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Journal articles on the topic 'Engineering Sketching'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Schmidt, Linda C., Noe Vargas Hernandez, and Ashley L. Ruocco. "Research on encouraging sketching in engineering design." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 26, no. 3 (August 2012): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060412000169.

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AbstractThe value of sketching in engineering design has been widely documented. This paper reviews trends in recent studies on sketching in engineering design and focuses on the encouragement of sketching. The authors present three experimental studies on sketching that look at (1) sketching assignments and their motivation, (2) the impact of a sketching lesson, and (3) the use of Smartpen technology to record sketching; overall these studies address the research question: Can sketching frequency be influenced in engineering education? Influencing sketching frequency is accomplished through motivation, learning, and use of technology for sketching, respectively. Results indicate that these three elements contribute to the encouragement of sketching in engineering design.

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2

Uziak, Jacek, and Ning Fang. "Improving students’ freehand sketching skills in mechanical engineering curriculum." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 46, no. 3 (November 29, 2017): 274–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306419017744156.

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Freehand sketching is a fundamental skill in mechanical engineering and many other engineering disciplines. It not only serves as a communication tool among engineers, but plays a critical role in engineering design and problem solving. However, as computer-aided drafting has replaced traditional drawing classes nowadays, the training of students’ freehand sketching skills has been almost completely eliminated in modern engineering curricula. This paper describes the attributes of freehand sketching and its roles in several essential aspects of engineering; in particular, in its roles in problem solving, of which current literature has ignored. Representative examples are provided to show students’ freehand sketching skills in problem solving in a foundational undergraduate mechanical engineering course. Pedagogical suggestions are made on how to teach freehand sketching to engineering students.

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3

Kenzari, M. Bechir. "Sketching, Computing and Knowledge Engineering." Architectural Science Review 41, no. 2 (June 1998): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00038628.1998.9697413.

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4

Yang, Maria C., and Jorge G. Cham. "An Analysis of Sketching Skill and Its Role in Early Stage Engineering Design." Journal of Mechanical Design 129, no. 5 (May 19, 2006): 476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2712214.

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Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of sketching in design cognition, particularly in the early stages of engineering design. The goal of this preliminary study is to consider the role of a designer’s sketching ability and to examine the potential link between sketching skill and measures of engineering design performance. Sketching ability was evaluated on three distinct aspects relevant to engineering design: visual recall, rendering, and novel visualization. These evaluations were correlated with each other and with measures for sketch fluency, reviewer ranking, and design project outcome. The results of this study suggest that sketching skill is not comprehensive nor is it solely task based. Rather, a designer’s sketching ability lies between these two poles. Positive correlations were found between the quantity of sketches produced and two of the sketching skills that emphasize drawing facility, but a negative correlation was found between sketch quantity and a skill related to mechanism visualization. No conclusive correlations were found between the sketching skills and design outcome and reviewer ranking. This study's findings suggest an important interplay between a designer's ability to sketch and their ability to visualize in their heads or through prototypes. Results also suggest that designers who are given sketch instruction tended to draw more overall.

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Sepasgozar, Samad, and Leonhard Bernold. "Engineering Sketching: A Valuable Teaching Tool in Construction." Australasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building - Conference Series 1, no. 1 (February 5, 2013): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb-cs.v1i1.3156.

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Sketching in general engineering and science has been “outmanoeuvred” by computer graphics while still holding on in architectural engineering as a tool to think about spatial relationships, allowing the students to develop conceptual designs quicker than any CAD. Moreover, a recent paper reported that sketching helped students in geology develop critical thinking skills. Based on students’ feedback, it was concluded that it led to a deeper understanding of important concepts. Should it surprise us that psychological research shows that sketching facilitates inference, discovery and learning? This paper presents a model for creating and assessing assignments that uses engineering sketching to teach and learn in a second year course at UNSW, CVEN2101-Engineering Construction. The class focuses on studying key principles related to the safe and effective utilization of construction equipment such as trucks, excavators, cranes and temporary structures. Students faced the challenge to investigate how the physics and math relate to digging, lifting and the creation of large forces while keeping labourers safe. The concept of forensic engineering had to be used to study the cause of accidents. The developed model includes various measurements and proper motion paths, in an attempt to quantify the level of understanding. It is felt, that based on the findings of this study, that engineering sketching not only allows inventing new mechanisms, as Leonardo da Vinci did, but equally important, provides a valuable and reliable tool to teach and learn construction engineering.

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6

Kelley, Todd R., and Euisuk Sung. "Sketching by design: teaching sketching to young learners." International Journal of Technology and Design Education 27, no. 3 (January 30, 2016): 363–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10798-016-9354-3.

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7

Verhoturova, E., S. Pronin, and G. Ivaschenko. "Reverse engineering is an effective tool for teaching engineering graphics." Geometry & Graphics 10, no. 3 (January 9, 2023): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2308-4898-2023-10-3-35-44.

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This study proposes the introduction of reverse engineering technology into a graphic workshop in the discipline «Engineering Graphics». The purpose of this study was the scientific and methodological substantiation of the need to use reverse engineering in the methodology of teaching engineering graphics. The article considers the concept of «reverse engineering», its application for solving engineering problems and in the educational process. It is shown that reverse engineering of a part and a sketch of a part are used in solving issues of production organization, in pilot production, repair and other cases, to solve similar and sometimes identical engineering problems. It has been suggested that the technology of reverse engineering in production conditions can replace the function of sketching a part. In the educational process for some areas of training, it is proposed to consider reverse engineering of the part in addition to the topic “part sketch”. A comparison is made of the use of reverse engineering technology and part sketching to solve the engineering problem of obtaining a three-dimensional digital model of a part. As part of the educational process, it is proposed to consider it as a situational or complex task. The scientific and methodological substantiation of the need to use reverse engineering in the methodology of teaching engineering graphics is based on the results of the experiment, which included parallel operations of reverse engineering and part sketching.

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8

Turner, Alasdair, David Chapman, and Alan Penn. "Sketching space." Computers & Graphics 24, no. 6 (December 2000): 869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0097-8493(00)00089-3.

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9

Zimmermann, Johannes, Andrew Nealen, and Marc Alexa. "Sketching contours." Computers & Graphics 32, no. 5 (October 2008): 486–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2008.05.006.

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10

Sachse, Pierre, Sven Leinert, and Winfried Hacker. "Designing with computer and sketches 1Supported by the German Research Society (DFG, Project HA 2249/12-1)." Swiss Journal of Psychology 60, no. 2 (June 2001): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.60.2.65.

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We investigated whether and, if so, for what reason, problem solving in design may be supported by “external approaches”, especially sketching. An experimental study with 74 undergraduates analyses whether sketching before and/or during Computer Aided Design (CAD) improves the quality of solutions, reduces time taken as well as the number of processing steps in CAD, by offering the opportunity to test the functions designed. In spite of additional sketching time, the total time taken is significantly reduced for the more complex task analysed. This can be explained by the reduction of the number of processing steps needed. These experimental results verify the perceived utility of sketching before and during Computer Aided Design, confirmed in a questionnaire study with more than 100 experienced engineering designers.

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11

Ranscombe, Charlie, and Wenwen Zhang. "WHAT MOTIVATES AND DISCOURAGES DESIGNERS TO USE DIGITAL SKETCHING? COMPARING ITS USE TO EXTERNALISE IDEAS VERSUS COMMUNICATING WITH EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS." Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (July 27, 2021): 3441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.605.

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AbstractDigital design tools have dominated engineering and design practice offering many advantages that ultimately improve efficiency in the design process. Digital sketching is one such example of these tools yet, its current use is primarily to present work to stakeholders (External Communication). It is relatively underused to externalise ideas (Externalisation) where sketching on paper is still favoured. This paper aims to understand the characteristics of digital sketching that motivate or discourage designers to use the tool. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 12 designers to gain insights on the tool's use in External Communication and Externalisation. Results highlight a trade-off between fidelity of visualisations and time and effort expended to achieve visualisations. The key difference between the use scenarios is the way in which this trade-off is connected to managing stakeholder involvement. While designers acknowledge advantages that digital sketching can offer in externalisation, it is viewed as requiring a level of detail to begin use. In conclusion we suggest segmenting roles of digital sketching in terms of the characteristics identified in this study would help to motivate use in Externalisation.

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12

Zainuddin, Siti Hajar Aisyah, and Zanaton H. Iksan. "Sketching Engineering Design in STEM Classroom: A Systematic Review." Creative Education 10, no. 12 (2019): 2775–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ce.2019.1012204.

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13

Ishak, Idris, Mohd Zamani Ahmad, Nuraihan Ismail, and Abd Rahman Musa. "Environmental Factors Influencing Sketching Behaviour Among Mechanical Engineering Undergraduates." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 56 (October 2012): 758–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.713.

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14

Yang, Maria C. "Observations on concept generation and sketching in engineering design." Research in Engineering Design 20, no. 1 (December 9, 2008): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00163-008-0055-0.

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15

Veisz, David, Essam Z. Namouz, Shraddha Joshi, and Joshua D. Summers. "Computer-aided design versus sketching: An exploratory case study." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 26, no. 3 (August 2012): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060412000170.

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AbstractThis paper presents a preliminary comparison between the role of computer-aided design (CAD) and sketching in engineering through a case study of a senior design project and interviews with industry and academia. The design team consisted of four senior level mechanical engineering students each with less than 1 year of professional experience are observed while completing an industry sponsored mechanical engineering capstone design project across a 17 week semester. Factors investigated include what CAD tools are used, when in the design process they are implemented, the justification for their use from the students' perspectives, the actual knowledge gained from their use, the impact on the final designed artifact, and the contributions of any sketches generated. At each design step, comparisons are made between CAD and sketching. The students implemented CAD tools at the onset of the project, generally failing to realize gains in design efficiency or effectiveness in the early conceptual phases of the design process. As the design became more concrete, the team was able to recognize clear gains in both efficiency and effectiveness through the use of computer assisted design programs. This study is augmented by interviews with novice and experienced industry users and academic instructors to align the trends observed in the case study with industry practice and educational emphasis. A disconnect in the perceived capability of CAD tools was found between novice and experienced user groups. Opinions on the importance of sketching skills differed between novice educators and novice industry professionals, suggesting that there is a change of opinion as to the importance of sketching formed when recent graduates transition from academia to industry. The results suggest that there is a need to emphasize the importance of sketching and a deeper understanding as to the true utility of CAD tools at each stage of the design process.

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16

Visvalingam, Mahes, and Kurt Dowson. "Algorithms for sketching surfaces." Computers & Graphics 22, no. 2-3 (March 1998): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0097-8493(98)00037-5.

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17

Sung, Euisuk, Todd R. Kelley, and Jung Han. "Influence of sketching instruction on elementary students’ design cognition: a study of three sketching approaches." Journal of Engineering Design 30, no. 6 (May 13, 2019): 199–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09544828.2019.1617413.

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18

ROLLER, DIETER. "COMPUTER SUPPORT FOR CONCEPTIONAL DESIGN." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 04, no. 04 (December 1994): 337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812669400020x.

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In this paper, requirements with respect to computer support for early design phases in product development are discussed. Here, support for quick engineering sketches and note taking plays an important role. As an approach to a solution, the architecture of the system GRIPSS, a Graphical Idea Processing and Sketching System, developed at the Computer Science Institute of Stuttgart University, is introduced. Then the sketching editor of this system is described in more detail. In particular the methods used for the interpretation of the hand drawn input are presented and characterised. Eventually, some prospects for further developments are given.

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19

Scrivener, Stephen A. R., Linden J. Ball, and Winger Tseng. "Uncertainty and sketching behaviour." Design Studies 21, no. 5 (September 2000): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-694x(00)00019-3.

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20

Verstijnen, IM, C. van Leeuwen, G. Goldschmidt, R. Hamel, and JM Hennessey. "Sketching and creative discovery." Design Studies 19, no. 4 (October 1998): 519–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-694x(98)00017-9.

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21

Qin, Shengfeng, and David K. Wright. "Sketching out a freeform surface." International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology 32, no. 1 (2008): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcat.2008.019487.

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22

SHAH, JAMI J., NOE VARGAS-HERNANDEZ, JOSHUA D. SUMMERS, and SANTOSH KULKARNI. "Collaborative Sketching (C-Sketch) - An Idea Generation Technique for Engineering Design." Journal of Creative Behavior 35, no. 3 (September 2001): 168–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2001.tb01045.x.

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23

Cheutet, V., C. E. Catalano, F. Giannini, M. Monti, B. Falcidieno, and J. C. Leon. "Semantic-based operators to support car sketching." Journal of Engineering Design 18, no. 5 (October 2007): 395–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09544820701403714.

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24

Kavakli, Manolya, Stephen A. R. Scrivener, and Linden J. Ball. "Structure in idea sketching behaviour." Design Studies 19, no. 4 (October 1998): 485–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-694x(98)00012-x.

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25

LECLERCQ, PIERRE, and ROLAND JUCHMES. "The absent interface in design engineering." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 16, no. 3 (June 2002): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060402163074.

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In order to respond to the difficulties encountered by CAD software applications in really assisting the conceptual designer, we propose a tool that is capable of interpreting design sketches and feeding data to various project evaluators, right from the early phases in the design process. For that purpose, we use the concept of the absent interface, which is the only interface that is compatible with the cognitive process involved in sketching. In this paper, we present the principles of such an interface, illustrated by EsQUIsE, a software prototype for capturing and interpreting architectural sketches, which has been under development for several years.

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26

Rasmussen, W. O. "Stochastic sketching of infiltration-advance isochrones." Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics 10, no. 3 (August 1996): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01581464.

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27

Booth, Joran W., Elkin A. Taborda, Karthik Ramani, and Tahira Reid. "Interventions for teaching sketching skills and reducing inhibition for novice engineering designers." Design Studies 43 (March 2016): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2015.11.002.

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28

Lim, S., S. F. Qin, P. Prieto, D. Wright, and J. Shackleton. "A study of sketching behaviour to support free-form surface modelling from on-line sketching." Design Studies 25, no. 4 (July 2004): 393–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2003.10.008.

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29

Eckert, Claudia, Alan Blackwell, Martin Stacey, Christopher Earl, and Luke Church. "Sketching across design domains: Roles and formalities." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 26, no. 3 (August 2012): 245–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060412000133.

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AbstractTo complement studies on design sketching within particular phases of design processes in specific design domains, this paper analyzes descriptions of design processes given by designers from a wide variety of fields. This research forms part of a wider project on comparisons across design domains and draws attention to the many types and properties of sketches in different contexts. Further, it focuses on the multiple roles that sketching can take in idea generation, as well as in reasoning and communicating design ideas. In particular this paper examines how the different types and roles of sketches can be more or less formal and how this can lead to misunderstandings.

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30

Schütze, Martina, Pierre Sachse, and Anne Römer. "Support value of sketching in the design process." Research in Engineering Design 14, no. 2 (February 15, 2003): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00163-002-0028-7.

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31

Suh, Yong S. "Development of educational software for beam loading analysis using pen-based user interfaces." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7315/jcde.2014.007.

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Abstract Most engineering software tools use typical menu-based user interfaces, and they may not be suitable for learning tools because the solution processes are hidden and students can only see the results. An educational tool for simple beam analyses is developed using a pen-based user interface with a computer so students can write and sketch by hand. The geometry of beam sections is sketched, and a shape matching technique is used to recognize the sketch. Various beam loads are added by sketching gestures or writing singularity functions. Students sketch the distributions of the loadings by sketching the graphs, and they are automatically checked and the system provides aids in grading the graphs. Students receive interactive graphical feedback for better learning experiences while they are working on solving the problems.

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32

Bar-Eli, Shoshi. "Sketching profiles: Awareness to individual differences in sketching as a means of enhancing design solution development." Design Studies 34, no. 4 (July 2013): 472–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2013.01.007.

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33

Xiang, Wei, Lingyun Sun, Shi Chen, Zhiyuan Yang, and Zheng Liu. "The role of mental models in collaborative sketching." International Journal of Technology and Design Education 25, no. 1 (March 26, 2014): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10798-014-9269-9.

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34

Aghazade, Kamal, Hossein S. Aghamiry, Ali Gholami, and Stephane Operto. "Randomized Source Sketching for Full Waveform Inversion." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 60 (2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3131039.

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35

Pucheta, Martín A., Nicolás E. Ulrich, and Alberto Cardona. "Automated sketching of non-fractionated kinematic chains." Mechanism and Machine Theory 68 (October 2013): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2013.04.013.

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36

Kiasari, N. Mohseni, S. Soltanian, B. Gholamkhass, and P. Servati. "Sketching functional, ubiquitous ZnO nano-sensors on paper." RSC Advances 4, no. 38 (2014): 19663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra01932f.

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37

Briede-Westermeyer, Juan Carlos, Marcela Cabello-Mora, and Bernabé Hernandis_Ortuño. "Concurrent sketching model for the industrial product conceptual design." DYNA 81, no. 187 (October 24, 2014): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v81n187.41068.

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38

Kudrowitz, Barry, Paula Te, and David Wallace. "The influence of sketch quality on perception of product-idea creativity." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 26, no. 3 (August 2012): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060412000145.

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AbstractThis paper explores the relationship between the quality of a sketch and how others perceive the creativity of the idea portrayed by the sketch. In this study, sketch quality is characterized through its line work, perspective, and proportions. Four different toaster ideas were each sketched by four people with different backgrounds and levels of sketching proficiency. Then, 360 reviewers ranked the toasters for idea creativity, referring to a set of four sketches: one sketch for each toaster concept. The level of sketch quality for each toaster concept was varied among one of four quality levels. Higher quality idea sketches were found to correlate with higher creativity rank (p> 0.005), and lower quality sketches correlated with a lower creativity rank (p> 0.0005). A toaster idea portrayed with the highest quality level of sketch was 2.3 times more likely to be ranked as the most creative idea within the given set of idea sketches. The results underscore the importance of how an idea is presented, and support the need for sketching instruction in engineering and design curriculum.

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39

Fukui, Y. "Input method of boundary solid by sketching." Computer-Aided Design 20, no. 8 (October 1988): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4485(88)90001-2.

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40

Liverani, Alfredo, Alessandro Ceruti, and Gianni Caligiana. "Tablet-based 3D sketching and curve reverse modelling." International Journal of Computer Aided Engineering and Technology 5, no. 2/3 (2013): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcaet.2013.052936.

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41

Choi, Hayoung, Tao Jiang, Yuanming Shi, Xuan Liu, Yong Zhou, and Khaled B. Letaief. "Large-Scale Beamforming for Massive MIMO via Randomized Sketching." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 70, no. 5 (May 2021): 4669–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3071543.

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42

Stone, Brett, John Salmon, Ammon Hepworth, Steven Gorrell, and Michael Richey. "Improving Virtual Design Team Performance Through Use of a Collaborative Sketching Application." International Journal of e-Collaboration 13, no. 4 (October 2017): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2017100101.

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As virtual teamwork in engineering becomes more central to the daily design activities of organizations around the world, it is increasingly important for team members to be able to easily and effectively share their visual ideas with remote teammates. However, sharing visual representations of ideas among virtual teammates is generally difficult and commonly hampered by various factors, making the process time-consuming and non-intuitive. In laboratory experiments and a case study, involving students from six different universities across the U.S. working as teams to build unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the authors quantify how a collaborative sketching application (CSA) provides a significant benefit to design engineering activities for virtual teams. From the experiments and the case study, it was observed that such a tool improved users' understanding of each other's ideas when working in a virtual setting, improved the perceived equality of teammate contribution, and decreased the level of frustration experienced when working remotely.

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43

Forbus, Kenneth, Bridget Garnier, Basil Tikoff, Wayne Marko, Madeline Usher, and Matthew McLure. "Sketch Worksheets in STEM Classrooms: Two Deployments." AI Magazine 41, no. 1 (April 13, 2020): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v41i1.5189.

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Sketching is a valuable but underutilized tool for science education. Sketch worksheets were developed to help change this, by using artificial intelligence technology to give students immediate feedback and to give instructors assistance in grading. Sketch worksheets use automatically computed visual representations combined with conceptual information to give feedback to students, by computing analogies between students’ sketches and an instructor’s solution sketch. This enables domain experts to develop sketch worksheets, to facilitate dissemination. We describe our experiences in deploying them in geoscience and artificial intelligence classes. The geoscience worksheets, authored by geoscientists at University of Wisconsin–Madison, were used at both Wisconsin and Northwestern University. The artificial intelligence worksheets were developed and used at Northwestern. Our experience indicates that sketch worksheets can provide helpful on-the-spot feedback to students, and significantly improve grading efficiency, to the point where sketching assignments can be more practical to use broadly in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education.

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44

Farrugia, Philip J., Jonathan C. Borg, Xiu T. Yan, Kenneth P. Camilleri, and Graham Green. "A sketching alphabet for paper-based collaborative design." J. of Design Research 6, no. 1/2 (2007): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/jdr.2007.015572.

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45

Wang, Guanfeng, Shouxia Wang, Jingjing Kang, and Shuxia Wang. "Segmentation of Online Freehand Sketching Based on Speed Feature." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (June 1, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8881187.

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We present a novel method to extract speed feature points for segmenting hand-drawn strokes into geometric primitives. The method consists of three steps. Firstly, the input strokes are classified into uniform and nonuniform speed strokes, representing a stroke drawn at relatively constant or uneven speeds, respectively. Then, a sharpening filter is used to enhance the peak features of the uniform speed strokes. Finally, a three-threshold technique that uses the average speed of the pen and its upper and lower deviations is used to extract speed feature points of strokes. We integrate the proposed method into our freehand sketch recognition (FSR) system to improve its robustness to support multiprimitive strokes. Through a user study with 8 participants, we demonstrate that the proposed method achieves higher segmentation efficiency in finding speed feature points than the existing method based on a single speed threshold.

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46

Groce, Alex. "Passages." ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 46, no. 1 (February 2021): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3437479.3437481.

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Henry Petroski's The Pencil is one of Henry Petroski's many, always both scholarly and literary, and, most importantly, always engaging, books on engineering theory, practice, and history. For the software engineer, the pencil has a special place; while software engineers are not, particularly more than anyone else, pencil- users these days, we do have a special emphasis on sketching and the development of engineering tools, and one major thread of Petroski's history of the art of pencil-making is the use of pencils as an essential tool for engineers.

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47

Zhao, Zheng Fa. "Hand Sketching in 3D Computer Animation Model Rendering and Editing." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 2742–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.2742.

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With The high development of science and technology, computer hardware and auxiliary technologies have a major influence on 3D animation; As for hand-painted interactively assistive technology, which also should be applied to 3D animation combined with better elements of science and technology. Hand sketching gathers the advantage of pen-paper and computer so that the model rendering will be more quickly, at the same time, to get the efficiency of editing more grid details and provide a basis for creating the internal structure and local details of the complex model; to improve the model quality by algorithm and surface structure for drawing and editing. Meanwhile, hand-painted model rendering and editing in the animation design development trend is worthy of attention as well.

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48

Hammond, Tracy, and Randall Davis. "LADDER, a sketching language for user interface developers." Computers & Graphics 29, no. 4 (August 2005): 518–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2005.05.005.

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49

Chua, Yaw Long, Balamuralithara Balakrishnan, Voon Chiet Chai, and Yit Yan Koh. "Assessing the validity and reliability of creative thinking skills module in a pilot study on engineering undergraduate in Malaysia." Asian Journal Of Assessment In Teaching And Learning 10, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37134/ajatel.vol10.1.9.2020.

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This research paper presents the outcome of a research conducted to assess and determine the Validity and Reliability coefficient of Creative Thinking Skills for Conceptual Engineering Design Module administered to engineering undergraduates at a private institution of higher learning. The Creative Thinking Skills Module features few proposed creative thinking tools such as Brain Sketching, Mind Maps and Morphological Analysis. The validity consists of module content validity, and session and activity validity, evaluated by a group of five experts. The Cronbach Alpha value was determined through conducting a pilot study in a local private university where mechanical engineering undergraduate underwent the module workshop and activity. Questionnaires were given to respective experts and students respondents to measure the validity and reliability level of the module, sessions and activities.

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50

Veall, Andy. "Viewpoint. Is there still a place for hand sketching in the digital design age?" Structural Engineer 99, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56330/eyoq7986.

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