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Journal articles on the topic 'Enforcement'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 June 2024

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1

Morais, Ana Isabel, and Inês Pinto. "Does the Level of Enforcement Shape the Complexity in Accounting Standards?" International Journal of Financial Studies 11, no. 1 (February 15, 2023): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs11010034.

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This paper examines whether the level of enforcement shapes the complexity in accounting standards. First, in order to identify the level of complexity in accounting standards, we calculated a new measure that conceptualizes accounting complexity based on the theoretical dimensions of multiplicity and diversity. To calculate this new measure, the content of each International Financial Reporting Standard and International Accounting Standard, in 2018, was analyzed. Second, we investigated whether the level of enforcement affects this score, using the number of enforcements published by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA). Our results show that accounting standards with a higher number of enforcements by ESMA are also more complex, suggesting that enforcement is an important factor that explains the level of complexity of an accounting standard. This study is particularly relevant for regulators in the accounting, auditing, and enforcement fields, since it provides evidence of how enforcement contributes to increasing the level of complexity of accounting standards. This study contributes to the debate on the interdependence of enforcement and accounting regulation, showing that enforcement mechanisms can influence accounting standards. This study also calculates a new measure of complexity in accounting standards, rather than using a quantitative proxy.

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2

Kraft, Ned. "Enforcement." College & Undergraduate Libraries 11, no. 2 (December 21, 2004): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j106v11n02_05.

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3

Holdstock, Douglas. "‘Enforcement’." Medicine and War 11, no. 1 (January 1995): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07488009508409191.

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4

Rezapour, Mahdi, Er Yue, and Khaled Ksaibati. "Integrating GIS and statistical approaches to enhance allocation of highway patrol resources." International Journal of Police Science & Management 22, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355719888939.

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Large truck crashes undermine the contribution of trucks to the U.S. economy due to the economic costs of the crashes. Wyoming has the highest truck crash rate and the lowest budget contribution for traffic enforcement in the USA. Because of the state’s intensive truck corridors, the Wyoming Highway Patrol (WHP) might not be able to use their resources efficiently. Previous studies have indicated that WHP performed better when they allocate their resources efficiently at the right locations and towards the right enforcements. This study used 4-year historical crash and enforcement data along Interstate 80 (I-80), which has the highest truck-related crash rate in Wyoming. Crash data were filtered to include truck crashes only. However, both truck and no-truck enforcements were included in the data because both could be at fault in truck crashes. This study used two approaches to help state policy-makers improve traffic safety on I-80. First, a statistical method was used to identify geometric variables contributing to allocated enforcement and truck crashes. Second, truck crashes and related enforcements were visually assessed using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) mapping. Crash data were disaggregated into the main driver actions of no improper driving, following too closely, improper lane change and driving too fast for the conditions. These driver actions accounted for more than 70% of all truck crashes on I-80. Related enforcements were also identified and disaggregated by driver actions. Disaggregated enforcements and crashes were visualized along the I-80 corridor using GIS maps to see if WHP allocated their resources efficiently. Cluster index, enforcement spatial coverage and mean density are some of the parameters used for the analyses. This study aimed to contribute to research on police effectiveness in reducing truck crashes, police innovation and the use of GIS applications in enforcement. This methodology can be used by other agencies to better allocate resources to improve traffic safety in most efficient ways.

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5

Reckdenwald, Amy, Ketty Fernandez, and Chelsea L. Mandes. "Improving law enforcement’s response to non-fatal strangulation." Policing: An International Journal 42, no. 6 (November 21, 2019): 1007–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-12-2018-0186.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate a coordinated effort to improve the law enforcement response to non-fatal strangulation in the context of domestic violence. Design/methodology/approach The authors compare law enforcement identification and documentation of strangulation in domestic violence cases before and after the implementation of a strangulation-specific training program in one Central Florida County. Findings The results indicate preliminary support for the effectiveness of training law enforcement, suggesting that the response to strangulation can be improved with comprehensive law enforcement training. Practical implications An improved response by law enforcement may have the potential to increase offender accountability of non-fatal strangulation – a potentially deadly assault. Originality/value The study is the first to evaluate strangulation-specific training efforts of law enforcement. Results point to opportunities that can be taken to improve law enforcement’s response to non-fatal strangulation in domestic violence.

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6

Osmonbekov, Talai, Brian Gregory, Christian Chelariu, and Wesley J. Johnston. "The impact of social and contractual enforcement on reseller performance: the mediating role of coordination and inequity during adoption of a new technology." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 31, no. 6 (July 4, 2016): 808–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-12-2014-0260.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of social and contractual enforcement on the performance of business-to-business relationship. The research also tests the mediating role of perceived inequity and coordination. Design/methodology/approach A survey methodology was used to obtain responses from 224 decision-makers at reseller organizations. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings It was found that both social and contractual enforcement impact relationship performance. Perceived inequity and coordination are important moderators of those relationships, as social enforcement increases coordination and reduces perceived inequity, while contractual enforcement increases perceived inequity. Originality/value While previous studies examined enforcement impact on coordination and conflict, this study links it to relationship performance. Importantly, enforcement’s relationship with perceived inequity is also examined in the context of B2B relationship.

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7

Acemoglu, Daron, and Alexander Wolitzky. "Sustaining Cooperation: Community Enforcement versus Specialized Enforcement." Journal of the European Economic Association 18, no. 2 (March 20, 2019): 1078–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz008.

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Abstract We introduce the possibility of coercive punishment by specialized enforcers into a model of community enforcement. We assume that, just as regular agents need to be given incentives to cooperate with each other, specialized enforcers need to be given incentives to carry out costly punishments. We fully characterize optimal equilibria in the model. When the specialized enforcement technology is sufficiently effective, cooperation is best sustained by a “one-time enforcer punishment equilibrium”, where any deviation by a regular agent is punished only once, and only by enforcers. In contrast, enforcers themselves are disciplined (at least in part) by community enforcement. The reason why there is no community enforcement following deviations by regular agents is that such a response, by reducing future cooperation, would decrease the amount of punishment that enforcers are willing to impose on deviators. Conversely, when the specialized enforcement technology is less effective, optimal equilibria involve a mix of specialized enforcement and community enforcement (which might take the form of “ostracism”). Our results hold both under perfect monitoring of actions and under various types of private monitoring.

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8

Assunção, Juliano, Clarissa Gandour, and Romero Rocha. "DETER-ing Deforestation in the Amazon: Environmental Monitoring and Law Enforcement." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 125–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20200196.

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We study Brazil's recent use of satellite technology to overcome law enforcement shortcomings resulting from weak institutional environments. DETER is a system that processes satellite imagery and issues near-real-time deforestation alerts to target environmental enforcement in the Amazon. We propose a novel instrumental variable approach for estimating enforcement's impact on deforestation. Clouds limiting DETER's capacity to detect clearings serve as a source of exogenous variation for the presence of environmental authorities. Findings indicate that monitoring and enforcement effectively curb deforestation. Results hold across several robustness checks. (JEL K32, K42, O13, Q23, Q28, Q54, Q58)

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9

Blanc, Florentin, and Michael Faure. "Smart Enforcement." European Journal of Law Reform 20, no. 4 (October 2018): 78–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/ejlr/138723702018020004004.

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10

Mendoza. "Enforcement Matters:." Journal of Speculative Philosophy 29, no. 1 (2015): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jspecphil.29.1.0073.

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11

Bodiroga, Nikola. "Enforcement agent." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 45, no. 2 (2011): 193–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns1102193b.

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12

Berlo, Marieke Koopmans-Van, and Hans de Bruijn. "E-Enforcement." Journal of E-Government 1, no. 2 (April 15, 2005): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j399v01n02_06.

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13

Rincke, Johannes, and Christian Traxler. "Enforcement Spillovers." Review of Economics and Statistics 93, no. 4 (November 2011): 1224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00128.

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14

Wagner, J. J. D. "Licence enforcement." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 7, no. 3 (January 30, 2012): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpr212.

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15

Priceless, Herbert L. "Enforcement letter." Metal Finishing 96, no. 12 (December 1998): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(98)81408-6.

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16

Friehe, Tim, and Avraham Tabbach. "Preventive enforcement." International Review of Law and Economics 35 (August 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2012.10.005.

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17

Khoury, Raphaël, and Nadia Tawbi. "Corrective Enforcement." ACM Transactions on Information and System Security 15, no. 2 (July 2012): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2240276.2240281.

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18

Stix, Gary. "Patent Enforcement." Scientific American 290, no. 4 (April 2004): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0404-42.

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19

E Murray, L. "Maritime enforcement." Marine Policy 18, no. 6 (November 1994): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(94)90075-2.

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20

Guerson, Leonardo. "Direct Enforcement." Traffic Technology International 2024, no. 1 (January 2024): 114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1356-9252(24)40053-1.

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21

العلوي, د. علوي صالح محمد, and أ. د. يحيى محمد الشعيبي. "law enforcement." Queen Arwa University Journal 19, no. 19 (December 31, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.58963/qausrj.v19i19.231.

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البحث يناقش أهمية تطبيق القوانين بالنظر إلى الزمان والمكان، حيث يُبيّن أن النصوص القانونية ليست مطلقة وقابلة للتعديل والتبديل بموجب إرادة تشريعية لاحقة. يُشير البحث إلى أن تطبيق القانون يتوقف على الزمان والمكان، مع التأكيد على واجب تطبيق القانون منذ اليوم التالي لنشره، وعلى أهمية معرفة المخاطبين بالأحكام وتوفر المعرفة بها لتحقيق العدالة. كما يستعرض البحث تأثير تغير الظروف السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية على القوانين، مما يستدعي تعديلها لتتناسب مع التطورات الحديثة. يتناول البحث أيضًا التنازع بين القوانين القديمة والجديدة وأثرها على تطبيق القانون من حيث الزمان، بالإضافة إلى تأثير النطاق الجغرافي على تطبيق القانون من حيث المكان. يُبرز البحث أهمية فهم هذه الديناميات لتحسين القوانين وتطبيقها بفعالية.

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22

Achim, Peter, and Jan Knoepfle. "Relational enforcement." Theoretical Economics 19, no. 2 (2024): 823–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/te5183.

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A principal incentivizes an agent to maintain compliance and to truthfully announce any breaches of compliance. Compliance is imperfectly controlled by the agent's private effort choices, is partially persistent, and is verifiable by the principal only through costly inspections. We show that in principal‐optimal equilibria, the principal enforces maximum compliance using deterministic inspections. Periodic inspection cycles are suspended during periods of self‐reported noncompliance, during which the agent is fined. We show how commitment to random inspections would benefit the principal, and discuss possible ways for the principal to overcome her commitment problem.

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23

Bielova, Nataliia, and Fabio Massacci. "Iterative enforcement by suppression: Towards practical enforcement theories*." Journal of Computer Security 20, no. 1 (April 27, 2012): 51–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcs-2011-0431.

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24

Williams, Linda M. "Beyond Enforcement: Welcomeness, Local Law Enforcement, and Immigrants." Public Administration Review 75, no. 3 (February 3, 2015): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/puar.12335.

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25

Falcone, Yliès, Laurent Mounier, Jean-Claude Fernandez, and Jean-Luc Richier. "Runtime enforcement monitors: composition, synthesis, and enforcement abilities." Formal Methods in System Design 38, no. 3 (March 11, 2011): 223–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10703-011-0114-4.

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26

BOIERU, V. S. "LAW ENFORCEMENT OF PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS ADVERTISING STANDARDS." Law and Society, no. 6 (2022): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32842/2078-3736/2022.6.11.

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27

Zhao, Dan, Fengchun Han, Meng Meng, Jun Ma, and Quantao Yang. "Exploring the influence of traffic enforcement on speeding behavior on low-speed limit roads." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 12 (December 2019): 168781401989157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019891572.

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Speeding on low-speed limit roads is a common traffic offense in China, which could be due to the mild traffic safety enforcement. The article aims to explicit the impact of traffic enforcement measures on the speeding behavior on low-speed limit roads. First, field data were collected to demonstrate the severity of speeding by investigating speed distribution; second, a virtual traffic enforcement was designed by considering three factors related to traffic enforcement, and a stated preference survey questionnaire including six scenarios was designed and implemented; finally, a series of generalized regret random minimization models were established to study the relationship of speeding behavior and traffic enforcement as well as drivers’ personal characteristics. From the stated preference survey analysis, the research figures out that other vehicles’ average speed is the most important reference to choose speed rather than traffic penalties, and the model estimation results show that speeding violation grows severe if traffic enforcements are lenient. Therefore, increasing the violation costs is a powerful means of lowering the probability of speeding for individual, thus proceeding the drop of vehicles’ average speed, and the fall of average speed will contribute to decrease speeding subsequently.

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28

Mironov, Rinat. "Capabilities of mathematical modeling of network interaction of the law enforcement authorities." Юридические исследования, no. 1 (January 2020): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2020.1.30418.

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The subject of this research is the mechanism of integrated cooperation of law enforcement authorities, which due to application of modern technologies and capabilities of mathematical modeling and with consideration of the current political, organizational and normative-legal factors of counteracting criminality, would allow eliminating the organizational and management contradictions between the virtually established vertical-subordination model of interaction of the law enforcement authorities and the framework of public administration. The goal of this work consists in introduction of the basic foundations of mathematical modeling of interaction of law enforcement authorities at the intersection of two scientific directions – game theory and social network analysis, in the process of improving social technologies of public administration in the law enforcement sphere. The article is prepared on the basis of law enforcement practice leaning on the positions of social administrative theory, cybernetics, information analysis, and most recent achievements in the area of cross-disciplinary studies. The scientific novelty is defined by the hypothesis on the network social structure. Due to this fact, the developed mechanism of network interaction of law enforcements authorities [4, p. 31-41] is an element of digital economy responsible for solution of economic-mathematical problems, which in turn, substantiates the mechanism of improvement of social technologies of public administration in the law enforcement sphere.

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29

Begoore, Yateesh. "Uniting for Enforcement: Resolving the World Court’s Enforcement Gap." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 17, no. 2 (August 17, 2018): 335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341383.

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Abstract This article, which identifies the United Nations Security Council’s selective enforcement of the International Court of Justice’s rulings as an enforcement deficit within the Court’s system, delves into the possibility – and legality – of utilising the Uniting for Peace Resolution as an alternative enforcement mechanism in the event of a veto precluding enforcement by the Security Council.

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30

Gow, Hamish R., and Johan F. M. Swinnen. "Private Enforcement Capital and Contract Enforcement in Transition Economies." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 83, no. 3 (August 2001): 686–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0002-9092.00191.

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31

Bodiroga, Nikola. "Constitutionality of enforcement of claims by private enforcement agents." Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 62, no. 1 (2014): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/analipfb1401114b.

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32

Stone, Richard, Joseph Kim, Fatima Mgaedeh, Gary Backous, and Colten Fales. "The Effectiveness of Active Shooter Responses for Civilians and Law Enforcement." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 66, no. 1 (September 2022): 987–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661501.

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The number of active shooter incidents has been increasing over the past two decades. Furthermore, these events have become increasingly more fatal as the average number of casualties per incident has simultaneously been rising. As a result, finding more efficient ways to respond to these threats is essential. The literature evaluating current methodologies, specifically the “Run, Hide, Fight” technique, revealed that not much research has been done on its effectiveness, especially with respect to law enforcement’s responses. Additionally, the training medium for active shooter training for law enforcement and civilians has not been evaluated. A survey of twelve people (six law enforcement officers, six teachers) revealed a discrepancy between the civilians’ response and what law enforcement thought was safe and effective (three stated that current techniques were effective, three stated that current techniques were not). Future training must coordinate both law enforcement and civilian responses so that their responses complement one another.

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33

Casellas, Jason P., and Sophia Jordán Wallace. "Sanctuary Cities: Public Attitudes Toward Enforcement Collaboration Between Local Police and Federal Immigration Authorities." Urban Affairs Review 56, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 32–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087418776115.

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Local law enforcement has dramatically increased its cooperation with federal immigration enforcement, while other localities refuse to cooperate. Although scholars have examined how sanctuary cities may differ from other places in terms of crime rates, attitudes toward local law enforcement’s collaboration with federal immigration authorities remain understudied. We utilize original data from the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey (CCES) to study attitudes toward local/federal collaboration. Our results demonstrate that those who most recognize the racial advantage of Whites are significantly less likely to support collaboration between local police and federal authorities. Confirming prior work, our results also support the critical role of partisanship, nativity, and education in explaining attitudes toward sanctuary policies. Our findings have important implications for understanding attitudes toward immigration enforcement and policies.

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34

Dobrosavljev, Svetozar. "Enforcement of civil court decisions and enforcement of other decisions under the Act on compulsory enforcement." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 72, no. 8-9 (2000): 16–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv0001016d.

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The author analyzes the Yugoslav Act on compulsory enforcement of March 30, 1978 and explains sources, principles, actors, presumptions and all other features of the compulsory enforcement. He identifies the weaknesses of the enforcement procedure and calls for the amendments of the Act, which would enable the equality of all actors in the procedure, efficacy of the procedure, as well as better and more extensive guarantees of legal protection and safety of the citizens.

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35

Hartle III, Frank X., and Christopher Wydra. "Cyber Investigations, A Law Enforcement Needs Assessment." International Journal of Cyber Research and Education 1, no. 2 (July 2019): 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcre.2019070106.

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The purpose of this article is to assess the needs of local and state law enforcement agencies to investigate both cyber-enabled and cyber-dependent crimes. While large federal investigative agencies have the skills, tools and resources to investigate cyber-crimes, the increasing propagation of such crimes has overwhelmed their ability to investigate all but the most serious national security threats and large-scale cyber-crimes. To that end, this article assesses the current knowledge, skills, and abilities of local law enforcement to perform cyber-crime investigations and more importantly their desire to do so. As these crimes grow in ease and popularity it is posited that local law enforcement will be required to have the technical skills to investigate a myriad of cyber-crimes at the local level. As such, there will be a need for local training in cyber-crimes investigation and shared investigative resources. Additionally, this paper gauges local law enforcements' willingness to participate in such training.

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36

James, Adrian. "Criminal Networks, Illegal Immigration and the Threat to Border Security." International Journal of Police Science & Management 7, no. 4 (December 2005): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2005.7.4.219.

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This paper considers some of the challenges posed to law enforcement agencies in post-modernity by the emergence of transnational criminal networks. Law enforcement, once very much local in character, must now reshape its structures and processes to meet the new and emerging risks presented. Though the paper uses the topic of illegal immigration to reveal something of the nature of such networks and the threat they pose, it also observes that fundamentally, transnational criminal networks are profit-driven and that, perhaps, it is misguided to think of these groups either as commodity-specific or process-specific. The paper concludes that law enforcement agencies need to meet the challenge that such networks present by managing their business with equal flexibility and resourcefulness. Though mechanisms to support that business are being developed, law enforcement agencies must not lose sight of the fact that it is successful outcomes, in the form of the dismantling and disruption of transnational criminal networks, rather than the new processes themselves (that simply underpin law enforcement's efforts) that are important.

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37

Pedroza, Juan Manuel. "Uneven Migration Enforcement." Contexts 21, no. 2 (May 2022): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15365042221107665.

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In the US, the weight of immigration enforcement falls disproportionately on immigrants from Haiti and Central America. How can we tell? I use deportations and immigrant population data to compare which origin countries account for an unexpectedly high number of deportations – after taking into account their share of the nation’s unauthorized immigrant population. These data sources help us see whether deportations by nationality are uneven. In recent years, immigrants from select countries of origin (especially Haiti and Central America) are overrepresented among deportees when considering each origin country’s contribution to the United States’ unauthorized immigrant population.

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38

Kelly, Dorothy. "2010 Enforcement Actions." CFA Institute Magazine 22, no. 2 (March 2011): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/cfm.v22.n2.14.

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39

Murji, Karim. "Prevention Through Enforcement." Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 1, no. 1 (January 1994): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09687639409028536.

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40

Pelzman, Joseph, and Amir Shoham. "WTO Enforcement Issues." Global Economy Journal 7, no. 1 (January 2007): 1850105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1245.

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In theory, the WTO dispute settlement system is expected, via an elaborate system of sequential legal maneuvers to ensure the implementation of the dispute settlement body (DSB) recommendations. In reality when trade issues rise above some critical threshold to a respondent, the theory behind the DSU enforcement breaks down and the well meaning legal system only leads to prolonging the dispute rather than resolving it. Since 1995, more than 300 complaints have been filed through the WTO dispute settlement system. In most cases, the parties reach a mutually satisfactory solution in accordance with the WTO Agreements through consultations without having recourse to the panel and Appellate Body review. When the consultation process fails the resulting process of Panel reports and Appellate Body reports result in a removal or modification of the violating measures. In those cases where there is no removal or modification of the violating measures, the period of non-compliance tends to be very long and leads to core questions about the true intent of the DSU. In particular, was the DSU designed to ensure a legal process for the settlement of a dispute and to recommend a remedy to the offending violation but was not designed to secure compliance. The intent of this paper is to show that this is indeed the case. Moreover, if one treats the WTO as a contract, then the non-compliance issue may be viewed as an `efficient breach' and the only efficient remedy is a `fine' rather than the usual practice of suspension of concessions or other obligations to the offending Member. Under our suggested enforcement rules, it may be possible for a Member to continue to breach her obligation to the WTO contract while simultaneously compensating for damages created by the offending measure. The end result will be more efficient than the current system of diplomatic maneuvering designed to pressure the Member to remove or modify the offending measure.

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41

Kennett, Wendy, Bert van Schaick, Maria José Capelo, Andreas Konecny, Claudia Soher, Isabel Albrecht, Karen Broeckx, Elina Moustaira, and Jean-Claude Wiwinius. "Enforcement of judgments." European Review of Private Law 5, Issue 3 (September 1, 1997): 321–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/167334.

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The present Chronique examines the law on enforcement of judgments in ten European jurisdictions. (The term 'enforcement' rather than 'execution' is used because of the relatively narrow meaning of execution of a judgment within English law.) In the last seven years a number of the jurisdictions under consideration have made more or less extensive revisions of their laws on enforcement of judgments. Most notable is the complete overhaul of the law in France contained in L. 91-650 and D. 92-755. Less complete, but still substantial, revisions have been made in Portugal (Decree law 329-A/95 of 12 December 1995 as modified by Decree law 180/96 of 25 December 1996) and Austria (Exekutionsordnungs Novellen 1991 and 1995). Changes have also been introduced in all of the other laws under consideration. Areas which have attracted reform in several jurisdictions include in particular the specification of the property of the debtor which remains immune from execution, and the obtaining of information from the debtor as to his assets. Clearly the Chronique cannot hope to provide an exhaustive comparison, but it attempts to highlight key similarities and differences in approach that are adopted within Europe. Before looking at the methods of execution themselves, the Chronique deals with a number of preliminary issues. An introductory section sets out the various kinds of obligation that may be recognised in a judgment and provides a brief overview of the different methods of execution that may be employed for each type of obligation. The Chronique then goes on to consider the formal requirements that may need to be satisfied before enforcement of a judgment can take place. It is noted at this point that a judgment is just one form of enforceable title. Other titles are also enforceable under the laws of all states considered, although considerable variations exist as to the types of title that are recognised. The varying approaches of the legal systems under consideration as to provisional enforcement are also considered in this section. If an enforceable title exists, further formal requirements that may have to be satisfied before execution of the judgment can take place include proof of enforceability and service of the judgment. A further preliminary issue is the variety of personnel that may be involved in the enforcement process. Considerable differences between systems exist both as to the allocation of tasks between courts, lawyers and bailiffs, and as to the regulation and training of bailiffs. An important section is devoted to the question of effectiveness of the creditor's title. This involves consideration of the mechanisms available to assist the creditor to find out information about the debtor's assets; the extent to which evasive action on the part of the debtor, by effecting dispositions of property, may be counteracted; the immunities and exemptions recognised by the law of each jurisdiction; and the extent to which measures exist to deal with debtors who have acquired an unmanageable burden of debt. On each issue considerable diversity of approach can be identified, although in relation to assets immune from seizure there is a strong core of shared values. The Chronique then moves on to look at the methods of execution themselves. This part of the Chronique is divided into three sections. It looks first at enforcement of money obligations, through the seizure of movable property, garnishment and seizure of immovable property. It then deals with obligations to perform a certain act or abstain from certain conduct, which are dealt with by mechanisms such as substitute performance, fines, sequestration and imprisonment. The final section concerns obligations to deliver property, which are mainly enforced via seizure of the property and fines. Particular attention is drawn to the differences between legal systems as to the circumstances under which enforcement agents may gain access to the premises of the debtor, the degree of intrusion that may be imposed on third parties, the legal effects of

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Nikolić, Mladen. "Summary enforcement procedure." Pravo i privreda 58, no. 2 (2020): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pip2002279n.

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Gormley, William T. "Regulatory Enforcement Styles." Political Research Quarterly 51, no. 2 (June 1998): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/449082.

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Kozhevnikov, Vladimir Valentinovich. "About Law Enforcement." Polit Journal: Scientific Journal of Politics 1, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/polit.v1i2.446.

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The article examines a number of features of law enforcement in the law enforcement sphere. In particular, the author touched upon the subject composition of law enforcement activities, as well as its participants (victims, witnesses, etc.), on whose legal activity the effectiveness of law enforcement activities largely depends. Attention is drawn to the professional and psychological culture of law enforcement entities, to the regulatory framework of law enforcement, and its peculiarities. stages, structure of law enforcement acts.

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Gallay, Florian, and Yliès Falcone. "Decentralized LTL Enforcement." Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science 346 (September 16, 2021): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4204/eptcs.346.9.

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Mowchan, Michael J., and Wei Zhang. "PCAOB Enforcement: Toothless Body of Law or a Bite That Packs a Punch?" Current Issues in Auditing, May 30, 2023, P1—P10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ciia-2022-038.

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SUMMARY The value of PCAOB enforcement was questioned in a 2019 Project on Government Oversight report, calling it a “toothless body of law.” However, the argument focused narrowly on the limited number of PCAOB enforcements imposed on Big 4 auditors without consideration of whether they motivate positive audit quality effects more broadly. In this paper, we summarize key findings by Lamoreaux, Mowchan, and Zhang (2023) regarding whether PCAOB enforcement provides spillover benefits, deterring audit failures. LMZ find audit quality improvements among nonsanctioned auditors following PCAOB enforcement, but the pattern of this spillover varies with auditor and enforcement characteristics. Their results suggest that even PCAOB enforcements that seem limited in scope can offer protections to investors more broadly through spillover benefits. In conclusion, we discuss potential avenues through which additional spillover benefits could occur, resulting from audit firm organizational structures, remote work environments, and emerging trends in PCAOB rule-making and enforcement. JEL Classifications: G38; M42; M48.

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Franck, Jens-Uwe. "Private Enforcement versus Public Enforcement." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3762423.

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Scholten, Miroslava. "Enforcement." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3934358.

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"Enforcement." Brown University Psychopharmacology Update 26, no. 11 (October 20, 2015): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pu.30095.

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"Enforcement." Brown University Psychopharmacology Update 29, no. 8 (July 9, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pu.30347.

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