Academic literature on the topic 'Engle-Granger cointegration test'

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Journal articles on the topic "Engle-Granger cointegration test"

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Cernohorska, Libena. "The relationship between M3 and consumer price index in the Czech Republic." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 10 (January 12, 2018): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i10.3081.

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This paper aimed at analysing the influence of monetary aggregate M3 on consumer price index (CPI) in the Czech Republic. Cointegrating this selected indicator M3 is demonstrated in relation to the development of CPI using the Engle – Granger cointegration test. These tests are applied to selected statistical data from the years 2003 to 2016. After using the Akaike criteria for all-time series, we analysed a unit root using the Dickey–Fuller test. If the time series are non-stacionary, testing is then continued with the Engle–Granger test to detect cointegration relations. Based on these tests, it is found that at a significance level of 0.05, a cointegration relationship between M3 and CPI in the Czech Republic does not exist. Conclusions resulting from the verification of the hypotheses are supported with graphical visualisation of data from which it is apparent that these hypotheses can be rejected. Keywords: M3; Czech Republic ; CPI ; Akaike criteria
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Cernohorska, Libena. "The relationship between M3 and consumer price index in the Czech Republic." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 10 (January 12, 2018): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i10.3059.

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The aim of this paper is to analyse the influence of monetary aggregate M3 on consumer price index (CPI) in the Czech Republic. Co-integration of this selected indicator M3 is demonstrated in relation to the development of CPI using the Engle – Granger co-integration test. These tests are applied to selected statistical data from 2003 to 2016. First step is to determine the optimum delay using Akaike criteria for all-time series analysed. Then the presence of a unit root is analysed using the Dickey–Fuller test. Based on the test results, time series is excluded, which appears to be stationary. If the conditions are met, testing then continued with the Engle–Granger test to detect cointegration relations, which would determine a longterm relationship between selected variables. Based on these tests, it is found that at a significance level of 0.05 doesn’t exist cointegration relationship between M3 and CPI in the Czech Republic. Conclusions resulting from the verification of the hypotheses are supported with graphical visualisation of data from which it is apparent that these hypotheses can be rejected. Keywords: Akaike crieteria, Dickey–Fuller test, Engle–Granger cointegration test, CPI, M3.
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Rana, Surya Bahadur. "Cointegration between Stock Market and Economic Growth: Evidence From Nepal." Butwal Campus Journal 4, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bcj.v4i1-2.44980.

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This paper examines the linkage between stock market development and economic growth in the context of Nepal using 33 annual observations from Mid-July 1988 to 2020 on economic and financial time series of real GDP, market capitalization and annual turnover. The study employs Engle-Granger(1987) and Johansen’s (1988) cointegration test to examine the cointegration between economic growth proxied by log of real GDP and stock market development indicators, namely stock market size and liquidity, proxied by log of market capitalization and log of annual turnover, respectively. The results of cointegration show that both stock market size and liquidity can predict economic growth in Nepal. The results of cointegration test from both Engle-Granger procedures and Johansen’s method suggests that economic growth is cointegrated with both stock market size and stock market liquidity, and hence they are interrelated with each other in the long run. The basic implication of study finding is that both stock market size and liquidity significantly predict the economic growth in Nepal over the sample period and hence there is a need for promoting secondary market trading both in terms of size and liquidity.
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Dursun, Erdal. "The Nexus among Civil Aviation, Energy Performance Efficiency and GDP in terms of Ecological Footprint: Evidence from France and Finland." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 5 (September 27, 2022): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13399.

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The major goal of this research paper is to determine the long-run linkage among variables and the impact of civil aviation, energy productivity (efficiency), economic growth (GDP), on ecological footprint through conducting the multivariate regression method, Phillips‑Ouliaris and Engle‑Granger, Jarque – Bera Normality, and Cusum tests from 1970 to 2020. According to results of multivariate regression method, civil aviation, energy efficiency, and economic growth affect the ecological footprint from 1970 to 2020 in France which is coincide with Phillips‑Ouliaris and Engle‑Granger tests. On the contrary, there is no effect of independent variables on dependent variable (ecological footprint) in Finland which is consistent with Phillips‑Ouliaris and Engle‑Granger tests. In this respect, The long-run relation of the model is verified by the cointegration test of Engle-Granger and Phillips-Ouliaris for France. However, there is no long-run co-integration among variables for Finland from 1970-2020. To sum up, empirical results of France is verified EKC hypothesis. However, EKC hypothesis is not verified for Finland.
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Tanjung, Ahmad Albar, and Annisa Anggreini Siswanto. "ANALISIS KURVA PHILLIPS DI INDONESIA." Media Ekonomi 30, no. 1 (September 5, 2022): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/me.v30i1.10066.

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This research aims to investigate whether the relationship between unemployment and inflation in Indonesia is by the Phillips curve theory. This research is quantitative. The estimation method used is ECM Two-Step Engle-Granger. in the long term, it is estimated using Ordinary Least Square (OLS), while in the short term it is estimated using the Error Correction Model (ECM). The cointegration test uses the Engle-Granger cointegration test. The data used are secondary level data, wage rate data as a proxy for inflation, and unemployment rates from 1991-2020 obtained from the world bank. The findings of this study are that in the short term, the unemployment rate is negatively related to inflation but is not significant, meaning that a trade-off between the unemployment rate and inflation occurs but the effect is not significant. In other words, in Indonesia, the relationship between the unemployment rate and inflation follows the Phillips Curve theory, but in the long run, there is a positive relationship between the unemployment rate and inflation but it is not significant.
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Karki, Dipendra. "The Dynamic Relationship between Tourism and Economy: Evidence from Nepal." Journal of Business and Management 5 (December 1, 2018): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbm.v5i0.27384.

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The objective of this paper is to analyse the role of tourism in the Nepalese economic growth. I use a trivariate model of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), international tourist arrivals and real effective exchange rate to investigate the long-run and short-run relationship between tourism and economic growth. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller ( ADF) test is used to determine the order of integration of the series, and I employ the Engle- Granger cointegration procedure to test for the presence of long-run relationship. By using annual macroeconomic data for Nepal for the period of 1962-2011, results reveal that there is a cointegrating relationship between tourism and economic growth.
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Buhaerah, Pihri. "Pembangunan Keuangan dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi: Studi Kasus Indonesia." Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2017): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31685/kek.v1i2.203.

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AbstractThis paper examines empirically the linkage of financial development and economic growth in Indonesia by using time series analysis for the period of 2001Q4-2016Q2. To achieve the objective of this study, data was collected from secondary sources and employed various time series econometric procedures such as Dickey Fuller-Generalized Least Square (DF-GLS) test, Granger Causality test, Engle Granger-Augmented Dickey Fuller (EG-ADF) cointegration test, and Error-Correction Method (ECM). The cointegration test shows that there is a long run relationship cointegrated between selected financial development indicators and economic growth. Surprisingly, in the short run, total credit to the private non-financial sector has a negative effect on economic growth in Indonesia. Furthermore,Granger causality test based on error-correction model indicates that only money market rate, stock prices, and total credit to households have a causal relationship with economic growth.  AbstrakMakalah ini membahas secara empiris pertautan antara pembangunan keuangan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia dengan menggunakan analisis runtun waktu untuk periode 2001Q4-2016Q2. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian ini, data yang dikumpulkan berasal dari dari  beragam sumber data  sekunder dan melibatkan berbagai prosedur ekonometrika runtun waktu seperti Dickey Fuller-Generalized Least Square (DF-GLS), uji Kausalitas Granger, uji kointegrasi Engle Granger-Augmented Dickey Fuller (EG-ADF), dan error-Correction Method (ECM). Hasil uji kointegrasi menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan jangka panjang antara indikator pembangunan keuangan yang terpilih dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Yang mengejutkan, dalam jangka pendek, total kredit ke sektor swasta non-keuangan memiliki efek negatif pada pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Selanjutnya, uji kausalitas Granger berdasarkan model koreksi kesalahan menunjukkan bahwa hanya suku bunga pasar uang, harga saham, dan jumlah kredit untuk rumah tangga yang memiliki hubungan kausalitas dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi.
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Abubakar, Hussaini, M. Usman, J. Y. Falgore, S. S. Sani, I. Abubakar, and K. Adamu. "AN INVESTIGATION OF CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GOVERNMENT REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE IN NIGERIA, USING ENGLE COINTEGRATION APPROACH." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 5, no. 4 (January 28, 2022): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0504-695.

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This paper investigated the direction of causal relation between Government Revenue and Expenditure in Nigeria using annual data from 1981 to 2020. To validate the existence of long-run and short-run relationships and short-run dynamics of the variables, an Engle Cointegration was employed to test for cointegration and estimate error correction. The hypotheses were examined using the Engle-Granger approach to cointegration. The models' empirical results show that there is bidirectional causality between government revenue and expenditures in Nigeria. This indicates that the government's revenue and expenditure decisions are decided jointly by the country's fiscal authorities. The findings point to the existence of a revenue-to-expenditure feedback system in Nigeria. In other words, both revenue and expenditure levels, affect each other in the Nigerian budgeting process. Therefore, greater tax levels are driven by higher spending levels, and vice versa. This paper recommends that Nigerian fiscal authorities with budget deficits should simultaneously increase revenues and cut expenditure in order to control their deficits
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Yardimcioglu, Mahmut, and Ahmet Ilhan. "A Study Regarding the Advances of Political Stability and Economic Development Experienced in Turkey during the Periods of 1980-2015." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 10 (September 23, 2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n10p167.

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In this study, the causality relationship between the political stability and gross domestic product (GDP) in Turkey with the annual data for the period 1980-2015 has been analyzed. The cointegration and Engle-Granger causality tests have been applied in the study. As the Series were cointegrated, the Error Correction Method has been used in order to carry out the causality test. According to the analysis results, the cointegration test suggests the presence of a long-term relationship between political stability and gross domestic product (GDP). As for the Error Correction Model, it reveals the presence of one-way causal relationship from political stability to GDP.
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Myszczyszyn, Janusz. "Cointegration analysis between economic growth and the number of granted patents based on the example of the German economy." Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu 64, no. 9 (2020): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2020.9.07.

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The main purpose of the article was to use the Granger cointegration test to confirm the long-term relationship between the level of economic growth in Germany and the number of granted patents, including the so-called economically valuable patents. The empirical analysis was based on available statistical data on the level of economic growth (seven time series) and the number of patents received and valuable patents in the period 1872-1913. In addition to estimates of Pearson’s correlation coefficients, tests for checking the unit root: ADF and KPSS, were used. They indicated that all the analysed time series are integrated in the first stage I(1), which enabled the use of the Engle-Granger cointegration test. The obtained research results did not confirm the long-term correlation between the level of economic growth in Germany and the number of granted patents, including the so-called economically valuable patents.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Engle-Granger cointegration test"

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Νταλιάνη, Ευθυμία. "Εμπειρική ανάλυση της σχέσης τιμών ζωοτροφών και παραγωγού καταναλωτή κρέατος : Μοσχάρι, χοιρινό, κοτόπουλο και αρνί." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/8234.

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Η παρούσα μελέτη εξετάζει τη δυναμική σχέση μεταξύ των τιμών των ζωοτροφών και παραγωγού, καταναλωτή για τέσσερα είδη κρέατος: μοσχάρι, χοιρινό, αρνί και κοτόπουλο. Η σχετική βιβλιογραφία δείχνει ότι πολλοί παράγοντες επιδρούν στις τιμές των αγροτικών προϊόντων αλλά οι τιμές των ζωοτροφών είναι ο κυριότερος. Αυτό συμβαίνει γιατί οι ζωοτροφές αποτελούν πρώτη ύλη για την παραγωγή κρέατος και κατ΄επέκταση θα επηρέασουν τις τιμές παραγωγού και καταναλωτή. Τα δεδομένα αποτελούνται από 279 μηνιαίες τιμές που εκτείνονται από τον Ιανουάριο 1990 έως τον Ιανουάριο 2013. Χρησιμοποιώντας Johansen cointegration tests, Granger causality tests και impulse response functions τα εμπειρικά αποτελέσματα επιβεβαιώνουν πως οι τιμές των ζωοτροφών, οι τιμές παραγωγού και οι τιμές καταναλωτή δεν είναι ανεξάρτητες μεταξύ τους.
The present paper studies the relationship among feed prices, producer prices and consumer prices of meat: beef, pork, poultry and lamb. The literature indicates that there are many factors which affect agricultural commodity prices but the feed prices are the main. This is why feed has a principal role in the production of meat and will affect producer and consumer prices. The data consists of 279 monthly observations extending from January 1990 to January 2013. Using Johansen cointegration tests, Granger causality tests and impulse response functions, the empirical findings confirm that feed prices, consumer prices and producer prices are interdependent.
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Poštulková, Jitka. "Makro-fundamentální analýza CEE & SEE trhů." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352624.

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The aim of this thesis is to verify and analyse presumed relations between selected macro-fundamentals, namely USD exchange rate, production index, interbank offered rate, inflation, money supply and two exogenous indices ( Standard & Poor's 500 and EURO STOXX 50), and CEE (Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary) or SEE (Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia, Romania) financial markets over the period from December 1995 to December 2015. In order to test the long-run cointegration relationships between studied markets and the set of macroeconomic variables, the Engle-Granger and Johansen tests are applied. The vector error correction model is used to confirm the long-run equilibrium interlinkages and the results show similar trend tendencies between stock indices and some of the macro-fundamentals in Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Romania. To verify the short-run causal linkages, the Granger causality test is employed. Based on retrieved findings, the efficiency of studied markets with respect to Efficient Market Theory is reviewed. Our findings reveal several pairwise short-run causal impacts between studied macroeconomic indicators and stock indices. The only indicator which does not impact any stock market is the interbank offered rate. Moreover, according to our results, all CEE&SEE stock...
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Book chapters on the topic "Engle-Granger cointegration test"

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Ari, Yakup. "A Statistical Analysis for the Accessibility of Electronic Data Delivery System of the Central Bank of the Turkish Republic." In Advances in Web Technologies and Engineering, 38–57. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7848-3.ch002.

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The study aims to reveal the most effective factors on the accessibility statistics of the Electronic Data Delivery System (EDDS) of The Central Bank of The Turkish Republic. Besides, another aim is to reveal the effect of the exchange rate on the access statistics of EDDS exchange rate data. For this purpose, a stepwise regression model was used to find the most effective factors on accessibility statistics. According to the results of stepwise regression analysis, it was revealed that 9 out of 26 variables significantly affected the EDDS access statistics. Engle-Granger cointegration test was chosen as the method to examine the relationship between exchange rate and EDDS access statistics. It has been revealed that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between the EURO/TRY exchange rate and the access statistics of EDDS exchange rate data.
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Yüksel, Serhat, and Pınar Tuğçe Kavak. "Do Financial Investment Decisions Affect Economic Development?" In Handbook of Research on Global Issues in Financial Communication and Investment Decision Making, 168–91. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9265-5.ch009.

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The purpose of this chapter is to determine whether mortgage loans have an influence on economic growth in Turkey. In this context, as the variable of the mortgage, the ratio of the mortgage loans to the total loans is taken into consideration. Also, the increase ratio in GDP is used as an economic growth variable. In addition to this situation, quarterly data of these variables for the periods between 2005:1 and 2017:3 is examined. On the other hand, Engle-Granger cointegration analysis is considered in this study in order to reach this objective. In the analysis process, firstly, the variables are subjected to the ADF unit root test, and it is understood that both variables become stationary by taking first order differences. It is identified that there is a long-term relationship between mortgage loans and economic growth in Turkey. By considering these results, it is recommended to encourage mortgage loans in order to increase economic growth.
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Conference papers on the topic "Engle-Granger cointegration test"

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Özmen, Mehmet, and Sera Şanlı. "Seasonal Cointegration Approach on Expenditure Based Gross Domestic Product and Its Some Sub-Components for Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01980.

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In this study, it has been aimed to investigate the existence of co-integration relationship between quarterly gross domestic product (GDP), final consumption expenditures of resident households (CONS), exports of goods and services (EXP), government final consumption expenditures (GOV) and private sector machinery-equipment (PRIEQ) series for the period 1998Q1-2014Q4 for Turkey. Since, Engle and Granger (1987) cointegration test does not take unit roots at seasonal frequencies into account; seasonal cointegration approach proposed by Engle, Granger, Hylleberg and Lee (EGHL) (1993) has been conducted in order to be able to detect the long-run equilibrium relationship among variables which are integrated at the same seasonal frequency. With the aim of determining the stationarity order of series, HEGY seasonal unit root test has been applied. Consequently, there has been found a cointegrating relationship only between GDP and GOV series at quarterly frequencies for only the auxiliary regression including constant term and seasonal dummies.
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Chee-Yin, Yip, and Lim Hock-Eam. "The opportune time to invest in residential properties - Engle-Granger cointegration test and Granger causality test approach." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON QUANTITATIVE SCIENCES AND ITS APPLICATIONS (ICOQSIA 2014): Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Quantitative Sciences and Its Applications. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4903696.

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Elmas, Bekir, and Ömer Esen. "Determining a Dynamic Relationship Between Stock Prices and Exchange Rates: An Empirical Study on Eurasia." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00168.

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The stock price has a close relationship with some macroeconomic variables. As examples of the main macroeconomic variables can be shown that exchange rates, inflation, interest rate, growth rates. This paper empirically examined the relationship between the local stock market indexes and exchange rate (USD) in six Eurasian countries namely Turkey, Germany, France, Netherlands, Russia, France and India. The paper set out by testing existence of a long-term relationship between considered two variables using the Engle-Granger (1987), Johansen (1988, 1995) and Johansen-Juselius (1990) cointegration methods. Results of Engle- Granger cointegration test showed that there is no cointegration linkage between two variables under consideration. Furthermore, The Johansen cointegration test found that there is a long-term relationship between two variables (variables in the two countries). Under the VAR (Vector Autoregressive) and VEC (Vector Error Correction) models appllied the Granger causality test, revealed an unidirectional casual relationship between two variables in each of the six countries. In addition as regards the relationship While there is a unidirectional causal relationship running from exchange rate to stock market for four countries. However this relation is casual running from stock market to exchange rate for other two countries. According to the direction of the relationship these results that relationship between stock prices and exchange rate in four countries supports for the “Traditional Approach”. Furthermore, this relation also supports for the “Portfolio Approach” for other two countries.
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Genç, Murat Can, and Osman Murat Telatar. "Is the Compensation Hypothesis Valid for Turkey?" In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01380.

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Increases of trade openness in an economy raise the external risks in globalization. The societies demand on increases of the government expenditure in order to compensate for their risks. Hence the more trade openness may cause the more government size. This relation is named as compensation hypothesis in the literature has been comprehensively discussed by Rodrik (1998) but started by Cameron (1978). This paper attempts to analyze the cointegration and causality relationships between trade openness and government size in Turkey, utilizing annual data for the period 1980–2013. The existence of the long run relationship between trade openness and government size is investigated by applying Engle and Granger (1987) cointegration test. The empirical findings of cointegration test stated that the series are cointegrated. On the other hand the results of error correction model indicate that there is a unidirectional causality from trade openness to government size. The significance of this results state that the compensation hypothesis is valid for Turkey.
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Yılmaz, Fatih, Onur Şeker, and Eren Pektaş. "Testing The Validity of The Phillips Curve for Turkey With Vector Autoregressive and Markov Switching Models on The Basis of Inflation and Unemployment." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02349.

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In this study, we tested the validity of the Phillips Curve for Turkey. We used Markov Switching Model for examine the relationship between two variables in different regime periods, Engle Granger Causality Test for detect the causality between two variables, Johansen Cointegration Test for observe the long term equilibrium relationship and The Impulse Response Analysis and Variance Decomposition Analysis for investigate the explanatory effect of two variables on each other. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that Inflation and Unemployment act together in the short and long term. Between 2010M01 and 2017M10, it was determined that the Phillips Curve is ineffective for Turkey.
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Can, Zeynep Gizem, Ufuk Can, and Harun Bal. "Inclusive Growth and Globalization: The Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02277.

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This study aims to determine the relationship between inclusive growth and globalization. Since both concepts are multidimensional and do not directly related data on these concepts, an inclusive growth index is formed which covers sixteen different data with the help of principal component analysis. The globalization data are compiled from the KOF Swiss Economic Institute and the relationship between them is determined by Engle-Granger cointegration, Granger causality and ARDL bounds tests. Econometric findings show that inclusive growth has accelerated in the period between 1991 and 2015, that there is a long-term relationship with the inclusive growth index and the globalization index. This situation is contradictory with the conclusion that the causality relationship in the literature is towards global growth through inclusive growth. Information, social, economic and financial globalizations are directly related to economic performance, education, health and infrastructure investments and its funding conditions.
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Ustabaş, Ayfer, and Özgür Ömer Ersin. "The Effects of R&D and High Technology Exports on Economic Growth: A Comparative Cointegration Analysis for Turkey and South Korea." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01475.

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The importance of technology and research and development (R&D) on economic development through international trade has been discussed in many studies. However, the empirical studies focusing on the role of high technology exports has been limited. The study aims at filling this gap by evaluating the relationship between high technology exports and GDP per capita levels with structural unit root tests and cointegration methodologies for Turkey and South Korea for the 1989-2014 period. The following hypothesis is evaluated: by increasing high technology manufactured goods’ exports, countries could increase their GDP per capita which also requires increased R&D that translates itself as high technology manufactured exports. The empirical methodology is as follows: both GDP per capita and high-tech exports variables are tested with traditional ADF, PP unit root and KPSS stationarity tests. The series are further evaluated with Zivot-Andrews single break and Lee-Strazicich two break unit root tests. The structural break tests are necessary; it is well-known that structural breaks lead to biased results in the traditional unit root and additionally in the cointegration tests. Lastly, both variables are tested for cointegration with Engle-Granger and Johansen tests by incorporating the break dates as exogenous dummy variables. The estimated models are further checked for parameter instability with CUSUM type tests. The results obtained for Turkey and South Korea are slightly different: i. both variables are cointegrated for both countries; ii. For South Korea, the positive impact of high-tech exports on GDP cannot be rejected in the long and short run; ii. This conclusion cannot be obtained for Turkey, iii. the parameter estimates for Turkey hint a limited positive effect of high tech exports in the short-run only. The results suggest that, in the future, Turkey should increase the investments in human capital and R&D directed to high tech exports to which could accelerate the economic growth.
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