Journal articles on the topic 'Engaged/disengaged behavior'
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George, Ginu, and Binoy Joseph. "A study on the relationship between Employee engagement and organizational citizenship with reference to employees working in travel organizations." Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.14.3.
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All sectors across the globe have started looking at employee engagement as an opportunity because engaged employees always tend to perform better than not engaged or disengaged employees. Organization with engaged employees are always a strength to the organization as it has lot of positive outcomes. This article elucidates the relationship that exists between employee engagement and organizational citizenship behavior with reference to employees working in travel organizations.The study focuses on employees working in national and international travel organizations which arelocated in Bangalore. Data was collected with the help of an adapted questionnaire. The findings of the study will help the employers to understand the importance of these two factors and their present engagement and OCB level of the employees working in these organizations and take measures accordingly.
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Gillet, Nicolas, Alexandre J. S. Morin, Christine Jeoffrion, and Evelyne Fouquereau. "A Person-Centered Perspective on the Combined Effects of Global and Specific Levels of Job Engagement." Group & Organization Management 45, no. 4 (January 22, 2020): 556–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601119899182.
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This study examines how the different dimensions of job engagement combine within different profiles of workers ( n = 264). This research also documents the relations between the identified job engagement profiles, demographic characteristics (gender, age, education, working time, and organizational tenure), job characteristics (work autonomy, task variety, task significance, task identity, and feedback), attitudes (affective and normative commitment), and psychological health (emotional exhaustion and ill-being). Latent profile analysis revealed four profiles of employees defined based on their global and specific (physical, emotional, and cognitive) job engagement levels: Globally Disengaged, Globally Engaged, Globally but not Emotionally Engaged, and Moderately Engaged. Employees’ perceptions of task variety and feedback shared statistically significant relations with their likelihood of membership into all latent profiles. Profiles were finally showed to be meaningfully related to employees’ levels of affective commitment, normative commitment, emotional exhaustion, and ill-being.
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Zaidman-Zait, Anat, Pat Mirenda, Eric Duku, Tracy Vaillancourt, Isabel M. Smith, Peter Szatmari, Susan Bryson, et al. "Impact of personal and social resources on parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder." Autism 21, no. 2 (July 9, 2016): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361316633033.
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This study examined the longitudinal associations between child behavior problems, coping strategies, social resources, and parenting stress in mothers of young children with autism spectrum disorder. Participants were 283 mothers who completed self- and child-report measures at the time of diagnosis and 2 years later. Hierarchical multiple regression was conducted to predict overall parenting stress. At diagnosis, the final model indicated that high levels of social support and mothers’ use of active engaged coping strategies were associated with lower levels of parenting stress. Conversely, high levels of child externalizing behavior problems, family dysfunction, and mothers’ use of disengaged coping strategies were associated with higher parenting stress. Two years later, high levels of parenting stress at diagnosis predicted increased parenting stress. In addition, high or increasing levels of social support predicted a decrease in parenting stress, while high or increasing levels of family dysfunction predicted increased stress. Finally, increased use of disengaged coping strategies and decreased use of active coping strategies over time predicted higher levels of parenting stress. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the provision of targeted supports that are designed to enhance the personal and social resources available to mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder.
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Duxbury, Linda, and Michael Halinski. "Dealing with the “Grumpy Boomers”: re-engaging the disengaged and retaining talent." Journal of Organizational Change Management 27, no. 4 (July 8, 2014): 660–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-05-2014-0106.
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Purpose – The aging of the workforce and the impending labour force shortage at the skilled end of the labour market increases the need for organizations to understand how to “re-engage” older workers with low commitment and reduce the turnover intentions of committed older knowledge workers. The current study addresses this issue by using employee commitment and intent to turnover scores to classify older knowledge workers into four groups: Disengaged-Exiters, Engaged-High-Performers, Retired-on-the-Job and Exiting-Performers. The purpose of this paper is to identify a set of work factors and practices that predispose older knowledge workers to fall into one or another of the four groups and offer suggestions on how organizations can increase commitment and decrease intent to turnover of their older workers. Design/methodology/approach – The paper used survey data (n=5,588) from a Canadian national study on work, family and caregiving to test the framework. Data analysis was performed using a MANCOVA with one independent variable (Boomer group), four dependent variables (job satisfaction, non-supportive culture, supportive manager, work-role overload) and one covariate (gender). Findings – The results support the framework. The findings suggest organizations that wish to retain committed Baby Boomers need to address issues with respect to workload. Alternatively, organizations who wish to increase the commitment levels of Boomers who have “Retired-on-the-Job” need to focus on supportive management, organizational culture and career development. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the literature on organizational commitment and intent to turnover by re-conceptualizing the relationship between these traditional concepts.
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Lðkðslð, Demet. "Necessary Conformism: An Art of Living for Young People in Turkey." New Perspectives on Turkey 48 (2013): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600001898.
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AbstractThis paper focuses on the everyday life experiences of the post-1980 generation in Turkey–a generation stigmatized for being depoliticized and apathetic. Rather than accepting this stigmatizing view, however, this analysis aims to better understand young people's actual lived experiences. To do so, it adopts the concept of “necessary conformism” developed in previous empirical research. This concept offers an alternative analytical framework that transcends the engaged/disengaged or political/ unpolitical dichotomy in young people's social participation. Specifically, the application of this concept reveals that apathetic behavior may actually mask powerful discontent and suffering that can be expressed neither through conventional politics nor open resistance. The necessary conformism of young people, therefore, is not apathetic behavior, but the expression of an underlying discontent and often a hidden agony.
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Li, Tim MH, Lucia Liu, and Paul WC Wong. "Withdrawal experience and possible way-outs from withdrawal behavior in young people." Qualitative Social Work 17, no. 4 (January 13, 2017): 537–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473325016688369.
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The term NEET (not in employment, education, or training) has been increasingly applied to young people in Europe not engaged in the three systems mentioned. Young people who seclude themselves at home and progress to social withdrawal can be considered a NEET subgroup—the “disengaged.” This phenomenon was first identified in Japan, where such reclusive individuals are referred to as hikikomori, but youth social withdrawal has also been reported in other countries, including South Korea and Hong Kong. Research on youth social withdrawal has mainly focused on describing and identifying contributing factors to this withdrawal behavior. Very few studies have examined the transitional processes from the initial self-seclusion to later help-seeking. Examining the mechanisms behind the engagement process for helping professionals is important to guide social work services for this unique group of young people. We conducted a qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews with 30 socially withdrawn young people in Hong Kong. Thematic analysis conceptualized their social withdrawal processes into three subthemes: private status, de-friending spiral, and suspension of experiences. Three reasons for changing their withdrawal behavior were also identified: rebalancing one’s ideal self with reality, reconnecting with tuned-in people, and regaining momentum in life. This study provides practical implications for social workers to develop approaches to engage withdrawn young people.
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Taratorkin, Alexander, Victor Derzhanskii, and Igor Taratorkin. "Dynamic loading of friction disks in automotive transmissions." MATEC Web of Conferences 317 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031702002.
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The article describes a refined method for design studies of friction disks that are integrated into automotive transmissions. A technique is presented to enable finding the natural frequency spectrum exhibited by disks as distributed mass multicomponent bodies. Grounds are given that explicate the necessity to evaluate the stability of oscillations when high-frequency dynamic processes evolve in a nonlinear system after friction clutches are disengaged and when friction clutches are being engaged and wavelike plastic deformations emerge giving rise to overheated spots. The article also sheds light on specific features inherent in the off-design behavior subsequent to the stopping of the clutch booster and pressure unbalance in the clutch booster plenums. The research studies have produced a number of technical solutions that reduce the amplitude of the high-frequency oscillations, which are generated after friction clutches are disengaged and result in plastic deformations of mating surfaces as well as disturbed axial movability of friction disks. They have substantiated the necessity that the relevant linear velocity should be restricted having determined the boundaries of tolerated linear velocities of revolving friction disks. The article presents results of researching into the processes consequent to pressure unbalance in the friction clutch booster plenums and proposes technical solutions to do away with its adverse effects.
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Tomar, Jitendra Singh. "Employee Engagement Practices in IT Sector Vis-à-Vis Other Sectors in India." International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals 8, no. 3 (July 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijhcitp.2017070101.
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Employee engagement is an important notion built around the concepts of job satisfaction, employee commitment, retention of talent, that impacts organizational performance. The disengaged employees lead to loss of productivity, procedural imbalances, and decreased efficacy. Organizations are addressing the work force and their job performance, task performance, organizational citizenship behavior, productivity, discretionary effort, effective commitment, and continuance commitment. Engaged employees are emotionally connected with their organization, and are enthusiastic about their job and success of the organization. The employment engagement practices are soulfully needed to understand the employee, give them healthier environment to work, let them grow professionally, award them, and keep them happy, irrespective of the business sector. This study intends to explore the employee engagement practices in Indian IT Sector and compare them with the engagement practices in other leading sectors in India. The study also assesses various engagement attributes in Indian IT organizations.
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Loscalzo, Yura, and Marco Giannini. "Clinical conceptualization of workaholism." Organizational Psychology Review 7, no. 4 (November 2017): 306–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041386617734299.
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Workaholism is a behavioral addiction that, while widely studied, is still lacking a definition shared by the scientific community. The aim of this theoretical paper is to propose a new model that is at the same time comprehensive and easy to test, with an approach based on a critical analysis of the literature. We give particular attention to reviews of literature and theoretical and empirical papers published since 2011, because even the most recent reviews do not fully encompass the last few years. We proposed a comprehensive model, which defines workaholism as a clinical condition that is characterized by both externalizing (i.e., addiction) and internalizing (i.e., obsessive-compulsive) symptoms and by low levels of work engagement; from this there arises the distinction between disengaged and engaged workaholics (i.e., a less impairing subtype of workaholism). Finally, we propose DSM-like criteria for workaholism and a research agenda for future studies.
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Yan, Grace, and Nicholas M. Watanabe. "The Liancourt Rocks: Media Dynamics and National Identities at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games." International Journal of Sport Communication 7, no. 4 (December 2014): 495–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2014-0047.
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After the South Korean men’s soccer team beat its Japanese counterpart in the bronze-medal match at the 2012 London Olympics, South Korean player Park Jung-Woo celebrated with a banner that displayed Dokdo is our land. Dokdo is called the Liancourt Rocks in English, the sovereignty over which has been an ongoing point of contention between South Korea and Japan. This study conducts a critical discourse analysis to examine media representations of Park’s banner celebration, as well as the ensuing discussion in major Korean and Japanese newspapers. The analysis reveals a contrastive picture: The Korean media vocally approached Park’s behavior as an emotional response of self-righteous indignation and quickly enacted memories of Korea’s victimhood in World War II to make justifications, whereas the Japanese media participated in a relatively disengaged absence. Japan’s silence disclosed a glimpse into its rich postwar history of social conflict and political resistance. Such contrast is also indicative of how sport media can be engaged in nuanced social contexts, generating representations that serve nation-state regimes situated in different political dynamics.
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Roman, Caterina G., Meagan Cahill, and Lauren R. Mayes. "Changes in Personal Social Networks across Individuals Leaving Their Street Gang: Just What Are Youth Leaving Behind?" Social Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10020039.
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Despite a small but growing literature on gang disengagement and desistance, little is known about how social networks and changes in networks correspond to self-reported changes in street gang membership over time. The current study describes the personal or “ego” network composition of 228 street gang members in two east coast cities in the United States. The study highlights changes in personal network composition associated with changes in gang membership over two waves of survey data, describing notable differences between those who reported leaving their gang and fully disengaging from their gang associates, and those who reported leaving but still participate and hang out with their gang friends. Results show some positive changes (i.e., reductions) in criminal behavior and many changes toward an increase in prosocial relationships for those who fully disengaged from their street gang, versus limited changes in both criminal behavior and network composition over time for those who reported leaving but remained engaged with their gang. The findings suggest that gang intervention programs that increase access to or support building prosocial relationships may assist the gang disengagement process and ultimately buoy desistance from crime. The study also has implications for theorizing about gang and crime desistance, in that the role of social ties should take a more central role.
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Kjellmer, Liselotte, and Lesley B. Olswang. "Variability in Classroom Social Communication: Performance of Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Typically Developing Peers." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56, no. 3 (June 2013): 982–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0345).
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Purpose In this study, the authors examined how variability in classroom social communication performance differed between children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and pair-matched, typically developing peers. Method Twelve pairs of children were observed in their classrooms, 40 min per day (20 min per child) for 4 days over a 2-week period. Coders documented classroom social communication during situations of Cooperation and following School Rules by recording performance on handheld computers using the Social Communication Coding System (SCCS). The SCCS consists of 6 behavioral dimensions (prosocial/engaged, passive/disengaged, irrelevant, hostile/coercive, assertive, and adult seeking). The frequency of occurrence and duration of each dimension were recorded. These measures were then used to examine variability in performance within and across days (changeability and stability, respectively). Results Independent of classroom situation, children with FASD were more variable than their typically developing peers in terms of changing behavioral dimensions more often (changeability) and varying their behavior more from day to day (stability). Conclusions Documenting performance variability may provide a clearer understanding of the classroom social communication difficulties of the child with mild FASD.
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Cavegn, Daniel. "Is attention engaged or disengaged in saccade programming?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16, no. 3 (September 1993): 573–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00031654.
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Mwamba, Chanda, Anjali Sharma, Njekwa Mukamba, Laura Beres, Elvin Geng, Charles B. Holmes, Izukanji Sikazwe, and Stephanie M. Topp. "‘They care rudely!’: resourcing and relational health system factors that influence retention in care for people living with HIV in Zambia." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 5 (October 2018): e001007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001007.
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IntroductionDespite access to free antiretroviral therapy (ART), many HIV-positive Zambians disengage from HIV care. We sought to understand how Zambian health system ‘hardware’ (tangible components) and ‘software’ (work practices and behaviour) influenced decisions to disengage from care among ‘lost-to-follow-up’ patients traced by a larger study on their current health status.MethodsWe purposively selected 12 facilities, from 4 provinces. Indepth interviews were conducted with 69 patients across four categories: engaged in HIV care, disengaged from care, transferred to another facility and next of kin if deceased. We also conducted 24 focus group discussions with 158 lay and professional healthcare workers (HCWs). These data were triangulated against two consecutive days of observation conducted in each facility. We conducted iterative multilevel analysis using inductive and deductive reasoning.ResultsHealth system ‘hardware’ factors influencing patients’ disengagement included inadequate infrastructure to protect privacy; distance to health facilities which costs patients time and money; and chronic understaffing which increased wait times. Health system ‘software’ factors related to HCWs’ work practices and clinical decisions, including delayed opening times, file mismanagement, drug rationing and inflexibility in visit schedules, increased wait times, number of clinic visits, and frustrated access to care. While patients considered HCWs as ‘mentors’ and trusted sources of information, many also described them as rude, tardy, careless with details and confidentiality, and favouring relatives. Nonetheless, unlike previously reported, many patients preferred ART over alternative treatment (eg, traditional medicine) for its perceived efficacy, cost-free availability and accompanying clinical monitoring.ConclusionFindings demonstrate the dynamic effect of health system ‘hardware’ and ‘software’ factors on decisions to disengage. Our findings suggest a need for improved: physical resourcing and structuring of HIV services, preservice and inservice HCWs and management training and mentorship programmes to encourage HCWs to provide ‘patient-centered’ care and exercise ‘flexibility’ to meet patients’ varying needs and circumstances.
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Hirtz, N., and J. Althaus. "Auxiliary power system technology using a hydrodynamic clutch." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 217, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095441003322297243.
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A hydraulic clutch used for Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) drives provides a flexibility in adapting its characteristic to the requirements of the typical application. In comparison to a mechanical clutch, the hydrodynamic clutch is able to engage dynamically both unloaded and loaded. In particular, the dynamic engagement can be varied very easily by controlling the oil flow into the clutch. This paper describes the general function of the APU system and explains the advantages of the hydrodynamic clutch with respect to the system requirements. The clutch working principle and its design for the special application are presented. Measurement results illustrate the clutch performance in engaged and disengaged mode. The optimization of the APU starting procedure, which benefits significantly from the smooth clutch behaviour, is explained in detail.
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Stoll-Kleemann, Susanne, Philipp Franikowski, and Susanne Nicolai. "Development and Validation of a Scale to Assess Moral Disengagement in High-Carbon Behavior." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 2054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032054.
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The reduction of individual carbon consumption could make an important contribution to the worldwide effort to limit global warming. Based on Bandura’s theory of moral disengagement, we hypothesized that the propensity to morally disengage concerning high-carbon behaviors (e.g., eating meat or traveling by plane) is one important factor that prevents individuals from reducing their carbon footprint. To measure the propensity to morally disengage in high-carbon-related behavior contexts, a questionnaire (MD-HCB) was developed and psychometrically validated in an online study with a German sample (N = 220). Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the final nine-item scale had a one-dimensional structure, as intended. The internal consistency of the scale was excellent (Cronbach’s α = 0.94) and the scale interpretation had predictive validity for both past low-carbon consumption behavior and the intention to engage in such behavior in the future. Correlational analyses with relevant existing instruments confirmed the construct validity of the interpretations that can be drawn from the MD-HCB, as its resulting score is related to, yet separable from, the general tendency to morally disengage and is meaningfully connected to related constructs. A pre-study with a student sample (N = 89) not only helped to identify limitations in the study design but also showed a weak predictive ability of moral competence concerning high-carbon consumption behavior and intention to change. Based on our findings, future media campaigns designed to increase people’s intention to reduce high-carbon behavior could focus on the modification of common cognitive disengagement strategies.
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Kamateros, Kon. "Engaging Reluctant Clients: A Study of Rehabilitation Counsellors." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 6, no. 1 (2000): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323892200000995.
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This study sought the views of 22 Victorian rehabilitation counsellors (RC's) about what they do to try and engage reluctant clients, the behaviour such clients exhibit, whether RC's discuss the reluctance and the mandatory nature of participating in rehabilitation with their clients, and how RC's choose to respond to reluctance. RC's reported that reluctance was most often a result of clients' emotional adjustment difficulties, and that the most difficult clients to engage were those who were passively disengaged rather than those who were initially angry or hostile. Engagement relied on RC's uncovering the clients' own goals for participating in rehabilitation. Implications of the findings for practice, and the need for a model of client reluctance in rehabilitation are discussed.
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POOLE, ELOISE, SVETLANA SPEIGHT, MARGARET O’BRIEN, SARA CONNOLLY, and MATTHEW ALDRICH. "Who are Non-Resident Fathers?: A British Socio-Demographic Profile." Journal of Social Policy 45, no. 2 (November 17, 2015): 223–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279415000653.
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AbstractDespite international growth of, and policy interest in, divorce and separation since the 1970s, there is still surprisingly little known about non-residential fatherhood. This paper presents a ‘father-centric’ analysis and provides one of the first profiles of non-residential fatherhood in early millennium UK. Using data from Understanding Society Wave 1, a nationally representative survey of over 30,000 households in the UK, we found 1,070 men self-identifying as having a non-resident child under 16 years old (https://www.understandingsociety.ac.uk). We estimate a prevalence of 5 per cent of British men having a non-resident dependent child. Through latent class analysis, four distinct groups of non-resident fathers are identified: ‘Engaged’ fathers, ‘Less Engaged’ fathers, ‘Disengaged’ fathers and ‘Distance’ fathers. Our analysis finds that non-resident fathers form a heterogeneous group in terms of their socio-demographic profile and family behaviour. It is recommended that legislation and policy concerning fathers in post-separation families are sensitive to variation as well as commonality in socio-economic conditions and family lives and situations.
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Pardos, Zach A., Ryan S. J. D. Baker, Maria San Pedro, Sujith M. Gowda, and Supreeth M. Gowda. "Affective States and State Tests: Investigating How Affect and Engagement during the School Year Predict End-of-Year Learning Outcomes." Journal of Learning Analytics 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18608/jla.2014.11.6.
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In this paper, we investigate the correspondence between student affect and behavioural engagement in a web-based tutoring platform throughout the school year and learning outcomes at the end of the year on a high-stakes mathematics exam in a manner that is both longitudinal and fine-grained. Affect and behaviour detectors are used to estimate student affective states and behaviour based on post-hoc analysis of tutor log-data. For every student action in the tutor, the detectors give us an estimated probability that the student is in a state of boredom, engaged concentration, confusion, or frustration, and estimates of the probability that the student is exhibiting off-task or gaming behaviours. We used data from the ASSISTments math tutoring system and found that boredom during problem solving is negatively correlated with performance, as expected; however, boredom is positively correlated with performance when exhibited during scaffolded tutoring. A similar pattern is unexpectedly seen for confusion. Engaged concentration and, surprisingly, frustration are both associated with positive learning outcomes. In a second analysis, we build a unified model that predicts student standardized examination scores from a combination of student affect, disengaged behaviour, and performance within the learning system. This model achieves high overall correlation to standardized exam score, showing that these types of features can effectively infer longer-term learning outcomes.
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Spall, R., A. Hills, and M. Whitworth. "Evaluation of a Small Group on a Psychogeriatric Ward and the Implications for Nursing Staff and Occupational Therapy Staff." Psychological Reports 62, no. 1 (February 1988): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.62.1.283.
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6 elderly confused ladies were selected from a psychogeriatric ward (mean age: 77.5 yr.; age range: 73 to 83 yr.). An ABAB design was used to evaluate the effect of having the ladies seated in a circle with a group leader for group discussion. Recreational material relating to particular topics was used as an aid to discussion. Meetings lasted for 30 min. each week for 6 wk., during each phase of the study. Different categories of engaged and disengaged behaviour were devised and observations using these categories were made to assess changes throughout the study. Over-all, during experimental periods, ‘engagement’ was increased by the presence of staff and of recreational material, and neutral and ‘sleeping’ behaviour decreased. Observations on the ward showed no evidence of generalisation to the general ward environment. An unexpected finding in the group sessions was that patient-patient interaction decreased during experimental periods. Some implications of the findings for nursing and occupational therapy staff are discussed.
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Aaldering, Hillie, Alfred Zerres, and Wolfgang Steinel. "Constituency Norms Facilitate Unethical Negotiation Behavior Through Moral Disengagement." Group Decision and Negotiation 29, no. 5 (July 24, 2020): 969–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10726-020-09691-1.
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Abstract While organizations strive for ethical conduct, the activity of negotiating offers strong temptations to employ unethical tactics and secure benefits for one’s own party. In four experiments, we examined the role of constituency communication in terms of their attitudes towards (un)ethical and competitive conduct on negotiators’ willingness and actual use of unethical tactics. We find that the mere presence of a constituency already increased representatives’ willingness to engage in unethical behavior (Experiment 1). More specifically, a constituency communicating liberal (vs. strict) attitudes toward unethical conduct helps negotiators to justify transgressions and morally disengage from their behavior, resulting in an increased use of unethical negotiation tactics (Experiment 2–3). Moreover, constituents’ endorsement of competitive strategies sufficed to increase moral disengagement and unethical behavior of representative negotiators in a similar fashion (Experiment 4ab). Our results caution organizational practice against advocating explicit unethical and even competitive tactics by constituents: it eases negotiators’ moral dilemma towards unethical conduct.
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Lişman, Carmen, and Andrei Holman. "Dark, dissatisfied and disengaged: Propensity towards marital infidelity, the dark triad, marital satisfaction and the mediating role of moral disengagement." Psihologija, no. 00 (2023): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi220410003l.
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Past research found various immoral conducts that people with higher levels of the Dark Triad traits are more inclined to engage in, including infidelity. Marital dissatisfaction has also emerged as a factor of unfaithful behaviors. However, the psychological dynamics of the effects of these personality and relational factors on infidelity are less clear. This study examined the potential mediational role of the use of moral disengagement strategies for justifying infidelity in the relationships between the Dark Triad traits and marital satisfaction, on the one hand, and the tendency towards unfaithful behaviors, on the other, in married participants (N = 241). Results indicate that psychopathy, narcissism and marital dissatisfaction are related to stronger tendencies towards infidelity, and that these effects are partially (in the case of psychopathy and marital dissatisfaction) or totally (in the case of narcissism) mediated by the tendency to morally justify unfaithful acts. No unique direct or indirect effect of Machiavellianism emerged as significant, while men were found to be more inclined towards unfaithful conduct. These findings highlight the importance of the skewed and self-lenient moral judgments fostered by the Dark Triad traits and marital dissatisfaction, which legitimize one?s infidelity and thus renders it more likely.
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Cancela, João. "Some politics is local: the determinants of engagement in local and national politics across Europe." Quaderni dell'Osservatorio elettorale. QOE - IJES 83, no. 1 (July 28, 2020): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/qoe-9530.
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Understanding the roots of political engagement has been one of the critical tasks performed by students of comparative political behaviour. This paper adds to the literature by examining the determinants of political discussion about local and national affairs in Europe. A series of multilevel logit models are fitted to the data (n = 28,563 from 31 European countries) to test the individual and country level determinants of political discussion about local and national matters. At the individual level, we find that gender, the type of community, the type of civil society organisations people are members of, and their level of education affect the type of politics they engage with. At the macro level, citizens from countries with a higher economic development are more likely to engage in discussions about national affairs, while the impact of local government autonomy does not seem to make individuals more likely to engage in discussions about local politics. The findings suggest that if local politics is considered the share of politically disengaged citizens can be smaller than is typically estimated. The full range of democratic practice may thus remain underappreciated if non-national politics is left out of the picture in the study of political engagement.
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Guo, C., and S. Malkin. "Analysis of Transient Temperatures in Grinding." Journal of Engineering for Industry 117, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2803535.
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Temperatures generated in the workpiece during straight surface plunge grinding follow a transient behavior as the grinding wheel engages with and disengages from the workpiece, and throughout the entire grinding pass for workpieces which are shorter than needed to reach a quasi-steady state condition. In the present paper, a thermal model is developed for the transient temperature distribution under regular and creep-feed grinding conditions. Numerical results obtained using a finite difference method indicate that the workpiece temperature rises rapidly during initial wheel-workpiece engagement (cut in), subsequently reaches a quasi-steady state value if the workpiece is sufficiently long, and increases still further during final wheel-workpiece disengagement (cut out) as workpiece material is suddenly unavailable to dissipate heat. Cooling by a nozzle directed at the end face of the workpiece should significantly reduce the temperature rise during cut out.
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Kim, Hyungil, Miao Song, and Zachary Doerzaph. "Real-World Use of Partially Automated Driving Systems and Driver Impressions." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 1092–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641262.
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Background: Automated driving systems (ADSs) have the potential to fundamentally transform transportation by reducing crashes, congestion, and cost while improving traffic efficiency and access to mobility for the transportation-challenged population (US DOT, 2020). However, a recent on-road test of five vehicles capable of SAE Level 2 (SAE, 2016) driving automation equipped with forward collision warning (FCW), adaptive cruise control (ACC), lane departure warning (LDW), and lane keep assist (LKA) revealed that ADSs may not work as expected in typical driving situations, such as approaching stopped vehicles and negotiating hills and curves (IIHS, 2018). Even worse, people may not use ADSs as intended due to their misunderstanding of, over-trust, or distrust in such systems’ capabilities and limitations (IIHS, 2019). As Level 2 ADSs have become commercially available, accounts of unintended uses of these systems and fatal consequences have emerged. For example, a recent news article reported a Tesla driver napping behind the wheel (Fox News, 2019). Objective: Given the growing availability of ADSs on public roadways as well as the risk of their unintended use and safety consequences, this work aimed to better understand (1) realworld use of ADSs, (2) prevalence of unintended use of such systems, and (3) driver impressions after prolonged use of such systems. Method: The research team investigated an existing naturalistic driving database collected from the Virginia Connected Corridor Level 2 Naturalistic Driving Study (VCC L2 NDS, Dunn, Dingus, & Soccolich, 2019). The dataset contains data from 50 participants who drove personally owned vehicles for 12 months. Participating vehicles were equipped with longitudinal control systems (e.g., ACC) at the minimum, although most also had lateral control systems (e.g., LKA). Specifically, we investigated safety-critical events (SCEs, Guo & Fang, 2013) of different severity levels (e.g., crashes and near-crashes) captured in the data. We also examined drivers’ responses to a post-study questionnaire that captured drivers’ subjective ratings on the usefulness and usability of the ADS. Results: We found that 47 out of 235 (20%) SCEs involved ADS use. An in-depth analysis of 47 SCEs revealed that people misused ADSs in 57% of SCEs (e.g., engaged in secondary tasks, used the systems not on highways, or with hands off the wheel). During 13% of SCEs, the systems neither reacted to the situation nor warned the driver. A post-study survey showed that people found ADSs useful and usable. However, the more participants were positive to ADS features, the more they felt comfortable engaging in secondary tasks, which is an unintended side effect of Level 2 ADSs as they require the human driver’s supervision. This study also captured some scenarios where the ADSs did not meet driver expectations. Many people reported that the longitudinal control features did not respond well to cutting-in leads (23% of participants) and stopped leads (14%). The lateral control features were often automatically disengaged when encountering blurred lane markings (14% of participants reported) and had difficulties when negotiating curves (9%). Conclusion: This study contributes to a better understanding of the capabilities and limitations of early production SAE L2 vehicles, the prevalence of the unintended use of ADSs, and drivers’ perceptions of these new technologies. Designers of human-machine interfaces (HMIs) for such systems should always consider the possibility of drivers’ overconfidence in the systems. Therefore, it might be better for vehicles to have multimodal HMIs (Large et al., 2019) adaptive to not only the urgency of situations but also driver state by monitoring driver behavior and engagement in the primary task of driving. Application: The findings from this study may inform the development of HMIs, training programs, and owner’s manuals to reduce the unintended use of ADSs and safety consequences. The identified characteristics of situations where the ADSs failed to warn drivers during SCEs will further inform the development of testing scenarios to ensure ADS safety.
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Rosenfeld, Avi, Zevi Bareket, Claudia Goldman, Sarit Kraus, David LeBlanc, and Omer Tsimoni. "Learning Driver’s Behavior to Improve the Acceptance of Adaptive Cruise Contr." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 26, no. 2 (July 22, 2012): 2317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v26i2.18977.
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Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) is a technology that allows a vehicle to automatically adjust its speed to maintain a preset distance from the vehicle in front of it based on the driver’s preferences. Individual drivers have different driving styles and preferences. Current systems do not distinguish among the users. We introduce a method to combine machine learning algorithms with demographic information and expert advice into existing automated assistive systems. This method can save on the interactions between drivers and automated systems by adjusting parameters relevant to the operation of these systems based on their specific drivers and context of drive. We also learn when users tend to engage and disengage the automated system. This method sheds light on the kinds of dynamics that users develop while interacting with automation and can teach us how to improve these systems for the benefit of their users. While accepted packages such as Weka were successful in learning drivers’ behavior, we found that improved learning models could be developed by adding information on drivers’ demographics and a previously developed model about different driver types. We present the general methodology of our learning procedure and suggest applications of our approach to other domains as well.
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Bell, Lauren, Claire Garnett, Tianchen Qian, Olga Perski, Elizabeth Williamson, and Henry WW Potts. "Engagement With a Behavior Change App for Alcohol Reduction: Data Visualization for Longitudinal Observational Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): e23369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/23369.
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Background Behavior change apps can develop iteratively, where the app evolves into a complex, dynamic, or personalized intervention through cycles of research, development, and implementation. Understanding how existing users engage with an app (eg, frequency, amount, depth, and duration of use) can help guide further incremental improvements. We aim to explore how simple visualizations can provide a good understanding of temporal patterns of engagement, as usage data are often longitudinal and rich. Objective This study aims to visualize behavioral engagement with Drink Less, a behavior change app to help reduce hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in the general adult population of the United Kingdom. Methods We explored behavioral engagement among 19,233 existing users of Drink Less. Users were included in the sample if they were from the United Kingdom; were 18 years or older; were interested in reducing their alcohol consumption; had a baseline Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score of 8 or above, indicative of excessive drinking; and had downloaded the app between May 17, 2017, and January 22, 2019 (615 days). Measures of when sessions begin, length of sessions, time to disengagement, and patterns of use were visualized with heat maps, timeline plots, k-modes clustering analyses, and Kaplan-Meier plots. Results The daily 11 AM notification is strongly associated with a change in engagement in the following hour; reduction in behavioral engagement over time, with 50.00% (9617/19,233) of users disengaging (defined as no use for 7 or more consecutive days) 22 days after download; identification of 3 distinct trajectories of use, namely engagers (4651/19,233, 24.18% of users), slow disengagers (3679/19,233, 19.13% of users), and fast disengagers (10,903/19,233, 56.68% of users); and limited depth of engagement with 85.076% (7,095,348/8,340,005) of screen views occurring within the Self-monitoring and Feedback module. In addition, a peak of both frequency and amount of time spent per session was observed in the evenings. Conclusions Visualizations play an important role in understanding engagement with behavior change apps. Here, we discuss how simple visualizations helped identify important patterns of engagement with Drink Less. Our visualizations of behavioral engagement suggest that the daily notification substantially impacts engagement. Furthermore, the visualizations suggest that a fixed notification policy can be effective for maintaining engagement for some users but ineffective for others. We conclude that optimizing the notification policy to target both effectiveness and engagement is a worthwhile investment. Our future goal is to both understand the causal effect of the notification on engagement and further optimize the notification policy within Drink Less by tailoring to contextual circumstances of individuals over time. Such tailoring will be informed from the findings of our micro-randomized trial (MRT), and these visualizations were useful in both gaining a better understanding of engagement and designing the MRT.
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Strauss, Susan, Erin Ann Kitt-Lewis, and Michael Amory. "“I Don’t Feel Like I Have Any Control of My Life at All . . . Everything Overwhelms Me. Everything”: Analyzing Caregiver Uncertainty and Control Through Stance Marking." Qualitative Health Research 29, no. 12 (April 23, 2019): 1794–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732319840283.
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Informal caregivers immersed in the daily care of loved ones at end-of-life stages face such challenges as medical and household issues, worries, doubts, and uncertainties. Using a macro-mezzo-micro approach to discourse, we analyzed parent study interview data involving 46 caregivers facing end-of-life realities. At the mezzo level, we examined caregivers’ expressed perceptions of control. We then more finely analyzed discursive expressions of affective stances pertaining to caregivers’ emotions and feelings, and epistemic stances pertaining to their knowledge and belief states. Theories of uncertainty and control inextricably interweave areas of cognition, affect, and behavior regarding how caregivers perceive their realities and how they engage in or disengage from coping mechanisms in the process. The findings in this three-tiered approach make salient specific discursive patterns gleaned from systematic and fastidious attention to caregivers’ own ways of using language that methodically afford deeper entry into the emotional, physical, and cognitive challenges in their everyday lived experiences.
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Enane, Leslie A., Edith Apondi, Josephine Aluoch, Giorgos Bakoyannis, Jayne Lewis Kulzer, Zachary Kwena, Rami Kantor, et al. "Social, economic, and health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescents retained in or recently disengaged from HIV care in Kenya." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): e0257210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257210.
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Introduction Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV, ages 10–19) experience complex challenges to adhere to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and remain in care, and may be vulnerable to wide-scale disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed for a range of effects of the pandemic on ALHIV in western Kenya, and whether effects were greater for ALHIV with recent histories of being lost to program (LTP). Methods ALHIV were recruited from an ongoing prospective study at 3 sites in western Kenya. The parent study enrolled participants from February 2019–September 2020, into groups of ALHIV either 1) retained in care or 2) LTP and traced in the community. Phone interviews from July 2020–January 2021 assessed effects of the pandemic on financial and food security, healthcare access and behaviors, and mental health. Responses were compared among the parent study groups. Results Phone surveys were completed with 334 ALHIV or their caregivers, including 275/308 (89.3%) in the retained group and 59/70 (84.3%) among those LTP at initial enrollment. During the pandemic, a greater proportion of LTP adolescents were no longer engaged in school (45.8% vs. 36.4%, p = 0.017). Over a third (120, 35.9%) of adolescents reported lost income for someone they relied on. In total, 135 (40.4%) did not have enough food either some (121, 36.2%) or most (14, 4.2%) of the time. More LTP adolescents (4/59, 6.8% vs. 2/275, 0.7%, p = 0.010) reported increased difficulties refilling ART. Adolescent PHQ-2 and GAD-2 scores were ≥3 for 5.6% and 5.2%, respectively. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating socioeconomic effects for Kenyan ALHIV and their households. ALHIV with recent care disengagement may be especially vulnerable. Meanwhile, sustained ART access and adherence potentially signal resilience and strengths of ALHIV and their care programs. Findings from this survey indicate the critical need for support to ALHIV during this crisis.
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El Bakkali, Abdelaaziz. "The Moroccan Bachelor New Reform: the Incorporation of Soft Skills through Project-Based Learning." Arab World English Journal, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/mec2.1.
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Recent debates about the bachelor in Morocco show that teaching learners to maintain positive attitudes and take over responsibilities for social and political processes is an essential educational asset of soft skills, mainly for schools that adopt project-based instructions. To engage students in this newest reform, significant preconditions of democratic school culture are set as effective outcomes to generate ethical behaviors. Today, social and political issues tend to provide meaningful opportunities to engage students in proper activities, specifically by using project-based learning. This paper aims at examining important venues that Moroccan school leaders, along with the bachelor outcomes, wish to implement to foster democratic participation within and outside school life by adopting project-based learning. It questions the challenges and perspectives of this implementation along with the progress of Moroccan educational institutions. Hence, the paper adheres to a meta-analysis technique, whereby a unique examination of the various already conducted studies came out with conclusions: perspectives and challenges. The typical meta-analysis method disengages readings of various scholarly academic sources related to school effectiveness concerning the implementation of project-based instruction, specifically after a long journey of debates about the bachelor. Because of its descriptive nature, this method allows the researcher to explore the wide-range of pitfalls that provide potential opportunities for alternative conclusions which are adopted in restructured and well-run approaches. The significant results and conclusions drawn from this paper are profoundly and qualitatively discussed and analyzed.
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Galugu, Nur Saqinah. "MOTIVASI BERPRESTASI SEBAGAI MEDIASI PADA HUBUNGAN ANTARA DUKUNGAN SOSIAL DAN KETERLIBATAN SISWA DI SEKOLAH." Psycho Idea 17, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/psychoidea.v17i2.4130.
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Students engagement is a very important variable to support students' academic achievement and success. Previous studies showed that the students who disengage will show a lazy behavior and will mislead them to dismiss their classes and even lead them to stop getting to school.This research aims to give an understanding to all professionals around the students', such as their parents, teachers, and peers about the importance of stimulating the students' motivation so that they will engage in some particular school activities. The specific purpose of this study is to examine the correlation between the social support and students engagement at school mediated by achievement motivation.This research is a correlational research. The dependent variable (y) is students engagement measured by the school engagement index. While the Independent Variable (x) is a social support measured by using child and adolescents social support (CASS). Veriable mediation is an achievement motivation measured by Achievement Motive Scale. Data were analyzed by using the path analysis method. Participants were 120 students of senior high school number 3 Palopo selected by using the proportional sampling technique.The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation among social support, achievement motivation, and students engagement. While achievement achievement motivation can not be functioned as the mediator on the relationship of social support and student engagement, it is shown from the direct correlation which is greater than the indirect one. The results of this study contribute to the education sector in particular to minimize the students’ disengagement.
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Airey, Nicola, Zaffer Iqbal, and Sophie Brown. "Waiting list eradication in serious mental illness (SMI) “secondary care” psychology: addressing an NHS blind spot." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.809.
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AimsThe poster focuses on the reduction, and eventual eradication, of waiting times within a community-based NHS psychology service in the North East of England. The poster aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of strategies implemented within a secondary care psychology service whilst examining patterns of help-seeking behaviour and treatment compliance in those waiting for therapy, and also the care needs of this cohort following a wait for services.BackgroundSecondary care waiting lists for psychological therapy, as highlighted by a recent British Medical Association audit, remain a so-called ‘blind-spot’ in mental health care provision and a national problem. Tackling waiting lists within this sector has been stated as a priority within the Five Year Forward View, however “core ingredients” of waiting list eradication methodologies and the components leading to such, have yet to be disseminated.MethodA historical audit and follow-up of clinical data were utilised to gather and analyse data of 208 individuals who were seen by the psychology service between October 2014 and March 2016.ResultNo significant differences were found between individuals who successfully completed therapy compared to those who disengaged in regard to demographic or epidemiological variables, or mental health service input. Despite lengthy waiting times of up to 3.69 years, waiting time did not significantly impact whether someone engaged with psychological services. Any form of input from psychological services led to a significant reduction in distress, as measured by the CORE-OM. No individuals who completed therapy were re-referred for psychological input at 12-month follow-up.ConclusionIf imposed appropriately over a suitable time-frame evidence-based, effective and efficient needs-led psychological input can be provided whilst eradicating a waiting list and still remaining flexible, formulation-based and person-centred.
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Kortschot, Sean W., Dusan Sovilj, Greg A. Jamieson, Scott Sanner, Chelsea Carrasco, and Harold Soh. "Measuring and Mitigating the Costs of Attentional Switches in Active Network Monitoring for Cybersecurity." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 60, no. 7 (July 11, 2018): 962–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818784107.
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Objective: The authors seek to characterize the behavioral costs of attentional switches between points in a network map and assess the efficacy of interventions intended to reduce those costs. Background: Cybersecurity network operators are tasked with determining an appropriate attentional allocation scheme given the state of the network, which requires repeated attentional switches. These attentional switches may result in temporal performance decrements, during which operators disengage from one attentional fixation point and engage with another. Method: We ran two experiments where participants identified a chain of malicious emails within a network. All interactions with the system were logged and analyzed to determine if users experienced disengagement and engagement delays. Results: Both experiments revealed significant costs from attentional switches before (i.e., disengagement) and after (i.e., engagement) participants navigated to a new area in the network. In our second experiment, we found that interventions aimed at contextualizing navigation actions lessened both disengagement and engagement delays. Conclusion: Attentional switches are detrimental to operator performance. Their costs can be reduced by design features that contextualize navigations through an interface. Application: This research can be applied to the identification and mitigation of attentional switching costs in a variety of visual search tasks. Furthermore, it demonstrates the efficacy of noninvasive behavioral monitoring for inferring cognitive events.
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Rosenfeld, Avi, Zevi Bareket, Claudia V. Goldman, Sarit Kraus, David J. LeBlanc, and Omer Tsimhoni. "Towards Adapting Cars to their Drivers." AI Magazine 33, no. 4 (December 21, 2012): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v33i4.2433.
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Traditionally, vehicles have been considered as machines that are controlled by humans for the purpose of transportation. A more modern view is to envision drivers and passengers as actively interacting with a complex automated system. Such interactive activity leads us to consider intelligent and advanced ways of interaction leading to cars that can adapt to their drivers.In this paper, we focus on the Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) technology that allows a vehicle to automatically adjust its speed to maintain a preset distance from the vehicle in front of it based on the driver’s preferences. Although individual drivers have different driving styles and preferences, current systems do not distinguish among users. We introduce a method to combine machine learning algorithms with demographic information and expert advice into existing automated assistive systems. This method can reduce the interactions between drivers and automated systems by adjusting parameters relevant to the operation of these systems based on their specific drivers and context of drive. We also learn when users tend to engage and disengage the automated system. This method sheds light on the kinds of dynamics that users develop while interacting with automation and can teach us how to improve these systems for the benefit of their users. While generic packages such as Weka were successful in learning drivers’ behavior, we found that improved learning models could be developed by adding information on drivers’ demographics and a previously developed model about different driver types. We present the general methodology of our learning procedure and suggest applications of our approach to other domains as well.
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Rodgers, Naomi H., Jennifer Y. F. Lau, and Patricia M. Zebrowski. "Attentional Bias Among Adolescents Who Stutter: Evidence for a Vigilance–Avoidance Effect." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 3349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00090.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine group and individual differences in attentional bias toward and away from socially threatening facial stimuli among adolescents who stutter and age- and sex-matched typically fluent controls. Method Participants included 86 adolescents (43 stuttering, 43 controls) ranging in age from 13 to 19 years. They completed a computerized dot-probe task, which was modified to allow for separate measurement of attentional engagement with and attentional disengagement from facial stimuli (angry, fearful, neutral expressions). Their response time on this task was the dependent variable. Participants also completed the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A) and provided a speech sample for analysis of stuttering-like behaviors. Results The adolescents who stutter were more likely to engage quickly with threatening faces than to maintain attention on neutral faces, and they were also more likely to disengage quickly from threatening faces than to maintain attention on those faces. The typically fluent controls did not show any attentional preference for the threatening faces over the neutral faces in either the engagement or disengagement conditions. The two groups demonstrated equivalent levels of social anxiety that were both, on average, very close to the clinical cutoff score for high social anxiety, although degree of social anxiety did not influence performance in either condition. Stuttering severity did not influence performance among the adolescents who stutter. Conclusion This study provides preliminary evidence for a vigilance–avoidance pattern of attentional allocation to threatening social stimuli among adolescents who stutter.
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Deora, Tanvi, Amit Kumar Singh, and Sanjay P. Sane. "Biomechanical basis of wing and haltere coordination in flies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 5 (January 20, 2015): 1481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1412279112.
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The spectacular success and diversification of insects rests critically on two major evolutionary adaptations. First, the evolution of flight, which enhanced the ability of insects to colonize novel ecological habitats, evade predators, or hunt prey; and second, the miniaturization of their body size, which profoundly influenced all aspects of their biology from development to behavior. However, miniaturization imposes steep demands on the flight system because smaller insects must flap their wings at higher frequencies to generate sufficient aerodynamic forces to stay aloft; it also poses challenges to the sensorimotor system because precise control of wing kinematics and body trajectories requires fast sensory feedback. These tradeoffs are best studied in Dipteran flies in which rapid mechanosensory feedback to wing motor system is provided by halteres, reduced hind wings that evolved into gyroscopic sensors. Halteres oscillate at the same frequency as and precisely antiphase to the wings; they detect body rotations during flight, thus providing feedback that is essential for controlling wing motion during aerial maneuvers. Although tight phase synchrony between halteres and wings is essential for providing proper timing cues, the mechanisms underlying this coordination are not well understood. Here, we identify specific mechanical linkages within the thorax that passively mediate both wing–wing and wing–haltere phase synchronization. We demonstrate that the wing hinge must possess a clutch system that enables flies to independently engage or disengage each wing from the mechanically linked thorax. In concert with a previously described gearbox located within the wing hinge, the clutch system enables independent control of each wing. These biomechanical features are essential for flight control in flies.
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Thomas, Philippe, and Cyril Hazif-Thomas. "The Experience of Personal Time in Alzheimer’s Disease." Lurian Journal 1, no. 1 (July 16, 2020): 140–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/lurian.2020.1.1.10.
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Background. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative illness, which occurs with increasing frequency as people age, and is currently a disease beyond curative therapeutic possibilities. While progressive memory impairment is the upfront element associated with the disease, other neurocognitive problems are also associated with it, such as language impairment that tend to degenerate into aphasia. The paper presents singular representations of time in such patients’ lived experience, which with the course of the disease gradually move away from the real present around them. In consequence, they live in a bygone era. The dimension of the perceived world implies an anchoring in temporality in the present by using the resources of the past. This becomes impossible with the progression of the cognitive disorders. Multiple psychological tensions result from patient’s maladjustment to temporality.Objective. The article attempts to define the singular experience of the time of the demented patient according to the phases of the disease.Design. An analysis of the psychological tensions summoned at the various stages of the disease was carried out using a semiotic methodology.Results. The progression of the disease gives way to another mode of relation to the world, presentism. With its course, emotions can no longer unfold. At first, the patient seeks to increase his grip on the surrounding world, and the internal psychological tensions are accentuated. Suddenly the world ends up completely escaping him, and catastrophically the internal tensions collapse. The patient slides irreversibly towards regression.Conclusion. If the emotional intensity of what the patient experiences is enough, he remains engaged in the time of a presence in the world, even if it is distinct from the reality of those around him. When the intensity collapses, the demented patients disengage from it. The caregivers or families who take care of them can understand the mechanisms involved in the patients’ experience of time. This allows them to adapt their own behavior. Thus, they limit the risk of misinterpretation and induce certain behavioral disorders linked to their shift from the reality of the patients.
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Nayar, Burna, and Surabhi Koul. "The journey from recall to knowledge." International Journal of Educational Management 34, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-01-2019-0002.
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Purpose The millennial students are disengaged in the current classrooms. Hence, there is a definite need to evaluate and compare the current learning tools. The purpose of this paper is to assess the effects of three learning tools – listening, structured doodling and note-taking – on recall ability of students in the classroom. The authors have specifically compared the effect of Andrade’s (2010) and Boggs et al.’s (2017) structured doodling condition (i.e. shading in shapes) vis-à-vis note-taking and listening. Design/methodology/approach An experimental research design was used for the study where three groups of around 40 participants each were created. The participants were Indian students (72 males and 48 females) who were undergraduates at NMIMS University, Navi Mumbai. Each group experienced all the three learning methods that are listening, note-taking and structured doodling. It was a 3×3 mixed model design. Listening, note-taking and structured doodling were compared on recall ability. This was assessed using a questionnaire extracted from Boggs et al.’s (2017) study and a self-designed evaluation sheet. Findings Across all three groups, structured doodling and note-taking had a higher impact on recall ability than the traditional method. However, the difference in the impact of note-taking and doodling on recall ability was not practically very large. The current finding assumes higher significance in the Indian education set up as Indian students are accustomed to note-taking as a learning tool yet structured doodling had a statistically analogous effect on recall ability compared to a systematically documented note-taking. Hence, a future direction could be to assess the impact of a blended learning tool that utilizes both note-taking and doodling or note-taking through doodling. Research limitations/implications First, the authors did not capture doodling habits of the students. Second, the study limits itself to a small sample size of 120 management graduates. The study can be extended to other disciplines like science and technology and also on how the higher engagement learning tools can be utilized in the normal environs of a course in a classroom. A future direction of the study can be to engage students in an activity as long as a regular lecture of about 60 min. A fusion of learning tools that effectively combines note-taking and doodling can be suggested to enhance recall ability and classroom engagement. Practical implications Higher order learning tools characteristically require technologically advanced infrastructure setups. In developing economies like India, most educational institutes may not have access to technologically advanced classrooms; hence, the implementation of higher engagement learning tools becomes a huge challenge. The endeavor in this study has been to study the impact and effectiveness of learning tools like doodling and note-taking which do not inherently call for access to advanced technology. Social implications In today’s age of globalization, emerging economies like India are seen to be taking center stage. Thus, ensuring that Indian education system is geared up to train students to compete globally and in the same vein, these students have access to higher engagement learning tools – the absolute need of the hour. Hence, the current research aims to bridge the gap between global education innovations and Indian classroom teaching method implementation. Originality/value The research has assessed the effectiveness of three different learning tools, namely – listening, note-taking and structured doodling – in Indian higher education setup. The current research is in harmony with the current literature and would function as an adaptation and augmentation of Andrade’s (2010) and Boggs et al. (2017) studies. A very scanty research body on understanding the impact of learning tools on recall ability exists in the Indian education setup. Current research will act as a bridge between global path breaking education research and implementation of in-class teaching methods in Indian higher education.
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Rejaän, Zoë, Inge E. van der Valk, and Susan Branje. "Postdivorce Coparenting Patterns and Relations With Adolescent Adjustment." Journal of Family Issues, July 2, 2021, 0192513X2110300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x211030027.
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This study examined the association between postdivorce coparenting patterns and adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior. Children after parental divorce increasingly grow up in shared residence arrangements, making postdivorce coparenting much more pertinent. The Coparenting Behavior Questionnaire was used to investigate the perceptions of 251 Dutch adolescents regarding postdivorce coparenting behaviors. Latent class analysis was used to identify coparenting patterns, and associations with adolescent outcomes were examined. Four distinct postdivorce coparenting patterns were identified: cooperative, negatively engaged, negatively disengaged, and average. Adolescents of parents with a cooperative pattern reported the least amount of internalizing and externalizing problems, whereas adolescents with negatively engaged parents reported the most internalizing problems. In line with family systems theory, interactions in the coparental subsystem are associated with adolescent adjustment and can therefore be viewed as both a risk and protective factor.
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George, Ginu, and Binoy Joseph. "A Study on the Relationship Between Psychological Climate, Employee Engagement and Organizational Citizenship Behavior." OPUS: HR Journal 6, no. 2 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.21863/opus/2015.6.2.007.
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Employee engagement is becoming an important area of focus by many HR consultancies in the recent years. Organizations having engaged employees tend to out-perform than employees who are not engaged or disengaged, also it will enable them to compete better in their industry resulting in higher performance, lower turnover, more profitability etc., Despite of all this there are still some industries who are ignorant and neglect the importance of having engaged employees. Therefore there is a necessity for more of academic research on employee engagement which helps in creating awareness to these organizations about the prominence of focusing on employee engagement and the findings will also augments the existing literature on employee engagement. The study was conducted on 433 employees working in travel organizations set up in Bangalore with the purpose of determining the relationship psychological climate (antecedent) has on employee engagement and in turn its relationship with organizational citizenship behavior (outcome). The study also determines the mediating relationship of employee engagement between PC and OCB.
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Gillet, Nicolas, Alexandre J. S. Morin, and Ann-Renée Blais. "A Multilevel Person-Centered Perspective on the Role of Job Demands and Resources for Employees’ Job Engagement and Burnout Profiles." Group & Organization Management, May 25, 2022, 105960112211008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10596011221100893.
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The present study examined the configurations, or profiles, taken by distinct global and specific facets of job engagement and burnout (by relying on a bifactor operationalization of these constructs) among a nationally representative sample of Canadian Defence employees ( n = 13,088; nested within 65 work units). The present study also adopted a multilevel perspective to investigate the role of job demands (work overload and role ambiguity), as well as individual (psychological empowerment), workgroup (interpersonal justice), supervisor (transformational leadership), and organizational (organizational support) resources in the prediction of profile membership. Latent profile analyses revealed five profiles of employees: Burned-Out/Disengaged (7.13%) , Burned-Out/Involved (12.13%), Engaged (18.14%), Engaged/Exhausted (15.50%), and Normative (47.10%). The highest turnover intentions were observed in the Burned-Out/Disengaged profile, and the lowest in the Engaged profile. Employees’ perceptions of job demands and resources were also associated with profile membership across both levels, although the effects of psychological empowerment were more pronounced than the effects of job demands and resources related to the workgroup, supervisor, and organization. Individual-level effects were also more pronounced than effects occurring at the work unit level, where shared perceptions of work overload and organizational support proved to be the key shared drivers of profile membership.
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Bulotsky-Shearer, Rebecca J., Tracy M. Carter Clopêt, Amanda P. Williford, Pilar Alamos, and Sadie Hasbrouck. "Making the Invisible Visible: Using a Contextual Measurement Approach to Identify Children With Social-Emotional and Behavioral Needs in Preschool Classrooms." Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, July 15, 2022, 027112142211113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02711214221111396.
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Best practices in early childhood include using measures to identify children’s social-emotional and behavioral needs within routine, naturalistic preschool contexts. Aligned with best practices, we examined the combined utility of two contextual measures, a teacher report and a direct observation of classroom behavior in the context of interactions with teachers, peers, and learning tasks. Latent profile analysis ( N = 527 children) identified four profile groups: (a) well-adjusted and positively engaged, (b) high externalizing and conflict engagement, (c) adequately adjusted/mildly disengaged in learning tasks, and (d) elevated internalizing behavior and low engagement. Children’s profile classification was associated concurrently with emotion regulation and social competence. Teachers independently reported on children’s social-emotional or academic concerns. Teachers’ reports of social-emotional concerns comported for children in the externalizing profile but did not comport for the internalizing group. Findings illustrate the utility of a contextual assessment approach for early identification and intervention, particularly for children who display internalizing behavior.
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Bocanegra, Bruno R. "How emotion-cognition interactions drive affective bipolarity." Archives of Psychology 2, no. 5 (May 15, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.31296/aop.v2i5.53.
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Abstract
Affective bipolarity is observed in a large group of people falling within the broad bipolar spectrum. Here, we propose a model of how emotion-cognition cycles drive affective bipolarity in the general case, and when these cycles may spiral into excessive forms. Our account specifies how emotion-cognition interactions produce two distinct epistemic modes: A behaviorally engaged, externally oriented mode of phenomenal exploration and a behaviorally disengaged, internally oriented mode of conceptual rumination. Affective bipolarity is viewed as a ubiquitous phenomenon underlying epistemic progress, which explains why mood fluctuations can be observed in many psychiatric disorders. The model explains why individuals with bipolar tendencies exhibit polar asymmetries in emotion, cognition and behavior, and are at risk for excessive affective bipolarity when their epistemic activities are guided by immutable and stable core beliefs.
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Malafaia, Carla, Pedro D. Ferreira, and Isabel Menezes. "Democratic Citizenship-in-the-Making: Dis/Engagement Profiles of Portuguese Youth." Frontiers in Political Science 3 (October 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.743428.
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Coming to terms with the multidimensionsionality of civic and political engagement implies analyzing it in a comprehensive manner: not limited to conventional modes of expression, nor to dichotomic perspectives or observable acts of participation. Studies in this field tend to overlook cognitive and emotional dimensions as types of engagement which, alongside with behavior, constitute citizenship. In this article, we analyze data from the Portuguese sample of the CATCH-EyoU Project’s survey (1,007 young people aged between 14 and 30 years old). The main result is the identification of four distinct profiles according to behavioral, emotional and cognitive forms of engagement: Alienated, Passive, Disengaged and Engaged. These profiles are then examined to assess whether and how they differ in terms of: i) national and European identification, ii) relationships with alternative and traditional media, iii) democratic support, and iv) attitudes towards immigrants and refugees. The relationship between the different profiles and individual socio-demographic variables is also examined. We discuss how different dis/engagement profiles relate with socio-political dimensions and have different consequences both in terms of the political integration of young people and of the political challenges faced by democratic societies.
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Vianden, Jörg, Mitch Berry, and Tori Svoboda. "Challenging Heterosexual White College Men to Engage in Campus Diversity Efforts." Journal of College Orientation, Transition, and Retention 26, no. 1 (July 9, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/jcotr.v26i1.2112.
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Most college orientation programs include sessions on diversity-related topics (NODA, 2014). Yet, bias-motivated behavior continues to affect post-secondary institutions. Heterosexual White college men are often responsible for this behavior and also disengage from campus diversity efforts more than any other student group. The Straight White College Men Project, a multi-institutional qualitative research study with 92 participants, explored what attracts or repels students from campus diversity efforts. Findings directly inform the ways orientation professionals can challenge heterosexual White college men to engage in diversity efforts during and after orientation programs. Recommendations for orientation professionals are presented.
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Kuang, Huan, and Fusun Sahin. "Comparison of disengagement levels and the impact of disengagement on item parameters between PISA 2015 and PISA 2018 in the United States." Large-scale Assessments in Education 11, no. 1 (February 8, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40536-023-00152-0.
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Abstract Background Examinees may not make enough effort when responding to test items if the assessment has no consequence for them. These disengaged responses can be problematic in low-stakes, large-scale assessments because they can bias item parameter estimates. However, the amount of bias, and whether this bias is similar across administrations, is unknown. This study compares the degree of disengagement (i.e., fast and non-effortful responses) and the impact of disengagement on item parameter estimates in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) across the 2015 and 2018 administrations. Method We detected disengaged responses at the item level based on response times and response behaviors. We used data from the United States and analyzed 51 computer-based mathematics items administered in both PISA 2015 and PISA 2018. We compared the percentage of disengaged responses and the average scores of the disengaged responses for the 51 common items. We filtered disengaged responses at the response- and examinee-levels and compared item difficulty (P+ and b) and item discrimination (a) before and after filtering. Results Our findings suggested that there were only slight differences in the amount of disengagement in the U.S. results for PISA 2015 and PISA 2018. In both years, the amount of disengagement was less than 5.2%, and the average scores of disengaged responses were lower than the average scores of engaged responses. We did not find any serious impact of disengagement on item parameter estimates when we applied response-level filtering; however, we found some bias, particularly on item difficulty, when we applied examinee-level filtering. Conclusions This study highlights differences in the amount of disengagement in PISA 2015 and PISA 2018 as well as the implications of the decisions made for handling disengaged responses on item difficulty and discrimination. The results of this study provide important information for reporting trends across years.
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Chen, Su, Ying Fang, Genghu Shi, John Sabatini, Daphne Greenberg, Jan Frijters, and Arthur C. Graesser. "Automated Disengagement Tracking Within an Intelligent Tutoring System." Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 3 (January 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frai.2020.595627.
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This paper describes a new automated disengagement tracking system (DTS) that detects learners’ maladaptive behaviors, e.g. mind-wandering and impetuous responding, in an intelligent tutoring system (ITS), called AutoTutor. AutoTutor is a conversation-based intelligent tutoring system designed to help adult literacy learners improve their reading comprehension skills. Learners interact with two computer agents in natural language in 30 lessons focusing on word knowledge, sentence processing, text comprehension, and digital literacy. Each lesson has one to three dozen questions to assess and enhance learning. DTS automatically retrieves and aggregates a learner's response accuracies and time on the first three to five questions in a lesson, as a baseline performance for the lesson when they are presumably engaged, and then detects disengagement by observing if the learner's following performance significantly deviates from the baseline. DTS is computed with an unsupervised learning method and thus does not rely on any self-reports of disengagement. We analyzed the response time and accuracy of 252 adult literacy learners who completed lessons in AutoTutor. Our results show that items that the detector identified as the learner being disengaged had a performance accuracy of 18.5%, in contrast to 71.8% for engaged items. Moreover, the three post-test reading comprehension scores from Woodcock Johnson III, RISE, and RAPID had a significant association with the accuracy of engaged items, but not disengaged items.
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Kahan, Tali, Tal Soffer, and Rafi Nachmias. "Types of Participant Behavior in a Massive Open Online Course." International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 18, no. 6 (September 25, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v18i6.3087.
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<p class="3">In recent years there has been a proliferation of massive open online courses (MOOCs), which provide unprecedented opportunities for lifelong learning. Registrants approach these courses with a variety of motivations for participation. Characterizing the different types of participation in MOOCs is fundamental in order to be able to better evaluate the phenomenon and to support MOOCs developers and instructors in devising courses which are adapted for different learners' needs. Thus, the purpose of this study was to characterize the different types of participant behavior in a MOOC. Using a data mining methodology, 21,889 participants of a MOOC were classified into clusters, based on their activity in the main learning resources of the course: video lectures, discussion forums, and assessments. Thereafter, the participants in each cluster were characterized in regard to demographics, course participation, and course achievement characteristics. Seven types of participant behavior were identified: <em>Tasters</em> (64.8%), <em>Downloaders</em> (8.5%), <em>Disengagers</em> (11.5%), <em>Offline</em> <em>Engagers</em> (3.6%), <em>Online Engagers</em> (7.4%), <em>Moderately Social Engagers</em> (3.7%), and <em>Social Engagers</em> (0.6%). A significant number of 1,020 participants were found to be engaged in the course, but did not achieve a certificate. The types are discussed according to the established research questions. The results provide further evidence regarding the utilization of the flexibility, which is offered in MOOCs, by the participants according to their needs. Furthermore, this study supports the claim that MOOCs' impact should not be evaluated solely based on certification rates but rather based on learning behaviors.</p>
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Wong, Alex H. K., and Andre Pittig. "A dimensional measure of safety behavior: A non-dichotomous assessment of costly avoidance in human fear conditioning." Psychological Research, March 4, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-021-01490-w.
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AbstractSafety behavior prevents the occurrence of threat, thus it is typically considered adaptive. However, safety behavior in anxiety-related disorders is often costly, and persists even the situation does not entail realistic threat. Individuals can engage in safety behavior to varying extents, however, these behaviors are typically measured dichotomously (i.e., to execute or not). To better understand the nuances of safety behavior, this study developed a dimensional measure of safety behavior that had a negative linear relationship with the admission of an aversive outcome. In two experiments, a Reward group receiving fixed or individually calibrated incentives competing with safety behavior showed reduced safety behavior than a Control group receiving no incentives. This allowed extinction learning to a previously learnt warning signal in the Reward group (i.e., updating the belief that this stimulus no longer signals threat). Despite the Reward group exhibited extinction learning, both groups showed a similar increase in fear to the warning signal once safety behavior was no longer available. This null group difference was due to some participants in the Reward group not incentivized enough to disengage from safety behavior. Dimensional assessment revealed a dissociation between low fear but substantial safety behavior to a safety signal in the Control group. This suggests that low-cost safety behavior does not accurately reflect the fear-driven processes, but also other non-fear-driven processes, such as cost (i.e., engage in safety behavior merely because it bears little to no cost). Pinpointing both processes is important for furthering the understanding of safety behavior.
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Bayram Özdemir, S., C. Giles, and M. Özdemir. "Why Do Immigrant and Swedish Adolescents Engage in Ethnic Victimization? Common and Distinct Underlying Factors." Journal of Youth and Adolescence, August 21, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01485-1.
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AbstractYouth of immigrant background are at risk of experiencing victimization due to their ethnic or cultural background. However, limited knowledge is available regarding why youth victimize their immigrant peers, and whether the factors associated with engagement in ethnic victimization vary across adolescents of different background. To address this gap in knowledge, the present study aimed to elucidate the common or differential factors associated with engagement in ethnic victimization among immigrant and native youth. The analytical sample included seventh grade students residing in Sweden from 55 classrooms (N = 963, Mage = 13.11, SD = 0.41; 46% girls; 38% youth of immigrant background). The results showed that being morally disengaged and engaging in general victimization are the common denominators of engagement in ethnic victimization for immigrant and Swedish youth. Low levels of positive attitudes toward immigrants provide a foundation for ethnic victimization among Swedish youth, but not youth of immigrant background. Classroom ethnic composition was not significantly related to engagement in ethnic victimization in either group. Predictors of engagement in ethnic victimization seem to have similarities and differences among immigrant and Swedish youth. The factors involved require further attention in developing strategies to combat bias-based hostile behaviors in diverse school settings.