in Yorkist England, just as much as it does more commonly discussed cases of systemic fiscal advancement characteristic of much of early modern Western Europe.
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McCray, Janet, and Adam Palmer. "Commissioning personalised care in the English adult social care sector: an action research model to support leadership development." Social Care and Neurodisability 5, no. 1 (February 4, 2014): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scn-05-2013-0021.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the perspectives of English adult social care sector partners on the qualifications and standards required for leaders as they prepare to meet the demands of commissioning personalised care. Continuing an action research cycle guided by Coghlan and Brannicks (2010, p. 4) organisational centred model (McCray and Palmer, 2009) it benefits from the previous experience and reflection in action of the partners and researchers. Set in a general social care context, lessons learned from the study outcomes will be of interest to both commissioners of services and service users with acquired brain injury. Design/methodology/approach – A model of action research informed by Coghlan and Brannicks’ (2010, p. 4) organisational centred model focused on context, quality of relationships, quality of the research process and its’ outcomes was used. The role of the authors was to facilitate diagnosis of the leadership issues arising from the implementation of personalised care in the English adult social care sector and in collaboration with sector partners seek resolutions. Six focus groups comprising two commissioners, service providers, user group and care manager/social work leads were facilitated at two separate events in the south of England. Findings – Findings presented are derived from focus group discussions with strategic and organisational leaders and service user partners from the English adult social care sectors. Analysis of focus group data identified a number of themes. The overarching themes of human resource management, gaps in industry standards and leadership are discussed here. Whilst industry sector standard qualifications and frameworks may be at the centre of strategic planning for transformation, findings here have identified that additional support will be required to create leaders who can commission successfully to create cultural change. New approaches to leadership development may be needed to facilitate this process. Research limitations/implications – The study offers a single method qualitative research approach based on two local authorities in the south of England. It presents a localised and particular view of leadership development needs. Practical implications – The paper shows how action research can make a contribution to knowledge and practice. Originality/value – The paper provides interesting new insights into the skills for commissioning in a changing public and third sector environment with reference to commissioning personalised support for people with brain injury.
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Hulme, Moira, and Ian Menter. "South and North - Teacher Education Policy in England and Scotland: a comparative textual analysis." Scottish Educational Review 43, no. 2 (March 27, 2011): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27730840-04302006.
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Teacher education in the UK is undergoing a period of active development. In order to identify the rationale offered for change and the direction of travel this article reports a textual analysis of two key policy texts recently published in England and Scotland: the English Schools White Paper The Importance of Teaching (Department for Education, 2010a) and Teaching Scotland’s Future (Donaldson, 2011 ). These influential documents are explicitly relevant to the study of teacher education in transition, specifically the extent to which policy formation is premised on different forms of deliberation, different models of professionalism and different visions of a socially just education system. The analysis presented here is ‘critical’ in the sense that it interrogates the claims made in policy language and explores their constitutive effect. Key themes include the construction of ‘partnership/collaboration’ and ‘professionalism’ within these texts and how the ‘re-conceptualisation’ of both is informed by different sets of interests and values. Whilst the focus here is on teacher education, this analysis raises wider questions about the relative health of the public sphere in different jurisdictions of the UK.
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Saeed Alamri, Dawla. "The Remains of Empires in Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Remains of The Day." Arab World English Journal For Translation and Literary Studies 6, no. 2 (May 24, 2022): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awejtls/vol6no2.2.
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This paper aims to explore how Kazuo Ishiguro has found a position of enunciation away from the conflicting sentiments of otherness between the deeply rooted traditions of both Japan and England. With a particular focus on Ishiguro’s third novel, The Remains of the Day (1989), the paper highlights the shift of the scene from Japan in his first two novels, A Pale View of Hills and An Artist of the Floating World to a purely English setting in The Remains of the Day. Drawing on the postcolonial theoretical framework, the study examines Ishiguro’s literary production grapples with universal themes. It offers ways to question the ‘national greatness’ of both empires as represented through Japanese and British voices while narrating their personal histories and traumas. The main contribution of this study lies in extending arguments on the postcolonial engagement of Ishiguro’s The Remains of the Day, by focusing on his demythologization of both Eastern and Western Empires. The paper concludes that Ishiguro’s ‘fictional’ metamorphosis serves to subvert imperial landscapes, and convert them into mythical metaphors to approach universal themes and worlds, while simultaneously finding his own voice and territory.
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Leaman, Jane, Anna Amelia Richards, Lynn Emslie, and Eamonn Joseph O’Moore. "Improving health in prisons – from evidence to policy to implementation – experiences from the UK." International Journal of Prisoner Health 13, no. 3/4 (September 11, 2017): 139–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-09-2016-0056.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the components of a high-quality prison healthcare system and the impact, ten-years on, of the transfer of accountability in England, from a justice ministry to a health ministry. Design/methodology/approach A rapid evidence review was undertaken, which included a review of 82 papers and qualitative interviews with key informants. The concepts and themes identified were summarised and analysed through a framework analysis, designed to improve population outcomes and address health inequalities. The use of a rapid evidence assessment, rather than a systematic review methodology, the use of abstracts (rather than full-text articles) to extract the data, and limiting the search strategy to articles published in the English language only might mean that some relevant research papers and themes were not identified. The need for the evidence to be produced within a limited time frame and with limited resources determined these pragmatic approaches. Findings The review found that English prison healthcare has undergone “transformation” during this period, leading to increased quality of care through organisational engagement, professionalisation of the healthcare workforce, transparency, use of evidence-based guidance and responsiveness of services. The review also highlighted that there is still room for improvement, for example, relating to the prison regime and the lack of focus on early/preventive interventions, as well as specific challenges from limited resources. Research limitations/implications Time and resource constraints meant a rapid evidence review of papers in the English language was undertaken, rather than a systematic review. This might mean relevant papers have been missed. The review also only covered a small number of countries, which may limit the transferability of findings. The lack of quantitative data necessitated the use of qualitative data gathered from key informants. However, this enabled a good understanding of current practice. Practical implications The review findings support the World Health Organisation position on the value of integrated prison and public health systems in improving quality of healthcare. It also recommends future policy needs to take account of the “whole prison approach” recognising that healthcare in prisons cannot operate in isolation from the prison regime or the community. Originality/value This is unique research which has great value in supporting prison reform in England. It will also be of interest internationally due to the paucity of data in the published peer-reviewed literature on the impact of commissioning models on healthcare or health outcomes.
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Bartlett, Peter. "English Mental Health Reform: Lessons from Ontario?" International Journal of Mental Health and Capacity Law 1, no. 5 (September 8, 2014): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijmhcl.v1i5.359.
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<p>Reforms in areas related to mental disability are under debate in England to an extent unprecedented for almost half a century. The Law Commission’s proposals on incapacity, following further consultation from the Lord Chancellor’s Department, have now largely been accepted in principle by the government for legislative enactment at some time in the undetermined future. A joint green paper from the Home Office and the Department of Health has established a policy agenda concerning the governance of people with serious personality disorders. Proposals by an expert committee chaired by Professor Genevra Richardson on mental health reform have likewise been followed up by a government green paper, and the two green papers have in turn resulted in a joint white paper on reform of the Mental Health Act 1983. All this takes place as the Human Rights Act 1998 takes effect, with its guarantees relating to liberty and security of the person, standards for hearings, respect for private and family life, and protection from inhuman or degrading treatment. Throughout the development of the reforms, a number of similar themes have recurred, involving civil rights, the provision of appropriate legal processes, anti-discrimination, the respect for people with capacity, the extension of controls into the community, and the safety both of people with mental disabilities and of the public as a whole.</p><p>At least in the public arena, most of the debate has focussed on the English situation. The premise of this paper is that the situation in the rest of the world may have something to teach us. The paper examines the law of Ontario. While it focuses primarily on those issues related to the Richardson Report and its subsequent government response, Ontario legislation divides issues somewhat differently to English law, and thus overlap with the other reform proposals is inevitable.</p>
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Di Sciacca, Claudia. "Feeding the dragon: The devouring monster in Anglo-Saxon eschatological imagery." SELIM. Journal of the Spanish Society for Medieval English Language and Literature. 24, no. 1 (September 12, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/selim.24.2019.53-104.
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This essay deals with two intertwined eschatological motifs of the literary and iconographic culture of early medieval England: the devouring devil, especially in the guise of a dragon, and the mouth of hell, fashioned as the jowls of a zoomorphic monster, arguably a distinctively English adaptation of the anthropomorphic mouth of hell of classical descent. The following analysis will outline the intricate, creative interplay of crucial themes of Christian eschatology and demonology, on which theimagery of the demonic devouring dragon and the mouth of hell can be said to ultimately rely. In particular, it will be argued that the coalescence of these two widespread motifs into the distinctively Anglo-Saxon imagery of the zoomorphic mouth of hell may have been triggered by the cosmology and eschatology of two apocrypha especially popular in early medieval England, the Seven Heavens apocryphon and the Gospel of Nicodemus, especially its section on the Descensus ad Inferos. The discussion of relevant textual, manuscript, and iconographic evidence willafford intriguing insights into the shaping of this syncretic blending, as well as hinting at the milieu where such a blending may have been if not initiated, then at least endorsed and popularised.Keywords: Anglo-Saxon eschatology; apocrypha; mouth of hell; source studies; manuscript studies
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Ormrod, Judith. "The experience of NHS care for women living with female genital mutilation." British Journal of Nursing 28, no. 10 (May 23, 2019): 628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2019.28.10.628.
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This qualitative study aims to explore and analyse the experiences of women living with female genital mutilation (FGM) who have sought help from healthcare providers within the NHS. Nine women aged 20–46 years were recruited from support organisations in the north-west of England and interviewed about their experiences of NHS care and if any screening had taken place in relation to the consequences of living with FGM. The interviews were undertaken in English, audiotaped, transcribed and analysed using a framework analysis method. Eight of the women had given birth and the main contact with the NHS had been with midwifery, gynaecology and paediatric services. Three key themes emerged from the qualitative data: involvement with healthcare professionals; silent suffering; and compassionate communication. Findings highlight the importance of sensitive and culturally competent communication nurses require to support women and refer them to appropriate services.
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Marr, Alexander. "Richard Haydocke’s Oneirologia: A Manuscript Treatise on Sleep and Dreams, including the ‘Arguments’ of King James i." Erudition and the Republic of Letters 2, no. 2 (March 2, 2017): 113–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24055069-00202001.
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Richard Haydocke’s manuscript treatise Oneirologia (1605) is a learned account in English of the medical nature of sleep and dreams. This article presents a commented edition of the manuscript, an account of the circumstances that led to its composition, and a commentary on its contents. Apparently composed on the orders of King James i (whose ‘arguments’ against rational discourse in sleep it includes), Oneirologia is a significant document in the history of early modern erudition. The treatise reflects the orthodox physiognomic and psychological explanations of sleep and dreaming expounded in the universities, as well as its author’s experience as a writer on and practitioner of the visual arts. A product of the febrile political climate in England around the time of the Gunpowder Plot, Oneirologia touches upon major themes in society and religion, including the nature of royal authority, mens rea, and divine revelation.
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SMITH, DAVID L. "POLITICS AND MILITARY RULE IN CROMWELLIAN BRITAIN." Historical Journal 48, no. 2 (May 27, 2005): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05004504.
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The Cromwellian Protectorate. By Barry Coward. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002. Pp. viii+248. ISBN 0-7190-4317-4. £14.99.Cromwell's major generals: godly government during the English Revolution. By Christopher Durston. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001. Pp. x+260. ISBN 0-7190-6065-6. £15.99.John Lambert, parliamentary soldier and Cromwellian major-general, 1619–1684. By David Farr. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2003. Pp. x+268. ISBN 1-84383-0043. £50.00.Oliver Cromwell, soldier: the military life of a revolutionary at war. By Alan Marshall. London: Brassey's, 2004. Pp. 320. ISBN 1-85753-343-7. £20.00.Arguably the closest that Britain has ever come to military rule was at certain times during the period from 1647 to 1660. English forces conquered Ireland and Scotland in 1649–50 and 1650–1 respectively, and the two kingdoms were then forcibly ‘settled’ and incorporated into an English commonwealth. In England, meanwhile, the army repeatedly intervened to purge or disperse parliaments: in 1647, 1648, 1653, 1654, and 1659 (twice). For about fifteen months, in 1655–7, England and Wales were governed by major-generals who exercised sweeping powers to enforce order, preserve security, and enforce a ‘reformation of manners’. All these developments raise profound questions about the nature of Cromwellian government in general, and the relationship between politics and military rule in particular. Austin Woolrych argued, some years ago, that the Cromwellian Protectorate was not a military dictatorship in any meaningful sense. He suggested that the regime possessed neither the will, nor the means, to impose military rule, that it generally respected the rule of law, and that the military presence in local government even during the time of the major-generals was limited. Yet the nature of the interaction between the military and the political – in shaping government, in influencing policies, and in forming the careers of Oliver Cromwell and other leading figures – remains complex and merits much fuller exploration. The four books under review address these and related themes from a range of different viewpoints.
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Allison, Antony F. "An English Gallican: Henry Holden, (1596/7–1662) Part I (To 1648)." Recusant History 22, no. 3 (May 1995): 319–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200001953.
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THE writings of the seventeenth-century English theologian, Henry Holden, played a small but significant part in the development of western religious thought in the centuries following his death. His most important work, Divinae fidei analysis, first printed in Latin at Paris in 1652 and afterwards translated and published in English, was several times reprinted in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and was later incorporated in two theological collections, J. P. Migne's Theologiae cursus completus (tom.6, 1839), and Josef Braun's Bibliotheca regularum fidei (tom.2, 1844). It influenced the thinking, in the nineteenth century, not only of avowed liberals such as Dôllinger and Acton, but also, in some degree, of moderate progressives like Newman. In recent years, specialist studies on different aspects of Holden's thought have appeared in English and in French. So far, however, no serious attempt has been made to revise his bibliography: we still have to rely, in large measure, on that published by Joseph Gillow more than a century ago. In this article I want to bring together material that has come to light since Gillow's time and to examine Holden's works afresh against the background of his life and the religious and political developments in England and France at that period. I shall devote particular attention to two themes that run through all his work. One is gallicanism, that amalgam of mediaeval theories limiting the authority of the papacy in relation to secular states and their rulers and national churches and their bishops. It will be seen that plans which Holden advanced in the 1640s for the reform of the Catholic Church in England along gallican lines are based largely on ideas developed in his Divinaefidei analysis published a few years later. The other is his analytical and critical approach to doctrine, aiming always to distinguish truths solidly based on Scripture and tradition from the mere speculations of theologians. It is an approach that had been made popular in France by the Catholic controversialist, François Véron, whose Régula fidei catholicae was first published at Paris in 1644 when Holden was probably already at work on his Divinae fidei analysis. It reveals itself in all Holden's writings and distinguishes him from many of the other Catholic apologists who were drawn into controversy with the Anglican divines of the post-Chillingworth era.
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Hudson, Elizabeth K. "The Plaine Mans Pastor: Arthur Dent and the Cultivation of Popular Piety in Early Seventeenth-Century England." Albion 25, no. 1 (1993): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051038.
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With the collapse of presbyterian efforts to effect structural change in the Church of England in the 1590s, reformers were forced to realize that only widespread and sustained popular support could bring about further reform of the church. It is in this last decade of Elizabeth's reign that Christopher Hill sees the emergence of what he calls a “new Puritanism” designed to nurture such a broad base of support for further reform. This “new Puritanism,” which emphasized preaching and the cultivation of an individual piety rather than ecclesiastical reorganization, “with the household as its essential unit rather than the parish,” could also be described as a return to earlier values that had characterized Puritanism before the rise of the presbyterian party. Whether one chooses to interpret the trends of the late 1590s as “new” or “old,” what is important is that reformers by 1600 were making extensive use of both pulpit and press as instruments for influencing the hearts and minds of the English laity. An examination of the more frequently reprinted works of practical divinity in the first generation of the seventeenth century (which included much sermon literature) ought to reveal the themes that reformers hoped would strike a responsive chord with English readers.Surveying such publications from the 1580s into the early 1600s, we may be surprised to find that two of the most popular works were Protestantized versions of Catholic works: Thomas Rogers's translation of De imitatione Christi (1580) and Edmund Bunny's A Booke of Christian exercise, appertaining to Resolution (1584), adapted from Robert Parsons's First Book of the Christian exercise (1582).
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Silva, Reinaldo. "The Tastes from Portugal: Food as Remembrance in Portuguese American Literature." Ethnic Studies Review 31, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 126–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2008.31.2.126.
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Contemporary Portuguese American literature written by Thomas Braga (1943-), Frank Gaspar (1946-), and Katherine Vaz (1955-) share a profusion of topics - with ethnic food being, perhaps, the most representative one. What these writers have in common is that their roots can be traced to Portugal's Atlantic islands - the Azores - and not to continental Portugal. They are native Americans and write in English, though their characters and themes are Portuguese American. Some of them lived close to the former New England whaling and fishing centers of New Bedford and Nantucket, which Herman Melville has immortalized in Moby-Dick and in his short story, “The 'Gees,” in The Piazza Tales. These seaports were renowned worldwide and eventually attracted Azorean harpooners. The Azorean background of Thomas Braga and Frank Gaspar helps us to understand why fish and seafood feature so extensively in their writings instead of dishes containing meat as is the case in the fiction of Katherine Vaz.
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Singh, Prerna. "Larkin’s “Church Going” carefully balances agnostic dissent with an insistence on saving the spirit of tradition which reflects secular Anglicanism." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 7, no. 6 (2022): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.76.18.
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Post-world war II England saw a gradual decline in attendance in the churches which reflects a slowdown in overall religious belief of the masses. They rather seemed to be interested in church buildings as they provided them an opportunity to find meaning of their lives and keep their spirit of tradition alive however they were indifferent towards religion as a governing body. Larkin’s “Church Going” (1954), which is his most celebrated religious poem perfectly delineates the mood of the time and portrays the relationship between religion and the then society. The narrator, who is an atheist, describes himself as an “Anglican agnostic” which indicates he is Larkin himself. He attempts to combine agnostic dissent with an effort of preserving tradition. This is a reflection of the ideology of secular Anglicanism wherein the importance of Church remains but that of God seems diminishing. This paper aims to explore these themes and understand Larkin’s perspective of religion in the twentieth century English society.
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Bramwell, Donna, Sarah Hotham, Stephen Peckham, Kath Checkland, and Lindsay J. L. Forbes. "Evaluation of the introduction of QOF quality improvement modules in English general practice: early findings from a rapid, qualitative exploration of implementation." BMJ Open Quality 11, no. 3 (September 2022): e001960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2022-001960.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundA 2018 review of the English primary care pay-for-performance scheme, the Quality and Outcomes Framework, suggested that it should evolve to better support holistic, patient-centred care and leadership for quality improvement (QI). From 2019, as part of the vision of change, financially incentivised QI cycles (initially in prescribing safety and end-of-life care), were introduced into the scheme.ObjectivesTo conduct a rapid evaluation of general practice staff attitudes, experiences and plans in relation to the implementation of the first two QI modules. This study was commissioned by NHS England and will inform development of the QI programme.MethodsSemistructured telephone interviews were conducted with 25 practice managers from a range of practices across England. Interviews were audio recorded with consent and transcribed verbatim. Anonymised data were reflexively thematically analysed using the framework method of analysis to identify common themes across the interviews.ResultsParticipants reported broadly favourable views of incentivised QI, suggesting the prescribing safety module was easier to implement than the end-of-life module. Additional staff time needed and challenges of reviewing activities with other practices were reported as concerns. Some highlighted that local flexibility and influence on subject matter may improve the effectiveness of QI. Several questioned the choices of topic, recognising greater need and potential for improving quality of care in other clinical areas.ConclusionPractices supported the idea of financial incentivisation of QI, however, it will be important to ensure that focus on QI cycles in specific clinical areas does not have unintended effects. A key issue will be keeping up momentum with the introduction of new modules each year which are time consuming to carry out for time poor General Practitioners (GPs)/practices.
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Niles, Glenda. "Translation of Creole in Caribbean English literature." Translating Creolization 2, no. 2 (December 23, 2016): 220–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttmc.2.2.03nil.
Full textAbstract:
This paper explores the use of Creoles in Caribbean English Literature and how it tends to be translated into Spanish by analyzing the Spanish translations of two novels written by Caribbean author, Oonya Kempadoo. Kempadoo is a relatively new and unknown author. She was born in England to Guyanese parents and grew up in the Caribbean. She lived in several of the islands, including St. Lucia and Trinidad and at present resides in Grenada. Apart from being a novelist, she is a freelance researcher and consultant in the arts, and works with youth and international organizations, where she focuses on social development. Her first novel, Buxton Spice, was published in 1998. Described as a semi-autobiography by Publisher’s Weekly, it has also been praised for being original and universal in the portrayal of its themes. It is the story of a young girl growing up in Guyana during the Burnham regime. It is written as a series of vignettes, which contributes to the seemingly quick development of Lula from childhood to adolescence, as she learns to explore her sexuality. This novel has been published in the United Kingdom and the United States, and has been translated into Spanish, French, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese and Hebrew. The version used for this investigation was translated by Victor Pozanco and commissioned by Tusquets Publishers. Kempadoo’s second novel, Tide Running, also forms part of this investigation. As the 2002 winner of the Casa de las Américas Literary prize for Caribbean English and Creole, this novel was translated into Spanish by a Cuban translator as a part of the award. It is the story of an unambitious Tobagonian youth who becomes entangled in a bizarre relationship with an interracial couple. The story highlights several issues, such as poverty, race and social class differences, sex and right and wrong. As a researcher, I felt that it would be enlightening to see how a Caribbean translator, from a country (Cuba) with limited access to mass cultural currents commonplace elsewhere, handles this piece of prose which is so heavily steeped in Trinbagonian culture.
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Chung, Youngkwon. "Ecclesiology, Piety, and Presbyterian and Independent Polemics During the Early Years of the English Revolution." Church History 84, no. 2 (May 15, 2015): 345–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640715000074.
Full textAbstract:
Religious controversy swept across England during the revolutionary decades of the 1640s and 1650s. Historians have studied the attendant ecclesiological debates meticulously. The piety as practiced by the puritans has also been carefully examined. Yet generally, these two subjects of ecclesiology and piety have been kept as separate compartments of analysis. The plethora of tracts that rolled off the press during the initial years of the 1640s, nevertheless, shows that many contemporary polemicists were keen to tie the two themes together. The Presbyterian and Independent polemicists were no exception. As this article seeks to demonstrate, a common feature of their publications was the belief that their preferred ecclesiastical polity best served the purpose of promoting individual piety and creating a godly society. Thus the Presbyterian and Independent conflict waged not only over issues of ecclesiology proper such as categories of church offices and of governing councils or composition of church membership to which historians have directed their attention hitherto, but also over questions of how ecclesiology affected piety. Such conflict was a reflection of the commitment of Presbyterians and Independents to their respective vision of reformation for the country. More broadly, this article shows a facet of religious controversy that ultimately led to the disintegration of the godly community and weakened the base of support for the Commonwealth and the Protectorate.
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Jacob, James R., and Margaret C. Jacob. "The Saints Embalmed. Scientists, Latitudinarians, and Society: A Review Essay." Albion 24, no. 3 (1992): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4050945.
Full textAbstract:
Slightly more than two decades ago in an article entitled “Scientists and society: the saints preserved” we began an historiographical intervention into the debate about the social origins of modern science. In that 1971 review essay we argued that recent work on the Restoration latitudinarians, particularly the important contribution of Barbara Shapiro, did not adequately account for the role played in latitudinarian thought by political and ecclesiastical interests. The time has come to return to the discussion. This occasion has been presented by the publication of a book of essays written for a conference held in 1987 at the Clark Library, entitled Philosophy, Science, and Religion in England 1640–1700, and edited by Richard Kroll, Richard Ashcraft, and Perez Zagorin. The volume constitutes one of the few recent contributions to an important debate about science and religion that was noisy in the 1970s and largely ignored during the Tory backlash of the 1980s. But the times are finally changing, and revitalization may now be occurring in British cultural and intellectual history. The newly edited volume stands at the cusp of the revitalization. It struggles to move forward to fresher approaches toward culture, i.e. toward the view that texts require historical and linguistic location. Yet the volume is trapped by those few contributors who are still wedded to conventions and attitudes now largely confined to the high churchmen of the 1980s.The volume revolves around two themes: the nature of liberal English Protestantism after 1660 and the contested role of science in that mental and social construct. These are themes basic to English historiography in this century, if not before, and they are very much associated with the writings of Robert Merton and Christopher Hill. Their work largely focused on the mid-century Puritans; in the 1970s attention turned to the latitudinarians and their scientific associates, from Boyle to Newton.