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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Zheng, Hui, Sungsoo Lee, Marc C. Llaguno, and Qiu-Xing Jiang. "bSUM: A bead-supported unilamellar membrane system facilitating unidirectional insertion of membrane proteins into giant vesicles." Journal of General Physiology 147, no. 1 (December 28, 2015): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201511448.

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Fused or giant vesicles, planar lipid bilayers, a droplet membrane system, and planar-supported membranes have been developed to incorporate membrane proteins for the electrical and biophysical analysis of such proteins or the bilayer properties. However, it remains difficult to incorporate membrane proteins, including ion channels, into reconstituted membrane systems that allow easy control of operational dimensions, incorporation orientation of the membrane proteins, and lipid composition of membranes. Here, using a newly developed chemical engineering procedure, we report on a bead-supported unilamellar membrane (bSUM) system that allows good control over membrane dimension, protein orientation, and lipid composition. Our new system uses specific ligands to facilitate the unidirectional incorporation of membrane proteins into lipid bilayers. Cryo–electron microscopic imaging demonstrates the unilamellar nature of the bSUMs. Electrical recordings from voltage-gated ion channels in bSUMs of varying diameters demonstrate the versatility of the new system. Using KvAP as a model system, we show that compared with other in vitro membrane systems, the bSUMs have the following advantages: (a) a major fraction of channels are orientated in a controlled way; (b) the channels mediate the formation of the lipid bilayer; (c) there is one and only one bilayer membrane on each bead; (d) the lipid composition can be controlled and the bSUM size is also under experimental control over a range of 0.2–20 µm; (e) the channel activity can be recorded by patch clamp using a planar electrode; and (f) the voltage-clamp speed (0.2–0.5 ms) of the bSUM on a planar electrode is fast, making it suitable to study ion channels with fast gating kinetics. Our observations suggest that the chemically engineered bSUMs afford a novel platform for studying lipid–protein interactions in membranes of varying lipid composition and may be useful for other applications, such as targeted delivery and single-molecule imaging.
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2

Xuan, Mingjun, Jingxin Shao, and Junbai Li. "Cell membrane-covered nanoparticles as biomaterials." National Science Review 6, no. 3 (March 14, 2019): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz037.

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Abstract Surface engineering of synthetic carriers is an essential and important strategy for drug delivery in vivo. However, exogenous properties make synthetic nanosystems invaders that easily trigger the passive immune clearance mechanism, increasing the retention effect caused by the reticuloendothelial systems and bioadhesion, finally leading to low therapeutic efficacy and toxic effects. Recently, a cell membrane cloaking technique has been reported as a novel interfacing approach from the biological/immunological perspective, and has proved useful for improving the performance of synthetic nanocarriers in vivo. After cell membrane cloaking, nanoparticles not only acquire the physiochemical properties of natural cell membranes but also inherit unique biological functions due to the presence of membrane-anchored proteins, antigens, and immunological moieties. The derived biological properties and functions, such as immunosuppressive capability, long circulation time, and targeted recognition integrated in synthetic nanosystems, have enhanced their potential in biomedicine in the future. Here, we review the cell membrane-covered nanosystems, highlight their novelty, introduce relevant biomedical applications, and describe the future prospects for the use of this novel biomimetic system constructed from a combination of cell membranes and synthetic nanomaterials.
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3

Sannigrahi, Achinta, Vishwesh Haricharan Rai, Muhsin Vannan Chalil, Debayani Chakraborty, Subrat Kumar Meher, and Rahul Roy. "A Versatile Suspended Lipid Membrane System for Probing Membrane Remodeling and Disruption." Membranes 12, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121190.

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Artificial membrane systems can serve as models to investigate molecular mechanisms of different cellular processes, including transport, pore formation, and viral fusion. However, the current, such as SUVs, GUVs, and the supported lipid bilayers suffer from issues, namely high curvature, heterogeneity, and surface artefacts, respectively. Freestanding membranes provide a facile solution to these issues, but current systems developed by various groups use silicon or aluminum oxide wafers for fabrication that involves access to a dedicated nanolithography facility and high cost while conferring poor membrane stability. Here, we report the development, characterization and applications of an easy-to-fabricate suspended lipid bilayer (SULB) membrane platform leveraging commercial track-etched porous filters (PCTE) with defined microwell size. Our SULB system offers a platform to study the lipid composition-dependent structural and functional properties of membranes with exceptional stability. With dye entrapped in PCTE microwells by SULB, we show that sphingomyelin significantly augments the activity of pore-forming toxin, Cytolysin A (ClyA) and the pore formation induces lipid exchange between the bilayer leaflets. Further, we demonstrate high efficiency and rapid kinetics of membrane fusion by dengue virus in our SULB platform. Our suspended bilayer membrane mimetic offers a novel platform to investigate a large class of biomembrane interactions and processes.
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4

Watanabe, Y., K. Kimura, and T. Suzuki. "Membrane application to water purification process in Japan – development of hybrid membrane system." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 10-11 (May 1, 2000): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0596.

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This paper deals with two recent developments made by the authors about the hybrid membrane systems applicable to the water purification. The performance of a hybrid MF membrane system with circulating powdered activated carbon and condensed sludge has been studied using a pilot plant. The powdered activated carbon was intermittently dosed to the system for adsorbing mainly the humic substances. Manganese ions and ammonia nitrogen were biologically oxidized by the iron-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia oxidizing bacteria inhibiting the condensed sludge. In the hybrid MF membrane system, decreasing rate of the permeability was much less than that of a conventional MF membrane process. This may result from the reduced organic loading to the membrane due to the adsorption of humic substances onto the powdered activated carbons. A novel UF membrane process was also developed, where the nitrifying bacteria are fixed on the surface of the rotating disk membranes. With this membrane process, the simultaneous performance of the strict solid-liquid separation and the biological ammonia oxidation are possible. In order to increase the washing efficiency, a small quantity of the sponge particles were introduced into the membrane chamber and then the disk rotational speed was increased. This membrane washing method using sponge particles was so effective that the filtration resistance due to the accumulated cake was completely cancelled.
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5

Polak, Daniel, Izabela Zielińska, Maciej Szwast, Igor Kogut, and Artur Małolepszy. "Modification of Ceramic Membranes with Carbon Compounds for Pharmaceutical Substances Removal from Water in a Filtration—Adsorption System." Membranes 11, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11070481.

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The aim of this work is to develop a new type of carbon-ceramic membranes for the removal of pharmaceutical substances from water. The membranes were prepared by the chemical modification method using an organosilicon precursor—octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTS). Graphene oxide, multi-walled carbon nanotubes with carboxylic groups, and single-walled carbon nanotubes were used in the modification process. The filtration properties and adsorption properties of the developed membranes were tested. In order to characterize the membrane, the water permeability, the change of the permeate flux in time, and the adsorbed mass of the substance were determined. Additionally, the surface properties of the membranes were characterized by contact angle measurements and porosimetry. The antibiotic tetracycline was used in the adsorption tests. Based on the results, the improved adsorption properties of the modified membrane in relation to the unmodified membrane were noticed. Novel ceramic membranes modified with MWCNT are characterized by 45.4% removal of tetracycline and permeate flux of 520 L·h·m−2·bar−1. We demonstrated the ability of modified membranes to adsorb pharmaceuticals from water streams that are in contact with the membrane. Novel membranes retain their filtration properties. Therefore, such membranes can be used in an integrated filtration–adsorption process.
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6

Rodríguez-Sáez, Laura, Sotiris I. Patsios, Jorge Senán-Salinas, Junkal Landaburu-Aguirre, Serena Molina, and Eloy García-Calvo. "A Novel Application of Recycled Ultrafiltration Membranes in an Aerobic Membrane Bioreactor (aMBR): A Proof-of-Concept Study." Membranes 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020218.

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The use of recycled ultrafiltration (r-UF) membranes, originating from end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes, as submerged flat-sheet membranes in an aerobic membrane bioreactor (aMBR) system is described herein for the first time. A feasibility study of this new approach was performed in a laboratory-scale aMBR system. The r-UF membrane performance was evaluated in terms of permeability, fouling behavior, and permeate quality using a widely used commercial flat sheet microfiltration membrane (c-MF) as a reference. Tests were conducted under steady-flux operation (at 12 and 14 L·m−2·h−1) and a variable trans-membrane pressure. Synthetic wastewater simulating urban wastewater characteristics with approx. 0.4–0.5 g/L COD concentration was used as the feed. The obtained results showed that the rejection performance of the r-UF membrane was similar to the performance of the commercial flat sheet microfiltration membrane (c-MF) under comparable operating conditions. Moreover, concerning fouling behavior, the r-UF membrane exhibited higher fouling resistance compared with the c-MF membrane, although the permeability decline rate was lower. Both membranes had comparable fouling mechanisms behavior, with cake layer fouling resistance accounting for approx. 60% of the total fouling resistance. Finally, a preliminary economic assessment pointed out the potential competitiveness of using r-UF membranes for aMBRs (5.9–10.9 EUR·m−2) and the scaling-up challenges toward industrial applications.
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7

Ibarra-Bahena, J., W. Rivera, R. J. Romero, M. Montiel-González, and U. Dehesa-Carrasco. "Novel intermittent absorption cooling system based on membrane separation process." Applied Thermal Engineering 136 (May 2018): 718–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.03.039.

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8

Bagolini, Alvise, Raffaele Correale, Antonino Picciotto, Maurizio Di Lorenzo, and Marco Scapinello. "MEMS Membranes with Nanoscale Holes for Analytical Applications." Membranes 11, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11020074.

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Micro-electro-mechanical membranes having nanoscale holes were developed, to be used as a nanofluidic sample inlet in novel analytical applications. Nanoscopic holes can be used as sampling points to enable a molecular flow regime, enhancing the performance and simplifying the layout of mass spectrometers and other analytical systems. To do this, the holes must be placed on membranes capable of consistently withstanding a pressure gradient of 1 bar. To achieve this goal, a membrane-in-membrane structure was adopted, where a larger and thicker membrane is microfabricated, and smaller sub-membranes are then realized in it. The nanoscopic holes are opened in the sub-membranes. Prototype devices were fabricated, having hole diameters from 300 to 600 nm, a membrane side of 80 μm, and a simulated maximum displacement of less than 150 nm under a 1 bar pressure gradient. The obtained prototypes were tested in a dedicated vacuum system, and a method to calculate the effective orifice diameter using gas flow measurements at different pressure gradients was implemented. The calculated diameters were in good agreement with the target diameter sizes. Micro-electro-mechanical technology was successfully used to develop a novel micromembrane with nanoscopic holes, and the fabricated prototypes were successfully used as a gas inlet in a vacuum system for mass spectrometry and other analytical systems.
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9

Ghezel-Ayagh, H., S. Jolly, D. Patel, J. Hunt, W. A. Steen, C. F. Richardson, and O. A. Marina. "A Novel System for Carbon Dioxide Capture Utilizing Electrochemical Membrane Technology." ECS Transactions 51, no. 1 (June 26, 2013): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05101.0265ecst.

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10

Shen, S. S., K. P. Liu, J. J. Yang, Y. Li, R. B. Bai, and X. J. Zhou. "Application of a triblock copolymer additive modified polyvinylidene fluoride membrane for effective oil/water separation." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 5 (May 2018): 171979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171979.

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A hollow fibre membrane was fabricated by blending polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with a triblock copolymer additive polymer that has both hydrophilic and oleophobic surface properties. The novel membrane was characterized and examined for oil/water separation under various system conditions, including different cross-flow rate, feed temperature, trans-membrane pressure, and its rejection and cleaning efficiency, etc. By applying the membrane into the filtration of synthesized oil/water emulsion, the membrane constantly achieved an oil rejection rate of above 99%, with a relatively constant permeate flux varied in the range of 68.9–59.0 l m −2 h −1 . More importantly, the fouling of the used membrane can be easily removed by simple water flushing. The membrane also demonstrated a wide adaptability for different types of real oily wastewater, even at very high feed oil concentration (approx. 115 000 mg l −1 in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COM)). Hence, the novel triblock copolymer additive-modified PVDF membrane can have a great prospect in the continuing effort to expand the engineering application of polymeric membranes for oily wastewater treatment.
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11

YAMASHITA, AKIHIRO C., RYOICHI SAKIYAMA, KIYOKAZU YAMAGUCHI, and KAKUJI J. TOJO. "Biomedical Engineering. Development of a Novel Portable Blood Purification System with no Membrane for Separation." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 24, no. 2 (1998): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.24.233.

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12

Zhang, Yuanjun, Zishen Yan, Xingyu Xia, and Yuan Lin. "A Novel Electroporation System for Living Cell Staining and Membrane Dynamics Interrogation." Micromachines 11, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11080767.

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A novel electroporation system was developed to introduce transient membrane pores to cells in a spatially and temporally controlled manner, allowing us to achieve fast electrotransfection and live cell staining as well as to systematically interrogate the dynamics of the cell membrane. Specifically, using this platform, we showed that both reversible and irreversible electroporation could be induced in the cell population, with nano-sized membrane pores in the former case being able to self-reseal in ~10 min. In addition, green fluorescent protein(GFP)-vinculin plasmid and 543 phalloidin have been delivered successively into fibroblast cells, which enables us to monitor the distinct roles of vinculin and F-actin in cell adhesion and migration as well as their possible interplay during these processes. Compared to conventional bulk electroporation and staining methods, the new system offers advantages such as low-voltage operation, cellular level manipulation and testing, fast and adjustable transfection/staining and real-time monitoring; the new system therefore could be useful in different biophysical studies in the future.
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13

Goncu Berk, Gozde, and Sinem Kahveci. "Design of novel running leggings with thermoplastic polyurethane membrane compression zones." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 8 (May 17, 2018): 1533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518775911.

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Compression garments are widely used by athletes to improve athletic performance and to avoid potential injuries. Some compression garments are developed to exert pressure on muscle groups via thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) membrane layers laminated on the textile surface. This study investigates the effect of novel TPU membrane patterns on muscle performance of the lower extremities and on the comfort parameters of air and water vapor permeability. Three novel running leggings with TPU membrane compression zones were designed to exert pressure on the major muscle groups used during running. Electromyography (EMG) measurements of the female participants wearing the designed leggings with TPU membranes, conventional leggings and shorts were recorded during a standardized squat protocol via a wireless surface EMG system. A repeated measures analysis of variance with a Greenhouse–Geisser correction determined that the mean root of mean square values for the EMG signals retrieved from the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius and hamstring muscles while wearing a specific legging design revealed statistically significant reductions in muscle activation. On the other hand, comfort tests exhibited low water vapor permeability and air permeability results when the textile surface was laminated with the TPU membrane. TPU membranes laminated on athletic wear to create compression zones could be effective in reducing muscle activation. Comfort performance is another essential design parameter that should be integrated into the design decisions. Large surfaces of solid TPU membranes should be minimized and surface textures should be employed for increased breathability.
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14

Delage, Pierre, and Yu Jun Cui. "A novel filtration system for polyethylene glycol solutions used in the osmotic method of controlling suction." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 3 (March 2008): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t07-087.

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One of the problems encountered when using the osmotic technique of controlling suction is related to the possible crossing of polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules through the semipermeable membrane. Of the various hypotheses proposed, the paper considers the hypothesis that the PEG solutions are not pure enough and have molecules that are small enough to cross the semipermeable membrane. The paper presents a novel PEG purification system in which two solutions at different concentrations are put in contact through a semipermeable membrane along a large exchange surface. A peculiarity of the system is that it creates two opposite fluxes through the membrane, where small PEG molecules go from the higher concentration solution towards the lower concentration solution, and water migrates in the opposite direction. It has been observed that a small quantity of small molecules of PEG 6000 crossed the molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) 3500 semipermeable membrane.
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15

Kageyama, Hironori, Teng Ma, Madoka Sato, Maki Komiya, Daisuke Tadaki, and Ayumi Hirano-Iwata. "New Aspects of Bilayer Lipid Membranes for the Analysis of Ion Channel Functions." Membranes 12, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12090863.

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The bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) is the main structural component of cell membranes, in which various membrane proteins are embedded. Artificially formed BLMs have been used as a platform in studies of the functions of membrane proteins, including various ion channels. In this review, we summarize recent advances that have been made on artificial BLM systems for the analysis of ion channel functions. We focus on two BLM-based systems, cell-membrane mimicry and four-terminal BLM systems. As a cell-membrane-mimicking system, an efficient screening platform for the evaluation of drug side effects that act on a cell-free synthesized channel has been developed, and its prospects for use in personalized medicine will be discussed. In the four-terminal BLMs, we introduce “lateral voltage” to BLM systems as a novel input to regulate channel activities, in addition to the traditional transmembrane voltages. Such state-of-the-art technologies and new system setups are predicted to pave the way for a variety of applications, in both fundamental physiology and in drug discovery.
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16

Ho, J., S. Smith, and H. K. Roh. "Alternative energy efficient membrane bioreactor using reciprocating submerged membrane." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 12 (November 6, 2014): 1998–2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.447.

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A novel membrane bioreactor (MBR) pilot system, using membrane reciprocation instead of air scouring, was operated at constant high flux and daily fluctuating flux to demonstrate its application under peak and diurnal flow conditions. Low and stable transmembrane pressure was achieved at 40 l/m2/h (LMH) by use of repetitive membrane reciprocation. The results reveal that the inertial forces acting on the membrane fibers effectively propel foulants from the membrane surface. Reciprocation of the hollow fiber membrane is beneficial for the constant removal of solids that may build up on the membrane surface and inside the membrane bundle. The membrane reciprocation in the reciprocating MBR pilot consumed less energy than coarse air scouring used in conventional MBR systems. Specific energy consumption for the membrane reciprocation was 0.072 kWh/m3 permeate produced at 40 LMH flux, which is 75% less than for a conventional air scouring system as reported in literature without consideration of energy consumption for biological aeration (0.29 kWh/m3). The daily fluctuating flux test confirmed that the membrane reciprocation is effective to handle fluctuating flux up to 50 LMH. The pilot-scale reciprocating MBR system successfully demonstrated that fouling can be controlled via 0.43 Hz membrane reciprocation with 44 mm or higher amplitude.
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17

Borgens, Richard B. "Cellular Engineering: Molecular Repair of Membranes to Rescue Cells of the Damaged Nervous System." Neurosurgery 49, no. 2 (August 1, 2001): 370–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200108000-00021.

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Abstract PURPOSE The acute administration of hydrophilic polymers (polyethylene glycol) can immediately seal nerve membranes, preventing their continuing dissolution and secondary axotomy. Polymer application can even be used to reconnect, or fuse, the proximal and distal segments of severed axons in completely transected adult mammalian spinal cord. CONCEPT The sealing or fusion of damaged nerve membranes leads to a very rapid (minutes or hours) recovery of excitability in severely damaged nerve fibers, observed as a rapid return of nerve impulse conduction in vitro, as well as an in vivo recovery of spinal cord conduction and behavioral loss in spinal cord-injured adult guinea pigs. RATIONALE Surfactant application produces a rapid repair of membrane breaches through mechanisms of interaction between the polymers and the aqueous phase of damaged membranes, and their ability to insert into, or seal, the hydrophobic core of the axolemma exposed by mechanical damage. DISCUSSION This new technology applied to severe neurotrauma offers a clinically safe and practical means to rescue significant populations of spinal cord nerve fibers within 8 hours after damage—preventing their continued dissolution and secondary axotomy by secondary injury mechanisms. Application of this novel technology to other injuries to the peripheral and central nervous system is discussed, as well as a general application to soft tissue trauma.
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18

Jiang, Yaxin, Jiaming Liang, and Yang Liu. "Application of forward osmosis membrane technology for oil sands process-affected water desalination." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 8 (January 18, 2016): 1809–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.014.

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The extraction process used to obtain bitumen from the oil sands produces large volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). As a newly emerging desalination technology, forward osmosis (FO) has shown great promise in saving electrical power requirements, increasing water recovery, and minimizing brine discharge. With the support of this funding, a FO system was constructed using a cellulose triacetate FO membrane to test the feasibility of OSPW desalination and contaminant removal. The FO systems were optimized using different types and concentrations of draw solution. The FO system using 4M NH4HCO3 as a draw solution achieved 85% water recovery from OSPW, and 80 to100% contaminant rejection for most metals and ions. A water backwash cleaning method was applied to clean the fouled membrane, and the cleaned membrane achieved 77% water recovery, a performance comparable to that of new FO membranes. This suggests that the membrane fouling was reversible. The FO system developed in this project provides a novel and energy efficient strategy to remediate the tailings waters generated by oil sands bitumen extraction and processing.
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19

Shafieian, Abdellah, and Mehdi Khiadani. "A novel solar-driven direct contact membrane-based water desalination system." Energy Conversion and Management 199 (November 2019): 112055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112055.

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20

Tang, Yuanhui, Mufei Li, Yakai Lin, Lin Wang, Fangyu Wu, and Xiaolin Wang. "A Novel Green Diluent for the Preparation of Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) Membranes via a Thermally-Induced Phase Separation Method." Membranes 11, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11080622.

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The use of green solvents satisfies safer chemical engineering practices and environmental security. Herein, myristic acid (MA)—a green diluent—was selected to prepare poly- (4-methyl-1-pentene) (PMP) membranes with bicontinuous porous structure via a thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) process to maintain a high gas permeability. Firstly, based on the Hansen solubility parameter ‘distance’, Ra, the effect of four natural fatty acids on the PMP membrane structure was compared and studied to determine the optimal green diluent, MA. The thermodynamic phase diagram of the PMP-MA system was calculated and presented to show that a liquid-liquid phase separation region could be found during the TIPS process and the monotectic point was around 34.89 wt%. Then, the effect of the PMP concentration on the morphologies and crystallization behavior was systematically investigated to determine a proper PMP concentration for the membrane preparation. Finally, PMP hollow fiber (HF) membranes were fabricated with a PMP concentration of 30 wt% for the membrane performance characterization. The resultant PMP HF membranes possessed good performances that the porosity was 70%, the tensile strength was 96 cN, and the nitrogen flux was 8.20 ± 0.10 mL·(bar·cm2·min)−1. We believe that this work can be a beneficial reference for people interested in the preparation of PMP membranes for medical applications.
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21

Sang, Sheng Bo, and Hartmut Witte. "Finite Element Analysis of the Membrane Used in a Novel BioMEMS." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 3 (July 2009): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.3.51.

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With new applications in the area of diagnostics, drug discovery and genetics, the need for Biological Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (BioMEMS) has increased tremendously in the last decade. Especially, surface stress-based BioMEMS has been investigated extensively in the recently years. In this paper, a new BioMEMS is proposed, which can be used to detect cells. It consists of microfluidics, square membrane and a fiber optic interferometer. The square membrane as the crucial and sensitive part includes three layers, self-assembled monolayer (SAM), gold and substrate material. Based on the BioMEMS, some fundamental study has been done, especially for the membrane due to its crucial role in the whole system. The finite element (FE) method has been used to study the membrane with different substrates. By the fundamental study, some important conclusions have been acquired: (1) The square membrane will reach maximal deflection at different ratio values (P: membrane size) to different substrates; (2) To a certain substrate, such as PDMS, the ratio making the membrane reach maximal deflection is different to dissimilar PDMS layer thickness; (3) If young’s modulus (E) of the substrate is too small, separation may happen between the gold layer and substrate layer when the gold size becomes smaller.
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22

Gurubalan, A., M. P. Maiya, and Shaligram Tiwari. "Performance characterization of a novel membrane-based liquid desiccant air conditioning system." International Journal of Refrigeration 120 (December 2020): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.09.007.

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23

Bishop, Brent A., and Fernando V. Lima. "Novel Module-Based Design Algorithm for Intensified Membrane Reactor Systems." Processes 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 2165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9122165.

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The growing interest in intensified process units that improve efficiency by combining several phenomena into one unit, has led to a loss in degrees of freedom when addressing the control scheme of these units. Previous work demonstrated that a novel module-based design approach to membrane reactors could improve the operability index of membrane reactor systems. This approach sought to decouple the phenomena to regain some degrees of freedom for the control system. However, the computational time to determine such an optimal module design made this class of design problems intractable to solve in a reasonable amount of time. This work proposes a set of design heuristics for a new module-based design approach for membrane reactors. These heuristics are used in combination with a genetic algorithm formulation to produce a novel, two-staged algorithm for the design and control of membrane reactor systems. This algorithm is developed in Python and uses rigorous membrane reactor models built in AVEVA Process Simulation. The proposed algorithm solves the original non-polynomial (NP) complexity problem in polynomial time (P), while still being able to find the optimal designs discovered in previous work through exhaustive methods.
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24

Schuster, Bernhard, and Uwe B. Sleytr. "Biomimetic interfaces based on S-layer proteins, lipid membranes and functional biomolecules." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 96 (July 6, 2014): 20140232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0232.

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Designing and utilization of biomimetic membrane systems generated by bottom-up processes is a rapidly growing scientific and engineering field. Elucidation of the supramolecular construction principle of archaeal cell envelopes composed of S-layer stabilized lipid membranes led to new strategies for generating highly stable functional lipid membranes at meso- and macroscopic scale. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art survey of how S-layer proteins, lipids and polymers may be used as basic building blocks for the assembly of S-layer-supported lipid membranes. These biomimetic membrane systems are distinguished by a nanopatterned fluidity, enhanced stability and longevity and, thus, provide a dedicated reconstitution matrix for membrane-active peptides and transmembrane proteins. Exciting areas in the (lab-on-a-) biochip technology are combining composite S-layer membrane systems involving specific membrane functions with the silicon world. Thus, it might become possible to create artificial noses or tongues, where many receptor proteins have to be exposed and read out simultaneously. Moreover, S-layer-coated liposomes and emulsomes copying virus envelopes constitute promising nanoformulations for the production of novel targeting, delivery, encapsulation and imaging systems.
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Diez, V., A. Iglesias, J. M. Cámara, M. O. Ruiz, and C. Ramos. "A novel anaerobic filter membrane bioreactor: prototype start-up and filtration assays." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 9 (July 12, 2018): 1833–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.309.

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Abstract Anaerobic digestion allows efficient treatment of high loaded wastewater, and membrane technology allows obtaining high quality effluents with complete biomass retention. However, high biomass concentration interferes with membrane fouling. In the present work, a new bioreactor that integrates an attached biomass anaerobic culture on a fixed bed and a submerged membrane has been started up. The recirculation between the digestion and filtration chambers is coupled to the gas-lift effect of the bubbling employed for the scouring of the membranes, avoiding the use or electromechanical pumps that damage the suspended biomass. The support material retains the biomass in the digestion tank despite the downwards flow, avoiding the submerged membrane contacting with a high concentrated suspension. This novel system, called an anaerobic filter membrane bioreactor was immediately started up, achieving chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies of 96% at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 7 kg COD/m3·d. In order to select filtration flux, specific gas demand and filtration cycle duration, the results of 15 short term assays, eight hours for each one, is presented for fluxes between 15.7 and 17.7 L/m2·h, cycle duration between 10 and 30 minutes, and three levels of scouring. It was checked that reversible and irreversible fouling were directly related when dTMP/dt > 2.5 mbar/min.
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Sanni, Eshorame Samuel, Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku, and Emeka Emmanuel Okoro. "Novel Systems and Membrane Technologies for Carbon Capture." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2021 (January 13, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6642906.

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Due to the global menace caused by carbon emissions from environmental, anthropogenic, and industrial processes, it has become expedient to consider the use of systems, with high trapping potentials for these carbon-based compounds. Several prior studies have considered the use of amines, activated carbon, and other solid adsorbents. Advances in carbon capture research have led to the use of ionic liquids, enzyme-based systems, microbial filters, membranes, and metal-organic frameworks in capturing CO2. Therefore, it is common knowledge that some of these systems have their lapses, which then informs the need to prioritize and optimize their synthetic routes for optimum efficiency. Some authors have also argued about the need to consider the use of hybrid systems, which offer several characteristics that in turn give synergistic effects/properties that are better compared to those of the individual components that make up the composites. For instance, some membranes are hydrophobic in nature, which makes them unsuitable for carbon capture operations; hence, it is necessary to consider modifying properties such as thermal stability, chemical stability, permeability, nature of the raw/starting material, thickness, durability, and surface area which can enhance the performance of these systems. In this review, previous and recent advances in carbon capture systems and sequestration technologies are discussed, while some recommendations and future prospects in innovative technologies are also highlighted.
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Navarro, Andreu Bonet, Adrianna Nogalska, and Ricard Garcia-Valls. "A 3D Printed Membrane Reactor System for Electrochemical CO2 Conversion." Membranes 13, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13010090.

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Nowadays, CO2 electroreduction is gaining special interest as achieving net zero CO2 emissions is not going to be enough to avoid or mitigate the negative effects of climate change. However, the cost of CO2 electroreduction is still very high because of the low efficiency of conversion (around 20%). Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the reaction conditions. Thus, a miniaturized novel membrane reactor was designed and manufactured in this study, with a shorter distance between the electrodes and a reduced volume, compared with CNC-manufactured reactors, using novel stereolithography-based 3D printing. The reduced distance between the two electrodes reduced the electrical resistance and therefore lowered the overpotential necessary to trigger the reaction from −1.6 V to −1.2 V, increasing the efficiency. In addition, the reduction in the volume of the reactor increased the catalyst area/volume ratio, which also boosted the concentration of the products (from FE 18% to FE 21%), allowing their better identification. Furthermore, the smaller volume and reduced complexity of the reactor also improved the testing capacity and decreased the cost of experimentation. The novel miniaturized reactor can help researchers to perform more experiments in a cost/time-effective way, facilitating the optimization of the reaction conditions.
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Lin, Shueei-Muh, Che-Lun Tsai, and Hung-Chang Lee. "Measurement Error of a Coupled AFM Probe-Elastic Membrane System." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (September 2, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2789684.

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The characteristic of an AFM probe scanning the topography on an elastic substrate is investigated. It is different to the conventional rigid substrate. The analytical solution of the novel system is presented. For an elastic substrate the errors of frequency shift determined by using the force gradient methods and the perturbation method are satisfactory only for larger tip-surface distances. The smaller the interacting distance is, the larger the measurement error due to the amplitude of membrane is.
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Batko, Kornelia M., Izabella Ślęzak-Prochazka, Andrzej Ślęzak, Wioletta M. Bajdur, and Maria Włodarczyk-Makuła. "Management of Energy Conversion Processes in Membrane Systems." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 1661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051661.

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The internal energy (U-energy) conversion to free energy (F-energy) and energy dissipation (S-energy) is a basic process that enables the continuity of life on Earth. Here, we present a novel method of evaluating F-energy in a membrane system containing ternary solutions of non-electrolytes based on the Kr version of the Kedem–Katchalsky–Peusner (K–K–P) formalism for concentration polarization conditions. The use of this formalism allows the determination of F-energy based on the production of S-energy and coefficient of the energy conversion efficiency. The K–K–P formalism requires the calculation of the Peusner coefficients Kijr and Kdetr (i, j ∈ {1, 2, 3}, r = A, B), which are necessary to calculate S-energy, the degree of coupling and coefficients of energy conversion efficiency. In turn, the equations for S-energy and coefficients of energy conversion efficiency are used in the F-energy calculations. The Kr form of the Kedem–Katchalsky–Peusner model equations, containing the Peusner coefficients Kijr and Kdetr, enables the analysis of energy conversion in membrane systems and is a useful tool for studying the transport properties of membranes. We showed that osmotic pressure dependences of indicated Peusner coefficients, energy conversion efficiency coefficient, entropy and energy production are nonlinear. These nonlinearities were caused by pseudophase transitions from non-convective to convective states or vice versa. The method presented in the paper can be used to assess F-energy resources. The results can be adapted to various membrane systems used in chemical engineering, environmental engineering or medical applications. It can be used in designing new technologies as a part of process management.
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Janson, A., G. O'Toole, and M. F. Lee. "The 273,000 m/d immersed membrane system at Chestnut Avenue Water Works: its novel design and first year of operation." Water Supply 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2006): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.043.

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The practice of the Public Utilities Board (PUB) of Singapore is to provide the Singapore public with high quality drinking water. In 2001, in keeping with this practice and due to an increased emphasis on diversification of its water supply, the PUB undertook a major project to expand the capacity of the Chestnut Avenue Waterworks (CAWW) by 273,000 m3/d (60 Migd) using membrane technology. In 2003, Zenon Environmental, as part of a team with the owner's engineer, Black & Veatch, main contractor Thames Water Projects/SembCorp Engineers & Constructors and local Zenon licensee, Hyflux Engineering, installed and commissioned a 273,000 m3/d enhanced coagulation /ultrafiltration membrane plant — the largest of its type in the world at the time. This paper describes the innovative aspects of the CAWW membrane plant design and summarizes the results of its first year of operation. Certain aspects of the full-scale system design are particularly noteworthy. Whereas typical immersed membrane systems employ expensive process pumps to create the vacuum necessary to produce filtrate, the CAWW system relies on a simple siphon to produce filtrate. No permeate pumps are required and this dramatically reduces capital and operating cost through simplified design, reduced controls and minimized floor space. The land area needed for membrane filtration and related process equipment is equivalent to obtaining 180 m3/d of capacity per m2 of land area.
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Wang, Zhi Yang, Ling Wang, Lin Fei Yao, Mei Le Pei, and Guo Liang Zhang. "Membrane Separation Coupled with Photocatalysis for Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2571.

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Membrane separation coupled with photocatalysis process, which is also called photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR), is a new hybrid technology working for water supply and wastewater treatment. Due to some unique advantages, such as nontoxic and continuous running, this kind of novel coupling systems has developed rapidly in the past few years. In this work, the characteristic and structure of configurations, photocatalysts and membranes are analyzed briefly.
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Duan, Zhi Yong, Qiao Xia Gong, Hui Min Zhang, and Er Jun Liang. "A Novel Air Cushion Press Nanoimprint Lithography." Advanced Materials Research 308-310 (August 2011): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.843.

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nanoimprint was developed quickly in decades because of its ultrahigh resolution, low cost, high throughput. It has demonstrated the ability to pattern 5 nm line-width and 12 inch wafer, and is one of the support technology in NGL. This paper reported a novel nanoimprint to improve the pressure uniformity with air cushion press. The chamber is sealed by a SiO2 window with an elastic ring membrane, on which the mold is fixed . Ultraviolet light solidify resist on the wafer through this window. When air in chamber bleeded the window falled and the mold is pressed into the resist. If air leading into the chamber again, the mold separate from substrate by the elastic ring membrane, then the patterns on mold are translated onto the substrate. Experiments exhibit that this nanoimprint system can replicate features with high fidelity over a large patterning area.
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33

Lund, L., W. Federspiel, F. Taitel, and B. Hattler. "A NOVEL METHOD FOR MEASURING HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY IN A GASLIQUID SYSTEM." ASAIO Journal 42, no. 2 (March 1996): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002480-199603000-00250.

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34

Xiao, Liehui, Minlin Yang, Wu-Zhi Yuan, and Si-Min Huang. "Performance characteristics of a novel internally-cooled plate membrane liquid desiccant air dehumidification system." Applied Thermal Engineering 172 (May 2020): 115193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115193.

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35

Hashino, M., Y. Mori, Y. Fujii, N. Motoyama, N. Kadokawa, H. Hoshikawa, W. Nishijima, and M. Okada. "Pilot plant evaluation of an ozone-microfiltration system for drinking water treatment." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 10-11 (May 1, 2000): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0598.

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We have developed a novel ozone resistant microfiltration (MF) module using an organic hollow fiber membrane made of polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF). A new filtration system using this MF module together with ozone dose provided three to four times higher permeate flux compared with the filtration without ozone. The reaction of ozone with organic materials in feed water was necessary to occur on the surface of the membrane to have higher permeate flux.
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36

Song, Yuxi, Caizhi Zhang, Qiuhong Jia, E. Birgersson, Ming Han, and Pei Zhang. "Novel closed anode pressure-swing system for proton exchange membrane fuel cells." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 35 (July 2020): 17727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.04.076.

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37

Li, Xue-Mei, Baolong Zhao, Zhouwei Wang, Ming Xie, Jianfeng Song, Long D. Nghiem, Tao He, Chi Yang, Chunxia Li, and Gang Chen. "Water reclamation from shale gas drilling flow-back fluid using a novel forward osmosis–vacuum membrane distillation hybrid system." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 5 (January 2, 2014): 1036–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.003.

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This study examined the performance of a novel hybrid system of forward osmosis (FO) combined with vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) for reclaiming water from shale gas drilling flow-back fluid (SGDF). In the hybrid FO-VMD system, water permeated through the FO membrane into a draw solution reservoir, and the VMD process was used for draw solute recovery and clean water production. Using a SGDF sample obtained from a drilling site in China, the hybrid system could achieve almost 90% water recovery. Quality of the reclaimed water was comparable to that of bottled water. In the hybrid FO-VMD system, FO functions as a pre-treatment step to remove most contaminants and constituents that may foul or scale the membrane distillation (MD) membrane, whereas MD produces high quality water. It is envisioned that the FO-VMD system can recover high quality water not only from SGDF but also other wastewaters with high salinity and complex compositions.
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Yang, Cuiru, Zhidong Jia, Zhicheng Guan, and Liming Wang. "Polyvinylidene fluoride membrane by novel electrospinning system for separator of Li-ion batteries." Journal of Power Sources 189, no. 1 (April 2009): 716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.08.060.

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39

Ang, Elisa Y. M., Teng Yong Ng, Jingjie Yeo, Rongming Lin, and K. R. Geethalakshmi. "Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics Working Principles of Transverse Flow Carbon Nanotube Membrane for Enhanced Desalination." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 09, no. 03 (April 2017): 1750034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s175882511750034x.

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This work introduces the transverse flow carbon nanotube (CNT) membrane, a novel membrane configuration designed to separate salt from water efficiently. The transverse flow CNT membrane uses transverse flow across horizontally stacked CNT, with neighboring CNT separated by a critical slit size. Through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, the nano-fluidics interactions involved in the separation of salt from water using the transverse flow CNT membrane is studied. The simulation shows that this new membrane offers superior desalination performance, with permeability more than two times that of atom-thick graphene slit membrane, and orders of magnitude higher than conventional membranes. The effects of the nano-channels formed by the transverse flow CNT membrane on the behavior of water molecules and salt ions in a desalination system are studied in further detail with thermodynamic free energy computations, oxygen density mapping and hydrogen bond network studies. This simple but effective design offers an alternative solution for the practical use of CNT for efficient desalination.
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40

Du, Huan-Huan, and Xin-Cai Xiao. "Fabrication of rapidly-responsive switches based on the coupling effect of polyacrylamide and poly(acrylic acid) without IPN structures." RSC Advances 5, no. 107 (2015): 88021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra14491d.

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Novel coupling membrane systems with thermoresponsive switches composed of two different polymers PAAM and PAAC have been successfully developed. The membranes show significant positive switch characteristics and higher thermoresponsive speeds.
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Al-Mhyawi, Saedah R., Mahmoud F. Mubarak, Rasha Hosny, Manal Amine, Omnia H. Abdelraheem, M. A. Zayed, Ahmed H. Ragab, and Abeer El Shahawy. "Enhanced Nanofiltration Process of Thin Film Composite Membrane Using Dodecyl Phenol Ethoxylate and Oleic Acid Ethoxylate for Oilfield Calcite Scale Control." Membranes 11, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110855.

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This research studied the enhancing effect on the nanofiltration composite (TFCNF) membrane of two non-ionic surfactants on a thin-film composite nanofiltration membrane (TFCNF) for calcite scale (CaCO3) inhibition in oilfield application to develop a multifunctional filtration system: nanofiltration, antiscalant, and scale inhibitors. The effectiveness of dodecyl phenol ethoxylate (DPE) and oleic acid ethoxylate (OAE) as novel scale inhibitors were studied using the dynamic method. Scaling tests on the membrane were performed to measure the scaling of the inhibited membrane with and without scale inhibitors for salt rejection, permeability, and flux decline. The results revealed that the TFCNF membrane flux decline was improved in the presence of scale inhibitors from 22% to about 15%. The rejection of the membrane scales increases from 72% for blank membranes, reaching 97.2% and 88% for both DPE and OAE, respectively. These confirmed that scale inhibitor DPE had superior anti-scaling properties against calcite deposits on TFCNF membranes. Inhibited scaled TFCNF membrane was characterized using environmental scanning electron (ESEM), FTIR, and XRD techniques. The results of the prepared TFCNF membrane extensively scaled by the calcite deposits were correlated to its morphology.
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42

Cao, Thanh Ngoc-Dan, Shiao-Shing Chen, Hau-Ming Chang, Thanh Xuan Bui, and I.-Chieh Chien. "A promising bioelectrochemical reactor integrating membrane distillation and microbial fuel cell for dual advantages of power generation and water recovery." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, no. 10 (2020): 2776–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ew00379d.

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Water recovery from wastewater was accomplished simultaneously with electrical energy production by the novel integration of distillation membrane and microbial fuel cell to create a system called membrane distillation microbial fuel cell.
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43

Arya, Sagar S., Nada K. Morsy, Deema K. Islayem, Sarah A. Alkhatib, Charalampos Pitsalidis, and Anna-Maria Pappa. "Bacterial Membrane Mimetics: From Biosensing to Disease Prevention and Treatment." Biosensors 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13020189.

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Plasma membrane mimetics can potentially play a vital role in drug discovery and immunotherapy owing to the versatility to assemble facilely cellular membranes on surfaces and/or nanoparticles, allowing for direct assessment of drug/membrane interactions. Recently, bacterial membranes (BMs) have found widespread applications in biomedical research as antibiotic resistance is on the rise, and bacteria-associated infections have become one of the major causes of death worldwide. Over the last decade, BM research has greatly benefited from parallel advancements in nanotechnology and bioelectronics, resulting in multifaceted systems for a variety of sensing and drug discovery applications. As such, BMs coated on electroactive surfaces are a particularly promising label-free platform to investigate interfacial phenomena, as well as interactions with drugs at the first point of contact: the bacterial membrane. Another common approach suggests the use of lipid-coated nanoparticles as a drug carrier system for therapies for infectious diseases and cancer. Herein, we discuss emerging platforms that make use of BMs for biosensing, bioimaging, drug delivery/discovery, and immunotherapy, focusing on bacterial infections and cancer. Further, we detail the synthesis and characteristics of BMs, followed by various models for utilizing them in biomedical applications. The key research areas required to augment the characteristics of bacterial membranes to facilitate wider applicability are also touched upon. Overall, this review provides an interdisciplinary approach to exploit the potential of BMs and current emerging technologies to generate novel solutions to unmet clinical needs.
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Tan, Yayin, Xinhao Hu, Yong Hou, and Zhiqin Chu. "Emerging Diamond Quantum Sensing in Bio-Membranes." Membranes 12, no. 10 (September 30, 2022): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12100957.

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Bio-membranes exhibit complex but unique mechanical properties as communicative regulators in various physiological and pathological processes. Exposed to a dynamic micro-environment, bio-membranes can be seen as an intricate and delicate system. The systematical modeling and detection of their local physical properties are often difficult to achieve, both quantitatively and precisely. The recent emerging diamonds hosting quantum defects (i.e., nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center) demonstrate intriguing optical and spin properties, together with their outstanding photostability and biocompatibility, rendering them ideal candidates for biological applications. Notably, the extraordinary spin-based sensing enable the measurements of localized nanoscale physical quantities such as magnetic fields, electrical fields, temperature, and strain. These nanoscale signals can be optically read out precisely by simple optical microscopy systems. Given these exclusive properties, NV-center-based quantum sensors can be widely applied in exploring bio-membrane-related features and the communicative chemical reaction processes. This review mainly focuses on NV-based quantum sensing in bio-membrane fields. The attempts of applying NV-based quantum sensors in bio-membranes to investigate diverse physical and chemical events such as membrane elasticity, phase change, nanoscale bio-physical signals, and free radical formation are fully overviewed. We also discuss the challenges and future directions of this novel technology to be utilized in bio-membranes.
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Song, Chunfeng, Yawei Sun, Zhichao Fan, Qingling Liu, Na Ji, and Yutaka Kitamura. "Parametric study of a novel cryogenic-membrane hybrid system for efficient CO2 separation." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 72 (May 2018): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2018.03.009.

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46

You, H. S., C. C. Tseng, M. J. Peng, S. H. Chang, Y. C. Chen, and S. H. Peng. "A novel application of an anaerobic membrane process in wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 6-7 (March 1, 2005): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0620.

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The applications of membrane processes in anaerobic biological wastewater treatment still have some limitations due to severe membrane scaling and fouling, although they have been proven to achieve superior COD removal and biomass retention. An innovative anaerobic membrane process for wastewater treatment was conducted to control the membrane scaling problems. The process comprises an anaerobic reactor, an aerobic reactor, and a membrane separation tank. Anaerobic sludge from a full-scale UASB reactor treating food wastewater was inoculated to anaerobic and aerobic reactor to purify synthetic wastewater consisting of glucose and sodium acetate. The anaerobic reactor was operated in a sludge bed type without three-phase separator. The aerobic reactor can eliminate residual organics from the anaerobic reactor effluent using facultative microorganisms. To provide solid-liquid separation, hollow fiber ultrafiltration module was submerged in the separation tank. The results clearly show that the anaerobic membrane process combined methanogenic and aerobic COD reduction is a stable system. No fatal scaling was found after two months of operation even without chemical cleaning for the membrane. It was also found that inorganic precipitates formed in the aerobic reactor were reduced due to CO2 stripping in aerobic reactor. Another important finding was that the inorganic precipitates were entrapped into facultative aerobes floc. The ash/SS ratio of aerobes floc increased from 0.17 to 0.55 after 50 days of operation, which confirms this phenomenon. Based on our investigation, the new process can control scaling effectively to extend the membrane application in anaerobic treatment.
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47

Lund, L., W. Federspiel, F. Taitel, and B. Hattler. "A NOVEL METHOD FOR MEASURING HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY IN A GAS-LIQUID SYSTEM." ASAIO Journal 42, no. 2 (April 1996): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002480-199604000-00251.

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48

LUND, LAURA W., WILLIAM J. FEDERSPIEL, FRANK R. WALTERS, and BRACK G. HATTLER. "A Novel Method for Measuring Hollow Fiber Membrane Permeability in a Gas-Liquid System." ASAIO JOURNAL 42, no. 5 (September 1996): M446–450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002480-199609000-00028.

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49

Akbarzadeh, Rokhsareh, and Patrick Gathura Ndungu. "A Novel BiOCl Based Nanocomposite Membrane for Water Desalination." Membranes 12, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12050505.

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In this study, BiOCl based nanocomposites were used as photocatalytic membranes for a simulated study on water desalination in reverse osmosis membrane systems. Through molecular dynamic simulation, the molecular structure of BiOCl, BiOCl/Ag2S and BiOCl/Bi2O3 heterojunctions were designed and their electronic properties, mechanical properties, and membrane performance for water desalination were evaluated for the first time. The molecular structure was created, and a geometry optimization task was used to optimize it. Material Studio 2019 CASTEP was used for simulation of the electronic and mechanical properties and water desalination was performed by ReaxFF software under pressures between 0 and 250 MPa. The novel BiOCl based nanocomposites showed improved electronic and mechanical properties and, most importantly, improvements in salt rejection and water permeability as compared to well-known materials such as graphene and MoS2. BiOCl and BiOCl/Ag2S had a bandgap around two, which is the ideal bandgap for semiconductor photocatalysts. A salt rejection of 98% was achieved under an applied pressure of 10 MPa. Salt rejection was higher for BiOCl/Bi2O3, while water permeability was higher for BiOCl/Ag2S. The monolayer BiOCl was unstable under pressures higher than 50 MPa, but the mechanical stability of BiOCl/Ag2S increased twofold and increased fourfold for BiOCl/Bi2O3, which is even higher than MoS2. However, between the three nanocomposites, BiOCl/Ag2S was found to be the most ideal photocatalytic nanocomposite membrane.
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Linnebach, Philipp, Filomena Simone, Gianluca Rizzello, and Stefan Seelecke. "Development, manufacturing, and validation of a dielectric elastomer membrane actuator–driven contactor." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 4 (December 29, 2018): 636–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18818778.

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Dielectric elastomers represent a relatively new technology with high potentials for actuators’ applications. Thanks to their lightweight, fast operations, energy efficiency, low power consumption, large deformations, and high scalability, dielectric elastomers permit to develop novel mechatronic systems capable of overperforming standard actuation technologies, such as solenoid valves, in several applications. This article presents a novel design for a dielectric elastomer–driven actuator system which enables closing and opening of a contactor. The design is based on a combination between circular out-of-plane dielectric elastomer membranes and a bi-stable biasing system which allows to increase the out-of-plane stroke. Characterization of the contactor is initially performed in order to establish the actuator requirements in terms of force and stroke. Then, systematic design and manufacturing are carried out for both dielectric elastomer membranes and biasing mechanism. Finally, the effectiveness of the actuator in closing and opening the contactor is validated experimentally. The results show comparable dynamic performance to a conventional electromagnetic drive, with the additional advantage of a significantly lower energy consumption.
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