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1
Garside, Ludivine. "Discretion in public enforcement : evidence from UK competition enforcement, 1970-2003." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.573395.
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Applied to public enforcement, the concern for value for money in the public sector makes discretionary decision-making a target for reform. UK competition policy has already been reformed in favour of a more prohibitive legal regime. I isolate some discretionary features in the previous competition regime, and examine their consequences on decisions. Extant empirical competition studies rely on case-level analysis. To deepen the analysis, I disaggregate enforcement data at company level, on abuse of dominance cases published by the UK national competition authority, between 1970 and 2003. Econometric analysis confirms that decisions still depend on the economic facts of the case. Additionally, decisions are shown not to be neutral to the investigation process itself, but actually to depend on the specific assortments and hierarchy amongst investi- gators. Extensive experience of chairing investigations makes case chairmen tougher: the more experienced the case chairman, the more likely an adverse finding against a company. The strength of the discretionary power of the case chairman does not, how- ever, destroy all the potential benefits of the more onerous method of making decisions in a panel. Panel members unaccustomed to a given case chairman exert a calming effect on an experienced case chairman's tendency towards more adverse findings, which can be interpreted as a sign of effective information aggregation. The controversial use of profitability analysis in competition deci- sions affects only decisions where the abuses investigated directly involve excessive pricing. Furthermore, companies alleged to have engaged in infringements where economic theory recommends more active intervention, respond to de facto incentives to change their behaviour as the investigation starts: reported profitability levels exhibit a marked reduction in the financial years during the inves- tigation, compared to the pre-investigation years. Within-tenure experience, the use of profitability, and collegiality effectively in- jected more discretion into public enforcement decisions.
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Christian, Philip C. "Sales Tax Enforcement: An Empirical Analysis of Compliance Enforcement Methodologies and Pathologies." FIU Digital Commons, 2010. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/335.
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Most research on tax evasion has focused on the income tax. Sales tax evasion has been largely ignored and dismissed as immaterial. This paper explored the differences between income tax and sales tax evasion and demonstrated that sales tax enforcement is deserving of and requires the use of different tools to achieve compliance. Specifically, the major enforcement problem with sales tax is not evasion: it is theft perpetrated by companies that act as collection agents for the state. Companies engage in a principal-agent relationship with the state and many retain funds collected as an agent of the state for private use. As such, the act of sales tax theft bears more resemblance to embezzlement than to income tax evasion. It has long been assumed that the sales tax is nearly evasion free, and state revenue departments report voluntary compliance in a manner that perpetuates this myth. Current sales tax compliance enforcement methodologies are similar in form to income tax compliance enforcement methodologies and are based largely on trust. The primary focus is on delinquent filers with a very small percentage of businesses subject to audit. As a result, there is a very large group of noncompliant businesses who file on time and fly below the radar while stealing millions of taxpayer dollars. The author utilized a variety of statistical methods with actual field data derived from operations of the Southern Region Criminal Investigations Unit of the Florida Department of Revenue to evaluate current and proposed sales tax compliance enforcement methodologies in a quasi-experimental, time series research design and to set forth a typology of sales tax evaders. This study showed that current estimates of voluntary compliance in sales tax systems are seriously and significantly overstated and that current enforcement methodologies are inadequate to identify the majority of violators and enforce compliance. Sales tax evasion is modeled using the theory of planned behavior and Cressey’s fraud triangle and it is demonstrated that proactive enforcement activities, characterized by substantial contact with non-delinquent taxpayers, results in superior ability to identify noncompliance and provides a structure through which noncompliant businesses can be rehabilitated.
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Hendricks, Ebrahiem. "Towards Good Corporate Governance in South Africa: Private Enforcement versus Public Enforcement." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4631.
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For the past six and half years a great deal of attention has been devoted to the reform of South African company law. The reform process commenced in September 2003, when the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) initiated a reform programme that included a review of existing securities regulation and, of corporate structures and practices in the area of corporate governance. Subsequently, in March 2004 (and updated in June 2004) the DTI published a policy document on corporate law reform entitled 'South African Company Law for the 21st Century: Guidelines for Corporate Law Reform'. This policy paper explained that company law in South Africa would be reviewed and modernised. The objectives of the reform process were to align it with international trends and to accommodate the economic and legislative changes that have taken place in South Africa since the advent of democracy in 1994. The policy paper also explained that this reform process would occur in two stages. Firstly, urgent interim changes would be brought by the Corporate Law Amendment Act No 24 of 2006. The Act provided for, amongst others, assistance to acquire shares and greater protection of minority shareholders in respect of takeovers .The Act came into effect on 14 December 2007. Secondly, the new Companies Act will repeal and replace the entire Companies Act No 61 of 1973, when it becomes operational.
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Talhi, Chamseddine. "Memory-Constrained Security Enforcement." Doctoral thesis, Québec : Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24434/24434.pdf.
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Baldock, Emily. "Rules of non-enforcement." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418838.
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Kern, Bianca. "Cooperation and norm enforcement." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-176962.
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V, Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e. "Verkehrsregelakzeptanz und Enforcement: Forschungsbericht." Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e. V, 2011. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A74638.
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Die vorliegende Studie beschäftigt sich mit dem Grad der Befolgung und der Akzeptanz geltender Verkehrsregeln bei motorisierten Verkehrsteilnehmern in Deutschland. Weiterhin wurden Beziehungen zwischen dem Grad der Befolgung und zugrundeliegenden Variablen, wie informellen Normen, instrumentellen Erwartungen sowie Risikowahrnehmungen, untersucht. Die Prüfung erfolgte dabei für drei Verhaltensbereiche: innerstädtische Geschwindigkeitsübertretungen, Rotlichtmissachtungen und Fahren unter relativer Fahruntüchtigkeit (Alkoholfahrten). Mittels eines standardisierten, Szenario-basierten Interviews wurde eine repräsentative telefonische Befragung deutscher Kraftfahrer durchgeführt. Befragt wurden 1.009 Kraftfahrzeugführer im Alter zwischen 16 bis 88 Jahren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es sich bei Geschwindigkeitsübertretungen und Rotlichtmissachtungen um weit verbreitetes Fehlverhalten handelt. Andererseits äußert der Großteil der Verkehrsteilnehmer eine zustimmende Einstellung zu den geltenden Bestimmungen. Eine Vielzahl von Verkehrsteilnehmern missachtet damit diese Verkehrsregeln, obwohl sie den Regeln gegenüber grundsätzlich positiv eingestellt sind. Als erklärungsstarke Prädiktoren zur Vorhersage der berichteten Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Regelübertretung erwiesen sich Gewohnheiten, informelle Normen, insbesondere die personale Norm, der Einfluss ungünstiger situativer Bedingungen in Verbindung mit Kontrollüberzeugungen sowie die Risikowahrnehmung. Instrumentelle Erwartungen, die durch Verkehrsüberwachung vermittelt werden, spielten hingegen für die berichtete Übertretungswahrscheinlichkeit bei Geschwindigkeitsdelikten und Rotlichtmissachtungen nur eine nachgeordnete Rolle. Gleichzeitig wurde festgestellt, dass insbesondere die empfundene Strafhärte bei Geschwindigkeitsübertretungen in einem unteren Übertretungsbereich von Verkehrsteilnehmern als gering empfunden wird. Im Bereich Fahren bei relativer Fahruntüchtigkeit zeigt sich im Vergleich zu den beiden anderen Deliktbereichen ein anderes Bild. Nur ein sehr geringer Teil der Verkehrsteilnehmer berichtet über eine erhöhte Wahrscheinlichkeit, sich trotz unzulässigen Alkoholkonsums noch hinter das Steuer zu setzen. Weiterhin verweisen die Ergebnisse auf stark ausgeprägte informelle Normen, die einer alkoholisierten Teilnahme am Straßenverkehr entgegenstehen. Befragt nach der Einstellung zur geltenden Regelung spricht sich die Mehrheit der Verkehrsteilnehmer für eine Verringerung der zulässigen Promillegrenze aus. Insbesondere die wahrgenommene Kontrolle über eigenes Verhalten, gerade auch in kritischen Situationen, sowie Gewohnheiten zeigten sich bei der Vorhersage der berichteten Verhaltenswahrscheinlichkeit besonders erklärungsstark. Außerdem konnte ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen der subjektiven Sanktionswahrscheinlichkeit und der berichteten Übertretungswahrscheinlichkeit nachgewiesen werden. Basierend auf den empirischen Befunden dieser Studie werden Ansätze zur Steigerung der Regelbefolgung in allen drei Deliktbereichen aus verhaltenswissenschaftlicher Perspektive diskutiert. Dabei wird unter anderem auf Ansätze in der Verkehrsinfrastruktur und Straßengestaltung, der Bildung von Normen sowie auf die Möglichkeiten der Verhaltenslenkung durch Überwachungsmaßnahmen eingegangen.The present study deals with road users’ acceptance of existing traffic regulations in Germany and their degree of compliance. Furthermore, we investigated relations between the degree of compliance and underlying variables, such as informal norms, instrumental expectations as well as risk perception. Thereby, we focused on three areas of delinquent traffic behavior: speeding, red light running and driving while intoxicated. Standardized, scenario-based interviews were conducted during a representative telephone survey. A total of 1009 German drivers at the age between 16- 88 years were interviewed within this survey. The results show that violations against speed limits and red light running are widespread traffic offenses. On the other hand, the majority expressed their approval towards the existing traffic regulations. Road users obviously violate traffic regulations, although they have generally positive attitudes towards those codified rules. However, analyses identified habits, informal norm, especially personal norms, the influence of unfavorable, situational conditions in conjunction with control beliefs and risk perception as powerful variables to predict the stated likelihood of speed violations and red light running. Instrumental expectations, which are mediated by traffic enforcement, however, hold only a secondary role for the reported likelihood of speed and red light offenses. At the same time, it was found that the perceived harshness of fines, particularly for exceeding the speed limits (by 11-15 km/h), is low. Concerning driving while intoxicated, the results reflect a different picture compared to the other two offenses. Only a very small percentage of road users reported an increased probability to drive despite an illegal consumption of alcohol. Furthermore, the results point to strong informal norms which clearly express driving while intoxicated as an unacceptable behavior. Asked about attitudes towards the legal tolerance of alcohol while driving, the majority stated their preferences for a reduction of the current tolerance threshold (up to “zero-tolerance”). In particular, the perceived behavioral control, especially in critical situation, and habits were found as the most powerful predictors explaining the reported likelihood of drive while intoxicated. In addition, a significant correlation between perceived likelihood of sanctions and the reported likelihood of drive while intoxicated has been shown. Based on the empirical findings of this study, approaches for increasing the rule compliance are discussed from a behavioral point of view. This includes options to improve transport infrastructure and road design, development of norms, as well as the potential of enforcement measures.
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Kan, Kwok-chee Joshua, and 簡國治. "Planning enforcement in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42574432.
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LICHAND, GUILHERME FINKELFARB. "COURTS, CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT, AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=16534@1.
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Uma extensa literatura explora o papel de indivisibilidades como determinantes
de escolha ocupacional e empreendedorismo. Na verdade, tais imperfeições de mercado são em última instância função dos limites à executabilidade
de contratos na economia. Nesse artigo, incorporamos explicitamente
a operação das cortes e o ambiente contratual em um modelo de escolha
ocupacional e empreendedorismo. Nosso modelo mostra que diferentes ambientes
contratuais estão associados a diferentes ineficiências nas decisões
ocupacional e de investimento. Algumas dessas ineficiência são idênticas
àquelas destacadas pela literatura, enquanto outras são de natureza diferente.
As previsões da teoria sobre o efeito de executabilidade de contratos
sobre empreendedorismo e investimento são então levadas aos dados
utilizando-se da mudança institucional representada pela criação dos Juizados
Especiais Cíveis nos municípios brasileiros a partir de meados da década
de 1990.An extensive literature has explored the role of indivisibilities as determinants of occupational choice and entrepreneurship. In reality, such market imperfections are ultimately function of the limits to contract enforcement in the economy. In this paper, we explicitly incorporate the operation of courts and the contract environment in a model of occupational choice and entrepreneurship. Our model shows that different contractual settings are related to different inefficiencies in occupational and investment choices. Some of these inefficiencies are identical to those highlighted in the literature, while others are different in nature. Theory’s predictions concerning the effects of contract enforcement on entrepreneurship and investment are then taken to the data by exploring the institutional change represented by the creation of Special Civil Tribunals in Brazilian municipalities from mid-1990’s on.
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Angelucci, M. "Border enforcement, aid and migration." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444495/.
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This thesis addresses the issue of policy effects on domestic and international migration, considering in particular the case of Mexican migration. The first essay investigates the effect of U.S. border enforcement on the net flow of Mexican undocumented migration. Such effect is theoretically ambiguous, given that increases in border controls deter prospective migrants from cross ing the border illegally, but lengthen the U.S. permanence of current ones. It estimates border enforcement's net impact on migration inflow using a sample of potential and current illegal migrants. U.S. border enforcement significantly reduces the net flow of undocumented migration. However, the reduction in net flow is more than half the size of the decrease in inflow. The second essay models the short and medium-run impact of aid on migration, considering alternatively the effect of unconditional and conditional cash transfers to financially constrained households. Data from the evaluation of a Mexican development program, Progresa, are used to estimate the effect of the grant on migration. The empirical analysis shows that the program is associated with an increase in international migration, which is also a positive function of the potential transfer size. Conditional grants in the form of secondary school subsidies reduce the short-term migration probability. Progresa does not seem to increase medium-term migration. The final chapter reviews the approaches employed to estimate Treatment on the Treated Effects (TTEs) using experimental data in the presence of non-compliers. It discusses the types of parameters that can be identified using the Progresa data. It uncovers new parameters that have not been estimated so far, based on the fact that a group of eligible households did not receive the program transfer in the initial stages of its implementation. It proposes alternative estimating procedures to identify counterfactuals in the presence of non-compliers for users of the Progresa data. It complements the theoretical part with an empirical application by estimating the effect of Progresa on school enrolment.
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Cortrite, Michael David. "Servant leadership for law enforcement." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1467893891&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Kan, Kwok-chee Joshua. "Planning enforcement in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42574432.
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Schumacher, Julian. "Enforcement in sovereign debt markets." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17388.
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Die Arbeit befasst sich mit ökonomischen Effekten der rechtlichen Durchsetzung von Staatsschulden. Die Literatur nimmt weitgehend an, dass diese größtenteils irrelevant sind. Die Dissertation präsentiert neu erstellte Datensätze über Anlegerklagen in den USA und UK, und verbindet diese mit Finanzmarktdaten. Die zentralen Ergebnisse sind: (1) Staatsschuldenkrisen sind zunehmend begleitet von Anlegerklagen, wenn auch die Zahl gering ist. Klagen sind wahrscheinlicher wenn Regierungen hohe Verluste auf ihre Gläubiger abwälzen. Sie können zudem signifikante Kosten durch die Versperrung des Finanzmarktzugangs mit sich bringen. Insbesondere spezialisierte Investoren führen Klagen, und die vertragliche Gestaltung der Anleihen bedingt Teilnahme- und Klageraten. (2) Marktpreise spiegeln diese Entwicklungen wider. Die Marktliquidität nimmt während Schuldenkrisen signifikant ab und Staatsanleihen, die bessere rechtliche Durchsetzungsmöglichkeiten versprechen, werden zu höheren Preisen gehandelt.This thesis studies the economic impact of legal enforcement of sovereign debt. The literature assumes that legal enforcement mechanisms are largely irrelevant. The thesis presents newly assembled datasets on lawsuits filed by private investors against governments in the US and the UK, and connects them with financial market data. The main findings are: (1) Sovereign defaults are increasingly subject to investor lawsuits, although the numbers are still small. Lawsuits are more likely if governments impose large losses on their creditors. Litigation can create significant costs by affecting governments'' financial market access. Distressed investors are especially likely to file suit, and contract design is a significant predictor of participation and litigation. (2) Sovereign bond pricing reflects these developments. Market liquidity decreases significantly during debt crises. Furthermore, sovereign bonds with stronger legal protection trade at higher prices during financial crises.
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Garland, Denise Michelle. "Law enforcement instructor effectiveness guidebook." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1840.
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O'Neill, Will. "Law Enforcement Leadership Training Strategies." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1800.
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Senior law enforcement leaders are looking for leadership training strategies to develop future law enforcement leaders. The purpose of this single case study was to explore U.S. law enforcement leaders' training strategies to develop future leaders. The sample was comprised of 18 senior Northern Virginia executive law enforcement leaders who have leadership development strategies currently in use. The conceptual framework for this study was human capital theory. The data collection process included semistructured interviews, a review of training documentation, and direct observation related to leadership development. Based on methodological triangulation of the data sources and analysis of the data, 3 emergent themes were identified. Recruitment, retention, and mentoring surfaced from recruiting officers for managerial leadership positions. Training and technology grew out of the need to optimize training resources and incorporate new training solutions. Strategic partnerships stemmed from the opportunities for partnering and joint training exercises with other law enforcement organizations. Although this was a single case study, the findings of this study have utility for other, similar contexts. Specifically, these findings suggest that including leadership training strategies in training programs may contribute to social change by providing other law enforcement leaders with the training strategies that result in safer communities.
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Browning, Samuel Lee. "Risk and Resilience in Law Enforcement Stress: Contributions of the Law Enforcement Officer Stress Survey (LEOSS)." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2013. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/14.
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Law enforcement is a high-risk profession associated with myriad sources of stress. Stressors from the law enforcement agency, family, law enforcement subculture, special assignments, and critical incidents encountered on the job result in a wide range of negative psychological and physical sequelae for large numbers of law enforcement officers (LEOs). LEOs have increased rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse compared to the general population. While nearly all officers are exposed to critical incidents, not all develop posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Research addressing resilience to law enforcement stress remains nascent; however, a growing body of research, borrowing from positive psychology, resilience research, and spirituality, has begun to identify several protective factors. Identifying negative stress reactions is a critical step in prevention, intervention, and recovery for LEOs. Several assessment measures have been proposed over the years to address this issue. One such measure, the Law Enforcement Officer Stress Survey (LEOSS) has shown promise in early detection of law enforcement stress, and has demonstrated strong psychometric properties with regard to validity and internal consistency. The purpose of the current study was to further evaluate psychometric properties of the LEOSS vis-a-vis construct validity. This study utilized archival data from a non-clinical sample of LEOs, who completed the LEOSS, among other measures of law enforcement stress and resilience, in order to identify predictors of both negative stress reactions and positive coping. To assess construct validity, principal components factor analysis was employed. Results indicated strong loadings with other measures of law enforcement and general stress measures, as well as differential loadings for the LEOSS and resilience measures. A correlation matrix was constructed to address specific aspects of convergent and discriminant validity. Findings indicated moderate correlations between the LEOSS and measures of law enforcement stress, as well as a lack of significant correlations with measures assessing resilience and social desirability. Finally, multiple regression analyses were used to reveal predictors of law enforcement stress and resilience. Results from the LEOSS were relatively consistent with other stress measures. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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Roberts, Nathan T. "Musculoskeletal injuries in tactical law enforcement." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/11120.
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Beeli, Nadja. "Precondition enforcement analysis for quality assurance." Zürich : ETH, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, [Department of Computer Science, Chair of Software Engineering], 2004. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=dipl&nr=188.
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Lin, Liguo. "Enforcement of Pollution Regulation in China." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4082.
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La tesis estudia como las firmas cumplen con la regulación de impuestos de contaminación en China y como las agencias ambientales de China imponen la regulación ambiental eficaz a firmas. Nuestro estudio proporciona pruebas claras que las firmas considerablemente underreport su contaminación y acciones de imposición por agencias ambientales son principalmente eficaces en la verificación de la contaminación relatada de las firmas e inducción de firmas a relatar su contaminación más exactamente. Además, mostramos que las agencias ambientales tienen la edad de las firmas en cuenta y la propiedad cuando ellos imponen los estándares de contaminación de las plantas y emprenden inspecciones. También mostramos que las plantas quiénes son localizados en el PBI más alto per cápita áreas y cuyas emisiones con mayor probabilidad inducirán daños de contaminación afrontan la regulación ambiental eficaz más estricta, que es estándares de contaminación más estrictos e inspecciones más frecuentes.The thesis studies how firms comply with pollution taxation regulation in China and how China's environmental agencies impose effective environmental regulation on firms. Our study provides clear evidence that firms significantly underreport their pollution and enforcement actions by environmental agencies are mainly effective in verifying firms' reported pollution and inducing firms to report their pollution more accurately. Moreover, we show that environmental agencies take into account firms' age and ownership when they impose plants' pollution standards and undertake inspections. We also show that plants who are located in higher GDP per capita areas and whose emissions are more likely to induce pollution damages are facing stricter effective environmental regulation, which is stricter pollution standards and more frequent inspections.
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Ncume, Ali Zuko. "The programmatic enforcement of affirmative action." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5521.
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Historically, racism was deeply rooted in the workplace in South Africa where white people were largely afforded better opportunities than their black counterparts. This position changed after South Africa became a democratic country. In the new South Africa, legislation has been adopted to combat unfair discrimination. This legislation is founded upon the equality clause contained in section 9 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Section 9 prohibits unfair direct or indirect discrimination against any person on any of the listed grounds. It also makes provision for protection against unfair discrimination on unlisted grounds. The Employment Equity Act was enacted to bring equality to the workplace and to give effect to section 9(2) of the constitution. The Employment Equity Act promotes equal opportunities and fair treatment and seeks to eliminate unfair discrimination. Section 6 of the Employment Equity Act contains the main thrust of the Act’s prohibition against unfair discrimination. However not all discrimination is unfair. Section 6(2) of the Employment Equity Act provides that discrimination based on the inherent requirements of a job or in terms of affirmative action measures will not be unfair. This section implies that there are grounds of justification which may cause discrimination to be fair. These grounds are affirmative action and inherent requirements of a job. Affirmative action is a purposeful and planned placement and development of competent or potentially competent persons in or to positions from which they were debarred in the past. Affirmative action is an attempt to redress past population, on local and national level. One of the requirements of affirmative action in South Africa is that it must target persons who have been discriminated by unfair discrimination in the past. There are affirmative action measures incorporated in the Employment Equity Act. There exists also a designed programmatic enforcement of affirmative action measures.
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Badi, Yvonne Tankiso. "Survival of women in law enforcement." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020179.
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This study seeks to investigate the underlying ideologies and practices behind the perception that women who are in command positions are unable to command and control, especially those who are in the operational environment. The study was executed in the Eastern Cape Province (Eastern Cape), in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCM). The research participants (respondents) were constituted by 33 police officers from diverse police stations within the BCM. The participants were divided according to gender, i.e. 24 females and 9 males. With regards to objectives of the study, the aim was to investigate the following issues: i) to understand factors that make women not to be accepted in their positions as SAPS' operational commanders, by their male subordinateslcolleagues and community members. ii) To understand factors that make women not to be accepted in their positions as SAPS' operational commanders, by their male subordinates/colleagues and community members, and iii) to explore strategies to utilize in making SAPS' women operational commanders, survive while managing their day-te-day respective units/components effectively and efficiently. Regarding research design, this study mainly used a qualitative research method combined with a bit of a quantitative approach. And then the data collection method involved making use of semi structured interviews to all the respondents. The results of this study show that there is still a huge difference in the number of women who are commanders compared to their male counterparts, especially in those environments that were previously regarded as male dominated. Further, despite the necessary training being provided by the SAPS to women officers, the necessary support in particular from management is still a challenge. Lastly, the argument of this study is that there is still not a fair representation of women in command positions within the SAPS, especially, in the previously male dominated environments.
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Della-Rossa, Irina. "Stress and coping in law enforcement." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50102.
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Stress at work is related to a decrease in performance, psychological disorders and errors made under impaired conditions, and it affects one’s personal life. Police officers experience stress-provoking situations, such as high-speed chases, car accidents, shootings, and crimes in progress. They are also exposed to witnessing a range of traumatic events, such as death or injuries, as a part of their job. The consequences of stress for the police officers include physical and psychological disorders, decreased performance, and in some cases inability to perform their duties.
The purpose of this study was to examine the occupational stress of police officers in a large metropolitan area in Western Canada; to examine the differences in stressful experiences of men and women police officers; and to explore the differences and patterns in coping strategies employed by men and women police officers in this sample. A package of surveys and questionnaires were administered to police officers from all of the sections of Operational Division of the Police department.
The findings indicated that the officers experienced more stress from the organizational part of their work, than operational, and there was no difference found between men and women. Male and female officers also did not differ in the frequency of the use of coping strategies, except in the usage of instrumental support (for example, seeking assistance, information, or advice about what to do). Women used this coping strategy more often than men did. Men and women differed in patterns of coping with the stress.
Implications for counselling and future research are discussed.Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate
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Hickey, Laurence M. "Canadian Navy and domestic maritime enforcement." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2008. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54805/.
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The objective of this research is to evaluate the employment of the Canadian Navy in a maritime enforcement role within the Canadian maritime zones. This investigation is comprised of two main parts: an analysis of the Canadian political and regulatory structures, as well as an analysis of naval enforcement operations. The marine geography of Atlantic Canada is described through six key ocean-use sectors, followed by an analysis of important oceans policy initiatives, and the federal government's ad hoc approach to security and defence policy formulation. The mandates, jurisdictions, and general capabilities of Canadian federal departments with either direct or indirect links to marine security and maritime enforcement are discussed, as well as the legal framework for the use of Canadian military forces for domestic operations. The second part of the thesis analyses the capabilities that the Navy brings to maritime security and enforcement operations. These include the contribution to maritime domain awareness, government "presence" derived through aerial surveillance, search and rescue operations, and naval support to fisheries enforcement. An analysis of patrol patterns is offered, as well as spatial analyses of at-sea inspection data. Two exploratory studies that address the perceived deterrent value of naval support to fisheries enforcement, and public opinion as it pertains to naval support to constabulary operations are presented, as well as the effect that fisheries support missions have on the combat readiness of warships. The thesis suggests that the Canadian Navy could take on a greater role in domestic enforcement, and a proposal is made for enhanced legal powers. The thesis ends by summarizing the Navy's important role championing and enabling improvement in the government's Marine Security Response System, as well as a whole-of- government approach to maritime surveillance planning.
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Gonzalez, Duque Oscar Fredy. "Behaviour enforcement in ubiquitous computing environments." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510582.
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Stephan, Andreas. "Enhancing deterrence in European cartel enforcement." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446165.
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Basak, Cengiz. "UN peacekeeping and enforcement (Congo, Cyprus)." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363922.
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Adetoye, Adedayo Oyelakin. "Secure information flow : analysis and enforcement." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/408/.
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When a computer program requires legitimate access to confidential data, the question arises whether such a program may reveal sensitive information to an unauthorised observer. There is therefore a need to ensure that a program, which processes confidential data, is free of unwanted information flow. This thesis presents a formal framework for the analysis and enforcement of secure information flow in computational systems such as computer programs. An important aspect of the problem of secure information flow is the development of policies by which we can express intended information release. For this reason information lattices and maps on these lattices are presented as models, which capture intuitive notions about information and information flow. A definition of security is given, based on the lattice formalisation of information and information flow, that exploits the partial order of the information lattice. The lattice formalisation gives us a uniform way to enforce information security policies under various qualitative and quantitative representations of information. An input-output relational model, which describes how a system transforms its input to publicly observable outputs with respect to a given attacker model, is presented as a primitive for the study of secure information flow. By using the relational model, various representations of information, which are shown to fit into the lattice model of information, are derived for the analysis of information flow under deterministic and nondeterministic system models. A systematic technique to derive the relational model of a system, under a given attacker model, from the operational semantics in a language-based setting, is also presented. This allows the development of information flow analyses parametrised by chosen attacker models. A flow-sensitive and termination-sensitive static analysis calculus is presented for the analysis of information flow in programs written in a deterministic While language with outputs. The analysis is shown to be correct with respect to an attacker model that is able to observe all program outputs and which can determine the termination or nontermination of program execution. The static analysis also detects certain disjunctive information release. A termination-sensitive dependency analysis is developed which demonstrates how, by employing abstract interpretation techniques, other less precise but possibly more efficient information flow analysis may be obtained. The thesis concludes with further examples to highlight various aspects of the information flow analysis and enforcement framework developed.
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Wandschneider, Frederick. "Four essays on optimal antitrust enforcement." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/49483/.
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This thesis consists of four essays related to optimal antitrust enforcement. The first essay provides a case study of EC ringleader cartels and discusses by means of a theoretical model the effect of excluding ringleaders from leniency programmes on collusive prices. The second essay adds an experimental investigation of the former, and examines in particular the effects on cartel formation, prices and stability. The third essay experimentally explores the substitutability of antitrust detection rates and fines, and test whether different fine and detection rate combinations with constant expected fines achieve an equal level of deterrence. Lastly, the final essay discusses the role of antitrust enforcement on collusion when firms can engage in avoidance activities.
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Jurgens, Ulrich. "Enforcement of UK merchant shipping legislation." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/67656/.
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The basis of this thesis is an investigation of Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) administrative and criminal enforcement files, relating to UK detentions and prosecutions. It would appear that this is the first time that such an analysis has been made. The thesis is divided into four parts of which Part B and C form the heart of the work. These two consider administrative (Part B) and criminal (Part C) enforcement measures and discusses their legal basis. But before these subjects are dealt with in more detail, enforcement personnel and their roles are analysed (Part A), and their role is compared to inspectors of the Health and Safety Executive and the Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB). Human rights and their impact on both enforcement process and inspectors of MCA and MAIB are addressed within the context of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 and Regulations issued under the Act. The thesis identifies inconsistencies of UK legislation when compared with European law and apparent lack of clarification within UK law. The analysis of administrative enforcement measures focuses on detentions of merchant ships whereas the discussion of criminal enforcement measures concentrates on the areas which the files suggested were the most affected by investigations and prosecutions, namely groundings, violations of the Collision Regulations and pollution incidents. It becomes clear from the research that detentions by far outweigh prosecutions, that MCA policy supports this approach and that enforcement personnel indicate a preference for such administrative enforcement measures. However, a large number of Detention Notices were found non-compliant with legal requirements. Still only one case was identified, documented and discussed where the MCA was taken to arbitration by the owner affected by a detention. The thesis offers suggestions as to how the work of MCA enforcement personnel can be improved and (Part D) what measures would seem to be appropriate for the lawmakers to take in the future. It is suggested that the approach taken in recent European oil pollution legislation to focus on serious negligence rather than on strict criminal liability could offer a suitable way forward. Throughout this work I have endeavoured to state the law as at 31 October 2008. In a number of cases it has been possible to take account of developments since that date as my viva voce only took place in June 2009. I have made reference to new European and UK pollution legislation (see Chapter 13, fn 1) which came into force or will come into force in the course of 2009. I also used the decision in TS Lines Ltd v. Delphis NV (The TS Singapore), [2009] EWHC B4 (Comm) in Chapter 8.6.2. to help clarify the discussion about the quantum of compensation in an arbitration over a detention. But I did not carry out a detailed analysis of the new legislation and that case. The decision in Club Cruise Entertainment and Travelling Services Europe BV v. The Department For Transport [2008] EWHC 2794 (Comm) of 18 November 2008, however, was fully analysed and relevant aspects found their way into the discussion in the thesis.
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Pinisetty, Srinivas. "Enforcement à l'éxécution de propriétés temporisées." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S004/document.
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L'enforcement à l'exécution est une technique efficace de vérification et de validation dont le but est de corriger les exécutions incorrectes d'un système, par rapport à un ensemble de propriétés désirées. En utilisant un moniteur d'enforcement, une exécution (possiblement incorrecte), vue comme une séquence d'événements, est passée en entrée du moniteur, puis corrigée en sortie par rapport à la propriété. Durant les dix dernières années, l'enforcement à l'exécution a été étudiée pour des propriétés non temporisées. Dans cette thèse, nous considérons l'enforcement à l'exécution pour des systèmes où le temps entre les actions du système influence les propriétés à valider. Les exécutions sont donc modélisées par des séquences d'événements composées d'actions avec leurs dates d'occurence (des mots temporisés). Nous considérons l'enforcement à l'exécution pour des spécifications régulières modélisées par des automates temporisés. Les moniteurs d'enforcement peuvent, soit retarder les actions, soit les supprimer lorsque retarder les actions ne permet pas de satisfaire la spécification, permettant ainsi à l'exécution de continuer. Pour faciliter leur conception et la preuve de leur correction, les mécanismes d'enforcement sont modélisés à différents niveaux d'abstraction : les fonctions d'enforcement qui spécifient le comportement attendu des mécanismes en termes d'entrées-sorties, les contraintes qui doivent être satisfaites par ces fonctions, les moniteurs d'enforcement qui décrivent les mécanismes de manière opérationnelle, et les algorithmes d'enforcement qui fournissent une implémentation des moniteurs d'enforcement. La faisabilité de l'enforcement à l'exécution pour des propriétés temporisées est validée en prototypant la synthèse des moniteurs d'enforcement à partir d'automates temporisés. Nous montrons également l'utilité de l'enforcement à l'exécution de spécifications temporisées pour plusieurs domaines d'applicationRuntime enforcement is a verification/validation technique aiming at correcting possibly incorrect executions of a system of interest. It is a powerful technique to ensure that a running system satisfies some desired properties. Using an enforcement monitor, an (untrustworthy) input execution (in the form of a sequence of events) is modified into an output sequence that complies with a property. Over the last decade, runtime enforcement has been mainly studied in the context of untimed properties. In this thesis, we consider enforcement monitoring for systems where the physical time elapsing between actions matters. Executions are thus modeled as sequences of events composed of actions with dates (called timed words). We consider runtime enforcement for timed specifications modeled as timed automata, in the general case of regular timed properties. The proposed enforcement mechanism has the power of both delaying events to match timing constraints, and suppressing events when no delaying is appropriate, thus allowing the enforcement mechanisms and systems to continue executing. To ease their design and correctness-proof, enforcement mechanisms are described at several levels: enforcement functions that specify the input-output behavior in terms of transformations of timed words, constraints that should be satisfied by such functions, enforcement monitors that describe the operational behavior of enforcement functions, and enforcement algorithms that describe the implementation of enforcement monitors. The feasibility of enforcement monitoring for timed properties is validated by prototyping the synthesis of enforcement monitors from timed automata. We also show the usefulness of enforcement monitoring of timed specifications for several application-domains
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Solano, Castro Oliver. "Competition policy in Mexico: cartel enforcement." Bern : World Trade Institute (WTI), 2003. http://www.wti.org/images/stories/MILE/MILE%20Theses/Competition%20Policy%20Enforcement.pdf.
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Hendershott, Amy Ellen. "Child support enforcement in West Virginia." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1476.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 61 p. : ill. (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51).
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Hallyn, Serge Edward. "Domain and type enforcement in Linux." W&M ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623428.
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Domain and Type Enforcement (DTE) is a simple and well-known access control system, which has been used at the microkernel level in SPIN, the kernel level in Unix, and the user-space library level in CORBA. This work implements DTE as a Linux Security Module, and provides tools for the composition and analysis of policies. The goal is to bring Mandatory Access Control in Linux to the level of ease of use of cryptography tools and libraries.;Tools have been created to edit DTE policies and query transitions through different privilege levels. A subtle modification of the Bell LaPadula (BLP) access control model's star property, applied to a DTE policy, results in a relation on types which permits us to concisely express, and therefore verify, goals for that policy. Policy creation is simplified using composition of policy modules, and enhanced by automatic verification of persistence of any desirable properties, including the modified BLP relation on types, across module application.
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Cortez, Mario Martin. "Cross cultural relations in law enforcement." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1505.
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Weiss, Marc Weiss. "Traffic Enforcement, Policing, and Crime Rates." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2628.
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Law enforcement agencies believe that traffic enforcement, in addition to reducing fatalities associated with automobile collisions, may also reduce the incidence of public order crimes. The academic literature, though, has largely failed to address this phenomenon. The purpose of this correlational study was to use Kelling and Wilson's broken windows theory to evaluate whether a statistically significant relationship exists between traffic enforcement rates and public order crimes in South Carolina. Secondary data from 5 counties were acquired from the South Carolina Department of Public Safety and the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division for the time period 2008 through 2012. Statistically significant Spearman's Rho correlations were found for 4 of the 5 counties (p < .05). Though statistically significant, the correlations were weak. The findings suggest that Wilson and Kelling's theory is somewhat predictive of the relationship between the visibility of law enforcement officers and reductions in public order crimes, but may not fully explain this relationship. Even so, there is some evidence that the presence of traffic enforcement officers may reduce certain types of crime, thereby improving the quality of life for residents. Based on the findings, one important recommendation of this study is for law enforcement agencies in South Carolina to consider enhancing or expanding the use of traffic enforcement teams because of their potential value in reducing public order crimes, including a plan to conduct a follow-up evaluation of the efficacy of such a program.
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Guard, Misty Ann. "Business innovation and regulatory enforcement: case studies of the big box retail industry and enforcement of RCRA." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33940.
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The purpose of this research is to examine the following research question: how has enforcement of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) adapted to the Big Box business system innovation? Additionally, the study explored the possible nature of regulatory choke points that may emerge from the enforcement of RCRA in the Big Box retail system. This study used contingency theory to establish a foundation for analysis of the Big Box business system innovation through identification of structural elements, external influences, and their subsequent interactions associated with the Big Box retail system in terms of environmental compliance with the RCRA enforced by the United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This research employed an embedded comparative case study design using the comparison of two Big Box firms, Walmart Stores, Inc. and Target Corporation, nationally and for the following states with opposing enforcement strategies: Arizona, Kentucky, Missouri, and Texas. The data used was obtained from third-party federal or firm-maintained sources.
Findings indicate Walmart adheres to the structural models developed using contingency theory principles and incurs more impacts from regulatory agencies due to the enforcement of RCRA. Furthermore, it was observed that inspections of the firms are not distributed throughout the organizational structural elements by all states. Additionally, the use of different enforcement strategies resulted in the emergence of regulatory choke points by Arizona, Kentucky, and Texas; however, Missouri appears to balance enforcement without causing a regulatory choke point.
This research has identified that the enforcement of RCRA has not universally adapted to the demands of the Big Box business system innovation. Agency implications, firm implications, directions for further research, and continued development of a regulatory choke point theory are discussed.
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Yeung, Karen. "Bargaining and punishment in regulatory enforcement : a normative analysis of the public enforcement of Australian competition law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365511.
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Awolalu, Oludara Ajibike. "Understanding and evaluating the enforcement of corporate law in Nigeria : the case for enhanced public civil enforcement." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12287/.
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In recent years, countries around the world have witnessed a number of corporate scandals, varying in their enormity. Nigeria has been no exception, having suffered its fair share of these corporate scandals. In many countries, the discovery of some new corporate scandal is unsurprisingly accompanied by calls, from various quarters, for increased directorial accountability. Such calls are then, in their turn, followed by the introduction of new corporate and securities regulations, as well as reforms to existing corporate governance codes. In this quest for increased directorial accountability however, almost all the attention tends to be placed on the substantive content of the laws and codes governing directors. Much less attention, by contrast, has been devoted to the effectiveness of the enforcement regimes applying to these laws and codes. Yet, in the absence of effective enforcement, substantive rules have little impact. Consequently, while it is important to have appropriately developed company law regimes, which impose duties and responsibilities on directors, such laws are likely to fall well short of the mark unless they are also well enforced. It therefore becomes necessary to examine critically enforcement within the context of corporate law. In light of the crucial importance of enforcement in securing directors’ compliance and accountability, this thesis focuses upon the enforcement of corporate law in Nigeria. It analyses three major enforcement regimes in Nigeria: the criminal enforcement regime, the private civil enforcement regime and the public civil enforcement regime. Drawing on criteria for determining effective enforcement developed in the course of this thesis, it argues that the public civil enforcement regime offers the best potential for achieving significant real improvement in the enforcement of corporate law in Nigeria. To further reinforce the argument made for an enhanced public civil enforcement regime, this thesis uses three enforcement case studies derived from the UK and from Australia. The enforcement experience in these countries, whose corporate law regimes bear close similarities with that of Nigeria, have revealed that the public civil enforcement regime, by a clear gap, offers a potentially effective enforcement regime in corporate law. In short, then, this thesis argues that attaining effective enforcement of corporate law is within Nigeria’s reach but this can however be achieved only if it reforms, and develops, public civil enforcement in order to realise the potential benefits of this enforcement regime.
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Ioannidou, Maria. "Consumer involvement in private EU competition law enforcement : evaluating and reshaping the enforcement toolbox : towards acceptable mechanisms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7c3aae7a-7aba-45de-9f50-d59241218666.
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EU competition law rhetoric attributes particular importance to ‘consumer interest’. However, despite these often repeated pronouncements, final consumers and their respective interests play only an ancillary role in EU competition law enforcement. This thesis embarks from this observation with the aim of strengthening the importance attributed to ‘consumer interest’ in the application and enforcement of EU competition law. Taking into account the difficulty in adopting a ‘final consumer welfare standard’ as the substantive enforcement standard in EU competition law, the thesis shall explore an alternative route and focus predominantly on consumer participation in private competition law enforcement. The analysis is conducted at three levels. First normative justifications for the advocated consumer involvement are provided (‘added value spectrum’ of consumer participation); these include deterrence of competition law violations and compensation to affected consumers (principal aims), as well as aligning the substantive enforcement standard with policy pronouncements, legitimise EU competition policy and contribute to empowering and informing EU consumers (derivative aims). Second, practical proposals in relation to remedial and procedural measures enabling consumer involvement are formulated. Third, in so far as institutional and political limitations impede the adoption of effective measures in the field of private enforcement, alternative routes of consumer participation in public competition law enforcement (that possess the potential to promote the ‘added value spectrum’) are also examined. In light of the above, practical proposals will also be formulated.
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TRECROCI, CESARE. "Do not covet your comeptitors’ workers: job poaching between private enforcement and public enforcement of competition law." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/201056.
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Coskun, Asu. "Enforcement Of Intellectual Property Rights In A General Framework And Evaluation Of Enforcement Measures In The Eu Context." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12608078/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes the enforcement measures for the protection of intellectual property rights in an international and regional framework. The challenges posed by the digital technologythe difficulties faced by right holders, judiciary, public agencies, international and regional organizations in the implementation stages will be discussed by referring to the legal texts such as the TRIPS Agreement, the EU Enforcement Directive and Regulations. All dimensions of counterfeiting and piracy will constitute an important focus of this thesis. The thesis will seek to clarify uncertainties arising from the jurisdictional conflicts for the determination of the applicable law and competent courts in intellectual property cases involving foreign elements.
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Hillstead, Coy J. "A comprehensive literature review and critical analysis of human resource management trends in law enforcement." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2007. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2007/2007hillsteadc.pdf.
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Hilty, Manuel. "Specification and enforcement in distributed usage control /." Zürich : ETH, 2007. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17487.
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McGibbon, Henry M. Nault Mark Stephen. "Law Enforcement and Vehicle Registration Administration System /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA303860.
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Thesis (M. S. in Information Technology Management) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1995.Thesis advisor(s): Shu S. Liao, William B. Short. "September 1995." Bibliography: p. 193. Also available online.
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Villegas, Palacio Clara. "Formal and informal regulations : enforcement and compliance /." Göteborg : University of Gothenburg, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/22402.
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Chan, Stella Ching Han. "Enforcement of arbitral awards in Hong Kong." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2005. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b2083326xa.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2005."Master of arts in arbitration and dispute resolution, dissertation." Title from title screen (viewed on Mar. 27, 2006) Includes bibliographical references.
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Le, Guernic Gurvan. "Confidentiality Enforcement Using Dynamic Information Flow Analyses." Phd thesis, Kansas State University, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00198621.
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Avec l'augmentation des communications entre systèmes d'information, l'intérêt pour les mécanismes de sécurité s'est accru. La notion de non-interférence, introduite par Goguen and Meseguer (1982), est fréquemment utilisée pour formaliser des politiques de sécurité impliquant la confidentialité des secrets manipulés par un programme. Un programme est dit non-interférant si son comportement observable par tous n'est pas influencé par la valeur des secrets qu'il manipule. Si ce n'est pas le cas, alors un attaquant ayant connaissance du code source du programme peut déduire des information concernant les secrets manipulés à partir de l'observation du comportement du programme.À la différence de la majorité des travaux précédents sur la non-interférence (principalement des analyses statiques), ce rapport de thèse s'intéresse au contrôle dynamique de la non-interférence. Le contrôle dynamique des flux d'information est une tâche complexe car l'information transportée par un message n'est pas une propriété intrinsèque de ce message. Elle dépend aussi, lorsque le destinataire connaît l'ensemble des message qui peuvent être envoyés, de la composition de cet ensemble. Le travail présenté dans ce rapport se base sur la composition d'analyses dynamiques et statiques des flux d'information. Des moniteurs de non-interférence sont développés pour différents langages dont un langage concurrent intégrant une commande de synchronisation. L'exactitude de ces moniteurs est prouvée et leur précision est comparée à des travaux précédents.
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Welsh, Brandon. "Street prostitution: Law enforcement and alternative responses." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9690.
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This study examines law enforcement and alternative responses to street prostitution in those areas where street prostitution has been found to be most problematic: inner-city residential communities. Although not regarded as a serious concern to the majority of Canadians, street prostitution's impact and associated problems are shown to be of serious concern to this population. Traditional police suppression measures have demonstrated few gains in curbing street prostitution activities. A failure to employ other models of dealing with street prostitution--community re-design and social development--are found to be serious impediments to current policing policy. Limitations are as well noted by the police not engaging valuable community resources and expertise. To overcome these barriers this study proposes a multi-agency approach; bringing together police, residents' groups, and other key agencies in a systematic framework for the delivery of proactive interventions. A review of the literature on multi-agency approaches to address street prostitution reveals a few successes internationally. Findings of an examination of the response to street prostitution in the cities of Calgary and Edmonton reveal traces of success (and potential for) in the use of a multi-agency approach. Questions over the applicability of demonstrated successes to other settings and weak and sparse evaluation work of the initiatives in Calgary and Edmonton are sure to present significant barriers to any advancement of this approach. Recommendations are presented for a number of policy and academic directions to test these hurdles.
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Lohwasser, Ekaterina. "Effizienz der Kapitalmärkte durch Enforcement von IFRS /." Lohmar ; Köln : Eul, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2868879&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Pan, Kelvin C. "Essays on enforcement in money and banking /." Göteborg : Nationalekonomiska institutionen, Handelshögsk, 1998. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=008008222&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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