Journal articles: 'Engineers Supply and demand Australia'

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Knights, Peter F. "Short-term supply and demand of graduate mining engineers in Australia." Mineral Economics 33, no. 1-2 (October 28, 2019): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13563-019-00208-0.

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Beal, Cara, Bernard Dorante, Patrick Pearson, Safaa Aldirawi, and Noora Abdallah. "Working with Community and Council: The Kirirri Story." Water e-Journal 5, no. 4 (2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21139/wej.2020.023.

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Ensuring safe, accessible and acceptable drinking water in remote communities in Australia requires culturally and socially appropriate, technically feasible and economically viable approaches. Arguably, technical and economic factors have been the main focus for remote communities in the water sector, as engineers historically drove the design, planning and construction phases of water supply management options. More recently, increasing focus has been on understanding and integrating local people and place into water supply and demand management. This paper focusses on community-based water demand management in the inner Torres Straits community of Kirirri. The aims and methods are outlined, along with a discussion of the findings which describe the community-preferred demand management tools that were piloted in 25 households between 2018-2019.

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Mansfield, Sarah J. "Generic drug prices and policy in Australia: room for improvement? A comparative analysis with England." Australian Health Review 38, no. 1 (2014): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah12009.

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Objective To assess the degree to which reimbursement prices in Australia and England differ for a range of generic drugs, and to analyse the supply- and demand-side factors that may contribute to these differences. Methods Australian and English reimbursement prices were compared for a range of generic drugs using pricing information obtained from government websites. Next, a literature review was conducted to identify supply- and demand-side factors that could affect generic prices in Australia and England. Various search topics were identified addressing potential supply-side (e.g. market approval, intellectual property protection of patented drugs, generic pricing policy, market size, generic supply chain and discounting practices) and demand-side (consumers, prescribers and pharmacists) factors. Related terms were searched in academic databases, official government websites, national statistical databases and internet search engines. Results Analysis of drug reimbursement prices for 15 generic molecules (representing 45 different drug presentations) demonstrated that Australian prices were on average over 7-fold higher than in England. Significant supply-side differences included aspects of pricing policy, the relative size of the generics markets and the use of clawback policies. Major differences in demand-side policies related to generic prescribing, pharmacist substitution and consumer incentives. Conclusions Despite recent reforms, the Australian Government continues to pay higher prices than its English counterpart for many generic medications. The results suggest that particular policy areas may benefit from review in Australia, including the length of the price-setting process, the frequency of subsequent price adjustments, the extent of price competition between originators and generics, medical professionals’ knowledge about generic medicines and incentives for generic prescribing. What is known about the topic? Prices of generic drugs have been the subject of much scrutiny over recent years. From 2005 to 2010 the Australian Government responded to observations that Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme prices for many generics were higher than in numerous comparable countries by instituting several reforms aimed at reducing the prices of generics. Despite this, several studies have demonstrated that prices for generic statins (one class of cholesterol-lowering drug) are higher in Australia compared with England and many other developed countries, and prices of numerous other generics remain higher than in the USA and New Zealand. Recently there has been increasing interest in why these differences exist. What does this paper add? By including a much larger range of commonly used and costly generic drugs, this paper builds significantly on the limited previous investigations of generic drug prices in Australia and England. Additionally, this is the first comprehensive investigation of multiple supply- and, in particular, demand-side factors that may explain any price differences between these countries. What are the implications for practitioners? Practitioners may contribute to the higher prices of generic medications in Australia compared with England through relatively low rates of generic prescribing. There are also significant implications for health policy makers, as this paper demonstrates that if Australia achieved the same prices as England for many generic drugs there could be substantial savings for the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.

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Davies, B. J. "AMT engineers, demand v supply." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 6, no. 3 (August 1991): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02601794.

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Lin, Rene, Don Amila Sajeevan Samarasinghe, and Funmilayo Ebun Rotimi. "Development of a framework for quality assurance of off-site manufactured building components: A case study of the New Zealand housing sector." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 042006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/4/042006.

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Abstract A shortage of housing is a prominent issue across the globe. Traditional on-site construction methods seem too inefficient to meet the increasing housing demand. As a solution, many countries, including the United States, Germany, Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong and Australia, have introduced off-site manufacturing methods to increase the housing supply. Different from the traditional way of on-site construction, off-site manufacturing is a technique that involves manufacturing building components in a controlled environment. Despite strong government support and industry attempts to increase off-site manufacturing, the current building consenting and inspection processes in New Zealand have significant quality-related issues. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the gaps in current quality assurance processes used in off-site manufacturing and recommend a framework in order to gain credibility and the acceptance of the construction market. The study collected qualitative data from industry experts (e.g., developers, architects, engineers, project managers, quantity surveyors, head contractors and council officers) who had significant experience in current quality assurance regimes in New Zealand prefabrication construction. The key themes for designing the proposed framework were generated using content analysis of the primary data collected from semi-structured interviews with industry experts. The study has found that standardisation in off-shore products regarding the New Zealand Building Code remains the biggest challenge in the consenting process. Quality assurance and inspection test plans are the developer’s responsibility and are typically provided by third-party inspectors. In this post-Covid-19 world-building, consent authorities rely heavily on third-party inspection companies that apply more rigorous auditing. Essentially, the most important parts of quality assurance are to have an experienced team and to adopt a holistic approach by engaging stakeholders early in the design stage. The stakeholders should consider recommendations for mandatory after-service insurance to ensure end-customer interests are protected. The findings of this study can contribute to the early engagement of different stakeholders to ensure overseas manufacturing of building components meets New Zealand quality standards. It is expected that the new quality assurance framework would help to promote off-site manufacturing for the New Zealand housing sector.

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Smith, Lisa, and Brian Evans. "Changing petroleum engineering education to meet industry demands." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09018.

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The Department of Petroleum Engineering at Curtin University had its inception in 1998. For the last 10 years, it lectured the Masters in petroleum engineering course to local Australian and international students, graduating more than 200 students. The rapid increase in the price of oil during 2006/7 saw a sudden and substantial growth in industry employment opportunities, which resulted in the department losing over half of its staff to industry. At the same time, the supply of local students reduced to less than 10% of those taking the course. This loss in both student numbers and staff at the same time threatened the department’s future, and resulted in the need for a new focus to return the department to stability. A number of new initiatives were introduced, which included: bringing industry into the decision-making processes; introducing a new two-year Masters program to assist high quality migrant students obtain Australian permanent residency; increasing the advertising of petroleum engineering as a career option to schools and industry; linking with UNSW, UWA and Adelaide universities to establish a joint Masters program; introducing a new Bachelor’s degree in petroleum engineering; changing the block form of teaching to a semester-based form; and having the Commonwealth recognise the new Masters program for Commonwealth funding of Australian students as a priority pathway to a career as a petroleum engineer while the Bachelors program gathered momentum. This paper maps the positive changes made during 2008/9, which led to a 100% increase in student numbers, a 50% increase in staff to stabilise teaching, a 400% increase in active PhD students, and industry projects to deliver an increasing stream of high quality, industry-ready, graduate petroleum engineers over the next 10–20 years into the current ageing population where the average age of a petroleum engineer is 51.

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Lines, Murray G. "Frac Sand Supply & Demand Australia." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2018, no. 1 (December 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2018abt6_1e.

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Byko, Maureen. "Demand for engineers may exceed supply of college graduates." JOM 53, no. 2 (February 2001): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-001-0119-3.

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AO, Professor Ronald Penny. "Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Australia Supply and Demand." Vox Sanguinis 83 (August 2002): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2002.tb05350.x.

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Kiely, Patricia M., Ernest Healy, Peregrine Horton, and Joseph Chakman. "Optometric supply and demand in Australia: 2001-2031." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 91, no. 4 (July 2008): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00233.x.

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Healy, Ernest, Patricia M. Kiely, and Dharma Arunachalam. "Optometric supply and demand in Australia: 2011-2036." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 98, no. 3 (May 2015): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12289.

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Lewis, Philip, and Keith Norris. "Demand, Supply and Adjustment in the Teachers Labour Market." Australian Journal of Education 36, no. 3 (November 1992): 260–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000494419203600304.

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There have been important changes in the labour market for teachers in Australia over recent years which have not received much attention from economists. This paper analyses the way in which a particular state, namely Western Australia, has adjusted to these changes. The analysis of how the teachers labour market works is of interest both in Australia and overseas.

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Hong, Seong-Min, and Karp-Soo Kim. "Labor Market Analysis to Stabilize Supply and Demand of Professional Engineers." Journal of Skills and Qualifications 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35125/jsq.2017.6.1.065.

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Angus, J. F. "Nitrogen supply and demand in Australian agriculture." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 3 (2001): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00141.

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The supply of and demand for nitrogen by whole industries and individual crops is discussed in relation to changes in farming systems, particularly the relative importance of fertiliser and biologically fixed nitrogen. The use of fertiliser nitrogen (N) in Australia has grown at an annual rate of 14% since the early 1990s, after growing at half that rate since the 1950s. The accelerated growth occurred during a period when world demand has been almost constant. Most of the additional demand has been for the dryland cereal and canola industries of southern Australia, where crops previously obtained almost all their N from mineralisation of soil organic matter and the residues of legume pastures. The most likely reasons for the belated increase in use of fertiliser N in Australia are to replace the supply from pasture residues as the area of pasture decreased and to satisfy the increased demand of cereals following break crops and of the break crops themselves, particularly canola. For a dryland cereal, there is a problem of matching soil N supply with an unpredictable N demand. For winter cereals in Australia, crop N demand is poorly synchronised with soil N supply. The time of greatest demand is normally during the stem-elongation phase when the crop is growing fastest. For crops targeted for high-protein grain, there is an even greater demand around the flowering phase. The peak N demand for well-managed crops growing with no water limitations exceeds the capacity of the soil to supply N from mineralisation at the time, so additional N is required to meet the shortfall, either from fertiliser or mineral N retained in the soil from earlier mineralisation. Predicting the optimum supply of fertiliser N at sowing is difficult in cases where N demand is influenced by variable rainfall. Topdressing and banding fertiliser offer prospects for more closely matching N supply and demand for dryland crops. The future role of legumes in supplying residual N is discussed in relation to the trend towards continuous cropping.

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Dickson, A., and K. Noble. "EASTERN AUSTRALIA'S GAS SUPPLY AND DEMAND BALANCE." APPEA Journal 43, no. 2 (2003): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02071.

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Concerns have been raised about the capacity for Australia’s natural gas supplies to keep pace with growing demand, particularly in eastern Australia. Specifically, it has been suggested that unless significant infrastructure investment is undertaken now the demand/supply balance situation in eastern Australia will deteriorate quickly as natural gas resources are depleted in the face of strongly growing demand.The purpose of this study is to examine whether and when supplies in eastern Australia are likely to fall short of growing demand.A modelling framework was developed by ABARE to examine these issues at a regional level, building on ABARE’s MARKAL model of the Australian energy system. The modelling framework includes representations of potential sources of natural gas and coal seam methane in Australia by basin, existing and proposed pipeline options and regional gas demands. A number of alternative supply side assumptions were also examined to evaluate their impact on the final results, including annual production rates from various basins and the availability of commercial and non-commercial reserves.

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EVANS, SCOTT F., and PHILIP E. T. LEWIS. "DEMAND, SUPPLY AND ADJUSTMENT OF FARM LABOUR IN AUSTRALIA." Australian Economic Papers 25, no. 47 (December 1986): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.1986.tb00797.x.

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TSOKHAS, KOSMAS. "Between Supply and Demand: Permanent Skilled Migration to Australia." Prometheus 17, no. 1 (March 1999): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08109029908629396.

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Sahin, Oz, Rodney A. Stewart, and Fernanda Helfer. "Bridging the Water Supply–demand Gap in Australia: Coupling Water Demand Efficiency with Rain-independent Desalination Supply." Water Resources Management 29, no. 2 (September 14, 2014): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0794-9.

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Delfabbro, Paul H., and James G. Barber. "The micro-economics of foster care in South Australia." Children Australia 27, no. 2 (2002): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200005046.

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The South Australian foster care system is plagued by problems of both supply and demand. Decreases in the availability of residential care and suitably trained foster carers has led to a shortage of placements to meet current demand. At the same time, increased selectivity in the intake of children into care has led to an over-concentration of more challenging children who either cannot be placed in foster care, or are being placed with the support of significantly higher loadings or payments. In this paper, it is argued that these problems can be understood conceptually using basic micro-economic principles, namely: demand-supply curve analysis, separation of market segments, and supply elasticity. It is argued that the supply of placements has become increasingly price-inelastic due to the nature of demand (the type of child), and that increasing short-term payment rates only serves to magnify the problem by artificially maintaining unsuitable care arrangements. Alternative solutions, such as the introduction of training and professional foster carers, are discussed.

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Hodgson, A., R. Farr, and N. Gindy. "Going, going gone... the engineers of tomorrow. I. Engineer demand and supply." Engineering Management 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/em:20040205.

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Brammer, Naomi R., and Mir-Akbar Hessami. "DECENTRALISED GENERATION IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ELECTRICITY SUPPLY RELIABILITY." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 33, no. 1 (March 2009): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2009-0003.

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Distributed or decentralised generation (DG) using advanced fossil fuel and renewable energy technologies is an attractive alternative to traditional electricity generation. Over 75% of new generating capacity installed in the Australian state of Victoria between 2000 and 2010 will be DG from gas turbines and wind farms. However, it is uncertain if this new capacity will be sufficient to maintain historic levels of electricity supply reliability. The contribution of DG to Victoria’s electricity supply in 2010 has been assessed, through analysis of modelled supply and demand data and comparisons with data from 2000. While it was assumed that new gas turbines will provide peak load and emergency generation, the role of wind farms was evaluated by considering their equivalent firm capacity estimated using statistical and probabilistic methods. Results show that all DG from gas turbines will contribute to Victoria's electricity supply in 2010, but only 4-30% of installed wind farm capacity can be considered firm or reliable. Technical performance indicators suggest that the new generating capacity will be unable to satisfy increased demand with adequate reliability. Additional base load capacity and demand reduction measures are required to ensure Victoria’s electricity supply reliability is maintained in the future.

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Varshavskii, A. E., and E. V. Kochetkova. "Analyzing and modeling the demand and supply indicators for engineers and technical specialists." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 17, no. 5 (May 29, 2018): 886–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.17.5.886.

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Atkinson, R. C. "Supply and Demand for Scientists and Engineers: A National Crisis in the Making." Science 248, no. 4954 (April 27, 1990): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.248.4954.425.

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Third, K., O. M. Fun, J. Bowen, A. Micenko, V. Grey, and T. Prohasky. "Engineers Without Borders Australia–lessons learned from an innovative approach to the upgrade of water supply infrastructure in Tenganan, Indonesia." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 6 (March 1, 2009): 1201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.042.

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The community of Tenganan in eastern Bali, Indonesia, has requested technical assistance from Engineers Without Borders Australia (EWB) to improve the quantity and quality of water delivered through their water supply system. This is a unique development project in which the Tenganan people have identified their own needs and developed their own conceptual solution to the problem. For the first time, EWB is undertaking the design phase for the water system by an off-shore design team and project assistance team (PAT) based in Australia. This allows EWB to draw on resources and experience of EWB members and their employing companies in Australia. It also enables young engineers to develop skills and experience in development work without having to leave the country. However, the innovative approach also presented significant challenges to the project members, particularly in establishing appropriate design criteria and the co-ordination of simultaneous activities across Australia. This paper describes the approach taken by EWB and makes a preliminary assessment of the benefits and limitations inherent in this approach. The overall aim of the project is to produce a successful “bottom-up” development action that will deliver a sustainable solution to the Tenganan community.

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Student. "A SCIENTIFIC TRAP." Pediatrics 92, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.92.4.563.

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The National Waste Policy Act sets up a scientific trap in which the public is encouraged to demand or expect what is close to certainty (from virtually "flawless science"), and in which scientists and engineers are encouraged to believe or pretend that they can supply it.

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Harry, Ku Siu Lung, Wen Peng, and Xiang Wei. "Engineering Education in China and Australia: Addressing the Demand-supply Gap." HKIE Transactions 17, no. 2 (January 2010): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023697x.2010.10668192.

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Schraa, Oliver, Leiv Rieger, and Jens Alex. "Development of a model for activated sludge aeration systems: linking air supply, distribution, and demand." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 3 (October 26, 2016): 552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.481.

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During the design of a water resource recovery facility, it is becoming industry practice to use simulation software to assist with process design. Aeration is one of the key components of the activated sludge process, and is one of the most important aspects of modelling wastewater treatment systems. However, aeration systems are typically not modelled in detail in most wastewater treatment process modelling studies. A comprehensive dynamic aeration system model has been developed that captures both air supply and demand. The model includes sub-models for blowers, pipes, fittings, and valves. An extended diffuser model predicts both oxygen transfer efficiency within an aeration basin and pressure drop across the diffusers. The aeration system model allows engineers to analyse aeration systems as a whole to determine biological air requirements, blower performance, air distribution, control valve impacts, controller design and tuning, and energy costs. This enables engineers to trouble-shoot the entire aeration system including process, equipment and controls. It also allows much more realistic design of these highly complex systems.

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Romer, Paul M. "Should the Government Subsidize Supply or Demand in the Market for Scientists and Engineers?" Innovation Policy and the Economy 1 (January 2000): 221–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ipe.1.25056146.

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Molyneux, Simon, Frank Glass, Martin Storey, Hong Feng Wu, and William Walton. "The impact of new supply from the Perth Basin on the supply of natural gas in Western Australia." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S58—S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21042.

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The Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) forecasts demand for natural gas (gas) in Western Australia will remain steady through the 2020s, but that the local production will drop below anticipated demand in the mid-2020s and again from 2030 onwards. If this situation eventuates, lack of gas production will impact the competitiveness of WA’s energy-consuming industries. This paper demonstrates that the Perth Basin has the potential to meet this supply–demand gap and augment existing sources of gas over the next 20+ years. A subsurface-led assessment of the Perth Basin’s Reserves, Contingent Resources and Prospective Resources incorporating all recent exploration well results shows that the unrisked resource potential of the Perth Basin is 7052 bcfe (7.475 PJ) 1 with production potential up to 1100 TJ/day. The basis for these estimates will be illustrated with examples, alongside a discussion of the variables that affect the resource assessment, the impact of capacity constraints on the timing of development of Perth Basin gas, and the dynamics of the WA gas market.

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Pulsford, Will. "A reserves driven view of the eastern Australian gas supply and demand balance through the 2020's." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16217.

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The Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) issued a Gas Statement of Opportunities in March 2016, which reports that gas supply to the domestic and liquefied natural gas markets in eastern Australia will be largely satisfied by proved and probable reserves until 2026 and by the addition of contingent resources until 2030. However, in parallel, there are widely reported concerns by energy consumers of insufficient gas supplies to meet demand by the early 2020s and a lack of new gas supplies to replace existing expiring contracts. Gas shortages have already contributed to black outs and load shedding events in South Australia. This paper reviews the eastern Australian gas supply position at a basin level. The AEMO basin level supply forecasts are reviewed and adjusted to generate forward profiles, which are consistent with reported reserves levels, production histories and depletion behaviour of typical gas fields. The revised supply forecast is compared with the AEMO’s demand profiles, and the likely commercial behaviour of key participants in the market is considered to build a picture of the domestic gas supply-demand balance through the 2020s. This analysis provides a transparent link from market outcomes back to the underlying reserves classifications to guide interpretation of supply-demand forecasts, and highlights the critical role of key suppliers in the eastern Australian gas market in the coming decade.

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Bertone, Edoardo, and Rodney A. Stewart. "Framework for Enhancing the Supply-Demand Balance of a Tri-Supply Urban Water Scheme in Australia." Water 3, no. 4 (October 13, 2011): 976–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w3040976.

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Pulsford, Will. "Meeting demand in a new era of east coast gas supply." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18045.

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Historically LNG projects have been established to monetise large gas finds in remote areas with little existing gas demand. The development of gas supply to the LNG project generally stimulated demand growth in the domestic gas market. As the supplying fields depleted, the LNG projects faced competition with domestic producers for declining gas supplies, but this was late in the project life when LNG plant capital had already been recovered. Recently, LNG export projects have been established within existing mature gas markets, most notably in Australia and North America. These plants now face competition with domestic gas consumers for access to feed gas from the beginning of their operational life when strong revenue has the greatest impact on the return earned on capital invested, with the greatest stress felt in Australia. This paper considers the underlying causes of domestic price rises experienced in Australia following the start-up of LNG export supplied from gas fields linked to the domestic market and the response by both plant developers/operators and the government. This historical view is used to inform forecasts of how the east coast gas market will react to the interplay between domestic and LNG plant demand, declining Bass Strait production, maturing CSG operations, LNG imports and completion of the Northern Gas Pipeline. In particular the ability of gas supply and pipeline capacity to meet the strongly seasonal domestic demand in Victoria and to a lesser extent NSW will be examined, together with the linkage to counter-cyclical seasonal demand for LNG from the Queensland LNG export plants in the key north Asian markets.

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Goodwin-Smith, Ian, and Claire Hutchinson. "Beyond supply and demand: addressing the complexities of workforce exclusion in Australia." Journal of Social Inclusion 6, no. 1 (September 2, 2015): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.36251/josi.97.

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Aslani, Alireza, Mohsen Rezaee, and Seyed Mostafa Mortazavi. "Analysis of the Robustness of Australia Economy and Energy Supply/Demand Fluctuation." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 11, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pesd-2017-0023.

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Abstract Energy has a strategic role in social and economic development of the countries. Due to the high dependency of energy supply to fossil fuels, fluctuations in prices and supply have macro/micro-economics effects for both energy exporters and importers. Therefore, understanding economic stability based on energy market changes is an important subject for policy makers and researchers. As the competitiveness of Australia products/services has high dependency on energy prices, analyzing the relationships of economics robustness with fossil fuel fluctuations is important for the policy makers and researchers. In this paper, the researchers investigate the effects of energy changes on Australian economics. In this regard, first, the impact of oil price on macro-economic parameters is discussed. After that, the main issues related to energy economics including resilience of the energy sector, energy policies, economics analysis of the energy sector, electricity markets are discussed.

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Australian Research Centre for Popu. "Supply and demand for oral and maxillofacial surgeons and services in Australia." Australian Dental Journal 55, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01248.x.

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Mumford, Nicholas. "Commercial realities of the proposed LNG import terminals on the east coast of Australia." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18175.

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Recent government intervention in the East Australian Gas Market (EAGM) may have temporarily settled short-term supply availability concerns; however, gas prices in the EAGM now inevitably trend with the spot LNG Netback Price. Notwithstanding, supply remains tight, due to lack of upstream investment from overhang of some state government policies restricting exploration and development, and the lack of investment stemming from the recent period of low oil prices. Save further government intervention to retrospectively reserve already contractually committed export supply from the three Queensland LNG export projects, there is no ‘quick fix’ solution to fully address market tightness in the short to medium term from indigenous sources of gas supply. The only real solution to ensure security of supply over a reasonable tenure is to import LNG into the EAGM. However, the clear commercial reality of gas supply sourced from an LNG import terminal is that it can only be supported by high gas prices, albeit also providing other market benefits such as peaking capacity and storage. Without a solution to the EAGM supply–demand issue, there will be demand destruction as industrial users and electricity power generators seek alternatives to gas supply or simply cease operations. Most indigenous gas supply alternatives to LNG imports stem from the northern states and may provide solutions over the longer term (e.g. Beetaloo Basin), but do not solve the immediate need for gas supply in the southern states by 2020/21. New supply from the north is in any event physically pipeline-constrained over this timeframe.

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Liu, Qun Yi, An Jian Wang, Qi Shen Chen, and Ying Li. "Analysis for the Global Distribution and Requirement of the Copper Resources." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.32.

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Copper consumption is the largest and the most important metal mineral resources during the process of industrialization, urbanization. This paper analyzes the reserves distribution of the global copper resources, global copper resource investment and development zone, and global mining copper demand increment and its capacity increment trend, showing that, (1) over the next 20 years the global iron and aluminum resource supply relatively loose, copper resources supply pressure is bigger; (2) Global copper resources are relatively scarce, the distribution, Chile, Peru and Australia among the three countries accounted for 53% of global reserves; (3) Along with the growth of the asean and India resource requirements, Africa, southeast Asia and central Asia will become the important resource of supply. (4) Since the 20th century, along with the global demand for resources at the center of transfer to North America, Asia Pacific (Europe), Europe, North America, South America, Australia and southeast Asia, in turn, become the important resource of supply

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Carbrey, Ryan. "Forecasting growth of the Australian unconventional oil and gas services market." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18158.

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This paper examines the unconventional oil and gas oilfield services market in Australia. First, the paper gives an activity forecast through to 2025 on how many wells are expected to be completed. The paper looks at how the geology, supply chain, infrastructure, finance and other constraints compare to the Vaca Muerta in Argentina and the Permian in the United States. Finally, the paper looks at the completive landscape and supply demand balance of the frac services market within Australia.

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Mocsáriné Fricz, Julianna. "Examination of requirements of labour market, connected with competencies of agrienvironmental engineers and nature protection engineers." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 35 (October 20, 2009): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/35/2813.

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The most important goal of firms is to supply demand of their economic partners. To make it successfully, highly qualified human resource is needed. The quality of human resource is determined not only by qualification, command of a language, professional experience, practise, but extant competencies that can also be developped. To choose the expectant employee, it is not enough to have intelligence and proficiency. It is also decesive to examine particular competencies. All of these will define the employee’s achievement that can be the right way to the success ofthe enterprise. It is need to make the cooperation between higher education institutions and employers closer. As a result of this, employers can know theirs ways about possibilities of the new higher educational training system. They can use professional knowledge, competencies of the Bologna system’s graduates at different pointsof the economic life. The higher education institutions can revise their training systems considering requirements of labour market. According to these requirements, they can form syllabus in order to train auspicious experts.

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Anderson, David M. "Mass Customization's Missing Link." Mechanical Engineering 133, no. 04 (April 1, 2011): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2011-apr-2.

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This article focuses on the missing link in mass customization. Mass customization has not really caught on yet because of a missing link—knowing how to actually design and build mass-customized products. The solution is concurrently engineering product families and flexible processes so any product variation within a family can be built on-demand using common parts that are always available. Accomplishing this requires some new and different strategies: production strategy, supply chain strategy, design strategy, and marketing strategy. The production strategy aims to build any variation in a product family on demand economically, which requires versatile flexible processes without expensive setup charges or delays. Supply chain strategy assures that all parts, modules, and materials must be always nearby and spontaneously resupplied by using some specific techniques. Design strategy concurrently engineers the design of the product families and their flexible processes to build customized products on-demand from common parts and materials. Marketing strategy identifies product families that have a need for mass-customized products and can be economically built on demand.

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Broadhurst, Linda, Martin Driver, Lydia Guja, Tom North, Bindi Vanzella, Graham Fifield, Stephen Bruce, David Taylor, and David Bush. "Seeding the future - the issues of supply and demand in restoration in Australia." Ecological Management & Restoration 16, no. 1 (January 2015): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/emr.12148.

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Chapman, Jeremy R., and John Kanellis. "Kidney donation and transplantation in Australia: more than a supply and demand equation." Medical Journal of Australia 209, no. 6 (September 2018): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja18.00617.

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Midmore, D., and R. Brimblecombe. "ONIONS IN ASIA - AN ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND, AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AUSTRALIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 555 (June 2001): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2001.555.46.

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Mallitt, Kylie-Ann, James Jansson, Levinia Crooks, David McGuigan, Handan Wand, and David P. Wilson. "Demand for HIV clinical services is increasing in Australia but supply is decreasing." Sexual Health 10, no. 1 (2013): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12051.

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Background HIV clinical service planning requires accurate estimates of the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) and the capacity of existing clinical services, each by geographical location. The aim of this study was to quantify current HIV clinical service capacity in Australia. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of records of HIV clinical service capacity in Australia. Participants were general practitioners who completed an annual survey in 2007–2009. Information on the number of hospital departments, sexual health services, antiretroviral-prescribing general practitioners (ARV-GPs) and shared-care services providing expertise in HIV management from 2007 to 2010 were also available. Results: From 2007 to 2009, the proportion of ARV-GP survey respondents treating 2–9 patients with HIV per week increased from 36.5% to 49.1%, with a corresponding decrease in the average proportion who saw less than one patient with HIV per week. The estimated number of PLHIV has increased by 12.5% in metropolitan areas, and 16.5% in rural and remote areas over the period 2007–2010; however, the total number of services with at least one HIV ARV-GP has decreased over the same period. Conclusions: Current methods to estimate clinical service capacity reveal decreasing supply in the workforce in Australia despite increasing numbers of PLHIV. Further training of HIV clinicians and their placement in regions of greatest supply–demand deficits are required. Further studies are required to precisely quantify and locate the capacity of the HIV clinical workforce with expertise in HIV case-management to enable efficient service planning.

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Wang, Chi-Hsiang, and Jane M. Blackmore. "Supply–Demand Risk and Resilience Assessment for Household Rainwater Harvesting in Melbourne, Australia." Water Resources Management 26, no. 15 (October 9, 2012): 4381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0150-x.

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Ma, Le, Richard Reed, and Jian Liang. "Separating owner-occupier and investor demands for housing in the Australian states." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 37, no. 2 (March 4, 2019): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-07-2018-0045.

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PurposeThere has been declining home ownership and increased acceptance of long-term renting in many western countries including Australia; this has created a problem when examining housing markets as there are dual demand and include both owner-occupiers and investors. The purpose of this paper is to examine the long-run relationship between house prices, housing supply and demand, and to estimate the effects of the two types of demand (i.e. owner-occupier and investor) on house prices.Design/methodology/approachThe econometric techniques for cointegration with vector error correction models are used to specify the proposed models, where the housing markets in the Australian states and territories illustrate the models.FindingsThe results highlight the regional long-run equilibrium and associated patterns in house prices, the level of new housing supply, owner-occupier demand for housing and investor demand for housing. Different types of markets were identified.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that policies that depress the investment demand can effectively prevent the housing bubble from further building up in the Australian states. The empirical findings shed light in the strategy of maintaining levels of housing affordability in regions where owner-occupiers have been priced out of the housing market.Originality/valueThere has been declining home ownership and increased acceptance of long-term renting in many western countries including Australia; this has created a problem when examining housing markets as there are dual demand and include both owner-occupiers and investors. This research has given to the relationship between supply and dual demand, which includes owner-occupation and investment, for housing and the influence on house prices.

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Bound, John, Breno Braga, Joseph M. Golden, and Sarah Turner. "Pathways to Adjustment: The Case of Information Technology Workers." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.203.

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One long-standing hypothesis about science and engineering labor markets is that the supply of highly skilled workers is likely to be inelastic in the short run. We consider the market for computer scientists and electrical engineers (IT workers) and the evolution of wages and employment through two periods of increased demand. Relative to the boom of the 1970s, the demand shock in the 1990s generated relatively greater changes in employment and smaller changes in wages. The growth in the pool of skilled workers abroad, combined with increased immigration in high-skill fields, is central to this story.

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Zou, Qian, Chenggao Yi, Keming Wang, Xiuling Yin, and Yongwei Zhang. "Global LNG market: supply-demand and economic analysis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 983, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/983/1/012051.

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Abstract The transition to clean and low-carbon energy is an irresistible trend globally that drives the scale of trade in the global LNG market to grow continuously. The paper reviews the global LNG trade in 2020 and forecasts the future LNG supply and demand. On this basis, the costs in segments of a LNG project are analysed from the perspective of the LNG industry chain. The feasibility of export from LNG projects and the preferred target markets are determined by calculating the economic index of projects. It is concluded that the possibility of future rebound in oil prices and the demand growth in the incremental market in emerging Asian countries are most likely to determine the capacity scales of new LNG projects around the world and contribute to a dynamic balance in the LNG market in the medium- and longterm. The costs in different segments of the LNG industry chain vary greatly with the availability of resources and markets. The economics of LNG export depend on the demand for LNG imports in end markets, the cost plus in different segments of the industrial chain, and the affordability of end consumers. Through the cost and economic analysis on typical LNG Projects, Qatar is found still the most economical and highly profitable country in the global LNG export market nowadays. Unsatisfactory economic performance is a common reason for delayed investments in many large LNG projects in Australia and other countries.

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Bakkoury, Zohra, Driss Ouazar, and Godfrey Walters. "EVAPRO: economic and financial evaluation of water supply projects." Journal of Hydroinformatics 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2004): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2004.0010.

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The present paper describes a computer-based system for water supply project appraisal called EVAPRO, standing for EVAluation of water PROjects. The aim of EVAPRO is to facilitate economic and financial assessment of water supply projects under different investment and operating scenarios, and changes to initial system configuration. The software consists of automating the feasibility study of water projects using information about population and water demand forecasts, potential water resources, investment decisions, financial resources and water pricing policy. It embodies a set of tools, including linear programming techniques, numerical methods and financial calculations, and combines operational optimization with financial analysis to assess the feasibility of water supply projects.The software is intended for water production and distribution agencies and aims to assist engineers and decision-makers in water supply project evaluation and feasibility assessment.

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Taba, Seyedamir Tavakoli, Simon Reay Atkinson, Sarah Lewis, Kon Shing Kenneth Chung, and Liaquat Hossain. "A systems life cycle approach to managing the radiology profession: an Australian perspective." Australian Health Review 39, no. 2 (2015): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah14113.

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Objective Although the medical system has expanded considerably over the past two decades in almost all countries, so too has the demand for health care. The radiology specialisation may be an early system indicator, being especially sensitive to changes in supply and demand in both rural and urban environments. The question is whether the new policies of increasing the number of radiologists can be a proper long-term solution for the imbalance of workforce supply and demand or not. Methods Using system dynamics modelling, we present our integrated descriptive models for the supply and demand of Australian radiologists to find the actual gap. Followed by this, we pose a prescriptive model for the supply in order to lessen the identified imbalance between supply and demand. Our system dynamics models compare the demand and supply of Australian radiologists over 40 years between 2010 and 2050. Results The descriptive model shows that even if the radiology training program grows at a higher rate than the medical training growth rate and its own historical growth, the system will never be able to meet demand. The prescriptive model also indicates that although changing some influential factors (e.g the intake rate) reduces the level of imbalance, the system will still stay unstable during the study period. Conclusion We posit that Australia may need to design a new system of radiology provision to meet future demands for high-quality medical radiation services. We also suggest some strategies, such as greater development of radiographers’ role, are critical for enabling sustainable change over time. What is known about the topic? Long-term workforce planning for medical services at the national level has been very challenging for policy makers of the 21st century. The current demographic imbalance in the supply and demand of the Australian radiologist workforce makes it difficult to plan the effects of extra inflow of radiology students over time. What does this paper add? This paper discovers the current situation facing the Australian Radiology profession and identifies all the factors that influence the long-term matching of radiologist workforce supply and demand. This Australian case study adds to the current literature of medical workforce planning and its challenges. Moreover, this paper answers how the problem of workforce imbalance can be solved through a sustainable change over time. What are the implications for practitioners? Conventional responses in Australia and many developed countries in response to radiological services demand have been to increase the number of radiologists. However, our models and analyses show that this is not an all-inclusive long-term solution: merely increasing the number of radiologists will not result in a balance between supply and demand.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Engineers Supply and demand Australia'

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